ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87702FP025

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87702BP027

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE A N A L Y S T . ON THE ESTIUATION OF OLEINE, &c., IN FATS, BY DR. MUTER, F.C.S. IT is a principle well-established and laid down in most works on chemistry, that oleine may be separated from stearine and palmatine by taking advantage of the solubility of oleate of lead in ether, but the best methods of carrying out the separation are not as a rule given. I believe that the ordinary idea is to saponify with oxide of lead and water, dissolve in ether, remove the lead by sulphurctted hydrogen, and weigh the oleic acid, but in practice this is a very undesirable method.A much better way is to follow somewhat closely a commercial process, known in Holland, of separating the oleic acid from the lead by hydrochloric acid in the presence of ether, but there are several important precaution3 necesaary to be attended t o so that accurate results may be obtained.In the course of my experience in the analysis of fats, I have noticed several points, and I propose to give them in as short a form as possible, together with a detail of what I have found to be the most simple and accurate processes. The first important matter is to ensure the formation of a perfectly neutral plumbic oleate, Pb 2 c,,, H33, O,, as the slightest quantity of basic oleate will render the analysis inaccurate, owing to its much less degree of solubility in ether.To attempt this by the ordinary method of saponification with plumbic oxide is quite hopeless, but it may be readily attained as follows :-A small quantity (not more than 1 * 5 grammes) of the fat is saponified by alcoholic potash and then well diluted with Foiling water.The solution is carefully treated vith acetic acid till feebly acid, and then worked back with dilute potash till just neutral. This can be done without the use of test paper, by adding the acid to the soap solution, at the boiling point, until a decided pemanent turbidity is produced, and then dropping in the potash vith constant stirring, until the liquid jmt clears again.The clear solution is then precipitated by plumbic acetate in slight excess, and stirred until the precipitated soap settles thoroughly. The supernatant liquor is poured off, and the soap once washed by boiling with a large volume of water and decanting. Pb 2, (318, Hs, 0, . . . . . . . . . Plumbic Oleato.Pb 2, (316, H31, 02 . . . . . . . . . Plumbic Palmitate. Pb 2, CIS, &, 0, . . . . . . . . . Plumbic Stearate. By this process we obtain the perfectly neutral lead salts, coritaining :- The first being readily soluble in ether, and the two latter quite insoluble. The soap is scraped from the basin with a platiuum spatula and transferred to a flask of 100 C.C. capacity.The basin is rinsed into the flask with absolute ether, and then the flask is filled up with the same solvent, corked, shaken at intervals for some hours, and finally set to subside. The whole is then filtered through white filter paper, and the precipitate washed with ether till the washings cease to blacken with ammonium hydrosulphide. The filtrate and washings (which should not exceed 200 c.c.) contain the plumbic oleate, whilst the palmitate ctud stearate remain an tho filter.74 THE ANALYST.I have proved by many experiments that the solution really does contain pure plumbic olcate, of which I will, however, only notice the one in which I got the greatest divergence from t h e o q ; 40 C.C. of the ether solution evaporated yielded 1.162 of residue; another 40 C.C.mere then shaken up with hydrochloric acid, mixed with alcohol, and the plumbic chloride formed collected, dried, and weighed on a tared filter. The weight of Pb C1, = ~424, equal to *340 C1,plumbic oxide, thus showing 29.26 per cent. of oxide of lead-theory requiring 29 per cent. Having thus got a solution of the pure neutral lead soap in ether, it is transferred to a long graduated tube of 250 c.c., graduated from the bottom upwards, and furnished with a well ground stopper and a stop-cock, which is placed at 50 C.C.from the bottom.* About 20 C.C. of a mixture of one part hydrochloric acid and two parts water is then added, the tube is stoppered, well shaken, and set to subside, when a clear solution of oleic acid remains, the plumbic chloride sinking to the bottom.Vhen sufficiently settled, a fixed portion of the ethereal solution is run off through the stopcock into a tared platinum dish, evaporated and dried a t 21Z0, and the oleic acid is weighed and calculated t o the whole bulk. To make sure, it is well to run off two different quantities and weigh them, so checking the one by the 0ther.t I f it is desired to estimate the stearic and palmitic acids together, the residue should be filtered and the soap remaining on the filter detached and heated for some time (with constant stirring) with dilute hydrochloric acid, which will liberate the acids so that they may be collected and weighed in the usual manner.The filter paper is also to be turned and the ash treated with a drop or two of snlphuric acid, and any lead remaining on the paper weighed as sulphate, 303 parts Pb S 0, equalling 568 parts stearic acid.For those who may not wish t o go t o the expense of the special tubes, and who do not grudge a little extra trouble, the oleic acid may be estimated in the ethereal solution of plumbic oleate, by simply making it up t o a knowc bulk and taking a fixed portion in a tared platinum dish.This may then be evaporated, dried at 212, and the plumbic oleate weighed. To cnsurc absolute accuracy, however, (lest by imperfect manipulation trace of basic oleate be present) it is necessary, in this case, t o ignite the weighed residue, and again weigh as Pb 4- Pb 0. This residue is treated with acetic acid to take up the Pb 0, and again weighed, and the residual Pb calculated to Pb 0, By deducting the weight of plumbic oxide thus obtained from the total plumbic oleate, and allowing for the hjdrogen displaced, we get the oleic acid.I prefer, of course, in all cases to use the tubes, 8s with them the process is much more rapid and fairly accurate. I give the following selected analysis as showing the extreme divcrgences from truth that I hare obtained a t various times.Oleic Acid ... ... ... ... 40.4 Stearic and Palmitic Acids ... ... ... 47.5 A sample of butter, yielding 88.5 insoluble acids gave- 8 7 9 total. * These tubes are especially made for me by JIRIem-s. Jackson, Barbicm, E.C., aiid can be obtained t The more fluid drawn off for each weighing of course the less the possible error. f'rom them.THE AKALYST.75 Another sample of butter, yielding 87.1 insoluble acids gave- Oleic Acid ... ... ... . a > 34.8 Stearic and Palmitic Acids.. ... ... 52-1 . 86.9 total. h sample of lard, yielding 95 per cent. insoluble acids gave- Oleic Acid ... ... ... ..* 47.5 Stearic and Palmitic Aci rls... ... .., 4 7 4 94.9 total, Two different experiments for oleic acid only in tho same sa nple of fats- 1st experiment. 2nd experiment. 43.2 ... ... ... 43-8 46.8 .,. ... ... 46.6 52.7 ... ... ... 53.0 48.0 ..9 ... ... 49.0 The worst experiment was done at an early stage of the investigation and represents an amount of error not likely t o occur after practice. I am now engaged in applying the process to the analysis of lard, in the hope of establishing a standard for calculating its adulteration by other fats, but as yet 1: fear its relative proportions of fatty acids are too variable for much success in this direction,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200073

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE AKALYST. 75 ANALYSIS OF A SANPLE OF PORT WINE R.ECOVERED FROX THE “ ROYAL*GEORQE.” BY A. DUPEE, Ph,D. F.R.S., &c. THE interest excited by the recent publication of an analysis of n sample of very ancieDt wine by M. Berthelot, lcads me to believe that the following -may not prove uninteresting t o many. I n the summer of last year, I received from Dr. Seaton, F.R.S. a small sample of port wine with the following history attached-the bottle from which the sample was tnkea was originally on board the ( I Royal George,” and went down with that vessel on 29Lh August, 1782, and when the ship was raised this bottle was recovered from it.The bottle next passed into the hands of Dr. Seaton’s father, and thence into tho possession of Dr. Seaton, and was opened on July lst, 1876.It mas only partially filled when it passed into Dr. Seaton’s hands, and was not quite half full when opened on July 1st. It had not, so far as is known, been recorked after it was raised. The wine was very turbid, had a disagreeable salty taste, and a somewhat unpleasant smell, scarcely reminding one of wine. The sample I received had been filtered; i t was clear, of pale amber colour, and very little vinous smell.I had so little that I did not taste it, The analysis, BQ far as it could be made with so small a yuantifiy, gave the following results :- Specific gravity ... ... ... ... 1003.8 Alcoholic strength ... ... ... 6.0.5 per cent. by weight in volume Total free acid calculated as tartaric acid ... 0.46 ,, fixed acid ,, ... 0.165 ,, volatile acid ,, acetic ,, ...0.228 ,, dry residue ... ... ... ... 3.98 per cent. ,, organic ,, ... ... ... 3.30 ,, Amount of Chlorine in wine ... ... 0.29 ,, = Chloride of Sodium ... .. * .. 0.478 ,, Sugar ,.. ..* .a. ... ... 0.64 ,, 9 9 Containing miueral matters ..* ... 0.78 ,,76 THE ANALYST. Some of the more striking points of this analysis are the facts that so much of vinous quality has been retained ; next, that so much alcohol has disappeared, and yet so little acetic acid has been formed; and, lastly, that so little sea water has found its way into the bottle. Even when taking all the chlorine as derived from sea water it shows an admixture of only about 15 per cent. The alcohol, therefore, cannot have been lost by diffusion while the bottle was submerged, otherwise much more sea water would have got in. The amount of sugar still left, more than half per cent, is also remarkable.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200075

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

76 THE ANALYST. ON THE EXAMINATION OF HOPS. By W. E. PORTER, F.C.S., &c. LATELY I have been trying some experiments with the following method for estimating the essential part of hops, viz., the oil, resin, and bitter principle. I believe the results t o be pretty accurate, and to give their value according to the percentage that they yield. The apparatus I use consists of a modification which I have made of the apparatus figured ou page 195 of Church's Laboratory Guide.I n this apparatus I extract the oil, resin, and bitter principle from the hops by means of ether vapour, taking care to lot. the ether boil among the hops. Hops, after being subjected t o this process and dried, are quite tasteless, and if treated with hot alcohol and afterwards with water, yield only tannin% and gummy extractive matter, showing that the oil, resin, and bitter principle have been taken up by the ether.I weigh the hops in preference t o letting the ether evaporate, as I find the percentage is higher from the evaporated extract, owing, I believe, to the oxidation of the oleo-resin by the air, in fact the Saatz hops gave 22.40 as loss from moisture, oleo- resin, &., but by allowing the ether to evaporate they gave nearly 3 per cent.more as residue. The following results were given by hops grown in different localities and of varied qualities. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mere of the finest quality, 6 and 7 medium, and 8 and 9 lorn. No. 1 were the Saatz, and considered t o be the finest that are grown ; these are sun-dried hops, No.2, Worcester, dried by patent kilns; 3, 4, and 5 , Kents; 6, Sussex; 7, Kents; 8 and 9, Sussex. XO. 1.-SAATZ. Moisture ... ... ... ... ... ... 4.75 NO. 2.-WORCESTER F. Moisture ... ... ... ... ... ... 4.95 NO. 3.-EENTS F. Moisture ... ... ... ... ... ... 5.50 Oil, Resin, &c. ... ... ... 0 . . ... 14.45 NO. 4.-KENTS F. Moisture ... ... ... ... ... ... 4.90 Oil, Resin, &c.... ... ... ... ,.. 13.60 Oil, Resin, and Bitter principle ... ... ... 17.65 Oil, Resin, &c. ... ... ... ... ... 15.55 * Tannin is insoluble in pure'ether.THE ANALYST. 77 Moisture ... Oil, Resin, &c. Moisture ... Oil: Resin, &c, Moisture ... Oil, Resin, &c. Moisture ... Oil, Resin, &c. No. ij.--KENTS %. *.. ... ... ... ... .*. NO. 6.-SUSSEX M. ... ...... ... ... ... NO, T.-EENTS M. ... ... ... ... ... ... NO. 8.-SUSSRX L. ... ... ... . I . ... ... 9.. ..* ... ... ... ... ... ... I.. ... ... ... .*. ... ... ... 5.GO 11.97 5.12 12.13 5.82 11.30 4.20 9.15 NO. 9.-SUSSEX L. Moisture ... ... ... ... ... ... 5.10 Oil, Resin, &c. ... ... ... ... ... 9.90 All these hops were grown in 1876, and nine months have elapsed since they were bagged.No doubt fresh hops contain a much larger quantity of oil, which is said t o reach about 8 per cent. when new, but in time most of this oil 6ecomo~ converted into resin, which for brewing purposes is probably the best, as the oil must ha-i-e a tendency t o render beers turbid. There is a great difficulty in separating the oil from the resin, for I find upon trying to do so the greater part becomes converted.What little oil I have separated has an odour like penny royul, but when rubbed on the hands gives the fine aroma of the hop. I f left exposed to the air for some time it becomes resinous, and has a valerianic smell. By treating the fresh resin with boiling water, and filtcring, the solution has a strong bitter taste, with a true hop flavour.I append the following extract from (‘ Beer and Brewing,” by Dr. Jules Morel, in the Brewer’s Journal, June 15th, 1877, which has just been sent to me :- “ For a long time hop oil was considered as containing strongly the aroma which characterises beer, and essences of hop oil (solution of hop oil) have even been sold in commerce to be added to beer in order to increase its aroma.Fortunately this idea was abandoned, as the essence communicated a particular medicinal odour to the beer, which is explained by the hop oil being transformed into valerianic acid. The only importance possessed by hop oil in the preservation of hops is that it preserves the resin with which it finds itself in contact. In fact, resin is modified by the air in such a manner as to become insoluble in the usual solvents.This conversion is hindered as long as the resin remains in contact with the oil. The oil may even, in ~ l d hops, be converted in great part into valerianic acid without the resin losing its property of dissolving. There exists some very erroneous ideas among brewers concerning the part which the essential oil of hops plays in the manufacture of beer, therefore we cannot too often repeat that the resin indicates the value of the hops, because it is the resin which imparts the bitter flavour that dissolves in the saccharine liquid ; this is again separated by the farmentation, and forms like a varnish round the cells of the ferment in such a manner as to abate fermentation,” I do not think the oil in old hops is as high as 2 per cent.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200076

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

78 THE ANALYST. GOVERNMENT VOTES IN AID OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. THE following list will be read with interest if not with satisfaction. The grants are made on the recommendation of the Royal Society. PERSONAL PAYMENTS. Mr. J. A. Broun,-For Correcting of the Errors in the published Observations of the Colonial Dr. Joule.-For Experimental Investigations into the Mcchanical Equivalent of Heat, $200.Prof. Parker.-For Assistance in Besearches on the Morphology of the Vertebrate Skeleton and Relatioiis of the Nervous to the Skeletal Structure, chiefly in the Head, $300. Rev. W. I€, Dallinger.-For Microscopic Investigations of Nonads, Bacteria, and other low forms of life, &loo. Hcv. F. J. Blake.-For compiling and publishing a ‘( Synopsis of the British Fossil Cephalopoda,” 2llOO.Prof. A. H. Garrod,--For Aid in preparing for Publication an Exhaustive Treatise on the Anatomy of Birds, $100. Dr. Muric.-For completing and publishing three Memoirs :-<( Anatomy of the Eingfisher,” 4 to., wit11 five plates ; on 6‘ Extinct Sirenia,” 4to., with six plates ; “ Osteology of the Birds of Paradise,” folio, three plates, $150. Nr. H. Woodward.-For continuation of Work on the Fossil Crustacea, especially with reference to the Trilobita and other Extinct Forms, and their Publication in the Volumes of the Palaontographical Society, a o o .Prof. Schor1emmer.-For Continuation of Researchen into (1) the Normal Parnffins, ( 2 ) Suberone, (3) hurin, d2200. Dr. H E. Armstrong.-For Continuation of Researches into the Phenol Series. and into the Effect of of Ritric Acid on Netals, $300.Profs. King and Rowney.-For Researches to determine the Structural, Chemical, and Mineralogical Characters of a certain Group of Crystallins Rocks represented by Ophite, $60. Mr. \V. J. Harrison.---Towards the Expense of collecting and describing Specimens of the Rocks of Charnwood Forest, $50. Magnetic Observatorios, 6: 150. EON-PERSONAL PAYMENTS.b aid of Apparatus, Materials, and Assistance. Dr. J. Kerr.-For Aid in Electro-Optic and Magneto-Optic Researches, $200. Mr. J. E. H. Gordon.-For Experimental ;Measurements of the Specific Inductive Capacity of Diclcctrics, $50. Prof. Guthrie.-For Spparatus and Assistance in (1) the Determination of the Latent Heats of the Cryohydrates and the Vapour Tensions of Colloids ; and (2) the Examination of Heat Spectra and Radiant Heat by means of verying Electrical Resistance in Thin Wires, 92150.Mr. J. T. Bottom1ey.-To aid in carrying out a Series of Experiments for Determining the Conductivity for Heat of Various Liquids and Solutions of Salts, &loo. Sir William Thornson.-For Assistance and Materials for a Continuation of Experiments on the Effects of Stress in Magnetism, $100. 31 r.W, Crookes.-For Assistance in continuing his Researches connected with (‘ Repulsion resulting from Radiation,” g900. Messrs. Riicker and Thorpe.-For a Comparison af the Air and Mercurial Thermometers, $50. Nr. F. D. Brown-For an Investigation of the Physical Properties, the Specific Gravity, Expansion by HeRt and Vapour Tension, of the Homologous and Isomeric Liquids of the Cn Hzn Series, $100.Prof. Roscoe.-For Continuation and Extension of the Experiments on the Self-Registering Method of Measuring the Chemical Action of Light, &loo. Sir William Thornson.-For Investigation and Analysis of Tidal Observations and Periodic Changes of Sea Level, €200. Dr. J. B. Ba1four.-For the expense of Illustrations for a “ Monograph of the Pandanacece,” 2.50.Mr. €1. T. Stainton-For Aid in publishing the ‘‘ Zoological Record,” $100. Dr. J. G. h1’Kendrick.-For Apparatus for a Research into the Respiration of Fishes, $75. Prof. Gamgee.-For a more complete Survey than has yet been made of the Physiological Action of the Chemical Elements and their more Simple Compounds, with the Object, in the first instance, of establishing a Physiological Classification of the Elementary Bodies, &50.Dr. Brunton.-For Researches into the Physiological Action of the most important Compounds of Nitrogen, and into the Action of certain Poisons, and for Apparatus, d30.THE ANALYST. 79 Mr. E. Schiifer.-To pay the Wages of an Assistant to give Xechanical Aid in Histological and Embryological Research, $50.Dr. Burdon Sanderson.-For an Investigation of the Normal Relation between the Activity of the Heat producing Processes and the Temperature of the Body, $7’0. Prof. Schor1emmer.-For Contiiiuation of Researchcs, into (1) the Normal Paraffins, (2) Suberone, (3) Aurin, 2100. Mr. W. N. Hart1cy.-For Researches into the Photographic Spectra of Organic Substances, into the Phosphates of Cerium, the Conditions under which Liquid Carbonic Acid is found in Rocks and Minerals, the Double Salts of Cobalt and Nickel, and for other Investigations, and for Assistance, 3100. Dr. Burghardt.-For a Research into the Origin of the Ores of Copper and (if possible) of Lead, their Mode of Formation, and the Chemical Connection (if any) betwcen the Ore and its Matrix, $50. Prof. Church.-For a Research into the Colouring Matters of Colein, of Red Beet, and for the Study of Plant Chemistry, &50.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200078

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 79 DETERNINATION OF GLUCOSE I N BLOOD AND OTHER ORGARIC SUBSTANCES. DR. PATP, F.R.S., recently read a paper before the ltoyal Society on a modification of thc methods previously in use for the quantitatiw determination of glucose in animal substances. There is no doubt that where minute traces of glucose are in question, Dr. Pavy’s method introduces improvements which must greatly conduce to the delicacy of such process, and although it can scarcely be considered as practicable in cGrnmercial analyses because of the time involved, it must necessarily form a material advance in our methods of procedure mbere delicate invcstigatiotis are concerned.The process consists essentially in an adaptation of the old gravimetric process of determination by means of a solution of sulphate of copper and double tartrate of soda and potash, the liquor being, however, irt the first instance mixed with an excess of solution of sulphate of soda aiid boiled, so as to coagulate it.The liquid is then filtered, and the potassio tartrate of copper added to the filtrate. Thc reduced sub-oxide of copper is then separated by filtration from theliquid, dissolved in a few drops of nitric acid, with a small quantity of per-oxide of hydrogen added t o effect oxidation, and the amount of copper prcsent in the precipitate, instead of being estirnllted as in the old process by direct weighing of the sub-oxide involving the necessary errors due t o the presence of the filter ash and t o other circumstances, is determined by galvanic deposition of the copper upon the surface of a piece of platinum foil or wire, which is weighed before and after the galvanic action.The results are calculated out according t o the old formula, viz., that 1 part of copper equals ,5678 of glucose. The author of the paper rightly states, ‘‘ This application of the copper test solution yields a gravimetric process of analysis instead of a volumetric, and one which has no uncertainty belonging t o it.There is nothing for the mind to do, and no opportunity for error of judgment.” Dr. Pavy subsequently read a second paper on this subject before the Royal Society. It is the issue of the application of the above process. Dr. Yavy dealt with the question of the quantity of sugar jn the system under the following conditions :- 1.The amount which exists in blood in its normal condition. 2. The comparative state of arterial and venous blood. 3. The spontaneous change which takes place in blood after its removal from the The author pointed out; that the very rapid changes mhich take place in blood under altered conditions of tho system render it essentially uecessary that the greatest system.80 THE ANALYST.precaution should be observed in order to obtain blood in its natural condition. I f taken during life the animal should be in a perfectly tranquil state. If after, it should be procured as instantaneously as possible after the death of the animal, so that no opportunity could be afforded for the blood to be affected by the post mortem production of sugar in the liver.The experiments now under notice were made on dogs, sheep, and bullocks’ blood, and a series of six, in one case seven, examinations of each kind instituted, and two analyses made for every sample taken. I n quoting Dr. Pavy’s figures we are giving the mean of the two separate analyses. It is necessary, however, to state that the extremes of each show but trifling variations, and these are rarely so great as to affect more than the second figure in ilecimals.The mean results of seven examinations of dogs’ blood showed the amount of sugar which it contained in parts per 1,000, to be as follows :-0.751, 0.786, 0.700, 0.766, 0.7S6, 0.921, 0.803 respectively. The blood of sheep yielded 0.470, 0.490, 0.517, 0.559, 0.569, 0.526, respectively, or an average of 0.521 parts of sugar per 1,000.The bullock’s blood gave 0.703, 0.525, 0.492, 0.456, 6.499, 0.588, or an average of 0.543. I n each of these experiments every care was taken to secure the blood in such a manner that it was a reliable representation of its ordinary condition during life, Unless such prccautions are taken the results obtained will be, in a physiological point of view, worthless and misleading.This fact was strikingly illustrated by a comparison of results which Dr. Pary obtained from four bullocks killed in the ordinary way, viz., by felling the animal with a poleaxe, and breaking up the spinal cord by means of a cane. I n the first two of these observations the opening into the blood vessels was made as speedily as possible after the animal had been felled.I n the next two Dr. P a v had rea80n to believe that this necessary condition had not been complied with, and that some little time was allowed t o elapse between the felling of the bullock and the opening of the vessels. The effect of this delay in the p o d mortem production of sugar is shown by the following results :- Blood of the first two bullocks (mean of two analyses) yielded 0.596, 0.688, parts of sugar per 1,000, respectively. I n the second two a mean of 1.053 and 1.094 parts of sugar per 1,000 were given.The conclusions to be drawn from these various experiments are, that the amount of sugar contained in the biood of sheep and bullocks is about per 1,000 or 1 in 2,000, and in a dog about Taking the results of the whole serics of observations they shorn a remarkable uniformity and harmony in the amount of sugar contained in the blood of the respective animals.This gives an average of 0.787 on the whole series. per 1,000, or 14 per 2,000. COiWAHATIVE STATE OF VEhTOCS ARB ARTERIAL BLOOD. The anthor next considered the comparative states of the arterial and venous blood. This part of the subject is olie which possesses the greatest importacce from a phy- siological point of view.One of thc effects of antvsthetics on animals is to occasion an abnormal amount of sugar in the blood, in order to attain accuracy, therefore it ie indispensable that blood should be takcn at c? timc when the animal is not under such influence,THE ANALYST. 81 In the first observation made on the blood of a dog, life had been instantaneously destroyed by pithing, and collections were made immediately after from the jugular vein and crural artery.No time was allowed for the effect of post nzortein formation of' sugar in the liver to influence the blood. The results obtained by this method were as follow : crural artery, -799, -791 ; mean, "795. I n order, however, to obtain evidence to which no exception could be taken, Dr.Pavy adopted another method of procedure, which he was enabled to do just prior t o the meeting of the society, from having a restriction previously imposed under the Vivisection Act removed. This enabled him to collect the blood under the natural conditions of life, both from the carotid artery and the jugular vein. The animals operated upon were placed under an anmsthetic, during which time the vessels were exposed and a thread placed loosely round each.After they had regained tranquility, and the effect of the anxsthetic passed off, the vessels were drawn forward and openings made into them to allow of the simultaneous escape of blood. So quietly and painlessly was this operation of collection performed, that the animals themselves manifested no signs of consciousness of what was taking place.The analyses of the blood obtained in this manner were commenced before coagulation had time to occur, and the results were as follow : No. 1, carotid artery, 0806, .817; mean, -811. Jugular vein, -503, -788; mean, 798. No. 2, carotid artery, -854, *873 ; mean, -863. Jugular vein, 863, 896; mean -879.From these figures it is clearly evident that no material difference exists in the amount of sugar contained in arterial and venous blood. Jugular rein, -793, -791 ; mean, ,792 SPONTANEOUS DISAPPEARANCE OF SUGAR FROM BLOOD. Turning to the third part of his subject, viz., the spontaneous dissppearance of sugar from blood after its removal from the system, Dr.Pavy gave the results of a series of analyses ho had conducted, and which are as follows :- No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Taken immediately after death Taken immediately after death .. after 1 hour ... Taken immediately after death .. after 1 hour ... ,, ,, 23 hours No. 4. Taken immediately after dt& .. after 1 hour ... .. 24 hours ... No. 5. Tacen immediately after death .. after 1: hours ..... after 1 hour ... . . . . . . mean -786 . . . . . . ,, ,739 . . . . . . ,, *700 . . . . . . ,, -670 . . . . . . ,, -766 . . . . . . ,, ,751 . . . . . . ,, *285 . . . . . . :, ,786 . . . . . . ,, -728 . . . . . . ,, *302 . . . . . . ,, -921 . . . . . . ), a793 Dr. Pavy poiuted our thut there was nothing new in the suggested discovery that a gradual destruction of sugar takes place with blo~il after its removal from the system. He himself had brought tho fact before thenotice of the Royal Society so far back as 1855, when he stated that under the changes of the decomposition of blood normal animal glucose is very readily metamorphosed. The rapidity of the metamorphosis depending on the activity of the decomposition of the animal substances present. I n conclusion the author stated that the evidence adduced in this communication shows that the results which Bernard has obtained by the experimental modus operandi he has been recently employing are erroneous, and, consequently, the inferences he has drawn from them are equally in error. The cause of truth and the interests of science demand that what he has recently been advancing should be eliminated from physiological literature.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200079

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

82 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. CONVICTION FOR SELLING ci FORE ’’ MILE. A dairy proprietor, Michael Hayden, residing at Clarendon Street, Dublin, has been convicted by Mr. Woodlock, Divisional Police Magistrate, for selling to the Inspector of food, milk which “ was not of the nature, substance, and quality ” of the article demanded. Dr. Cameron, public analyst, deposed that the milk was either (‘fore milk,” or had been deprived by skimming of a portion of its cream. The defendant admitted that it was “ fore milk,” and that he had sold the “ stripping ” as cream, believing that he was allowed by law to do so.The magistrate expressed his opinion that milk should be Eold whole,” i.e., with both fore milk and strippings, and fined the defendant $10. COLOUKED CONFECTIONS-At the Sheriffs Court, Glasgow, on the 30th June, before Sheriff Lees, William Caldwell, confectiofler, 619, Gallowgate Street, was charged with having sold llb of confections knovn as “ Coloured Imperials,” which were (( mixed, coloured, stained or powdered,” with chromate of lead, ctc.A plea of guilty was tendered, the accused explaining that he was not aware the confections contained any injurious ingredients.The sheriff imposed a fine of $2, and explained that, legally, the want of knowledge did not remove culpability. Mr. Tatlock, one of the public Analysts for Glasgow, made the analysis in this case, and found *54 grains of chromate of lead per lb of the yellow confections. At the Southmark Police-court, recently, Mr. John Morris, cheesemonger, 1529, Blackfriars-road, was summoned before Mr.Benson by Mr. John Edwards, Sanitary Inspector of St. George’s Vestry, for selling as genuine butter a compound containing not a particle of butter, William Connor, assistant to Mr. Edwards, said that from directions he received from him on May 29, he went into defendant’s shop and asked for half a pound of fourteenpenny butter as marked in the window, which was served to him.He paid 7d. for it, and instantly handed it to Mr. Edwards in the presence of the manager. Mr. Edwards said he was appointed by the Vestry under the Adulteration of Foods Act, and owing to complaints he had received, and seeing the ( ( butter,” marked at fourteenpence a pound, he was positive it could not be gengine. He accordingly directed his assistant to purchase half a pound ; this was done in his presence, and the g ( butter )’ handed to him. Witness then entered the shop and divided the butter into three portions, one of which he took to Dr.Muter fnr analysis. The compound when handed to witness was wrapped up in ordinary paper, and there was no label or other mark on it. Mr. Benson asked if he had received any particular information.U‘itnees replied that he had not. I t was a large shop and things were marked up too cheap to be genuine. On those grounds chiefly he visited the shop. Witness here handed i n Dr. Muter’s crrtificate. Mr. Benson after perusing the latter, observed that the result of Dr. Muter’s analysis w:as that it was nothing but animal fat made to resemble butter, but it was not injurious to health, I t was, in fact, not butter at all.The defendant’s manager, who attended, said that it was not sold as butter. He handed in to his worship an old brief-sheet, on which was marked : “ Notice.-This compoundTHE ANALYST. 83 is sold as imported, and declared according to the Act, 1875, cap, 63, sec. 8.” Mr. Benson told him that if the butter or compound was wrapped up as stated by him, that label did not assist him, and asked where the stuff was manufactured ? The manager said he did not know.They bought it of a wholesale house. I t cost Is., and they sold it for Is. 2d. per Ib. Mr. Benson told him he must not sell such stuff’ as butter. He might describe it as a foreign compound equal to butter, or superior to butter.If he did so he would not be punished. The manager said that only 28lbs. of i t had been sold, and no more would be offered. Mr. Benson fined defendant $5, and 12s. 6d. costs. At the Petty Sessions, Southampton, the sitting magistrates being the Mayor (H. Abraham, Esq.), Dr. Hearne, Alderman Tucker, J. H. Cooksey. and S. M. Emanuel, Esqs., Mr. William Henry Rogers, grocer, of Queen’s Road, was summoned for selling adulterated butter.Evidence of the purchase having been given, the analyst’s report stated the butter in question to be adulterated with foreign fat to the extent of 74 per cent., but the article wits not injurious to health. Dr. Hearne said the statement coming from a non-medical man that this butter was not injurious to health he could not accept.Mr. Rogers pleaded guilty to the charge, but he said he was perfectly innocent that he was selling an adulterated butter, he having bought i t from a respectable London firm as genuine Normandy, and retailed it a t IS. per lb. The Bench said there were extenuating circumstances, and if the defendant had obtained a warranty he would have had a remedy against the merehant he purchascd it from, or, if he had describedit to his customers as an adulterated article, he would have complied with the Act and escaped the penalty.As it was, he would be fined 10s. and costs.-Mr. Richard Odell, grocer, of Cambridge-terrace, was also summoned for selling coffee not being of the nature, substance, and quality demanded. The certificate of Mr. Collis, the Borough analyst, described it to contain chicory in quantity amounting to 32 per cent.Defendant pleaded guilty, but said he sold the article as he had rcceived it. The magistrates told him if he bought it as pure coffee (the seller representing i t as such), under the Act he had a remedy against the person he purchased it of; but if he was aware that he was selling a mixed article he should have labelled it as such.The Bench inflicted a fine of 10s. and costs. At the Hull Police-court, before T. H. Travis, Esq., stipendiary magistrate, Thomas Stainton Cartwright was summoned for selling a quantity of butter which was not of the nature, substance, and quality of the article demanded by such purchaser. Mr. Todd, town clerk, prosecuted. I t appeared that on the 28th ult., Mr.Dale, nuisance inspector, obtained from the defendant llb. of butter for analysis He asked for butter, and was served with a quantity, for which he paid Is. After the purchsse was made the inspector said that it was for aoalysis, and the defendant said, ‘L Oh, dear me! I t is butteline. What can I do ?” and added, “ It’s no use kicking against the pricls.” The analyst reported that the compound did not contain any real butter, but was a maiiufactured article to imitate butter, I t also ccntained iron.probably from the colouring matter used. 95.43 wae insoluble fatty acids in fat. Mr. Todd said that he was told that about a million hundredwcight of the compound, which was called butterine, had been imported from America. I n its normal state it was frightful to look at, but by certain processes it was converted into a beautiful compound, like lard, and, being coloured to look like butter, it was sent to this country.Mr. Todd added that the defendant admitted the offence. I n the course of the case Mr. Travis read some.extracts from a circular which had been handed to him. It stated that the (‘ extreme scarcity and consequent high prices of butter rendered ‘Normandy Oleine Butter’ in largely increased demand.. . . I t was almost unaffected by the weather, and had no strong wintry rankness, inevitable in the lower qualities of R’ormandy butter, being always alike meet and uniform, leaving no tailings as with the irregular Canadian or States shipments. Its keeping qualities were better than those of common butter ; the more aalted brands of the cheaper sorts would stand quite good for two months and longer.Thc shade of eolour could always be easily adapted to the requirements of a district, from the pale straw colour to the deep lively shade of Irish. . . . The Oleine butter was cleanly and taking to the eye, easily manipulated on the counter, and lastly, though not the least important, if sold to the consumer as ‘ Oleine butter,’ according to most eminent counsel’s opinion-it was strictly in accordance with the requirements of the Food and Adulteration Act, and no retailer had ever yet been convicted for thus selling it.” The circular created much amusement in court.After reading it, Mr. Travis told the defendant that he hod not only acted illegally, but foolishly, for he had not even followed the directions of the who1esale dealer, which told him how to evade the law.H e was fined 60s. and costs. Robert Coulson, provision merchant, was also summoned for a similar offence, Mr. Todd prosecuted and Mr. Summers defended. Mr. Todd said that on the 25th ult. Mr. Dale, the inspector, visited the defendant’s shop, with his assistant, Mr.Osborne, for the purpose of obtaining butter for analysis. Defendant‘s son was in the shop, and on Mr. Dale asking for a pound of butter h e said that they had no butter in the place. The inspector looked round, and saw a tub marked 6‘ Oleine Butter.” The defendant came in at I t was made from the refuse of cottonsced, so he was given to understand. The defendant said that the circular was not his and he had never seen it, He obtained a pound of it, for which he paid 10d.84 THE ANALYST.the time. On analysis the article was found to contain 91& per cent. of foreign fat, and the analyst described it as butterine of a rery low character. Mr. Dale deposed to these facts. Cross- examined by Mr. Summers, witness said defendant’s son told him that he did not sell the article for butter, but for “butter and what was in it,” and the defendant said that he had no butter he could guarantee.There was a label on the tub bearing the words, ‘‘ Normandy Olcine Butter,” and a placard in the window stating that the article could be obtained inside the shop. Defendant also said that he did not sell any Oleine butter without enclosing it in paper, on which was printed (( Finest Butterine.” Dr.Holden, the medical officer of health, deposed to seeing a fixed board, between defendant‘s shop and the next one, on which were the words, I‘ Coulson’s noted shop for choice ham, bacon, butter, and lard,” and on a bill posted in the window, (( Prime graes butter, a shilling R pound.” By Mr. Summers : He did not know whether the board and bill were exhibited on the 23rd ult.After some evidence from Mr. J. Baynes, jun., analyst, who said that 8$, per cent, of the article was genuine, Mr. Summers addressed his Worship for the defence, contending that the defendant had not misrepresented the butter, but that he had properly described it, Mr. Travis said that he was of opinion that in defendant selling the butter as “ Normandy Oleine butter ” he was attempting to deceive ; and, secondly, that he had no right to use the words to a thing which contained 914 parts of foreign fat. If they wanted to sell these things letthem sell them under names which could not deceive.They had no right to say (( Oleine butter” or any other kind of butter unless the article was in a great part genuine butter.He was of opinion that in that case the article was not of the substance demanded. If defendant sold the article he must describe it by a name which would not deceive. He respited judgment. Mr. Summers said the case was one of great importance, to rnanufacturera particularly. He did not know what instructions he might receive from his client, but he might have to ask for a case.His Worship said that whilst judgment wat respited he could not grant a case, but, if the defendant persisted in selling the article as he had done, calling it butter, he mould fine him the full amount the law allowed, and then grant a case if asked for. William Shaw, provision merchant, was summoned for sclling as a pure article llb. of (‘ Irish butter,” the same consisting of two parts of butter and one part foreign fat.The town clerk prosecuted. Mr. Laverack defended, and admitted that it was sold to Mr. Dale as genuine Irish butter. The defendant expected it was so, inasmuch as he had bought it as being a pure article, and paid the highest market price for it. Mr. Laverack said he had n telegram from the seller in Ireland, which offered ‘6 extra fine lumps of Irish butter.’’ Evidence was called to prove that in the trade those words were looked upon as being a guarantee of the purity of the butter purchased.The question was raised on behalf of the defendant as to whether the telegram amounted to a written warranty ; if so, Mr. Laverack contended that he was entitled to be dismissed. Mr. Laverack further said that if the Court did not think that it amounted to a written warranty the defendant still had the power of proceeding against the original vendor, It was stated that the butter cost the defendant 1s.Id. per lb., and he sold it at 1s. 2d. per lb. Mr. Travis said he thought the defendant practically hada right to offer the butter as a genuine article on the strength of the telegram.His Worship dismissed the summons. ADULTERATED OATMEAL.-The adjourned case of summons against Mr. E. Heelis, of West Bromwich, for selling adulterated oatmeal, came on for hearing before Mr. James Watson, Mr. Williams, and Mr. Ralph Beaton, the sitting magistrates, on the 7th ult. It will be recollected that this prosecution was instituted by Mr. Horder, and the analysis of Mr.Jones showed that the oatmeal contained 24 per cent. of meal, chiefly barley. A reference to the authorities at Somerset House was asked for, and granted. On Saturday last the certificate of Mr. Bell and others showed that there was 22 per cent. of meal (not oat) in the article. Mr. Tanner explained to the Bench that Mr. Heelis had purchased the meal in the good faith that it was pure, and the millers who had sold it also considered it good oatmeal ; but the defendant had determined not to purchase any more without a guarantee, neither would he continue to sell it.At the West Hartlepool County Police Court on Monday, John Cranston was summoned for selling adulterated oatmeal. Mr. Marley proved purchasing one pound of oatmeal at the defendant’s shop, on the 10th inst., a portion of which he forwarded to Mr.Edger, the County Analyst whose certificate, showing that the article was adulterated with 4 per cent. of barley, he now produced.- iVr. Cranston said he sold the oatmeal as he purchased it, and inquired if he had any remedy against the merchants.--The Bench replied not, unless he had a written warranty from the vendor, which they advised him and other tradesmen to obtain when buying articles liable to adulteration, As the case was not a serious one, the Bench imposed a fine of 1s.and costs only.-Mr. R. C. Black was then charged with a similar offence. The certificate of the Analyst was put in, showing that the oatmeal in this case was adulterated with ten per cent. of barley. I n answer to the charge Mr.Black said that since receiving the summons he had communicated with the parties from whom he purchased, who guaranteed the purity of the article, and who requested an adjournment in order to contest the case. The application was agreed to. To sell it properly defendant must put up a notice, ‘(Not sold as butter.” The magistrates fined the defendant 10s. and costs.THE ANALYST.85 - At the adjourned hearing it was stated by the defendant that since the first hearing he had sent two samples to be analysed, but had been advised to ask the Bench to have it analysed first.-This Mr. Superintendant Marley said had been done, as had been proved last meek when it was stated that the amount of adul- teration was 10 per cent.-Mr. Black said that he had sold the oatmeal just as he bought it, and he wished that the Bench would deal with the case as they saw fit ; and their Worships, believing that the defendant had not been guilty of act of fraud personallv, thought a nominal fine of 10s.and costs would fully meet the justice of the case. ANOTRER EXCUSE FOR WATER IN MILK.-^^^ a recent meeting of the Nenagh Board of Guardians the wife of the late milk contractor to the workhouse sent in a declaration with regard to the purity of her milk from water, though Dr.Cameron, on analysis, pronounced a sample sent to him to contain 10 per cent. of adultration. She further declared that if by analysis or testing, her milk showed any portion of water, it must have been produced by the milch cows having been fed in the early part of April on mangold murtzel.The defendant was fined $2 10s. and 10s. costs, on the production of the certificate of Dr. Cameron, that the milk supplied contained 10 per cent. of water. Commenting on this case, the Xejzagh Guardialz says--‘L MTe are aware that the leaves of the mangold are much relished by cows, and produce an abundant flow of milk without any bad flavour, though its richness may be doubted, but we never before heard or read of mangolds as a water adulterant.” conviction for the sale of milk of sulphur under the name of precipitated sulphur, and after a long argument the bench imposed a penalty of $20.On being subsequently appealed to, however, the bench rcduccd this to g2 10s. AT MARYLEBONE John Gillman, of 10, Dorset Street, Joseph Miller, of 139, Seymour Place, Charles Lewis, of 113, Crawford Street, and Frederick Ubee, of 18, Spring Street, were summoned for selling milk diluted with water.Mr. Greenwell, solicitor, and Clerk to the Vestry of St. Marylebone, prosecuted; Mr. Ricketts defended Miller. The water added in the other cases was not large, and the defence set up in each instance was that the milk was sold in the same state as it was received from the wholesale dealers. M r.Cooke told the defendants that that was no excuse, as they were liable under the Act. It was somewhat hard upon them, as they were made answerable for that which in a certain degree t(hey could not control. The defendants mere each fined 5s. and costs. At the Bradford Borough Court three persons werc recently prosecuted for the sale of diluted sweet spirit of Nitre.The defendants were Stephenson Brothers, grocers, George Batty, herbalist, and J. R. Lund, chemist. The three samples tested contained respectively 26 per cent., 27 per cent., and 20 per cent. of water more than the standard. They were almost tasteless, and gave but very faint indications of the presence of nitrous ether. For the defendant Lund it was argued that a weaker spirit of nitre than the standard was a regular article of sale.This had been sold at 2gd. per ounce, at which price the the standard article could not be obtained. The magistrates imposed a fine in each case of $1 and At Belfast tbere has been Ubee’s case was adjourned, as he was not in attendance. $3 10s. Costs. The X!timatiofi of Nitrogen in Nitrates.-Tle method recommended by Thorpe, in his Quantitatice CJzenaicaZ Analysis for the determination of nitrogen in nitrates, has been examined by S.W. Johnson, of Yale College. The plan referred to consists in reducing compounds containing nitric acid to the form of ammonia by the use of strips of zinc covered with copper, by the ‘ I couple,” in short, devised by Gladstone and Tribe.The author gathers from Thorpe’s paper, that the results are such as apparently establish its great exactness, while in simplicity and ease of execution it mould seem to be quite superior to the similar methods which hare been previously proposed.” The first deter- mination which Johnson made by Thorpe’s process showed a deficiency of 45 per cent.I n a second experiment nitric oxide was evolved, G L the standard acid not only not being neutralised by ammonia, coming from reduction, but made more acid by the reaction of nitric oxide upon the oxygen and water of the condensing vessels.” I n the third and fourth experiments the results were equally unstitisfactory. The author then made three determinations by Bunsen’s method with zinc-iron coupIcs and caustic potash, and obtained concordant and perfectly satisfactory results, the numbers, it should be stated, being uniformly 0.3 to 0.6 per cent.under that required by theory.-American Journal of Science.86 THE ANALYST. ANALYSTS' REPORTS.- At the Staffordshire Sessions on the 2nd inst., it was stated that 192 samples had been delivered to the county analyst in pursuance of the Sale of Food Act, and of these articles fifty- three were repxted to be adulterated. In the prosecutions, numbering thirty- three, only seventeen had been sustained. At the Warwickshire Midsnmmcr Sessions, on the 3rd inst., Dr.Bostock Hill, the county analyst, reported that he had analyzed samples of food supplied to him by \he inspector for the Meriden District.The teas were all genuine, but six out of seven samples of coffee were adulterated with chicory. The samples of cocoa were such only in name, consisting almost entircly of sago, starch, and sugar. Of eleven samples of pcpper, only one was a little adulterated. Flour, bread, butter, oatmeal, sweets, and biecuits were all genuine. Ale was found to be genuine, except one sample, which contained a small quantity of salt. The sample of rum was 30" under proof.Of eigbty samples, fourteen were adulterated, the percentage being 17.5 per cent., as compared with 17 per cent. in the last quarter. These results, the analyst stated, were obtained in the district of Meriden, but he believed that a greater degree of adulteration prevailed in other districts.The report was quietly laid on the table, and did not elicit a single remark- The quarterly report of the Salford Eorough Analyst states that, among others, seven samples of butter and three of pickles were examined, and of these, three samples of butter mere found to be adulterated. Dr. Hodges, of Belfast, reports that he has analyzed 131 samples froni the borough of Belfast this yew, and 96 samples from the County of Antrim ; among other cases mentioned, a druggist has been fined €10 for refusing to sell sulphate of quinine.Mr. A. J. M. Edger of Newcastle, reports having examined 180 samples during last parter, of which 52 were adulterated viz. 10 samples of milk, 1 of butter, 1 of lard, 11 of oatmeal, 9 of pepper, and 20 of spirits. Mustard samples were all of good quality, excepting two which were adulterated.Two samples of brandy mere genuine, and two under proof. Port wine, sherry, and peppermint mere all genuine. THE SALE OF DISEASED NEAT I N DUBLIN. A- DISPUTE has lately arisen between the Guardians of the North Dublin Union and Dr. Cameron, the City Analyst. The facts of the case are that the Guardians' lnspector authorised the sale of the carcase of an animal slaughtered for pleuro-pneumonia, and that Dr.Cameron condemned the meat as unfit for foud. At a recent meeting of the Guardians it was stated that beasts slaughtered in different stagts of pleuro- pneumonia mere sold in London as food under the Cattle Diseases Act. To this absurd statement Dr. Cameron gave a positive dciiinl. The Chairman seemed to consider that the opinion of a veterinary surgeon as to the wholesomeness or unmholesomeness of the flesh of an animal more or less diseased waj of equal weight with that of a physician.The majority of the Guardians agreed with their Chairman, and resolved, by a majority of 9 to 2, that it mas desirable that a referee should be appointed to decide betn-een the Inspector and Dr.Cameron, in cases where they differed in opinion. So the matter stands a t present, but we understand that the whole subject mill be brought before Parliament by Dr. Cameron, M.P. for Glasgow. The conduct and opinions of the majority of' the Guardians cannot be too strongly condemned, and it is fortunate that the magistrates of Dublin, when dealing with cases in which diseased mcat has been offered for sale, prefer the opinion of a physician who is withall a competent man to that of a veterinary surgeon.POISONING OF FOURTEEN MEN BY SUGAR CONTBIKING ARSENIC. ABOUT tcn days ago, our readers will remember, the Glasgom papers published the report of the officials of the Board of Trade who had been appointed to enquire into the circumstances attending the deaths of six of the crew of the ship Crowfi Prime, and the dangerous illness of eight other men on board that vessel, from suspected poisoning during her voyage from London to Farious ports on the coast of South America in the latter part of last year. Their report attributed the illness of the men to their having eatensome semi-putrid pork, a barrel of which was proved to have been served out to them about the time of their illness.This theory failed to account fully for the circumstances of the case, inasmuch as one of the men who died WRS sworn never to have touched the pork, and several other persons on board also suffered from the symptoms of irritant poisoning without having eaten any of it. The captain attributes the illness and deatbs to something in the sugar used by the men, stating that none but those who had partaken of the sugar had ever been affected. In consequence of this statement of the captain, before the opening of the Board of Trade inquiry the owners of the vessel reqursted Mr.Tatlock, the city analyst, to make an examination of the sugar, and, on doing so, he found there was mixed up in i t a large amount of arsenic.On a further analysis, so great was the proportion of that poison found to be that a pound of sugarTHE ANALYST. 87 contained nearly 13B grains of arsenious acid, or about enough to kill two men, The theory of arsenical poisoning by means of this poisoned sugar perfectly explained some of those facts in the case which were not in accordance with that of poisoning by putrid pork.It explained, for example, how those who used the cabin supply of sugar, which was pure, had not been affected, while every one who had partaken of the forecastle supply had suffered. It explained how the cook and his wife had sickened through partaking of some sauce sweetencd with this forecastle sugar, and it explained how a crew shipped at Monte Video had suffered from sickness, although the bad pork had not been served up to that time. It further explained how one member of the crew who used no sugar had escaped altogethcr. The result of Dr. Tatlock’s analysis was, wc believe, communicated to the Board of Trade officials, who for some reason or another in their report, although incidentally referring to the captains allegation that the sugar used by the men was poisonous, make no further allusion to the matter, and, as has been said, attribute the fatalities elltirely to bad pork. Dr. Tatlock, in consequence of their report, put himself in conimunication with the officials of the Board of Trade, who replied to him that they hsd forwarded his statements to London, along with their report. Many days having elapsed, however, and nothing further having been heard of the case (possibly owing to the absence of the President of the Board of Trade from his office, in Consequence of his recent bereavement), Dr. Tatlock communicated with the members for the city, requesting them to take what steps they considered proper in the matter. I n consequence of Dr. Tatlock’s letter, Mr. Anderson yesterday had an interview with Mr. Stanhope, Secretary to the Board of Trade, who, wc believe, at once put himself in communication with the Board of Trade officials in Glasgow, and the probability is that the inquiry will be re-opened.-North British Daily Mail.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN877020082b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 87 NOTES OF THE NONTH. We reprint the report of a case of oatmeal mixed with barley which is especially interesting as showing a wonderful concordance in two separate analyses. Mr. Jones reports (( 24 per cent. of meal chiefly barley,’’ and the inland revenue chemists find d L 22 per cent. of meal not oat.” This is the more satisfactory when we consider that in such microscopic determinations there is really room for considerable divergence of opinion as to quantities.Here is a delicious little piece of ingenuousness from a trade journal: ( 6 LU tact the analytical star has not shown very brilliantly of late, and the more it is obscured the more zu6 shall like it.” No doubt, Mr. Grocer, because it is evident to the meanest com- prehension that turning the honest penny by selling chicory and flour for the price of coffee and mustard respectively is really a remunerative undertaking.If by the analytical star shining our friend means convictions for adulteration, then we would respecthlly suggest a simple and efficient means of making it set altogether. Let him persuade the persons he represents t o stick to the letter of the law, and always sell that which they pretend.If the traders would only do this, no body of persons would be more thankful than public analysts, who do not relish wasting their time in police courts more than is absolutely necessary for the carrying out of the duties imposed on them by the state. Listen t o the latest scoundrelism of that worst of monsters the Public Analyst. Not content with honestly seeking his prey, (‘ it is observed,” bays the Grocer, ‘‘ that, as a rule, samples are taken from the shops of the smallest traders, it being applirentIy pre- sumed that there will be less trouble with them than with those in a more substantial position.” It is really a pity that such a profound and masterly exercise of the talent of observation should stop short of noticing the fact that the monster has nothing whatever88 THE ANALYST.to do with the collection of samples, and cannot, even to satisfy his terrible greed for victims, in any way interfere with the work of the inspectors, who are perfectly independent officers, and would resent his slightest hint as to the performance of their duties. We are not so sure, after all, that Government support of science is an unmitigated blessing.Earnest workers, at their own cost, will always be found, but immediately it becomes a question of giving away money, so soon does jealousy and all uncharitableness arise in the breasts of those interested. The tendency of any Government is to dispenae its favours to those best known to the men in power, and consequently me have certain persons eating the oyster while only the shells fall to their less fortunate brethren.It is not to the poor and struggling man of science that the prizes fall, but to those already enriched, and who for the time become poor on paper, and, like the eminent head of the Challenger expedition, unable to earn any money by literary or other employ- ment.” Those interested in fairly considering the matter should read the articles which have lately appeared in the Echo, and we think that on the broad question, and putting aside all discussion as to jobbery in any particular case, they will agree with us that science were better left to be self-supporting, than subsidised for the benefit of the few and the neglect of the remainder. It is not to the credit of men of science that a journal should even have a prima facie case t o call forth such comments as those invoked by the Challenger expedition and by the doings at South Kensington.The list we publish of fortunate recipients of a portion of the &5,000 granted by the Government will very probably call forth further remarks. I f only a tithe of the terrible letter which has appeared in the Medical Examiner of 12th July be true, then the present system of making bread is, to my the least, utterly repulsive. The picture of half-naked men throwing cockroaches and other even more disagreeable insects at each other in play, and then plunging half-naked and all dirty into the dough, while they add to i t flavouring ingredients in the shape of perspiration, and neglect the use of pocket handkerchiefs, is not at all appetising.No wonder that, after making the dough in such dens of dirt, the bakers are tempted to add a little alum to whiten the sepulchre. Surely bread-making by machinery would be demanded if the public Qnderstood the case, and meantime have we no Government provision for the inspectiou of bakehouses, so as to at least ensure ventilation and cleanliness? It is, of couree, acknowledged by everyone that the process of manufacturing white lead is necessarily an objectionable one, and dangerous to health, but it is really astonishing to find what singular inventions are brought forward from time to time with the object of preventing its injurious efects.Among the latest of these we have seen is a process invented by a Mr.Thompson, who, with a cool ingenuity which is quite refreshing, and an equally remarkable ignorance of the process which really takes place in a white lead stack, seems to think that all that is necessary in order to make white lead is to bring metallic lead into contact with carbonic acid. Consequently he builds a gas-tight chamber, with doors at each end, and a line of rails running through it, On these rails a carriage runs, and the metallic lead, in some way not very clearly defined, has to be stacked on to this carriage, which is outside the chamber, and theTHE ANALYST.89 carriage is then run along the rails into the chamber. The doors are to be closed, and the carbonic acid gas pumped, this pumping apparently to be continued without inter- mission until the whole of the lead has been carbonated or converted into white lead, i.e., probably for some three months.Mr. Thompson’s ingenuity, however, does not stop here, for in order to prevent any possibility of the carbonic acid gas being wasted by acting on the chamber itself, the cells are to be lined with glass. We need hardly say it will be many years before such a process as this is taken up.Another ingenious inventor thinks that the principal cause of injury to health which occurs in white lead manufacture results from the dust rising from the pulverised white lead adhering to the skin, and being to some slight extent absorbed. No doubt this is partly true, but his remedy is certainly unique. The hands and face, in fact all parts of the body exposed to dust are directed to be washed three times a day in petroleum. We think that, like the last-mentioned invention, it will be a long time before this practice comes into general use.But considering such statements as these, which are made oil the authority of respectable journals, it really seems necessary to repeat, what every white lead maker ought to know, that the best remedy t o prevent injurious effects among the workpeople is to insist upon thorough washing with plenty of soap and water, carefully avoiding anything in the shape of an alkali, adding, if anything, a few drops of sulphuric acid to the water in order to give it a slight acidity, and also adding a few drops of acid to the water which the workpeople drink, as sulphuric acid converts the lead, in whatever form it may be, into an absolutely insoluble substance, and therefore of course prevents its being injurious.The subject of the payment of analysts by coroners is one which requires a most careful consideration at the hands of our legislators, when the whole question of Coroners’ Courts comes up in Parliament. We are glad to see that, the Zanoet has taken the subject in hand, as we could tell some startling stories of analysts who have been obliged to waste days of valuable time in long and disgusting researches on semi-putrid matter, a d then have been kept waiting for years for their fees, until, out of patience, they had to resort to the extreme measure of a summons.When a coroner believes an analysis necessary, he should be instructed to send the article, with a certificate to that effect, to the publie analyst for the district in which the enquiry occurs, and on tendering that certificate at the offices of the county, the analyst should receive a fixed sum of so many guineas per day, according to the time he is employed in the analysis.We commend this to the notice of those at present considering the reformation of (‘ CROWNERS’ QUEST.” Space will not allow us to refer fully this month to a recent article in a scientific con temporary-an article eridently written with the object of supporting the proposed organisation scheme, but we give one quotation, which, coming from so favourable a quarter, will, we hope, be duly appreciated by those whom it concerns:-“The originators of this movement were not certainly and strictly speaking, professional chemists.” Comment ie needless, as this is one of the main grounds of objection to this proposed organisation scheme.90 THE ANALYST.BECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been published during the past month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Southampton Row, Chancery Lane, London.19iG. Name of Patentee. NO. 903” J. Cammack and A. Walker ... 4420 4461 4626 4559 4576 4595 4613 4636 4655 4721 4751 4758 477 9 4791 4805 4806 4848 4900 4954 6007 1877. 91 171 952 1423 G. W. Von Namrocki ... ... J. C. L. Loemer and R. W. Higgs G. Symes ... ... J. and J. Xidd ... ... C. F. Mathieson. .. ... W. R. Lake ... ... P. Moritz ...... J. S. llutler ... ... E. Rumbold ... ... F. T. Bond ... ... D. McKechnie ... ... W. P. and C. E. Cherry A. Graham ... ... R. Werdermann.. . . , . J. W. Bantock ... ... G. Itydell .. . . . . J. J. Hicks ... ... E. Simmonds ... ... w. Ycung ... ... W. Morgan-Brown .., E. Solway ... ... Ditto ... ... S. Hallsworth and R. Bailes W. R. Lake ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. I ...... ... ... 1.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Title of Patent. . Price. Manufacture of Sulphates of Soda and Potash ... .,. Manufacture of Sugar .. . ... ... . . . ... Electric Telegraphs . . . , . . . . . .. . .. . Apparatus for Manufacturing Gas, Cc. . , . ... .. . Manufacturing and Carburetting Gas ... ... . , . Manufacture of Gas ... ... ... ... ... Electro-Magnetic EngInes... ... . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Illuminating Gas.. . ... ... . .. Electric Night Signal Apparatus , . . ,. . . , . .. Preparation of Aniline Dyes ... ... ... ... Purifying Sewer Gas .. . ... , . . . . . . , . Production of Sulphurous Acid Gas . . . , . . , , . Treating Oxides of Iron ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Gas ... .. . ... ... ... Obtaining Fatty Matters from Sewage, &c.... ... Electric-Light Apparatus ... ... ... ... ... Manufacture of Nitro-Cellulose . , . . .. . , . . . . Treating Sewage, &c. ... ... ... ... .., Thermometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Composition for Rendering Walls Impervious and Damp Proof ... . . . . . . . . . .. , .. , ... Preparing and Applying Oxygenated Air for Combustion 4d.6d. 6d. 2d. 6d. 6d. 2d. 6d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 6d. d. 4d. 2d. 2d. 4d. 6a. Manufacture of Hydrochloric Acid ... ... .. . 2d. Utilising Silicates and Aluminates of Lime and Magnesia 4d. Treating and Clarifying Sewage ... ... ... ... 4d. Machinery for Manufacture of Sugar ... ... ... 6d. &ale of Food and Drup’ Act, 1875.-Three members of the House of Commons have brought in a Bill to amand this Act.Its general purport is that in determining whether adulteration is committed by diluting spirits with water, regard shall be had t o the price at which the spirits so diluted are sold. This is certainly a new phase of the adulteration movement, and wc shall be rather glad to know what will be the next, BOOES, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist; The Brewers’ Guardian; The American Chemist ; The British Medical Journal; The Medical Examiner ; The Medical Times and Gazette ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Telegraphic Review ; The Medical Record ; The Geological Society’s Proceedings ; The Miller ; The Anti-Adulteration Review A correspondent writes, (( Excuse the suggestion, but I think that analysts might each in their own district keep you properly informed of any information specially interesting to the members of the Society.” We can only say that we wish they would do so, for such information would be of great value to the Society. We have received a letter signed I‘ B. Sc.” with reference to Mr. Allen’s paper on L L Potable Waters.” We shall be happy to publish the letter on receiving the writer’s name and address.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200087

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC