摘要:

This study of 76 psychiatric hospitals suggests that organizations may change over time in several ways. In these cases, the administrative component became larger with age. In addition, the divisions of labor became more specialized. Third, the operational staffs became less professionalized over time. More important, however, the young hospitals expressed a broad but short-term (plus-lateral—minus-longitudinal) orientation toward their clients, while old hospitals manifested a specifically focused but long-term (minus-lateral—plus-longitudinal) orientation toward the client biography. Finally, there is an exploration and discussion of the forces—both internal and external to the organization—which may account for these changes over time.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574705

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper focuses on the nature of organizational involvement—the orientations of patients to the types of social control to which they are subjected. Patients' affect tends to be positive and polarized. Complex organizations have predominant involvement profiles. Hospitals are characterized by positive involvement. However, due to the variability of hospital structures, it was found that patients had varying kinds and degrees of involvement. As the utilization of coercive power increases, negative involvement increases sharply and positive involvement decreases. Finally, it was found that the total amount of control exercised is inversely related to positive involvement.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574706

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The study analyzes the nature of the relations between participation in, and joining, voluntary associations and seven independent variables measuring dimensions of occupational tasks, organizational structure, and attitudinal importance of contacts. The three dependent variables, i.e., participation, joining one or more associations, and joining three or more associations vary, to some degree, independently of one another and, therefore, are treated separately. The seven independent variables are mental-manual, colleague control, bureaucratic control, formal contacts unimportant, informal contacts unimportant, leadership, and isolation. Twelve occupational groups were assigned numerical percentage scores on each of the independent and dependent variables. Correlational and multivariate analysis was performed on the variables. Task generalization as an explanation of participation and joining receives strong support from the study. Overall, three task-based variables, leadership, bureaucratic control, and mental-manual, explained most of the variation in the dependent variables. In general, more of the variation is accounted for in participation and joining three or more associations than in joining one or more.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574707

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Affiliation and employment histories obtained from a sample of skid-row men and a control sample of residents in a low-income metropolitan census tract are used in a test of the hypotheses that skid-row men are less affiliated than lower-class men in settled neighborhoods, and that downward occupational mobility is associated with loss of affiliations. Compared with the control sample, skid-row men have long histories of low affiliation, both before and after their arrival on skid row. The two samples did not differ much in occupational mobility, but their affiliative patterns have been quite different. Apparently the disaffiliation of skid-row men cannot be attributed to their downward mobility. Whether downward mobility is accompanied by disaffiliation seems to depend on the context in which it occurs.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574708

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Ecstatic-transcendental experiences, or fundamental changes in the individual's level of consciousness, have been an integral part of human life, particularly religious movements, throughout most of the world. By concentrating on the experience itself, this study is designed to determine how common such experiences are in Western society, whether such experiences are restricted to specifically religious contexts, and whether they can be related to various social and personality variables, including the individual's potential use of drugs. The subject population was composed of three groups: students from a traditionally white, southern university; students from a traditionally Negro, southern college; and students from a hospital school of nursing.Essentially, two different types of ecstatic-transcendental experiences were discovered. One is primarily an “aesthetic” experience, which relates to potential tendency to use drugs and greater self-confidence, and the other is primarily a “religious” experience, which relates to lower class, or minority group socioeconomic position, and high levels of social and religious value orientations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574709

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Several theories of the causes of discrimination and resistance to interracial change are examined. The proportion of nonwhites in the state and the social class composition of non-whites are found to be highly related to desegregation in southern states. The income of whites and indices of urbanization and industrialization show only a moderate relationship to desegregation, and education and occupational status of whites are slightly inversely related to desegregation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574710

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sociologists have given several explanations for the relationship between status inconsistency and various dependent variables, but they have not reported empirical tests of their speculations. The present paper reports research which was designed to find out if unsatisfactory social interaction—a variable frequently used to explain the relationships—is related to status inconsistency, and to also explore the relationship between inconsistency and community dissatisfaction, a dependent variable which has not been included in inconsistency research. Contrary to what is hypothesized, middle-class persons in the study sample who have inconsistent statuses are more likely to experience satisfactory social interaction and community satisfaction than individuals with consistent statuses. This finding is interpreted by inferring that the unique nature of the study population determines the influence of inconsistency upon behavior. Persons with high occupation and low education or income are most satisfied with their interaction and community.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574711

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The concept of status crystallization as defined by Lenski is examined. Its applicability in the field of race relations is tested. Data in this field indicate that class position and degree of status crystallization considered jointly are more effective concepts for analysis of attitudes in the field of race relations than is either concept considered separately. The relationship of the findings to other studies of attitudes is suggested.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574712

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Differences in behavioral observability, as determined by the prevalence of religious endogamy, account for differences in compliance with the religious proscription against the use of artifical means of birth control. Data are presented on fertility differences among Negro women members of Roman Catholic and Pentecostal-Holiness churches. Differences in behavioral observability for these women are determined by differences in the church membership status of their husbands. High behavioral observability systematically predicts high fertility. These findings suggest that a stronger emphasis on the explanatory power of situational or external constraints would be profitable in the study of religious organizations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574713

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A test of statements generated from Dahrendorf's theory of authority relations and dichotomous class conflict casts grave doubts on the explanatory value of that formulation. Measuring class conflict in terms of nonacquiescence to, and perceived illegitimacy of, the authority structure, the conflict uncovered does not follow the predicted direction. Contrary to expectation, it is in fact more intense within the “dominant” class than between this and the “subjected” class. The finding suggests that the possession of authority is more likely to be a “bone of contention” among those already exercising superordinate functions than between these as a group and those completely excluded from positions of authority. All this highlights the continuous nature of authority and implies either a theory of continuous stratification or an elite theory of classes of the sort previously advanced by such scholars as Mosca, Pareto, and Michels.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574714

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP