摘要:

Proceedingsof the Analytical Division ofThe Chemical SocietyCONTENTS1 Summaries of Papers1 'Fourth International SACConference'27 Equipment News30 Honorary Degree31 Correspondence32 Analytical Chemistry TrustFund32 Publications Received33 Conferences and Meetings36 Courses38 Analytical Division DiaryVolume 15 No 1 Pages 1-38 January 197PADSDZ 15(1 )I -38(1978)I SSN 0306-1 396January 1978PROCEEDINGSANALYTICAL DIVISION OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOF THEOfficers of the Analytical Divisionof The Chemical SocietyPresidentD. W. WilsonHon. SecretaryP. G . W. CobbSecretaryMiss P. E. HutchinsonHon. Treasurer Hon. Assistant SecretariesJ. K. Foreman D. I. Coomber, O.B.E.; D. C. M. Squirrel1Editor, ProceedingsP. C. WestonProceedings is published by The Chemical Society.Editorial: The Director of Publications, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN.Telephone 01 -734 9864.Telex 268001.Subscriptions (non-members): The Chemical Society, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road,Letchworth, Herts., SG6 1 HN.Nonmembers can only be supplied with Proceedings as part of a combined subscription with The Anelysfand Analytical Abstracts.@ The Chemical Society 1978We need you if. . . You canread Hungarian, Chinese, Japanese, Czech, German or Italian sufficientlyeasily to condense a scientific paper into a concise, informative abstract. . . You havespecialised knowledge o f electrochemistry, radiocherrspectroscopic techniques, biochemistry, or theoretica. . . You areresident in the U.K.istry, neweranalytical chemistryFor further details of a rewarding spare-time interest, please contact:The Editor, Analytical Abstracts, The Chemical Society, Burlington House,London WIV OBN. Telephone: 01 -734 9864 extension 49

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815FX001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

J a n u a r y , 1978 ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARY 37Analytical Division Diary, continuedFebruary, continuedThursday, 16th, 2.30 p.m. : LondonChromatography and Electrophovesis andRadiochemical Methods Groups on “Radio-chromatography. ”“Progress in Kadiochromatography,” byT. H. Simpson.“Radioactive Measurements in Radiochro-matography,” by R. E. Christopher andR. A. Davis.“Applications of Kadiochromatography inPesticide Research,” by L. Somerville andD. Y . Hamilton.The Chemical Society, Burlington House,Piccadilly, London, W 1V OBN.Thursday, 16th, 2 p.m.: KirkbyNorth West Region, jointly with the Liverpooland District Section of the CS/RIC, on“Some Analytical and Synthetic Aspectsof the Photochemistry of Polymers.”“Photochemical Processes in Polymers,’’ byProfessor A.Ledwith.“Polymers as Substrates in Photo-oxygena-tion. A Spectrophotochemical Method forDetermining the Rate of Photo-oxygenation of Organic Compounds inPolymers,” by K. Petrak.“Luminescence in Polymers and PolymerStructure,” by D. Phillips.Chemical Division, Kodak Ltd., AcornfieldRoad, Kirkby, Nr. Liverpool.Tuesday, 21st, 4.15 p.m.: LoughboroughMidlands Region, jointly with the Lough-borough University Student ChemicalSociety.“Analytical Chemistry and Drug Meta-bolism,” by A. C. Moffat.Lecture Theatre J.001, University of Tech-nology, Loughborough.Wednesday, 22nd, 6.30 p.m. : LondonMicrochemical Methods Group.A discussion on “The Karl Fischer Deter-mination,” will be introduced by C.A.Watson.The Savoy Tavern, Savoy Street, London,w.c.2.Thursday, 23rd, 2 p.m.: BristolWestern Region on “Microprocessors-GrowthSpeakers: D. Betteridge, E. L. Dagless, D. A.The University, Bristol.Point in Analytical Instrumentation.”Newton and R. Reeves.Thursday, 23rd, 4.15 p.m. : AberdeenScottish Region, jointly with the Aberdeenand North of Scotland Section of the CSand the Aberdeen University ChemicalSociety.“Food : Do We Really Know What We Eat ? ”by J . K. Foreman.Tuesday, 28th, 7.30 p.m.: SwanseaWestern Region, jointly with the South West“The Impact of Modern Chemical MethodsUniversity College, Swansea.Wales Section of the CS.on Archaeology,” by R. E. M. Hedges.Tuesday, 28th, 4 p.m.: BelfastNorthern Ireland Sub-Committee.“The Determination of Halogens,” by A t .A.Chemistry Department, Queen’s University,Leonard.BelfastAnalytical Division DiaryJANUARY Annual General Meeting of the WesternMonday, 16th, 5 p.m. : GlasgowScottish Region.“Image Dissecting Emission Spectrometry,”by Professor A. Danielsson.Room C129, Thomas Graham Building,University of Strathclyde, CathedralStreet, Glasgow.Tuesday, 17th: Londoneral Meeting; 6 p.m.6.15 p.m.“Food,” by J. K. Foreman.House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1.Microchemical Methods Group : Annual Gen-South East Region : Annual General Meeting ;Joint Meeting; 6.30 p.m.Linnean Society Meeting Room, BurlingtonWednesday, 18th, 2.30 p.m. : LondonAnalytical Division.“Image Dissector Spectrometry,” by Pro-Scientific Societies Lecture Theatre, 23 Savilefessor A.Danielsson.Row, London, W. 1.Thursday, 19th, 6.30 p.m. : BirminghamMidlands Region and Special Techniques“Image Dissecting Emission Spectrometry,”Lecture Theatre 101, Haworth Building, TheGroup.by Professor A. Danielsson.University, Birmingham.Thursday, 19th, 12 noon: LondonJoint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group : AnnualGeneral Meeting, followed by a buffetlunch.These will be followed by a discussion on“Data Processing in PharmaceuticalAnalysis. ”Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain,1 Lambeth High Street, London, SE1 7 JN.Friday, 20th, 6.30 p.m. : ManchesterNorth West Region: Annual General Meeting.“Fraud, Forgery and Misrepresentation, ” byRoom B104, Tower Block, Faculty ofA .D. Baynes-Cope.Technology, UMIST, Manchester.Tuesday, 24th, 4.30 p.m. : SwanseaWestern Region, jointly with the South West“Atomic Spectroscopy-First 200 Years,” byWales Section of the CS.Professor T. S. West.Region; 6 p.m.University College, Swansea.Wednesday, 25th: DarlingtonNorth East Region: Annual General Meeting;7.15 p.m.Joint Meeting with the Thermal MethodsGroup on “Controlling Explosives” ;7.30 p.m.“Explosives Hazards Testing,” by G. D.Coley.“Pyrotechnic Systems-Thermal Studies,” byE. C. Charsley.Europa Lodge Hotel, Darlington, CountyDurham.FEBRUARYWednesday, lst, 10 a.m.: LondonAnalytical Division on “The Determinationof Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ”“Cancer from PAH,” by F.J. Roe.“Analytical Aspects of PAHs in Food,” byM. E. Knowles.“Analytical Problems in Meeting WHOLimits for PAHs in Water,” by M. Fielding.“Measurement of PAHs in Industrial Efflu-ents,” by P. W. Jones.“The Determination of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons by HPLC with SelectiveUltraviolet Monitoring,” by D. W. Grant.“The Determination of PAHs in TobaccoSmoke Condensate,” by S. J. A. Hawthorne,C. D. Briggs and E. S. Stern.“Analytical Methods for Determining PAHsin Petroleum Products,” by N. G.McTaggart and D. V. Scammells.Large Meeting Room, Zoological Society ofLondon, Prince Albert Road, Regent’sPark, London, NW1 4RY.Wednesday, 8th, 2.30 p.m. : HatfieldEast Anglia Region and MicrochemicalMethods Group on “Air and Water Pollu-tion. ”“Instrumental Analysis of Odours,” by J . C.Bailey.“Analytical Methods for Organic Micro-pollutants in Water,” by A. Waggott.“Anodic Stripping Voltammetry in theAnalysis of Metals at Sub-p.p.m. Levels,”by B. W. Woodget.The Polytechnic, Hatfield.[continued inside back coverPrinted by Heffers Printers Ltd Cambridge Englan

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815BX003

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

16 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. IDENT, a Radioisotope Identification Subroutine for Use with the Gamma-ray Spectrum Analysis Program SAMPO W. Carder and T. D. MacMahon University of London Reactor Centre, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7P Y and A. Egan Physics Department, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, G U2 5XH The versatile gamma-ray spectrum analysis program SAMPO~,~ is now used in many laborator- ies for the analysis of the complex spectra encountered in neutron-activation analysis.The SAMPO program includes routines for peak finding, peak fitting and peak intensity and energy determinations. The addition of the subroutine IDENT, described here, increases the useful- ness of SAMPO by carrying out radioisotope identifications and elemental mass determinations following both simple and cyclic thermal neutron-activation analysis.The Nuclear Data Library The nuclear data library, which forms part of the sub-routine IDENT, contains the following information for each of about 750 gamma-rays that are likely to be encountered in thermal neutron-activation analysis : (i) a reference number for each gamma-ray; (ii) the energy of the gamma-ray; (iii) the name of the isotope emitting the gamma-ray; (iv) the number of gamma-rays of this energy emitted per disintegration of the isotope (v) the half-life of the isotope (t+) ; (vi) the relative atomic mass of the target nucleus; (vii) the product of the thermal neutron absorption cross-section of the target nucleus and its natural fractional abundance (of) ; (viii) if the isotope concerned is the daughter of another isotope produced by thermal neutron capture, then a reference to the parent nucleus is included.The library also includes information on naturally occurring radioisotopes and also a few of the more common isotopes produced by fast neutron reactions that may occur in the mixed neutron field of a nuclear reactor.The data library has been compiled using information listed in Appendix VII of reference 3, together with data obtained from the “Table of Iso- topesJy4 and recent issues of “Nuclear Data sheet^."^ The library contains sufficient inform- ation for the identification of radioisotopes contributing to a gamma-ray spectrum, and is also used by the subroutine to determine the masses of the elements present in a sample that has undergone thermal neutron activation, provided that the following information is also input to the program : (Ia) : (i) thermal neutron flux (4) (cm-2 s-’);January, 1978 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE (ii) duration of irradiation (ti) ( s ) ; (iii) time between irradiation and gamma counting (id) (s); and (iv) gamma detector efficiency ( E ) .The mass (in grams) is then given by the equation A WXe% Mass = 0.6 E I a + (T f (1-e Mi) (1-e %) .. .. 17 where A is the number of counts in the photopeak concerned, W is the relative atomic mass of the target nucleus, X is the radioisotope decay constant = ln2/t) (s-I), t, is the live counting time for the gamma-spectrum (s) and the other symbols are as already defined. It should be noted that equation (1) is strictly true only when the fractional dead time remains constant during the counting time, which should therefore be kept short compared with the decay rate of the sample being studied.In cyclic activation analysis where the sample is repeatedly transferred back and forth between the irradiation and counting position with a constant periodic time T , the mass (in grams) is given by the equation B (1-e --hT)2 Mass = .. n(1 - e --AT) +--AT (l-e-"AT) where B is the right-hand side of equation (1) and n is the total number of cycles. Radioisotope Identification by the IDENT Subroutine The subroutine takes the first peak (lowest energy peak) found by the main SAMPO program and compares its energy and energy uncertainty with the energy of the first and subsequent peaks in the data library until a library peak is encountered whose energy is greater than the sum of the energy and energy uncertainty of the SAMPO peak.Whenever a library peak is found whose energy differs from that of the SAMPO peak by less than its energy uncertainty, a flag is put on the library peak indicating that it has been found in the spectrum, and the reference number of the library peak is recorded as a possible identification of the SAMPO peak.A t this stage, depending on the magnitude of the energy uncertainty, there may be several possible identifications of each SAMPO peak, and the subroutine allows for up to 15 before an error message is given. If no identification is made a message to this effect is also given.Having dealt in this manner with the first SAMPO peak, the subroutine treats each subsequent SAMPO peak in the same way, except that it does not go back to the beginning of the data library each time but only goes back 20 library peaks from where it stopped with the previous SAMPO peak. This means that only a small part of the data library needs to be searched for each SAMPO peak.For the sake of convenience in adding new peaks to the library, the library is made up of two sections: a fixed section of 714 gamma-rays, and an updatable section to which additions can be made and which at present contains 36 gamma-rays. As the updatable section is relatively short, each SAMPO peak is compared with every library peak in the updatable section and therefore the peaks in this section do not need to be in any particular order.When this stage of the subroutine is complete, several of the library peaks will have flags indicating that they have been linked with peaks found by SAMPO, and most of the SAMPO peaks will have been associated with one or more library peaks. The next stage of the program carries out the following checks: (2.) is the gamma-ray of highest intensity of the isotope concerned present in the spectrum? (if the energy of the highest intensity gamma-ray is outside the energy range of the spectrum, this check is ignored); (2.2) if the isotope identified is slSe, soBr or 124Sbm' then a special calculation is carried out taking into account the fact that each isotope is produced by neutron irradiation together with its parent %em, soBrm or 124Sbm"; (i2.i) if the energy of the SAMPO peak is 511 keV, it is identified as annihilation radiation and no further calculations are carried out ;18 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE PYOC.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. (iv) if the isotope identified occurs in the natural background then only a simple calculation is carried out in which the total peak area is divided by the gamma-ray intensity (i.e., gamnias/disintegrations) and the live counting time; (v) if the isotope identified is the daughter of a radioactive parent produced by neutron capture, a calculation is carried out to determine the mass of the parent element; (vi) if the time between irradiation and counting of the sample is greater than 20 half-lives of the isotope identified, that identification is rejected; (vii) if the absolute intensity of the gamma-ray is unknown, then no further calculations are carried out.Having carried out the above checks, the program then calculates the disintegration rates of the identified isotopes both a t the beginning of the counting time and at the end of the irradiation period, taking into account dead-time corrections and decay of the isotope during counting.This calculation uses the delay time between irradiation and counting which is fed into the program on the IDENT control card. If the isotope concerned is not produced by a fast neutron reaction, and if its thermal neutron cross-section is known, then the program uses data on the sample irradiation time and thermal neutron flux also on the IDENT control card to determine the mass of the element concerned in the activated sample.If the resulting mass is negative or is greater than the total mass of the sample, the identification is rejected. As well as the straightforward activation analysis process in which a gamma-ray spectrum is accumulated after a single irradiation, the subroutine also deals with spectra accumulated in cyclic activation analysis.Because cyclic activation is used for isotopes having half-lives of the order of seconds, an additional criterion is included for acceptance of possible identifications. The formation of active daughter products is most unlikely to have had time to occur and so peaks assigned to such nuclides are rejected.Furthermore, those isotopes which may be formed directly by (n,y) reactions and by decay of an isomer (Se, Rr, lza’Sb) are considered, for calculation purposes in the cyclic activation option, to have been formed only by the former process. For dead-time corrections two options are available : (a) If the spectra are acquired cycle by cycle they can be corrected for an assumed constant, fractional dead-time by a simple CLOCK-TIME/LIVE-TIME multiplication, and then spectra for the same sample added together.This is accomplished by relevant charac- ters on the DATAIN and IDENTIFY control cards. (b) If the analyser is left to acquire data for the whole of the experiment, so that only a single spectrum is acquired, then a simple dead-time correction can be made, on the assumption that the dead-time arises only during the count section of the period.This mode of analysis can be defined by a relevant character on the DATAIN card. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Routti, J. T., and Prussin, S. G., Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 1969, 72, 125. Routti, J. T., “SAMPO, A Fortran IV Program for Computer Analysis of Gamma Spectra from Ge(Li) Adams, F., and Dams, R., “Applied Gamma Ray Spectrometry,” Second Edition, Pergamon Press, Lederer, C .M., Hollander, J. M., and Perlman, I., “Table of Isotopes,” Sixth Edition, John Wiley, “Nuclear Data Sheets,” Academic Press, New York. Detectors,” University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, UCRL-19452, 1969. Oxford, 1970. New York, 1967.Analysis of Metals by Means of Energy-dispersive X-ray Fluorescence P. Verbeke, H. Nullens and F. Adams Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp (U.I.A.), 2610 TYiErijk, Belgium Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence has hitherto mainly been used as a quick, cheap and multi-element method for the analysis of thin samples. In the X-ray fluorescence of thick samples a major problem is that due to the occurrence of the so-called matrix effects.January, 1978 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE 19 Especially for the analysis of metallic samples these absorption-enhancement effects can be important.The correction method used in this work for the calculation of the elemental concentrations is based on the fundamental parameters algorithm given by Criss and Birks.l The physical parameters required are the mass absorption coefficients, the fluorescence yields and the excitation intensity distribution.The use of an energy-dispersive apparatus with secondary target set-up simplifies the application of the correction procedure considerably, as the excitation beam merely consists of the characteristic lines of the secondary target material instead of a broad polychromatic energy distribution.This eliminates the integra- tion over a broad range of excitation energies or the introduction of a “most effective excitation energy’’ for each element. The mass absorption coefficients were taken from the tabulations of McMaster et aZ.2 and the fluorescence yields from the paper of Bambynek et d3 The elemental calibration factors were determined by the measurement of thin pure-element films.The accuracy on the factors thus obtained was within 5%, which was checked by measuring a number of thick samples consisting of pure elements. The net spectral intensities were obtained by using a computerised fitting procedure, based on a non-linear least-squares algorithm, developed by Van Espen et aZ.4 The fitting function consists of a number of Gauss functions and a polynomial background contribution.Some complex spectra with large Kcc - KP overlap gave rise to difficulties in the fitting, and the accuracy of the results was correspondingly affected. Other interferences due to the occurrence of escape peaks, at 1.74 keV below the full energy peak, and sum peaks, appearing at high count rates, were also examined.As there is no explicit equation for the concentrations, the net elemental intensities were used in an iterative approximation procedure, based on a fundamental parameters working equation : The characteristic physical parameters were gathered from literature sources. (Pi + - & / I - - c. = Pi* /Zr * N k = l j = j’ with where Ci is the mass fraction of element i in the sample.Pi is the fluorescence intensity of element i due to primary excitation. Si is the fluorescence intensity of element i due to secondary excitation. Pi* is the fluorescence intensity of pure element i (calculated). N , is the number of fluorescent lines in the excitation spectrum. I(k) is the intensity of line k in the excitation spectrum.Itot is the total excitation intensity. pi(k) is the mass absorption coefficient of element i for line k . p&) is the mass absorption coefficient of the matrix for line k . J j is the absorption jump ratio for element j .20 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. wj is the fluorescence yield of element j . Ri is the intensity fraction of line j in its series.i’ is the first line for which the energy is larger than the absorption edge of element i. N is the number of fluorescent lines. N‘ is the number of elements present. Zr, Zr* are correction factors resulting from the use of an external reference signal (zir- It appeared that in some instances, the enhancement contribution could attain more than 50% of the total fluorescence intensity.For a complete and practical investigation of the method, different types of metallic samples were examined. Most of them were standard materials, which were treated as unknowns in order to verify the accuracy. The results for a series of three nickel-base alloys are presented in Table I. The X-ray fluorescence values in columns 1 and columns 2 appear to compare closely.The applied correction scheme provides reliable results for the samples analysed. The intense peaks of major elements may, however, hamper the de-convolution of low-intensity adjacent lines and affect their precise analysis. In order to appreciate the importance of the correction for the inter-element effects, Table I1 summarises the data obtained for SRM 1207-1 by different approaches: ( l ) , considering conium wire) during measurement^.^ TABLE I CERTIFIED AND MEASURED PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF NBS REFERENCE MATERIALS (NICKEL ALLOYS) r Element A1 Si Ti Cr Nn Fe c o Ni C U Xb M O SRM 1206-2 SRM 1207-1 A 1 7 - 7 Certified Measured Certified Measured 72- 1* 2t 1” 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.26 1.5 0.21 0.22 0.1s 0.47 0.59 2.9 3.4 2.9 3.09 3.58 19.17 19.57 19.17 18.88 19.35 0.030 0.078 0.075 0.34 0.35 0.46 0.39 0.40 2.22 2.13 11.5 10.9 11.6 13.0 12.35 53.3 53.2 53.9 56.1 55.5 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.026 0.010 NC$ <0.002 -- NCS <0.002 10.3 10.7 10.5 4.50 4.62 SKM 1208-1 .- 7 Certified Measured 7 2 - 7 1* 2t- (0.15) 0.50 0.33 0.43 0.38 0 31 0.46 0.51 0.43 17.5 18.3 17.7 0.35 0.41 0.39 19.2 19.3 20.1 0.52 1.01 1.07 51.9 50.6 52.6 0.14 0.13 0.35 5.3 5.6 - 3.2 3.4 3.4 * Calibration based on thin-film standards.i” Calibration based on SRM 1207-1. $ Value not certified. TABLE I1 RESULTS FOR SRM 1207-1 OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT APPROACHES Concentration, yo Element A1 Si Ti Cr Mn Fe c o Ni c u M O r Full correction 1.5 0.59 3.58 19.35 0.35 2.13 12.35 55.5 0.010 4.62 ~ ~- Correction for Kz enhancement and absorption 1.5 0.58 3.66 19.74 0.36 2.19 12.74 54.7 0.009 4.51 Correction for absorption only 1.2 0.46 4.87 25.51 0.47 2.83 11.49 49.5 0.008 3.61 KO correction 0.05 0.03 3.37 23.26 0.51 2.09 10.04 45.5 12.16 0.008January, 1978 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE 21 full absorption-enhancement corrections; (2), considering the absorption effects and only enhancement by the Ka line; (3), neglecting all enhancement contributions but taking into account absorption; and (a), neglecting both absorption and enhancement effects.In each instance the concentration was scaled to 100%. The results obtained show that the combination of the fundamental parameters approach with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence with secondary target set-up allows the quantita- tive and accurate analysis of metallic samples.The method is quick and versatile and can be used for the analysis of thick samples with widely varying composition. P. Verbeke is indebted to the Instituut tot Aanmoediging van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek in Nij verheid en Landbouw for financial support. References 1. 2. Criss, J., and Birks, L., Analvt. Chem., 1968, 40, 1080. McMaster, W.H., Del Grande, X., Mallett, J., and Hubbell, J., “Compilation of X-ray Cross Sections,” University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Report UCRL-50 174, Sec. 11, Rev. 1, 1969. Bambynek, W., Crasemann, B., Fink, R. W., Freund, 13. U., Mark, H., Swift, C. n., Price, R. E., and Venugopala Rao, P., Rev. Mod. Phvs., 1972, 44, 716. Van Espen, P., Nullens, H., and Adams, F., Nucl.Instrwm. Meth., 1977, 142, 243. Van Espen, P., and Adams, F., Annlyt. Chem., 1976, 48, 1523. 3. 4. 5. Ana Iyt ical Applications of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Archaeological Chemistry M. Thompson and E. T. Leventhal Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, 80 St. George Stmet, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M 5 S 1A 1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become a powerful tool for the investigation of chemical structure and bonding.The reason for this lies in the ability of the technique to convey several levels of information. For example, a wide-scan spectrum can be used to carry out an identification of all elements in the Periodic Table, with the exception of hydrogen and helium. Also, it is possible to infer structural information from core-level binding energies, v k ., the chemical shift effect. For solids, the potential exists for using XPS in concentration - depth profiling through the monitoring of electron count in conjunction with argon-ion etching. Finally, information can also be gleaned from other aspects of XPS such as shake-up and shake-off transitions, multiplet splittings and angular dependence studies.The potential of XPS for the analysis of objects of archaeological interest has been ~ i t e d . l - ~ Recently we demonstrated the advantages of XPS in this field through a multi-element analysis of a sample of mummy ~artonnage.~ Depth profiling of the resin and pigment layers of the sample was also carried out. In the present paper we report further examples of the use of XPS in archaeological chemistry.Experimental XPS analyses were carried out using a McPherson ESCA 36 spectrometer. Spectra were excited by either Mg Kcc or A1 Kcc radiation. Results and Discussion An interdisciplinary study has recently been concerned with Holocene ecology and subsistence in North A f r i ~ a . ~ According to many prehistorians, one of the facets of Capsian cuisine was a diet that was based primarily on land snails.Microstratigraphy of several sites (escargotikres) was carried out in order to investigate snail species ecology. Analytical results from soil samples for hydrogen ion concentration, calcium, iron, phosphorus, nitrogen and total carbon were used in the arguments. It was felt that analysis for carbonate-carbon22 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc.AnaZyt. Div. Chern. SOC. and organically bound carbon would provide a sounder basis for these studies in view of the presence of the former in snail shells. Fig. 1 shows a typical wide-scan spectrum from soil (homogenised) and Fig. 2 the peaks corresponding to carbon in the two different chemical environments.Although a quantitative analysis for these two species, was not achieved, the ratios of the peak areas and the total carbon result from layers of soil were used success- fully in correlation with snail-shell occurrence. l o 1s c 1s Ca 3p I I Binding energy /eV Fig. 1. XPS spectrum of soil from Capsian site. Naturally, this type of analysis can be carried out by other means; however, use of a multi-sample carousel in the target area of the spectrometer can result in many samples being studied in a short time by means of XPS.I Binding energy/eV Fig. 2. Carbon region in XPS spectrum of soil from Capsian site. 1, B.E. = 291.5eV; and 2, B.E. = 286.5 eV. C F 1 000 800 60b 400 200 0 Binding energy/eV Fig. 3. XPS spectrum of corrosion layer of Egyptian lamp.January, 1978 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE 23 It has been suggested recently that corrosion products on the surfaces of ancient artifacts may well contain “trapped” information that is important to the archaeological study.6 An example might be organic material that the object may have been in Contact with when buried.Chemical analysis of such products, particularly if performed together with in situ argon-ion etching for depth profiling, may reveal this information.Fig. 3 shows a wide- scan spectrum of the corrosion layer on a bronze Egyptian lamp, showing the number of elements present, some as anions, e.g., chloride. (In this instance the sample, weighing about 1 mg, was powdered and placed on a small aluminium plate.) We believe that in this specific area concentration - depth profiling should prove to be very useful.The number of examples in archaeological chemistry of the use of analytical results in decisions on, for example, the provenance of an article is enormous. In this regard, it is felt that XPS can be used successfully if all that is required is a mapping of major elements. Fig. 4 shows wide-scan spectra from samples of Palestinian pottery and clay slip from Egyptian pottery. Again, XPS can be applied, with little or no sample preparation, where general comparisons are required with speed.With some ingenuity the technique can be non-destructive, in that the sample could be replaced on the artefact intact. Note the presence of fluorine and chlorine in the latter. Ca Ca 1 000 800 600 400 300 0 Bind in g energy /eV Fig.4. XPS spectra of samples of pottery material: 1, Egyptian clay slip; 2, Palestinian pottery. References 1. Thompson, M., paper presented a t Symposium “Analytical Techniques for the Museum and Art Gallery,” Analytical Division of the Chemical Society and the United Kingdom Group of the International Institute for Conservation, City Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham, 1973.Thompson, M., paper presented a t the Symposium “Analysis in Archaeology, Art and Antiquities,” Analytical Division of the Chemical Society, The British Museum, London, 1975. Lambert, 3. B., and McLaughlin, D. C., Archaeometry, 1976, 18, 169. 2. 3.24 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc. AnaZyt. Div. Chew. SOC. 4. 5. 6. Briggs, D., Thompson, M., and Leventhal, E.T., Analyt. Lett., 1977, 10, 153. Lubell, D., Hassan, F. A., Gautier, -4., and Ballais, J. L., Science, N.Y., 1976, 191, 910. Musty, J., P~qc. Analyt. Div. Claem. Soc., 1976, 13, 94. Particle-induced X-ray Emission : A Useful Analytical Method G. Johansson," R. Akselsson," M. Bohgard, L. E. Carlsson, H. C. Hansson, H. Lannefors and K. Malmqvist Department of Nuclear Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden In 1970, it was shown experimentally by Johansson et aZ.l that the excitation of atoms by charged particles, e.g., protons, and the subsequent detection of the induced X-rays by an energy-dispersive detector constitutes a non-destructive multi-elemental method with low detection limits and several other properties desirable in an analytical method.Since then, many investigations have been performed and the method, known as particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) , has been developed further. The development of suitable methods of pre- treating samples for PIXE analysis has also been intensively pursued. In the Proceedings of the International Conference of Particle-induced X-ray Emission,2 the method and its applications are thoroughly reviewed.Possible areas of application are briefly discussed, and limits of detection of elements in blood plasma are considered. Two reviews have also recently been publi~hed.~$~ In this summary, the principles and properties of PIXE are discussed. Principles of PIXE When a beam of protons, alpha-particles or other heavy ions bombards a sample, X-rays are emitted, the energy of which is characteristic of the elements from which they originate.The number of X-rays of a certain energy emitted is proportional to the mass of the correspond- ing element in the sample. In addition to the characteristic X-rays, a continuous X-ray spectrum is also created, mostly due to bremsstrahlung from decelerating electrons, which have been accelerated by the bombarding particles. However, in comparison with electron excitation and X-ray excitation, the continuous components are of low intensity in particle excitation.By using an energy-dispersive X-ray detector, e.g., a lithium-drifted silicon detector, a multi-element method for simultaneously identifying and assaying the elements in the sample is obtained.From the detector a pulse-height spectrum is obtained from which the elements present in the sample and their masses can be calculated, preferably with a computer. K X-rays are normally used for measuring elements lighter than barium and L X-rays for those which are heavier. The simultaneous occurrence of both light and heavy elements may cause problems with interferences, but often a good computer program is able to detect small differences in energy and provide information even about minor peaks.Although their efficiencies are low, wavelength-dispersive detectors can also be used to resolve interferences, as they have a superior energy resolution in the low-energy end of the X-ray spectrum. Properties of PIXE In particle excitation , the probability per particle of inducing characteristic X-rays is high and, in most instances, there is no problem in obtaining adequate intensities of the particles. Also, as mentioned above, the non-informative radiation components are relatively small.Thus, the detection limits are low and are normally set by the data-taking capacity of the detection system. A useful feature of the detection limits is that they vary smoothly and not very rapidly with the atomic number of the element and particle energy.Absorbers * Also Department of Environmental Health, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.January, 1978 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE 25 inserted between the sample and the detector attenuate mostly low-energy X-rays, giving an opportunity of increasing the intensity of the bombarding particles without increasing the total intensity of the X-rays reaching the detector.Thus, it is possible to optimise the sensi- tivity to suit the particular kind of information the analyst wants. Another method of optimisation is to change the particle energy, because the relative excitation probabilities vary with incident particle energy. For an element with a low atomic number, the sensitivity decreases owing to absorption in the materials between the sample and the detector.Also, absorption of these low-energy X- rays in the sample itself requires a correction that may be uncertain. Thus, for most applica- tions, the PIXE method is quantitative only for elements heavier than phosphorus. In combination with other methods, PIXE offers a number of unique possibilities of obtain- ing information about elements with low atomic numbers.Thus, Malmqvist et aL5 reported the possibility of using a nuclear method for simultaneous measurements on fluorine. Another means of obtaining quantitative information about most low atomic number elements is to detect the back-scattered particles. Mass calibration is easy owing to the known behaviour of the physical parameters involved in PIXE analysis.Once the calibration has been made, only rapid periodic control runs with a suitable standard have to be performed in order to check that no changes in the experimental arrangement have occurred. For routine analysis, the accuracy is about 10% for elements well above their limits of detection.By “thin” in this context, we mean samples in which both the slowing down of the bombarding particles and the attenuation of the characteristic X-rays are negligible. Of course, this definition of “thin” depends critically on which particles are used, their energies and which X-rays are detected. Usually, however, samples thinner than about 1 mg cm-2 can be considered to be thin.A considerable advantage of PIXE is its low detection limits in very small samples (1 pg- 1 mg). In a routine analysis lasting 1 4 min, the limit of detection varies between 0.1 and 10 ng. Often, it is either impractical or impossible to obtain representative thin samples. If sufficient material is available, a homogeneous pellet with a smooth surface can be prepared and analysed.It is just the first few milligrams per square centimetre of the surface layer that contribute to the yield of X-rays. As such a small volume is analysed, the concentration detection limits are moderate and are typically in the range from 1 to 100 p.p.m. Thus, when PIXE is used for thick samples, it is because of its speed, the straightforward pre-treatment possible and its multi-element capability rather than because of its limits of detection.Also, it may be pointed out that it is often of minor advantage to be able to prepare thin samples, if it is easier or more convenient to make homogeneous pellets. The most common types of sample analysed by PIXE are thin, solid samples. Arrangements for PIXE in Lund At the University of Lund, a 3-MV tandem Pelletron is used, protons up to 6 MeV being available.In the routine analyses performed, 2.5-MeV protons are used and the beam is made homogeneous by letting it pass through a 6 pm thick aluminium foil. The number of protons striking the sample is measured by a charge integrator coupled to the experimental chamber. An electron suppressor at -50 V is used to prevent low-energy electrons passing between the Pelletron transport tube and the irradiation chamber.To avoid charging of the sample, an electron gun is used for decharging. For routine analyses, an automatic sample changer with a capacity of 40 samples is available. Two standards are usually loaded in each sample tray, one at the beginning and the other at the end. Applications In the characterisation of air pollution, size-distribution information is often essential.A sorting tool often used is the cascade impactor. For both convenience and the impaction of26 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc. AnaZyt. Div. Chem. SOC. small particles, it is feasible to use small impactors. The function of impactors at high load- ings is, however, questionable owing to bounce-off effects. Thus, the samples obtained are usually very small and this is a case where PIXE is a very favourable method.Many PIXE investigations of atmospheric air pollution have been carried out, and the number of samples to be analysed in such investigations is usually very high. With the PIXE method, it has become feasible to perform large-scale investigations with good size resolution and/or good time resolution.Filter samples of airborne particulates are also suitable in many instances for PIXE analysis owing to its speed and multi-element capability. The use of PIXE for trace-element analysis in water is of increasing interest and different methods of obtaining suitable samples have been used. By employing evaporation6y7 or chelating technique^,^,^ limits of detection in the parts per billion range for elements of medium atomic number are obtained. For samples of biological material, pre-treatment is usually performed, e.g., wet ashing, low- temperature ashing, freeze-drying or grinding have been employed both at Lund and else- where.1° For plasma samples, we have found freeze-drying to be suitable and Fig.1 shows the lower limits of detection.Table I lists the elements that normally occur in plasma above and at the limits of detection. Owing to similarities in the compositions of biological material, the diagram is also valid for other biological material if dry-mass measuring is used. Tooth and bone samples can be bombarded directly but damage due to heating sometimes constitutes a problem. For this and other reasons, some laboratories have constructed facilities for optional analysis in air or a gas at atmospheric pressure.0 0 w--+' ,A B , C A , B 20 40 60 80 Atomic number ( Z ) Fig. 1. Experimental detection limits for elements in plasma (with atomic number between 20 and 92) calculated as those concentrations which give a peak three times the square root of the number of pulses in the background in the peak region.Due to interferences, /3-peaks have been used in some instances and, in addition, some elements have been excluded (those with atomic numbers 2 = 27, 36, 43, 54, 69, 72, 85-89 and 91). The limits of detection are calculated for an analysis time of 5 min and a count rate of 2 000 counts s-1 using three different absorbers. About the same limits of detection could be obtained in a single analysis by using absorbers with three different foil thicknesses.Absorbers : A, 50 pm; B, 920 pm; and C, 2 000 pm. Although further development of PIXE can be foreseen, e.g., especially concerning the speed of analysis and an extension of the range of elements analysed by either using more than one detector or using complementary methods simultaneously, we consider that major progress, at least in the near future, will be made in the pre-treatment of samples.January, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS TABLE I ELEMENTS IN BLOOD PLASMA WITH NORNAL LEVELS ABOVE OR AROUND THE DETECTION LIMITS Elements above detection limit 27 I P S C1 K Ca Fe Cu Zn Br Rb Level, p.p.m. wet massll 132 1220 3 950 170 99 1.14 1.12 1.6 3.9 1.2 Elements around detection limit Ti Ni Ge As Se Pt Pb Level, p.p.m. wet rnassll (0.04 0.042 (0.03 0.040 0.11 (0.04 0.043 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. References Johansson, T. B., Akselsson, R., and Johansson, S. A. E., Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 1970, 84, 141. Johansson, S. A. E., Editor, Proceedings of the International Conference on Particle-induced X-ray Emission and Its Analytical Applications, Lund, Sweden, August 23-26, 1976, Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 1977, 142, 1-338. Johansson, S. A. E., and Johansson, T. R., Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 1976, 137, 473. Folkmann, F., J . Physics, E, 1975, 8, 429. Malmqvist, K., Akselsson, R., and Johansson, G., Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC., 1978, 15, 13. Walter, R. L., Willis, R. D., Gutknecht, W. F., and Joyce, J. M., Analyt. Chem., 1974, 46, 843. Rickey, F. A., Mueller, K., Simms, P. C., and Michael, B. D., in “X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Environmental Samples,” Dzubay, T. G., Editor, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1977, p. 135. Lochmiiller, C. H., Galbraith, J. W., and Walter, R. L., Analyt. Chem., 1974, 46, 440. Johansson, E. M., Dept. of Nuclear Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, personal communication. Mangelson, N. F., Hill, M. W., Nielson, K. K., and Ryder, J . F., Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 1977, 142, Rowen, H. J. M., “Trace Elements in Biochemistry,” Academic Press, London and New York, 1966. 133.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500016

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

January, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 27 Equipment News Automatic Liquid Samplers A new range of vacuum operated, discrete interval, liquid samplers for pollution monitor- ing has been introduced. Four units are avail- able, giving a choice of 12 or 24 bottles of 0.5- or 1-1 capacity. The samplers are prepared for use by creating a vacuum in the bottles, using either an electric or hand-operated pump, and sealed by manual closure of a pinch valve.The valves are opened sequentially a t pre-selected intervals. A system of interchangeable gear-boxes permits ten different sampling intervals, with a maxi- mum delay before initiation of 6-288 h. Arkon Instruments Ltd., Whaddon Works, Cromwell Road, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Graphite Furnace The HGX-2100 is a low cost, flameless sampling system for use with atomic-absorption spectro- photometers.Solution volumes from a few tenths of a microlitre up to 100 p l can be handled, although in many instances solid samples, for example polymers, can be atomised directly. An optional temperature programmer permits automatic control of all three operational phases. Perkin-Elmer J,td., Beaconsfield, Bucking- hamshire.Portable Infrared Gas Analyser The Miran 104 portable gas analyser is a British development of the familiar Miran 1A. A new, lightweight, 14.5-m, variable path length gas cell is incorporated. Wilks Scientific Ltd., 64 Burners Lane, Kiln Farm, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. New Thin-layer Chromatographic Plates A new type of TLC plate has a zone of inactive, large pore size silica gel, about 2.4 cm wide, along its edge.Samples can be applied quickly to the zone and not necessarily in a narrow band. When the plate is immersed in solvent, with the zone a t the bottom, the sample moves with the ascending solvent front and is therefore pre-28 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. sented to the active silica gel 60 layer in an extremely narrow band.Products available in silica gel 60 are sizes 20 x 20 cm and 10 x 20 cm, and in silica gel 60, 20 x 20 cm and 10 x 20 cm. Anderman & Co. Ltd., Central Avenue, East Molesey, Surrey, KT8 OQZ. IMT Inverted Microscope An IMT inverted biological microscope has a number of easily attached accessories for use in techniques such as bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, polarising and fluorescence microscopy.Special long working distance condensers and objectives are incorp- orated. A. Gallenkamp & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 290, Christopher Street, London, ECBP 2ER. Micro pipette The Socorex ultra-micro syringe pipette will deliver 5 x 1-p1 aliquots automatically. Each delivery is signalled by a “click-in, ” making visual observation unnecessary.Carry-over is infinitesimal, rendering it unnecesssary to change the capillary for each pipetting. Adaptors are supplied permitting 1, 2, 3 or 4 p1 to be, dispensed with one full stroke of the plunger. Camlab Ltd., Nuffield Road, Cambridge, CB4 1TH. Ultraviolet Monitor The J-260 digital radiometer is a portable, direct- reading instrument for automatic measurement of ultraviolet intensities.Digital readout in radiometric units is within the range 1 pW cm-2 to 199.9 pW cm-2 with an accuracy of &l.O% full scale. The radiometer is available with interchange- able cosine-corrected sensors for measuring a t 254, 297 or 365 nm. Ultra-Violet Products Ltd., 4 Andover Road, Winchester, Hampshire, SO23 7BS. Colour-matching Cabinet The UVP CM-100 colour-matching cabinet is designed to aid the visual identification of potential colour mis-matches of paints, dyes, inks, textiles and plastics.The colour samples are matched under a white daylight lamp and then confirmed under a pink ultraviolet lamp. If matching persists, the two colours will match visually under all lighting conditions. Ultra-Violet Producrs Ltd., 4 Andover Road, Winchester, Hampshire, SO23 7BS.Laser-beam Expanders Matched pairs of input/output lenses to provide expansion ratios of 5 x , l o x , 25x and 50x over a wide wavelength range are now available. The three smaller ones are Keplerian, allowing spatial filtering, while the larger is Galilean to reduce tube length to a usable size. All of the expanders accept input beam diameters up to 2 mm.The throughput at 2 mm is 86% and 99.8% at 1 mm beam diameter. Melles Griot BV, Nieuwe Kade 10, Postbus 567, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Radiation Alarm Monitor The PW 4544/07 alarm monitor is designed to ensure a safe working environment in X-ray analytical laboratories. It provides continuous confirmation by detection of the “soft” X-rays used in analytical equipment.On exceeding the pre-set radiation level a warning is given by red light and by buzzer. A remote alarm system can also be connected. Philips Industries, Lelyweg 1, Almelo, The Netherlands. X-ray Diffraction Designed for laboratories requiring inexpensive X-ray diffraction equipment, the PW 1720 is a table-top generator with a standard Philips tube shield, which can accommodate single-crystal goniometers and Debye - Scherrer, Guinier or Universal flat-plate cameras.A vertical goni- ometer for diffractometry can also be fitted. The basic generator has full tube current stabilisation, continuously adjustable between 5 and 60 mA. High voltage is continuously adjustable between 10 and 55 kV peak. NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.Thermocouple Reference Units Two solid-state controlled thermocouple refer- ence units, TPE Icestat and TPE Icerac, are available for laboratory or general industrial use. The temperature reference is a copper block, with holes for 60 reference thermocouples, con- trolled at 0 “C. The Icestat is a free-standing unit for continuous laboratory use, while the Icerac, which is electrically similar, is rack mounted for industrial applications.Both units comply with protection Class I1 of VDE 0411, permitt- ing the use of uninsulated thermocouple ele- ments. Felmount Ltd., Davidson House, Upper St. John Street, Lichfield, Staffordshire.January, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 29 Carbon Dioxide Analyser The Miran-101-S portable carbon dioxide analyser has recently been introduced, which can measure carbon dioxide in ambient air at levels (&lo%) that are potentially toxic, or higher levels (0-100%) for other applications.The Miran-101-S is a selective wavelength infrared (SWIR) analyser, incorporating a 4.25- pm fixed band pass filter for interference-free carbon dioxide measurements. It reads out. directly in concentration and features push- button selection of a high or low range.Wilks Scientific Corporation, 140 Water Street, Box 449, South Nonvalk, CI 06856. USA. Specific Ion Meter The Model 901 microprocessor ionalyser, a specific ion meter, is a research pH/mV meter and a direct-reading digital concentration meter, and can perform a range of electrode analyses without the use of calibration curves. Operation of the 901 is simple enough to allow it to be used for routine quality-control measurements.Use of a wide range of electrode methods is possible, including direct measurement, known addition, known subtraction and sample addi- tion. Volume corrections are automatically calculated. MSE Scientific Instruments, Manor Royal, Crawley, Sussex. Electrophoresis Power Supply The Model 500 Electrophoresis Power Supply offers constant voltage from 1-500 V d.c., and constant current from 1-200 mA, with a maxi- mum power level of 100 W.Features include automatic voltage/current crossover control, which sets limits on both current and voltage at the beginning of each run. When the limit on one is reached, the unit automatically “crosses-over” to control the limit on the other.This facility permits high initial current levels without the danger of over- heating the gel later in the run, and is useful for iso-electric focusing. Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., 27 Homesdale Road, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9LY. Digital Multimeter The HP 3435 DMM is a five-function instru- ment, which is designed to handle a wide range of voltage, current and resistance measurements.It can measure directly voltage to 1 200 V d.c. or ’1 200 V r.m.s. a.c. from 30 Hz to 100 kHz and resistance down to 10 mQ, all with auto- matic range selection. Hewlett Packard Ltd., King Street Lane, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG11 5AR. Sterilising Filter Cartridge Acroflow 121” is a new membrane filter cartridge developed to withstand sterilisation by steam or autoclaving.It consists of a 0.2-pm pleated filter in a polysulphone and polypropylene supported cartridge, with a polyester membrane protector and pleat drainage layer. It can be autoclaved, sterilised by steam within the pro- duction line, or by exposure to dry heat, and complies with the non-fibre-releasing regulations of the American FDA. The cartridges have a back-pressure capabi- lity of 2.8 kg cm-2 (40 p.s.i.).The membrane filter is a high-temperature aromatic polymer. Cartridge lengths of 24.9 or 49.8 cm are avail- able. Gelman Hawksley Ltd., 12 Peter Road, Lancing, Sussex, BN15 8TH. pH Meters Some new pH meters have controls arrayed vertically on the front panel and digital read- outs located near the top. For right- or left- handed operation, the electrode support device can be readily positioned at either side of the instrument.The models differ in degree of accuracy, the Model 125 having three-digit readout with resolution of 0.01 pH while the Model 130 has four-digit readout with resolution of 0.001 pH. Corning Medical, Corning Ltd., Halstead, Essex, CO9 2DX. Keyed Quick-connects Keyed Quick-connects include a new, positive, mechanical lockout system, which prevents accidental intermixing of fluids in multiple-line applications as no line is interchangeable with any other. The “keyed” feature has been combined with the standard Swagelok Quick-connect, which operates with an easy push -pull action.Eight different keys are available, each one numbered and colour coded. Stems and bodies of unmatched keys will not couple with each other or interchange with any other type of quick-connect .Also, an attempt to couple unlike keys will not open the automatic shut-off system and allow accidental flow. The new keyed quick-connects are available in brass and 316 stainless steel, with Swagelok and male or female NPT end connections in30 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt. Div.Chern. SOC. 1/8 in, 1/4 in, 3/8 in and 1/2 in sizes. Middlesex, H148 8 JP. Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Liquid Chromatography Equipment A new range of high-performance, solvent- resistant columns and accessories for liquid chromatography, designed for use in aqueous and organic solvents at pressures up to 10 kgcm-2, has been developed. A11 items are easy to clean and fully autoclavable.They are available as a complete system and as indi- vidual items. Pharmacia (GB) Ltd., Paramount House, 75 Uxbridge Road, London, W5 5SS. Protein Assay System A single-reagent, 5-min Protein Assay System is now available. The new technique is a dye binding assay, based on the differential colour change of a dye in response to varying con- centrations of protein.The system is free from many of the interfer- ences associated with classical techniques, such as ammonia, mercaptoethanol, EDTA and reducing sugars. Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., 27 Homesdale Road, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9LY. Radioimmuno Assay System The Quantimune T3 Iiadioimmunoassay System, a thyroid function test system, uses solid-phase technology, ensuring high precision by having only three pipetting steps and eliminating transfer of solutions.The Quanta-Count T3 Uptake System utilises an ion-exchange tablet instead of a disposable ion-exchange column or solvent extraction technique. A 2.5-ml volume of T3-1251 is added to 100 p1 of sample, followed by an ion-exchange tablet, and allowed to incubate for 10 min. The mixture is then agitated and centrifuged, the supernatant discarded by decantation, and the ion-exchange pellet counted.Rio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., 27 Homesdale Road, Bromley, Kent, BR2 QLY. 0 rganoelemental Spectro Standards SpectroStandards for atomic-absorption, flame- emission, X-ray fluorescence and optical-emiss- ion spectroscopy now include an organoele- mentaI series. Over 35 single-element Spectro- Standards formulated to 5 000 p.p.rn.are avail- able for trace-metal analysis, lubricant-additive chemistry, fuel oil additives and many other applications requiring non-aqueous reference standards. A multi-element SpectroStandard consisting of proportional amounts of calcium, barium, zinc, phosphorus and magnesium is also available. Each SpectroStandard has a shelf- life of at least 1 year.Chemplex Industries Inc., 140 Marbledale Road, Eastchester, N.Y. 10707, USA. Chromatographic Gel A new gel, Poly(A)-Sepharose 4B, for affinity chromatography of Poly(U)-containing iiucleic acids (e.g., hnRNA and viral RNA) or Poly(A)-specific proteins (e.g., messenger ribo- nucleoprotein) and RNA-specific proteins (e.g., RNA polymerase and protein involved in tubulin activity) is now available. Pharmacia Fine Chemicals AB, Box 195, S75104 Uppsala 1, Sweden. Liquid Scintillator Cocktails A range of Liquid Scintillator cocktails has been introduced, the Ready Solv cocktails. The three aqueous cocktails are Ready Solv EP (economy pre-mixed), Ready Solv FP (general- purpose “constant counting” cocktail) and Ready Solv HP (high-performance optimum pre-mixed cocktail, particularly suitable in research situations that require high constant counting efficiency). Ready Solv NA is a non- aqueous pre-mixed cocktail. A new range of four specialised solutions developed for specific applications and sample types is also available ; Filter-Solv (a complete pre-mixed cocktail that dissolves and/or makes membrane filters transparent), Gradient-Solv (pre-mixed, designed to handle radioactive samples on caesiu? chloride gradients), and Tissue Solubiliser (fast, economical tissue and gel digester that can handle a large amount of aqueous material in tissue samples). Beckman-RIIC Ltd., Glenrothes, Fife.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500027

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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30 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyi!. Div. Chem. SOC. Honorary Degree An honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree has been conferred on Dr. G. C. Barker by the University of Uppsala, Sweden, as part of the 500th anniversary celebrations of this, the oldest Swedish University. Dr. Barker has been awarded the degree for his work in the field of polarography . , Dr. Barker was educated at Cambridge University, and received the degree PhD in 1947 for electrochemical research. From 1946 until 1975 he was employed by the UKAEA, first in Canada, at Chalk River, Ontario, andJanuary, 19 78 CORRESPONDENCE 32 later at AERE, Harwell. During this long frequency polarography, high level faradaic period he worked mainly on fundamental rectification, square-wave intermodulation electrochemical problems and on the develop- polarography and various stripping techniques. ment of new polarographic techniques for Dr.Barker is now an Honorary Research analytical use. The latter include square- Fellow of the Chemistry Department of Bristol wave polarography, pulse polarography, radio- University.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500030

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

January, 1978 CORRESPONDENCE 32 Correspondence Correspondence is accepted on all matters of interest to analytical chemists. Letters should be addressed to the Editor, Proceedings of the Analytical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, WIV OBN. Safety in Analytical Laboratories Sir, The series of articles you are publishing on matters concerning safety in the laboratory are very timely.. I believe that a word of caution is, however, desirable. The law, as it stands at present, is not as clearly formulated when applied to experimental laboratory work as it is when applied to factory operations. This derives from the long ex- perience of the Factory Inspectorate in dealing with the repetitive situations in industry. The same body have, as yet, much less experience in dealing with the hazards of the laboratory.In the event of an accident within the lab- oratory, judgement will need to be made on the basis of whether “reasonable” precautions have been taken. For this purpose, available docu- mentation will be searched, starting with appropriate law, passing through approved codes of practice, British Standards, etc., to articles making recommendations or any other form of publication in order to find “expert opinion.” I t is therefore important that any recommendations issued in the Proceedings of such a reputable organisation should be very carefully considered before publication.In this context the proposed Code of Practice on the Use of Gas Cylinders was extremely helpful, manifestly sensible and therefore “reasonable. ” I am, however, somewhat con- cerned that in none of the articles in the series does the standard fall below this.Recom- mendations intended for technicians and pupils of a school laboratory are not always appro- priate or “reasonable:’ when translated to the industrial or research laboratory. Once pub- lished they can set the norm for all laboratories, possibly to the great and unnecessary detri- ment of the smooth flow of work.I ,have been prompted to write this letter by the article on Basic Safety in Volumetric Analysis (Proceedings, 1977, 14, 225), in which I and a number of chemists in other local organisations have suspected an element of overkill. The article makes a number of recommendations designed to deal with all eventualities in all contexts and it is possible to visualise many occasions when these re- quirements would be totally excessive.A typical example may be found in 1.3. Am- poules, wherein it states : “All opening operat- ions ought to be done in a fume cupboard. . .” or alternatively, “and must be carried out behind a safety screen.’’ These requirements are not “reasonably” necessary for volumetric solution vials of, say, 0.1 N sodium hydroxide or 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.Particular objection is made to 3, Titrations. From consultation with several chemists, including staff of the local Polytechnic, it would appear that it is not obvious to the experienced (not inexperienced) operator that it is a dan- gerous practice to carry out a titration while wated.Dangerous is a very strong word to use in this context as it is hard to visualise a serious accident arising either by the tap pulling out and releasing into the lap the type of dilute solution used in titration or by being hit on the head with a burette. This rec- ommendation also appears to ignore all forms of titration equipment but the glass burette, e.g., piston burettes or automated equipment.There is a grave danger that this sort of loosely phrased set of recommendations will be used out of context by Inspectors attempting to justify a case. The general tone of this article would suggest that each and every analyst must regard his normal working uniform as consisting of goggles and/or eye shield, gloves, plastic or rubber, and aprons, plastic or rubber, together with a laboratory overall.I believe that there is greater poten-32 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TRUST FUND PrOc. Andyt. DiV. Chem. soc. tial danger of accident to the encumbered analyst with goggles and gloves than to the well-trained analyst using the required care and delicacy of touch. There are clearly times when each attitude is appropriate ; we should, however, beware of producing documents which may be taken as having wider application than has been en- visaged.We may be left with a choice of taking so many precautions that work becomes impossible or of using common sense a t the risk of prosecution. H. Bennett Chairman, Safety Committee and Principal Scientific Oficer f o r Director of Research, The British Ceramic Research Association, Queens Road, Penkhull, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7LQ The authors reply as follows- We would emphasise the point that the precautions referred to in the article are suggestions based on wide practical experience and are not necessarily intended to be recom- mendations.We appreciate, however, that they could possibly be construed as-such. In an article such as this, to be read by laboratory workers with a wide spectrum of experience and expertise, one must try to avoid the omission of any potential hazard, however apparently obvious.The precautions then to be taken must take into account the abilities of the operators involved. We are in full agreement that safety precautions, to be effective, must be readily seen to be reasonable and necessary. This applies most particularly to the wearing of protective clothing, where safety is enhanced by the use of the minimum amount considered necessary rather than the reverse. Regarding the specific point of not being seated when carrying out titrations, the suggestion is made more to cover the hazard due to accidental breakage of the flask con- taining the titrand, which is not necessarily dilute, rather than a hazard arising from spillage from the burette.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500031

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

32 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TRUST FUND Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Publications Received Introduction to High Performance Liquid Chromatography. R. J. Hamilton and P. A. Sewell. Pp. xii + 184. London: Chapman and Hall. 1977. Price is. Applications of Ion- Selective Membrane Electrodes in Organic Analysis. George E. Raiulescu and Vasile V. Cosofret. Pp. xii + 235. Chichester: Ellis Honvood. Distributed by John Wiley in Australia, New Zealand, South-east Asia, Canada, Europe and Africa and by Halsted Press in North and SouthJanuary, 19 78 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS 33 America and the rest of the world.1977. Price fll6; $30.40. Nuclear Microanalysis. Vlado ValkoviC. Garland Reference Library of Science and Technology, Volume 10. Pp. xii + 415. New York and London: Garland Pub- lishing.1977. Price $27. JARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Volume 15. Some Fumigants, the Herbi- cides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, Chlorinated Dibenz- odioxins and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals. Pp. 354. Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer. Distributed by the World Health Organization. Available in the UK through HM Stationery Office.1977. Price SwFr50; $20; L14. Analytica Chimica Acta, Computer Tech- niques and Optimization Section. Eidted by J. T. Clerc. Volume 1, Nos. 1/2 (Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 95). Pp. 74. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 1977. Subscription price Dfl129 (approx. $52.75) (separate) ; with Analyticu Chimica. Acta, Dfl1032 (approx. $420.95). A New Journal. Polarographic Half-wave Potentials of Inorganic Substances in N,W-Dimethyl- formamide as Solvent.Commission of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Pub- lished in Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1977, 49, 877-884. Oxford, New York, Paris and Frank- furt: Pergamon Press. Dimethylformamide : Purification, Tests for Purity and Physical Properties.Commission of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Pub- lished in Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1977, 49, 885-892. Oxford, New York, Paris and Frank- f urt : Pergamon Press. Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism. Edited by Albert0 Frigerio and Emilio L. Ghisalberti. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism held at the “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, June, 1976. Pp. xii + 532. New York and London: Plenum Press. 1977. Price $51. Handbook of Air Pollution Analysis. Edited by Roger Perry and Robert J . Young. Pp. xvi + 506. London: Chapman and Hall. Distributed in the USA by John Wiley. 1977. Price L20. Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes and Proteins. Volume 2. Edited by Thomas Ming Swi Chang. Pp. xx + 3 5 9 . . New York and London: Plenum. 1977. $47.40.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD978150032b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

January, 1978 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS 33 Conferences and Meetings Elemental Analysis February 23, 1978, London The next meeting of the Elemental Analyser User Forum of the Microchemical Methods Group will be held a t the Royal School of Mines in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. The main theme of the meeting will be “Recent Advances in Elemental Analyser Techniques.” Special reference will be made to oxygen and sulphur analysis.The main speakers will be Professor W. Kirsten of the University of Uppsala and Dr. E. Pella of the Carlo Erba Institute. The techniques discussed will also be demonstrated, using samples brought to the meeting by participants. Both members and non-members of the Forum are welcome to attend. Further details may be obtained from Mr.B. T. Saunderson, City of London Polytechnic, 31 Jewry Street, Aldgate, London, EC3N 2EY. Labware ’78 Exhibition April 25-27,1978, London This exhibition will take place at the Cunard International Hotel, 1 Shortlands, London, W6 8DR, and will be open from 10.00-18.00 on the 25th and 26th and from 10.00-17.00 on the 27th. A special display will be devoted to entries in the Labware apparatus design com- petition, in which prizes totalling L350 will be presented to the winners.9th International Symposium on Chroma- tography and Electrophoresis May 15-17, 1978, Riva del Garda, Italy The Belgian Society for Pharmaceutical34 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Proc. AnaZyt. Div. Clzem. SOC. Sciences, the Italian Group for Mass Spectro- metry in Biochemistry and Medicine and the I talian Society for.Pharmaceutical Sciences are organising the above exhibition. Lectures will take place a t the Palazzo dei Congressi. During the course of the Symposium all the latest aspects of chromatography and electrophoresis and their areas of application, including biochemistry, medicine, toxicology, drug research, forensic science, clinical chemistry and pollution, will be discussed.Those wishing to present a paper (to last approximately 20 min, including discussion) are asked to submit an abstract of no more than 200 words before February 4. The Chairman of the organising committee is Dr. Albert0 Frigerio, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy. International Symposium on Nuclear Activation Techniques in the Life Sciences May 22-26, 1978, Vienna, Austria This Symposium is to be organised by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) .Participation must be through designation by the Government of a Member State of the IAEA or an international organisation that has been invited to participate. Participation forms should be sent to the appropriate national authority (Ministry of Foreign Affairs or National Atomic Energy Authority) for trans- mission to the Agency.The topics to be considered in the Symposium are: sampling, sample storage and sample preparation for activation analysis ; advances in the methodology of activation analysis ; stan- dardisation and analytical quality control ; comparison between activation analysis and other methods of trace element analysis ; applications in biochemistry and pharmacology ; applications in animal and plant sciences ; applications in medicine (in vitro and in vivo); applications in public and occupational health ; and applications in bioenvironmental research and the biological monitoring of pollutants.The Scientific Secretaries are R. M. Parr and Y.S. Ryabukhin, Department of Research and Isotopes, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 590, Karntner Ring 11, A-101 1 Vienna, Austria. Micro ’78 July 10-14, 1978, London This is an international conference on micro- scopy together with an international exhibition of modern microscopes and ancillary equip- ment, to be held at the Bloomsbury Centre Hotel, Coram Street, London W.C.1.Entry to the exhibition is free but by ticket, which can be obtained from the Administrator, Royal Micro- scopical Society, 37/38 St. Clements, Oxford OX4 1A J, and from the Registration Desk once Micro ’78 is open. Papers are invited for all sessions of the scientific symposium and abstracts are to be submitted by April 15, 1978. Abstract forms are available from the Administrator at the above address.The subjects of the various sessions are as follows: technical advances in electron microscopy ; microscope photometry ; microscopy in the classroom ; sample prepara- tion for materials microscopy ; microscopy of voids ; immunocytochemistry ; techniques for the preparation of biological specimens for electron microscopy ; microscopy of viruses ; microscopy of interfaces ; histochemistry of blood ; botanical cytochemistry ; high voltage electron microscopy ; and developments in fluorescence microscopy. 5th Symposium on Recent Developments in Activation Analysis July 17-21, 1978, Oxford The above Symposium will be held at St.Catherine’s College and will cover analytical techniques exploiting sample irradiation with neutrons, charged particles and 7-photons.Papers can deal with practical or theoretical aspects of activation analysis or related tech- niques, including topics such as fundamental aspects, radiation production for sample irradia- tion including californium-252, instrumental and computational techniques, radiochemical separation, spatially sensitive and surface methods, analytical quality and applications. Further details can be obtained from Mr.C. H. Gill, Marconi Elliott Avionic Systems Ltd., Neutron Division, Elstree Way, Boreham- wood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1RX. Euroanalysis 111 August 20-25, 1978, Dublin Included in the scientific programme of this conference will be the following plenary lectures : “Clinical Reference Materials and Methods- Present Status and Future Prospects,” by S.S. Brown (MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, England) ; “Computers in Spectro- scopy,” by J. T. Clerc (Eidgenossische Tech- nische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland) ; “In- situ Micro-analysis and Surface Analysis by Electron Probe Techniques,” by M. Grasser-January, 1978 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS 35 bauer (Technische Universitat, Vienna, Austria) ; “Are You Still Eating ? (Chemical Food Analysis -Facts and Fictions),” by P.L. Schuller (Rij ks Instituut voor de Volksgezondheid, Bilthoven, The Netherlands) ; “Atomic Spectro- chemical Analysis in Soil Science Research,” by T. S. West (The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Aberdeen, Scotland) ; and “Free Stable Radicals/Electron Spin Resonance/Ana- lytical Chemistry,” by Yu.A. Zolotov (Vernad- sky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Moscow, USSR). The following will deliver keynote lectures : D. Betteridge (United Kingdom), “Education in Analytical Chemistry;” J . P. Cali (USA), “Standard Reference Materials ;” W. Clayton- Love (Ireland), “Clinical Analysis ;” R. H. Gij bels (Belgium), “Analytical Chemistry in the Earth Sciences;” W.G. B. Huysmans (The Netherlands), “Modern Polymer Analysis ;” C. A. Johnson (United Kingdom), “Pharma- ceutical Analysis ;” R. Kalvoda (Czechoslo- vakia), “Modern Polarographic Techniques ;” R. Kellner (Austria), “Infrared Spectroscopy of Biocontact Surfaces; H. Kienitz (W. Ger- many), “Hydrocarbon Analysis ;” J . H. Knox (Uni$ed Kingdom), “High Pressure Liquid Chromatography;’’ A.Liberti (Italy), “En- vironmental Analysis ;” G. Lunde (Norway), “Analysis of Organic Pollutants;” T. C. A. McCann (Ireland), “Analytical Chemistry in the Dairy Industry ;” H. Malissa (Austria), “Edu- cation in Analytical Chemistry;’’ K. T6th (Hungary), “Ion-selective Electrodes-Appli- cation in Flowing Systems;” Tran Minh Duc (France), “ESCA;” and F. Woldbye (Denmark), “Conformational Analysis.” In addition there will be two special sessions.The first will be “Education in Analytical Chemistry” and will include invited lectures, poster presentations and a panel discussion. Member societies of the FECS are being invited to arrange a poster display showing the education and training of analytical chemists in their countries. This display will cover topics such as syllabuses and their rationale, experiments and associated apparatus, visual aids and teaching aids.The session will open with a shared keynote lecture by H. Malissa (Austria) and D. Better- idge (United Kingdom), who will deal with separate, though complementary, aspects of the subject. This will be followed by a selection of short presentations by speakers representing industry, public service laboratories, academic institutions and research students in analytical chemistry, and will end with a panel discussion. The session should be of interest to teachers in third-level education and industrialists with a direct concern for graduate recruitment, em- ployment and placing.Discussion papers and poster presentations on the subject will be welcome for inclusion in the main programme of the conference.For further information about this special session please write directly to: Professor D. T. Burns, Chemistry Depart- ment, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland. The second special session will be on the subject of “Standard Reference Materials.” I t will start with a keynote lecture by J. P. Cali, Chief of the Office of Standard Reference Materials at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, who will give an over-all view of the need for reference materials and the technical and other problems involved in their production. This will be followed by a number of shorter lectures by European scientists including R.Neider (BAM, Berlin), 0. H. J. Christie (University of Oslo), J .van Audenhove (Bureau Central de Measures Nucleaires, Geel, Belgium), P. Kivalo (Chief Director, State Technical Inspectorate, Finland) and a speaker from the Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels. Among the topics covered will be strategy of certification, stability of reference materials, reference materials programmes in Europe and international co-operation.The session will conclude with an open panel dis- cussion. Again, discussion papers and poster presentations on standard reference materials will be welcome for inclusion in the main pro- gramme of the conference. For further infor- mation about this special session please write to: D. M. Carroll, Analytical Chemistry Section, Institute for Industrial Research and Standards, Ballymun Road, Dublin 9, Ireland. Abstracts must be submitted on Form B, which is enclosed with the second circular. Four copies will be required; the original will be sent for printing and the others should be good-quality carbon or photocopies. Authors will be informed of the programme schedule in mid-July, 1978. Circular 3 will be distributed early in 1978 and will contain enrolment forms and general information about the scientific programme, the social programme, accommodation and travel. It will be circu- lated only to those who have requested i t ; to ensure that your name is on the mailing list write to : Conference Officer, Euroanalysis 111, P.O. Box 876, Ballymun Road, Dublin 9, Ireland.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500033

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

36 COURSES Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Courses Industrial Effluent Pollution January 30-February 3, 1978, Loughborough This course will cover the following topics : sources and types of industrial effluents; pollution effects of these effluents if untreated; parameters of water pollution ; basic methods of measurement ; water pollution legislation ; the role of Water Authorities ; consent conditions for industrial discharges ; sewage works opera- tion; effects of industrial effluents; visits to sewage works ; industrial water management ; physical and chemical effluent treatment ; biological treatment processes ; instrumental methods of analysis ; industrial visit ; recovery and re-use of “wastes”; toxic and hazardous waste disposal ; and industrial case studies.The course is organised by The Centre for Extension Studies a t Loughborough University of Technology and the tutor will be Dr.G. E. Chivers. This is one of a series of Environ- mental Short Courses to be held in 1978, of which further details can be obtained from the Centre for Extension Studies and the Lever- hulme Project, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LEll3TU.Gas Chromatography February 6-10, 1978, LoughForough A course is to be held a t the University of Technology which will present an up-to-date account of gas chromatography and which is designed to provide a rapid introduction to the theory and practice of the technique. For further information please contact Mrs. P. A. Bartram, Chemistry Department, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE 11 3TU.Call for Papers Original Papers in Pharmaceutical Analy- sis Meeting May 18, 1978, London Anyone who wishes to present a paper at the above meeting, to be organised by the AD Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group, is asked to inform the Honorary Secretary of the Group as soon as possible. Notification should be sent to The Honorary Secretary, Joint Pharma- ceutical Analysis Group, Room 407, Pharma- ceutical Society of Great Britain, 1 Lambeth High Street, London, SE1 7JN, before March 8th, 1978.I ? “A minor bible” -Ue w Scientist Hazards in the Chemical laboratory: 2nd Edition Edited by G. D. Muir In the five years since the first edition was published, Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory has become established as a vital handbook in all types of laboratory environment.However, over this period many develop- ments have taken place which justify changes in scope and emphasis. This second edition contains completely new chapters on the Health and Safety a t Work etc. Act 1974, Reactive Chemical Hazards, and Chemical Hazards and Toxicology. The section dealing with hazardous chemicals has been greatly expanded so as to provide detailed information on the properties, warning phrases, injunctions, toxic effects, hazardous reactions, first aid treatments, fire hazards and spillage disposal procedures for all common laboratory chemicals, together with short notes on the hazardous properties and reactions of several hundred other less common chemicals. Clothbound 480pp 8%“ x 6” f7.00 (CS Members f5.25) I Orders to: The Chemical Society, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts., SG6 1 HN.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500036

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC