摘要:

The Analyst. . . . . . . 203Adulteration of Peas . . . . . 203Skimmed Milk . . . . . 203Proceedings of the Society of Public Analysts 204The Poison of the Cobra, by A. W. Blyth,M.R.C. S. . . . . 204The Composition of Commercial White ‘Lead;by G. W. Wigner, F.C.S., and 3%. H.Harland, F.C.S. . . . . 208COMMITTEE OF PURLICATION.The Digestion and Assimilation of F a t in theAnalyses made under ihe Sale OH Fooi andDrugs’ Act . . , , , . 212Chemical Patents ,’ . . . . , 213Books, &c., received . . . . 213Skimmed Milk Appeal base . . . . 214Prosecutions under the Sale of Food andDrugs’ Act . . . , , . 215Human Body . 212J. MUTER, PH. D., M.A., P.C.S.G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S. ll A. DUPRE’? PH. D., F.R.S., F.C.S.C. HETSCH, F.C.S.C. W. HEATOW, F.C.S.A. H. ALLEN, F.C.S.J. FALCONER RING.A. WYNTEE BLPTH, M.R.C.B.OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S.ABSTRACTOXS.C. A. CANERON, M.D.E. W. T. JONES, F.C.S.F. J. LLOYD, F.C.S.c. H. PIESSE, F.C.8.‘ l

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87701FP027

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST.Now ready, crown 8v0, 600 p.p., cloth, price 12s. 6d. (postage 8d.),THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS;ORPRACTICAL INSTRUOTIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE INTRINSIC OR COMMERCIAL VALUEOF SUBSTANCES USED IN MANUFACTURES, IN TRADES, AND IN THE ARTS.By A. NORMANDY,Author of ‘LPracticat Ifitrodwtion to Rose’s Chemistry:’ a& Editor of Rose’s ( I Treatise on ChemicalArulysis.”New Edition, Enlarged, and to a great extent re-written, by Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S.With rtumerow Illmtrations.6‘ Will be found to be essential to the Analysts appointed under the new Act ....... In all cases the most“ In a book of nearly 500 pages, we have simple yet scientific instruction how to examine almost everyrecent results are given, and the work is well edited and carefully written.” Nutwe.article of consumption. Metropolitan.CROSBY LOCHWOOD & Go., 7, STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C.INTERESTING FACSl MILE RE PR I N TS.I n crown Svo., antique binding, or paper boards, 6s.; antique morocco, 21s. ; large paper copies, inHE COMPLEAT ANGLER ; Or, The Contemplative Man’s Recreation.roxburghe binding, 21s. ; antique morocco, &2 10s.By ISAACThis reprint of the first edition, published in 1653, is printed on paper similar to that ofThe quaint title page, the very clever drawings of fishes, and the antique head-pieces andWALTON.the original.tail-pieces, are also faithfully copied by a photographic process, which exactly reproduces the original.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I n crown Svo., antique binding, or in paper boards, price 7s. 6d.; morocco antique, 21s. ; largepaper copies, price, in roxburghe binding, 21s.HE PILGR’IM’S PROGRESS. A Reprint in Facsimile of the :First Editmion of 1618.The special characteristics of the first edition are carefully preserved-the colloquial language, quaintspelling, and curious side-notes, the peculiar forms and mixtures of types, the irregular use of capitals anditalics, are faithfully reproduced ; thus enabling the modern reader to realise the rude form in which JohnBunyan put his immortal allegory before the readers of his own day.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.Now ready, in small crown Svo., in antique binding or paper boards, 5s. ; or in antique morocco, 21s.HE TEMPLE.Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. By Mr. GEORGE HERBERT,late Oratour of the Universitie of Cambridge. With an Introduction by the Rev. Alexander B. Grosart,Editor of ‘‘ George Herbert‘s Works in Prose and Verse,” and of the Aldine Edition of (‘ Herbert’s Poems.”‘( Mr. Elliot Stock has done good service to all collectors of old and curious books by publishing in hisseries of facsimile reprints, the ‘ Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations,’ which George Herbert, the saintlyparish priest of Bemerton, bequeathed as a legacy to the Christian world, under the title of ‘The Temple.’I t is only now, for the first time, that an attempt has been made to reproduce the original work exactly asit came from the hands of Messrs.Buck and Daniels, Printers to the University of Cambridge, in 1663,the year of its Author’s death. This editio princep has been followed exactly, not only in its contents,but in such minute details as the stopping of the volume, which is reproduced exactly the saxe in type,binding, and paper, the latter being of a curious and not disagreeable brown, which looks to an inexperiencedeye at least as if it had seen the reign of Charles I.”--The Times.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I N THE PRESS,ARADISE LOST, by JOHN MILTON. A Reproduction in Facsimile of the FirstELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.Edition.HE PARENTS of a gentlemanly youth, aged 16, who has been well educated, T and having an elementary knowledge of chemistry, wish to place him with an Analytical Chemist.Address, stating terms, &c., to Medicus, 2, Chiltern View Terrace, Uxbridge, MiddlesexTHE ANALYST.I n Wrapper, 2s. 6d.On Roller and Varnished, 6s.1,jOOD CHART, giving the Names, Classification, Composition, Alimentary Value, Rates of Digestibility,By R. LOCRE JOHNSON,L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., &c.Adulterations, Tests, &c., of the Alimentary Substances in General Use.(6 One of the most useful publications of the time.”- Week@ Review.London : HARDWICKE & BOGWE, 192, Piccadilly, W.PRICE 2s. CLOTH.HE MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN FRUITS AND ROOTS T to be met with in the Jams and Preserves of Commerce. By ARTHUR ANQELL, F.’R.M.s., PublicAnalyst, County of Hants.To be obtained of GILBERT, High Street, Southampton,LATTNER’S QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WlTH THE BLOWPIPE, P Profusely illustrated, 515 pages, Svo., new, 1875.Published at 21s: Offered for a short time at 6s. 6d.LETHEBY on Noxious Trades, 1s. post free.Milk in health and disease, by A. HUTCHINSON SMEE.LETHEBY on the Right Use of Disinftctants, Is. post free.London : HENRY KIMPTON, Medical Publisher and Bookseller, 82, High Holborn.Circulating Library, 21s. per annum. List of Works on Chemistry, &c., gratis.I n the Press and will shortly be published a revised and fuller Edition ofUTTER; ITS ANALYSIS AND ADULTERATION. By OTTO HEHNER B and ARTHUR ANGELL, Public Analysts.PROCEEDINCtS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS,”Vol. 1, 1876.1‘ THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS gives in the present volume a very satisfactoryaccount of its first year’s work.4‘ It has been instrumental in introducing some improvements in an Act which wouldotherwise have been even less satisfactory than it is now ; it has secured very usefuldiscussions on the general questions involved ; has produced through its members .somevaluable analytical papers ; and above all has led to united action among Public Analysts.6‘ The present volume gives not only the record of the actual work of the Society,including abstracts of the discussions at the meetings, but also a reprint of the recentAct, all important public papers which have been issued in regard to it; reports ofprosecutions in any respect typical, and many letters, articles, and stray notes.TheCouncil has acted wisely in publishing the volume.”--lancet.‘ 4 This book should certainly be possessed by Public Analysts.”- Chemist and Druggist.‘ 4 This is rather more than it purports to be, since it contains a number of paragraphsand leading articles.”( 4 Many valuable papers are reprinted, and the book is not only practically useful,but also is an indication of healthiness and earnestness on the part of one of theyoungest of our scientific societies.”-Iron.THE ANALYST.Subscription-3s. 6d. per annum, post free.All communications to be addressed t o G . W. WIGNEB, 79, Great Tower Street,London, E.C.Printed by ALFRED BOOT, 7, Mark Lane, E.C., for the Proprietors; and Publishedfor the Proprietors by ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, E.CTHE AN,QLYST.BALANCE.To carry 20 grammes in each pan ...12 GuineasY ? 200 7 , 9 , 14 9 97, 500 7, 9 9 18 9 99 , 1000 ,I 9 , 25 9 9WOLTERS’ BALANCES.GRAMME WEIGHTS (in Mahogany Boxes).From 10 grammes to 1 milligramme 13 Guineas ,, 100 71 2 9 2 9 97, 200 9 , 9 , 2; 9 97, 500 3, 9 , 3 9 THE ANALYST.case is very different with the beam; here the number of vibrations in a given time augment in theratio of the squares as the beam shortens, so that a beam one-third the length of another would performnine vibrations to one vibration of the longer, while the loss of sensitiveness on that score only amountsto one-third. We can, therefore, by using such short beams, afford to restore the requisite sensitivenessby lessening the distance between the points of gravity and suspension, and still retain to a great degreethe advantage of quick action.Another consideration of importance in this respect is the extreme light-ness of the beam as compared with the long one. The friction being much less, this would also causea greater freedom of action, and tend to accelerate the vibrations.The capabilities of this balance are such that it yields to the tenth part of a milligramme with thegreatest precision, and has a working range up to one thousand grammes.The appliance by which it is worked will be found extremely convenient. When not in use, all theknife edges are disengaged. By turning the handle, which is visible in the figure opposite, all the actingparts come into play one after the other.The whole range of motion of the handle is about one-half ofa turn. Beginning the operation, the pans are freed first; they are easily brought to rest by gentlybringing their stoppers in contact w7ith them by carefully turning the handle back again once, or twice ifnecessary. When they are perfectly quiescent, the further turning of the handle engages the suspensionpieces by gently and simultaneously bringing their knife edges in contact with their supports ; the end ofthe handle motion suspends the beam, and the balance is ready for use. After use the handle is turnedback again, by which everything is set out of action. This arrangement, besides the great convenienceit affords, prevents all unnecessary wear of the acting parts.In order to enable the final operation to be performed in the perfectly closed case.a parallel actionand sliding rod serves to lift thc rider and place it in the required position with the greatest ease. Therider can be used the whole length of the beam.To ensure greater strength the whole is fixed to a stout glass plate which is supplied with two spiritlevels. Thepieces, when apart, fit in a box, and can be carried about without any fear of injury in the transport.The knife edges and their supports are made of agate, and most carefully finished.The form I have adopted for the smaller weights from 0.5 downwards mill also be found very con-venient. They are made of wire, turned up into a flat spiral, the inner end projecting and forming a littleupright by which it can easily be taken hold Gf.The number of coils indicates the number of anits in eachdecimal, and the decimals themselves are distinguished by different thicknews of the wire.An inspection of this Balance is respectfully solicited at my office, 55, Upper MaryieboneStreet, Portland Place, London, W.The Balance is so arranged that it can easily be taken to pieces and put together again.0. WOLTERS,(Many years with L. OERTLINQ,)Manufacturer of Weights, Chemical, Assay and Bullion BalancesTHE ANALYST.I n Wrapper, 2s. 6d. On Rollcr and Varnished, 6s.F O O D CHART, giving the Namcs, Classification, Composition, Alimentary Value, Rates of Digestibility,By R. LOCKE JOHNSON,L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., &c.Adulterations, rests, &c., of the Alimentary Substances in General Use.6‘ One of the most useful publications of the time.”- Veekly Review.London : HARDWICKE &, BOGUE, 192, Piccadilly, W.-PlEeICE 2s.CLOTK.HE MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN FRUITS AND ROOTS T to be met with in the Jams and Preserves of Commerce. By ARTHUR ANGELL, F.R.M.S., PublicAnalyst, County of Hants.To be obtained of GILBERT, High Street, Southampton.PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS,”Vol. 1, 1876.CEOTM, 2s. 6d. BY POST, 2s. loid.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row.THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS gives in the present volume a very satisfactoryaccount of its first year’s work.‘( It has been instrumental in introducing some improvements in an Act which wouldotherwise have been even less satisfactory than i t is now ; i t has secured very usefuldiscussions on the general questions involved ; has produced through its members SOnlevaluable analytical papers ; and above all has led t o united actior: among Public Analysts.(‘ The present volume gives not only the record of the actual work of the Society,including abstracts of the discussions a t the meetings, but also a reprint of the recentAct, all important public papers which have been issued in regard to it; reports ofproMecutions in any respect typical, and many letters, articles, and stray notes.TheCouncil has acted wisely in publishing the volum e.”-T.ancet.‘( This book should certainly be possessed by Public .4.nalysts.”- Chemist und Bruggi~t.(‘ This is rather more than it purports to be, since it contains a number of paragraphs‘4 Many valuable papers are reprinted, and the book is not only practically useful,but also is an indication of healthiness and earnestness on the part of one of theyoungest of our scientific societies.”-Iron.and leading articles.”THE ANALYST.Subscription-3s.6d. per annum, post free.-411 literary matter to be addressed t o G . W. WIGNER, 79, Great Tower Street, London, E.C.Business communications, Advertisements, $c., t o J. H. SCOTT, a t the same address.Printed by ALFRED BOOT, 7, Mark Lane. E.C., for the Proprietors; andPublished by ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, E.CTHE ANALYST.I NTE R EST1 NG FACSl M I LE RE PR I NTS,I n crown Bvo., antique binding, or paper boards, 6s.; antique morocco, 21s. ; large paper copies, inroxbmghe binding, 21s. ; antique morocco, $2 10s.HE COMPLEAT ANGLER ; Or, The Contemplative Man’s Recreation. By ISAAC ’ WALTON. This reprint of the firet edition, published in 1653, is printed on paper similar to that ofthe original. The quaint title page, the very clever drawings of fishes, and the antique head-pieces andtail-pieces, are also faithfully copied by a photographic process, which exactly reproduces the original.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I n crown avo., antique binding, or in paper boards, price 7s. 6d. ; morocco antique, 21s. ; largepaper copies, price, in roxburghe binding, 21s.HE PILGRIM’S PROGRESS. A Reprint in Facsimile of the :First Edition of 1678The special characteristics of the first edition are carefully preserved-the colloquial languagd, quaintspelling, and curious side-notes, the peculiar forms and mixtures of types, the irregular use of capitals anditalics, are faithfully reproduced ; thus enabling the modern reader to realise the rude form in which JohnBunyan put his immortal allegory before the readers of his own day.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTEX Row, LONDON, E.C.Now ready, in small crown Svo., in antique binding or paper boards, 5s.; or in antique morocco, 21s.HE TEXPLE. Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. By Mr. GEORGE HERBERT,late Oratour of the Universitie of Cambridge. With an Introduction by the Rev. Alexander B. GroNart,Editor of ‘‘ George Herbert‘s Works in Prose and Verse,” and of the dldine Edition of ‘‘ Herbert’s Poeras.”‘‘ Mr. Elliot Stock has done good service to all collectors of old and curious books by publishing in hisseries of facsimile reprints, the ‘ Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations,’ which George Herbert, the saintlyparish priest of Bemerton, bequeathed as a legacy to the Christian world, under the title of ‘The Temple.’It is only now, for the first time, that an attempt has been made to reproduce the original work exactly asit came from the hands of Messrs. Euck and Daniels, Printers to the University of Cambridge, in 1663,the year of its Author’s death. This editio priizceps has been followed exactly, not only in its contente,but in such minute details as the stopping of the volume, which is reproduced exactly the same in type,binding, and paper, the latter being of a curious and not disagreeable brown, which looks to an inexperiencedeye at least as if it had seen the reign of Charles I.”-The Times.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I N THE PRESS.ARADISE LOST, by JOHN NILTON. A Reproduction in Facsimile of the FirstEdition.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87701BP029

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

SKIMMED MILK, ON another page we reprint an important case of appeal againat a conviction for selling milk which had been skimmed. Our readers will, doubtless, be familiar with the absurd character of the defence usually set up in such cases, and which, unfortunately, has received considerable support from some one or two analysts. I t is quite clear to us, however, that it is as much a milkman’s duty t o stir his milk before he supplies his customers, as it is his duty not to add water to the milk in the pails, and we are very glad indeed to see that the learned Recorder of Liverpool fully coincides in this opinion. We hope this will be the last we shall hear of such ridiculous defences.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN877010203c

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

204 THE ANAI~YST. THE POISON OF THE COBRA DE CAPELLO, By A. WYKTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Alzalysts, at Burlingtofi House, 14th Feebrzcary, 1877. THE COBRA, from the most ancient times to our own, has been an object of interest, worship, superstition and research. The lovers of the marvellous have invested the snake with attributes of almost human intelligence. Pliny stated that when a Cobra was killed his companion always sought to avenge his death,t and it has been affirmed that in a house a t Negombo, Ceylon, Cobras were kept as a protection against thieves, instead of watch dogs.-ft Traces of snake worship still linger in India and Ceylon ; the Singhalese, instead of destroying the reptile, deposit it reverentially in a wicker cage, and set it adrift on the nearest stream,* while the dark spirit of superstition, Hecate like, concocts the cobra; tel, an infernal broth of make venom and arsenic.$ It has been stated by Fayrer, that the Cobra destroys in India 20,000 people annually, yet the largest specimen out of 1,200 examined by Nicholson did not exceed 5-feet 83-inches in length.There are two species of Cobra in India, (1) the naja tripudians,$$ or spectacled cobra, (2), naja monocellata,§ but no difference in the activity or character of the poison of the two species has been as yet ascertained to exist.The poison itself is secreted by the parotid gland, and when the Cobra bites an animal the venom is expelled through a curved fang, in shape something like a dog’s canine tooth, and hollowed or tunnelled like the needle of the modern surgeon’s subcutaneous syringe.I send with this paper a fang of the Cobra, and if carefully examined there will be seen, at its base and in front, an aperture through which a very fine bristle may be passed. If this is done, it will be seen that the little tunnel does not occupy the centre but the front part of the fang, while the lower aperture, through which the poison exudes, is on the anterior surface 11 We are compelled from lack of space to hold over some of these papers until next month, but we print t &ib.viii. c. 37. $1 tripudiate, to dance on the toe. 0 Dr. Giintber (Reptiles of British India, p. 329), however enumerates eight varieties, and considers them all of the Rame species. part of them.-Ed.ANALYST. tt Tennant’s Ceylon, i. 193. * ib. p. 373. 1 ib. p. 183.THE ANALYST. 205 and not exactly at the apex. So fine is the inferior orifice that Nicholsont found by experiment that a Cobra could not inject its venom through the fang with more force than would be necessary to expel a minim in three seconds. There appears to be no structural connection betvreen the duct of the gland and the duct of the tooth, for the opening of the duct is on the inside of a loose gum.When the Cobra bites its enemy, which it does just like a dog, upon the fang sticking in the flesh, this loose gum is puckered up, the lower orifice of the duct is applied to the upper orifice of the bony canal, so that the two channels then become continuous, and the poison is discharged from the apex of the tooth, whilst at all other times, when the puckering up of the gum does not occur, the poison is discharged like any other saliva into the mouth ; hence it follows that the whole secretion in the mouth of a Cobra is poisonous.The poison from the living Cobra is obtained by pressing on the parotid glands while the fangs are erected over the edge of a watchglass or spoon.Dr. Shortt boldly takes hold of the reptile just behind the head with a firm grasp, whilst the free portion of the snake plays and writhes in a chilly and uncomfortable way around the arm. The Cobra cannot, like the viper, bite sideways, so that it is possible, without much danger, for an intrepid experimenter to handle it in this way, and receive the venom ejected in a suitable vessel.This venom oozes out in large drops from between the gum and the fang, and sometimes in a fine jet from the apex of the fang itself. As thus obtained, it is an amber coloured rather syrupy frothy liquid, of spec: gr. 1.046 and of feeble acid reaction-it dries rapidly on exposure to the air, into a yellow film breaking up into little brilliant yellow granules, which closely imitate crystals.Nr. Nicholson gives the following statements as the extremes of the quantity secreted by Cobras :- Solid residue. Grains. Grains, A Cobra gave 8 of poison, containing 1.6 9 , 7 11 $ 7 4.7 $ 9 22 ’7 1, 6.6 But the average appears t o be 6 grains of poison containing 2 grains of solid matter, hence it would appear that the solid residue varies from 22.5 to 67.5 per cent., but that a little over 33.0 per cent. is the most common quantity.The yellow powder is very acrid and pungent to the nostrils, and if a little gets in the eye it excites a painful inflammation, which, however, soon subsides. The taste ie bitter, and it raises little blisters on the tongue; it is probably poisonous if swallowed in any quantity, for a few years ago a native servant of Dr.Shortt’s, in replacing a Cobra in a basket, was bit, and Dr. Shortt immediately sucked the wound, saving the man’s life; he himself, however, was seized with alarming symptoms of poisoning, which happily passed away after a few hours. The poison is perfectly stable, for I have heated a solution of it to 2 1 2 O F., and yet the uncoagulated portion has preserved its activity.Cobra poison sent to me from India in the middle of 1875, was as active in a year from that date as when first excreted. The dried residue is very soluble in water, and if the water is added in proper proportions the original fluid is, without doubt, reproduced. The solution usually deposits a sediment of epithelial debris, and often contains little white shreds. t Indian Snakes, by Edward Nicholsm, Madras, 1874.206 THE ANALYST. Dumas made a combustion of the dried poison, and found carbon 46, nitrogen 13, oxygen 25, sulphur 2.5, and the rest hydrogen; and if sou put a milk residue into a combustion tube, and express the milk as so many atoms of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, the one knowledge is of as little value as the other. The active principle of the Cobra poison is? indeed, as I: shall shortly show, a single definite substance, but the product obtained from the reptile is a complex mixture of inert and active substances, which must be separated and identified previous to any numerical statement of carbon and other atoms.I n June, 1875, Dr. John Shortt, of Madras, kindly placed at my disposal a small quantity of cobra poison, and he sent me anot,her small portion in the middle of last year.From that time up till now I have been working intermittently at the subject, both in its physiological and chemical aspects ; the former I will bring forward elsewhere, the latter may be interesting to the members of this society. Of its solubility in water I have already spoken; in other ordinary menstrua, such as alcohol, ether, bisulphide of carbon, benzole, &c., it is only partially soluble.On heating the yellow granules or powder about 270° C, there is blackening and decomposition, and at temperatures above 270° there is a sublimate under favourable conditions of microscopic needles, this sublimate I obtained and shewed Dr. Shortt, i0 1875, but was not then aware of its nature.On incineration, from 1.4 to 1.5 per cent. of a white soluble ash is left, mainly consisting of chloride of s3dium. The aqueous solution of the poison filters readily, and since it contains albumen, it is coagulated by heat, alcohol, acids, and other agents which render albumen insoluble. The albumen is principally serum albumen, but I have reason to believe that there is a small quantity of another variety mixed with the first.There is a minute quantity of fat always present. Sugar. glucosides, and alkaloids are absent. I n the latter part of last year, I found that when a solution of the poison was put in a dialysing apparatus, the outer liquid soon became acid, and on injecting small quantities of it under the skin of various animals, the usual fatal symptoms of Cobra poisoning rapidly manifested themselves.On the 1st of January of this year, I succeeded in obtaining a crystalline, acid, extremely poisonous substance, which appears to be contained in the venom to the extent of 10 per cent. ; this substance, there is every reason to beiieve, is the sole and only active principle, It may be obtained by coagulating the albumen with alcohol, filtering, driving off the alcohol at a gentle heat, concentrating the liquid to a small bulk, precipitating with basic acetate of lead, collecting the precipitate, washing it, and subsequently decomposing it in the usual way by SH,, removing the sulphide of lead, evaporating to a small bulk at a gentle heat, and finishing the evaporation spontaneously or in a vacuum, or it may be obtained by coagulating and separating the albumen as before, shaking up in a tube with ether, removing the ether in the usual way, evaporating the ether off, redissolving in water and passing through a wet filter t o separate fat, and evaporating as before; in either case the result is microscopic needles, dissolving in water with an acid reaction and possessing highly poisonous properties ; they appear to be identical with the needles obtained by sublimation.THE ANALYST.207 For this substance I provisionally propose the name of co6ric acid. I have not been able to go as yet any farther in the investigation of this interesting substance, for the simple reason that my two very small supplies are now exhausted, and I must wait for a third packet, but it will not be uninteresting to pause for a moment to consider what a terribly active substance this cobric acid must be, for supposing Nicholson’s data are correct, and that the whole of the average quantity of the venom (that is 6 graine.containing 2 grains of solids,) is injected into a man, it then follows, since the solid residue contains 10 per cent.of cobric acid, that one-fifth of a grain would be fatal so that we have here a rival to aconitia weight for weight in its power oE destruction. I may add, in conclusion, that as first noticed by Dr. Shortt, a dilute solution of potash added to the liquid poison, or a solution of it, destroys its poisonous properties, and there is very shortly n fine blue colour developed, and after standing, flakes like Prussian blue collect at the bottom of the liquid, while the supernatant fluid is clear. I find that out of the body a weak solution of alkaline permanganate of potash destroys at once and for ever the poison, and renders it as harmless as water ; a wound of course may be washed advantageously with such an agent, but, as might be expected, it is of no use to inject it into the body as a true antidote. I hope t o have further opportunities of continuing the study of the poisonous saliva of the Cobra, and t o return to this subject at some future day. COBKIC ACID MAGNIFIED 250 DIAMETERS.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN877010204b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

208 THE ANALYST. ON THE COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL SAMPLES OF WHITE LEAD. BY G. W. ~‘IGNER, F.C.S., AND R. H. HARLAND, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts at BurZington House, on 14th i”e6ruary, 1877. THE white lead of commerce is used chiefly for the purpose of manufacturing white paint, and it is essential that this white paint should possess two distinct although compatible properties, viz.:-lst, the power of covering or laying on to wood, or other substance, in such a way as to cover every atom of the surface painted; and secondly, opacity, or the power of hiding any colour, whether paint or other substance, which may have been beneath the paint thus being applied. Nine-tenths of the white lead manufactured in England, or indeed on the Continent, is made by what is called the Dutch method, that is by subjecting metallic lead t o the action of the fumes arising from acetic acid, heated in beds of tan or other similar decomposing organic material.In ;‘The Analyst” of 30th September last year, we published a paper showing approximately the composition of the gases which were evolved in these stacks, but we did not on that occasion make auy reference to the action which these gases have upon the metallic lead.We now propose to take a second step in the consideration of the subject, and to see the character of the compound which is produced; at another time we may consider the way in which the gaces act. Many of the older text books state that the white lead paint of commerce consists of the anhydrous meta-carbonate of lead, but this is practically disproved by the fact that the native white lead ore or cerusite is quite incapable of being ground up with oil to form a paint which shall be of any commercial value whatever.We may, therefore, leave entirely out of the question this native product, and consider only the manufactured article. Kow there are two different ways in which white lead has been manufactured, first, the Dutch process, by which at least nine-tenths of tho total quantity consumed is made ; and secondly, precipitation, by which a small quantity, certainly not so much as one-tenth is made.Quoting from Watts, showing as he doubtless does, an epitome of nearly all the published statements on the subject, we find that when the precipitation process is used and an excess of carbonate of ammonia is added to a solution of lead, the anhydrous meta- carbonate of lead is precipitated, while, according to Lefort, the hydrated salt, con- sisting of hydrated meta-carbonate of lead is thrown down, therefore, according t o both these views, the precipitation consists of carbonate of lead anhydrous in the one case, and hydrated in the other case.H. Rose, however, mentions that the precipitate always contains hydrate of lead, and this is the first time that we find any mention of this compound occurring in any white lead, particularly in that obtained by precipitation, but it is clearly to be noted that the proportions which Rose directs for the admixture of the solutions of salts of lead and carbonate of soda, are not such as to give an excess of the alkaline base, and he further states that the composition of the precipitate thrown down was six equivalents of carbonate of lead and two equivalents of hydrate of lead + one equiwlent of water,THE ANALYST.209 Rose also states that, under some conditions, which he specifically details, another compound may be obtained, consisting of five equivalents of carbonate of lead and two equivalents of hydrate of lead ; and, under other conditions, another precipitate may be obtained, consisting of three equivalents of carbonate of lead and two equivalents of hydrate of lead ; our experiments lead us to doubt both these results.Watts further goes on to say that “hydrated carbonates of lead are also formed by the direct action of carbonic acid on hydrate of lead, and the compounds thus obtained differ from the precipitated carbonate in being amorphous and perfectly opaque, while the precipitated carbonate is an aggregate of minute, transparent crystalline grains.” We do not believe that the direct action of carbonic acid ever produces hydrated carbonate of lead, but, on the contrary, i t produces either an admixhre or a slight chemical combination of carbonate of lead and hydrate of lead, both of these compounds, however, preserving most of their original chemical properties ; and when the carbonate of lead and hydrate of lead are precipitated in the proper manner, they do possess the characters, or, rather, to speak more correctly, the character, of an amorphous and opaque precipitate, and not ‘‘ an aggregate of minute transparent crystalline grains.” As the result of the examination of some hundreds of samples of commercial white lead (in all nearly lOOO), we must decidedly express our opinion that the material consists not of a basic carbonate, but of a mixture of a neutral carbonate, with a hydrate, and that the value of the white lead as a paint, whether it be prepared by the Dutch process or by precipitation, depends almost entirely upon the relative proportions of these two different ingredients.To put it in general terms, if lead is either by the dry or wet process converted into a hydrate, it is perfectly true that it will combine with oil, and form a kind of paint or varnish, but this paint or varnish, although it will spread over the surface of the wood or other material to be covered, will not really cover it in such a way and with such a degree of opacity as to hide the natural colour of the substance over which it is spread, but, on the contrary, it will appear like a muddy film of varnish or lacquer spread over it ; or, taking the other extreme, if the compound, whether formed by the dry or wet process, conaists entirely of carbonate of lead, it will form an emulsion with the oil resembling to some extent the emulsion which chalk will form with water or with syrup, and although it will possess a certain degree of opacity, it will not cover the wood or other material in such a way as to render it suitable for paint.We have therefore come to the conclusion that the combination or mixture of the two compounds, viz.:-carbonate and hydrate of lead, is necessary in order to secure a good and servicable paint, that is the hydrate of lead must be present in order to enable the mixture to form a paint instead of an emulsion, and the carbonate of lead must be present in order t o give covering power. We differ entirely from both these statements.We will consider this subject in two ways- 1st. We have tested samples of pure carbonate of lead and have made them into paint with the greatest care, and have found that although it was possible to spread them over the surface of the substance to be painted, and to secure a certain degree of opacity, the paint never really dried or hardened, or became, in the sense a painter would use the term, a f d l paint, that is to say, the surface of the colour over which the paint had been210 THE ANALYST.spread was never entirely obscured, and the paint itself, even after some days of drying, was so pulverulent that ordinary washing was sufficient to remove a large portion of it. We took commercially pure samples of hydrate of lead and we ground them up into paint in the ordinary way with linseed oil.These samples when so ground possessed comparatively no covering power, that is they spread over the substance painted, and formed a varnish-like film, similar to that which would be formed by linseed oil alone, although with a greater degree of opacity, but they did not really cover or hide the colour beneath. The chemical combination of the hydrate of lead with the linseed oil sets free a certain amount of heat, sufficient to prove that it is really a chemical combination and not a mere admixture or emulsion.‘Having experimented on these substances, viz., carbonate of lead and hydrate of lead, separately, we experimented upon mixtures of them in various definite proportions. Our experiments here may be numbered by hundreds, and as the result of the whole, we hzve come to the conclusion that a white lead paint to be efficient, and to possess both the powers of laying on readily and easily, and by its opacity, hiding the colour beneath, must consist of an admixture of hydrate and carbonate of lead, and that this admixture must be within certain moderate limits in a definite proportion.The results of the analysis of a very large number of the best brands of commercial white lead show that the percentage composition found, corresponds in most cases with admixtures which are between those limits, and the results of several experiments which we have made, prove to us conclusively that this is the true composition of all the best paints. Nuter in his recent book on “ Pharmaceutical Chemistry,” appears to have practically hit upon the true proportion, which he puts down as three equivalents of carbonate of lead and one equivalent of hydrate of lead, and this corresponds very fairly to the proportion, which we find by experience is essential to the formation of good white lead paint .Difficulties connected with the patent law, prevent us for the present stating all the experiments which have led US to arrive a t this conclusion, but we may mention one fact-if a sample of ordinary white lead paint of good quality is ground in a mortar, and dilute sulphuric acid added in small quantities from a burette, it will be found that no effervescence is produced until a sufficient quantity of sulphuric acid has been added to decompose all the linoleate of lead present, corresponding to the percentage of hydrate of lead present in the original lead; and that if the mixture be then diluted with warm water, the fatty acids corresponding t o the percentage of oil present, will be liberated, and will rise to the surface, and can be separated so as to determine by that means the amount of oil which has been chemically combined with the hydrate of lead.Many other experiments confirm US in this view ; having formed this opinion we have made a large number of experiments t o determine what proportion of hydrate of lead was most desirable, in order t o form a thoroughly good white lead paint, and have come to the conclusion that this proportion should be within small limits of 25 per cent., corresponding to an actual percentage of 12-30 per cent.of carbonic acid, or somewhat less than the percentage of carbonic acid which is found in the average. I n these 2nd.THE ANALYST. 21 1 commercial samples, however, the variation is very great. We have had samples containing as much as 16.33 per cent. of carbonic acid, or as little as 10.39 per cent., and in both these cases the paint, if not useless, would, at any rate, have been of the most inferior quality, and we are not surprised that some of these samples should have been returned as quite useless as paints, although they proTed to be perfectly pure white lead, accepting the ordinary interpretation of the term.The facts which we have brought forward this evening, seem to us to give ample evidence of the reasons why zinc white, carbonate of magnesia, oxyde, and other metallic carbonates and similar substances, have not been able to be used as paints with any degree of success.I n the case of the white lead, a positive chemical compound has been formed, and the 75 per cent., or thereabouts, of carbonate of lead present has been dissolved in the chemical compound, and so a paint has been formed which possesses an unquestionable covering power in excess of any other compound known.Until some means can be devised by which oxyde of zinc or some other substance can be dissolved in the same way in a chemical compound, so as t o form a paint possessing characters somewhat different from those of a mere emulsion, it seems useless to argue that, as regards durability or covering power, they can equal a good well manufactured sample of white lead, and, still further, while inventors will attempt, in order to increase the yield of paint from a ton of lead, to precipitate the whole of it in the form of carbonate, it is perfectly useless for them to think that that paint can possess a covering power to be compared with that of a genuine article.Dr. Muter was very pleased Mr. Wigner confirmed him in his view, because at the time he was writing his book he kept it back six weeks on that account, as he was not satisfied with it, but after ~ome trouble and experiments he made out that formula t o be the right one, and he was very pleased to be confirmed. Mr. Dyer asked Mr. Wigner if he had made experiments on the properties of white lead paint mixed with small quantities of baryta, or adulterated about 7 to 10 per cent.with chalk; it did not seem to him to make much difference in paint. Nr. Harland had examined several samples of white lead manufactured by precipi- tating oxychloride of lead by a current of carbonic acid. This process appears to produce a very inferior paint.He examined some samples by the manufacturer’s test, which was simply t o mix a little ultramarine with the paint ; this test certainly gave a good indica- tion as to the body of the paint. As t o Mr. Dyer’s idea of adding baryta to white lead,, it not only decreases its power, but makes it apt to wash off ; 5 per cent. does not hurt it much, but 10 per cent. does. Mr.Wigner in reply t o a question from Dr. Duprd, said his opinion was that white lead was not a combination of the carbonate and hydrate, but that the carbonate was left totally unchanged. They had taken 75 per cent. of lead, 25 per cent. hydrate of lead, mixed them together, ground them up with 7 per cent. of linseed oil, which made a good thick paint, too thick to lay on with a brush, but adapted for thinning in the ordinary way.The same thing occurs i f we take white lead made by the ordinary Dutch method, and containing the same proportions. Dr. Dupre said that some time ago he was consulted with regard to antimony paint. It was said that there was some made in London, and in certain books it is stated as being an exceedingly good covering paint. I f this paint is kept for any length of time the oil does not separate.It seemed that the two are identical.212 THE ANALYST. REVIEW. THE DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION O F FAT I N THE HUJ6A.N' BODY.* BY DR. BARTLETT. AFTER such an amusing introduction as this book has in reference to the views of the late Baron Liebig, we naturally turned to the body of the pamphlet with some misgiving.We will, however, say a t once, that the substance is better than the introduction. Dr. Bartlett describes some experiments on the digestion and assimilation of fat which, if extended and verified by others, cannot fail to advance our knowledge on this subject considerably. It has been known for a long time that the pancreatic secretion has the power not only of producing an emulsion with fats, but also that of splitting them up into fatty acids and glycerine. Dr. Bartlett now adds this further property, viz: the power of splitting up the higher into lower fatty acids, and thus rendering them soluble in water. It is this latter splitting up which, according to the author, renders the fat capable of assimilating the soluble fatty acids in some way not as yet explained, during their absorption, carrying the emulsified fat along with them. some experiments described by Dr. Bartlett certainly seem to favour this view, and, as before stated, should it prove t o be the correct one, it will mark an important step in advance in our knowledge of the process of the digestion and assimilation of fats. It might be well, however, if Dr. Bartlett furnished us with some of the analytical data on which his conclusions are based, and, if he would, at the same time, state his views with somewhat less verbiage.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100208

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

212 THE ANALYST. RETURNS O F ANALYSES MADE UNDER THE SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS’ ACT. WE are preparing a return of the amount of work which has been done by the Analysts appointed under the Act during the gears 1875-6. We have received a large number of returns from the following places :- M. A. ADAM~ ... Kent. A. H. ALLEN ... S heffield. R. APJOHN ...... Cambridge (Borough). Cambridge (County). Ely (Isle of).Huntingdon (County), Upper Swafforth and Tickhill. Shropshire. North DerbyBhire. W. EAKER ...... Rotherham. J. J. BANCROFT Denbigbshire. T. B. BLUNT ... Shrewsbury. J. C. BROWN ... Lancaster (County). Mongomeryshire. J. BRIERLY ...... Southampton. Liverpool. Preston. J. H. COLLIXS ... Cornwall. &I. CORNER ...... Mile End Old Town. C. ESTCOURT ... Manchester.J. H. GRAMSHAW Gravesend. C. HEISCH ...... Harnpstead. Lewisham. J. F. HODGES ... Belfast, G. J ARMATN ... Huddersfield. A. HILL ......... Birmingham. E. W. T. JONES South Staffordshire. Wolverhampton. East Sussex. E. H. MOOBE ... Brighton. C. O’KEEFFE ... Cork City. W. PROCTRR ... Beverley. W. MORGAN ... Swansea. Cork County. E. SERGEANT ... Bolton. W. W. STODDART Bristol. R. R.TATLOCK Govan. J. W. THOMAS Cardiff. J. W. TRIPE ... Hackney. WALLACE, TATLOCK & CLARK Glasgow. WM. WALLACE ... Ayr. Somerset. Hilmarnock. Rutherglen. Colchester. East Suffolk. Greenwich and Deptford. Plums tead. Woolmich. J. WIGGEN ...... Ipswich. G. JV. W IGNER * The Digestion and Assimilation of Fat in the Human Body, by H. C. Bartlett, Ph.D., F.C.S. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1877.THE ANALYST.213 The net result of these returns is that in these 49 districts 6,748 samples have been examined, of which 1,537, or 22.77 per cent. have been adulterated. Of course the largest number of adulterated articles have turned out, as usual, to be samples of milk. We hope, next month, to be able t o publish the list for the entire kingdom, and to ahow, in a satisfactory manner, what the working of the Act has been ; and shall be glad if all Public Analysts, whether members of the Society or not, will forward us their returns before the 15th of March.We have received a few since the above list was made up which we will acknowledge next month. Mr. J. Baynes has been appointsd Public Analyst for Hull, at a salary of 350 a year, by 42 votes.Mr. Penny received 7 votes. JiECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been published during the current month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Southampton Row, Chancery Lane, London. 1876. NO. 1944 2039 2073 2089 2124 2143 2285 2350 2387 2620 2630 2632 266 1 2677 2680 2690 2707 2737 274 2 2748 2793 2886 2893 2923 2928 2933 2950 295 1 2971 2973 3003 Name of Patentee, W.T. Henley ... .., ... W. S. Williamson ... ... J. Mactear ... ... ... A. J. Morrison ... ... W. Webb ... ... ... C. SoIvay ... ... .. . R. W. Wallace ... ... J. H. Johnson... ... ... T. Love11 ... ... ... G. J. Wells ... ... ... Eingsett & Zingler . . . . . . R. J. Hutchings ... ... R. Dickson , .. ... ... J. Ireland ... ... ... A. M. Clark ...Duncan Newlands & Newland; Ditto ditto ... ... J. Calderwood ... ... Mackie, Faure & Frenlh , , . J. Morton ... ... E. H. C. Modbkton ... ... J. Dewar ... ... ... J. Thellot ... ... N. D. Spartail:' ... ... Bickerdike & Bowdler ... J. Steele ... ... Wallace & ciiit;;S ... ... Ditto ditto ... ... J. H. Johnson ... ... W. Morgan Brown ... ... R. H. Ridout ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,.. ... ... ... .. . ... Title of Patent. Electric Telegraph Conductors ... ... ..a A treatment of Slags ... ... ... ..- Furnaces for the Manufacture of Alkaline Carbonates Apparatus for Evaporating Liquids ... ... Separating Sewage ... . . . . . . . . . ... Manufacture of Carbonates of Soda ...... Mmufacture of Sulphuric Anhydride ... . .. Manufacture of Gas ... ... ... ... Purifying Sewage ... ... ... ... . .. Manufacture of Soda and Potash ... ... ... Preparing and Applying Albumen ... ... Manufacture of Tin, Terne, and Metal Plates ... Dressing, Dyeing, and Coloring Furs, &c. .,. Reducing Oxide Ores ... ... ... ... Waterproofing Compound for Skins and Leather Manufacture of Sulphate of Alumina ...... Ditto ditto ... ..* ... ... Utilizing Sulphuric Acid T i r ... ... . .. Explosives . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . Preparing Fabrics, &c., for Dyeing or Printing ... Medicinal Compounds ... . . . . . . .. . Electro Meters, &c. ... ... ... ... Treating Petroleum for mnftre. of Candles and Soap Apparatus for convrtng. Peat into Coke or Charcoal Manufacture of Varnish , .. ... .. , . . . Apparatus for Purifying Gas . . , .. . .. , Manufacture of Salts of Barium ... Ditto, &c., of Sulphate and other Salts ii'zinc'" Coating Metals or Surfaces with Platina ... Photography in Colors .. . ... ... ... Galvanometers ... . , . .. , ,.. .,. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Miller. The Sugar Cane. The American Chemist, Dr. Bartlett's Digestion and Assimilation of Fat ia the Human Body. The Chemist and Druggist. The Rremers' Guardian. The British Medical Journal. The Medical Examiner. The Medical Times and Gasette. The Pharmaceutical Journal. The Sanitary Record. ~ The Telegraphic Review. The Anti-Adulteration Review. The Medical Record. The Geological Society's Proceedinge. - 'rice. 8d. 6d. 6d. 8d. 6d. 6d. 6d. 8d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 6d. 2d. 20. 4d. 4d. 4d. 2d. 4d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 4d. 4d. 4d. Icd. 2d. 4a. -

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100212

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

214 THE ANALYST. M I L K W I T H O U T CREAM. IMPORTANT APPEAL CASE. AT thg Liverpool Sessions, on 24th February, before the Recorder (Mr. J. B, Aspinall, Q.C.,) a case of some importance to milk dealers and buyers was heard, in which the question arose whether the usual method of ladling milk from a large vessel to customers deteriorated the article so as to make it skimmed milk. The appellant was John Simpson, milk dealer, 53, Laxey Street, Toxteth Park, and he appealed against a conviction by the stipendiary magistrate (Mr.Raffles) for selling as new milk, milk from which had been abstracted part of its cream so as to affect injuriously its quality, substance, or nature. Mr. Segar appeared for the appellant, and Mr. Samuel1 for the respondent. The conviction took place under the 9th section of the act, which says that “no person shall, with the intent that the same may be sold in its altered state without notice, abstract from an article of food any part of it so as to affect injuriously its quality, substance, or nature ; and no person shall sell any article so altered without making a disclosure of the alteration.” The facts of the case were that in January, a person from the nuisance inspector’s office purchased at appellant‘s house, from a female, a pint of milk, asking to be supplied with new milk. The sample was taken to Dr.Campbell Brown, the public analyst, who found that “ the milk was skimmed milk, having been deprived of nearly all its cream.’’ The respondent fined appellant 5s. and costs, but said he believed there was no fraudulent intention.Dr. Campbell Brown cross-examined by Mr. Segar.-Supposing 18 gallons of milk had been deposited in a vessel at six o’clock in the morning, and customers were served with milk from the vessel from that hour until about three o’clock in the afternoon, when the milk in question was sold mould not the milk sold last be very much thinner than that served earlier ? Witness : I t ought not to be, because every one who knows his business stirs up the milk before taking it out, Mr.Segar : Hut the act of Parliament does not say we are to do that; SuPpose we go upon the principle, first come first served, and each gets bis “dollop” from the top, what would be the result then? Witness : I should say the appellant had skimmed the milk in serving his customers. If they do not stir it up but leave the can standing for a whole day, the first customers would get very much more cream, undoubtedly.Mr. Segar, on behalf of the appellant, said it might appear strange to be fighting about a five-shilling conviction, but it was a matter of very great importance to the appellant, and also to other milk dealers who sold their milk exactly in the same way as the appellant did.The milk was put in an 18-gallon pot, and was sold in the ordinary course to customers as they came for it from time to time, No cream was abstracted from the milk, and if there had been any deterioration it was the result of the cream coming naturally to the top of the vessel and being ladled out to earlier customers, thereby weakening the quality of the milk. The Recorder.-You say that the fact of selling to customers out of an 18-gallon vessel weakens the milk until it gets to the condition of skimmed milk, and that is so obvious that every milk dealer must know it.Mr. Segar : Yes. The Recorder : I f that is so, has he, knowing it, the right to sell the milk in that condition as new milk ? Mr.Segar : I t is new milk until it has been skimmed deliberately. The Recorder.-But knowing that the milk was skimmed in this way, do you think he is doing right t o go on selling the residuum as new milk ? Mr. Segar : Clearly. I n the market new milk is new milk from the moment it is put into the can until it has been deliberately skimmed. I t must be proved not only that the milk is reduced in quality, but that a portion of it has been abstracted with intent that the same may be sold in its altered state without notice.The Recorder.-Nobody will convince me that a milk dealer could not, if he liked, take care that each of his customers should get a fair proportion of the cream. Mr. Segar said he would call evidence to show that the milk had never been skimmed, but was sold in the ordinary way, and that in the trade milk which had not been skimmed was considered new milk.The Recorder said it was unnecessary for Mr. Segar to do so. He was perfectly certain that the milk had not been skimmed, but that it had been weakened by the process of selling to the earlier customers, IIe was certain that when the appellant sold the milk to the earlier customers he knew he was abstracting the cream from it-not skimming the milk, but abstracting the cream, but with no fraudulent intention. H e was equally certain also that the appellant sold the residuum of the milk knowing that it had been reduced to the condition in which it was when he sold it, He was quite satisfied, therefore, that an offence had been committed against thc act of Parliament, but at the same time he thought it right to say that he thought Mr.Simpson had not the least fraudulent intention. Mr. Raffles had practically expressed the same opinion, when he only inflicted a penalty of 5s., though he might have imposed one of 3220. While he believed Mr. Simpson had been perfectly honest in the transaction, he could not alter his view that the mode in which he sold the milk constituted an offence against the act of Parliament.Mr. Simpson was pursuing, no doubt, what he thought the ordinary course of business, and which was, no doubt, the ordinary, but mistaken, course of business of a great many milkmen, A man had a right to sell to his The penalty in each case not to exceed &20. Evidence in support of the respondent’s case was given.THE ANALYST. 215 earlier customers in any way he liked, but when the milk was reduced by that process to the condition in which he knew it was no longer new milk, he had no right to sell it as new milk. H e would, therefore, confirm the conviction, with costs. It might satisfy Mr. Simpson to know that although this litigation had cost him some money, nobody said, and nobody thought, he had done anything fraudulent in the offensive sense of the word. The conviction was then confirmed,-LiverpooZ BaiZy Courier.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100214

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 215 PROSECUTIONS UNDEK. THE SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS’ ACT. AT the Birmingham Police Court, on 16th Feb., Richard Genge, milk seller, Cromwell Street, was summoned for selling adulterated milk. George Leaton, inspector, purchased at defendant’s house a pint of nevr milk for 26., which, on being analysed by Dr. Hill, borough analyst, was found to contain 24 per cent. of water. The defendant was fined 20s.and costs,-George Owen, Railway Terrace, Nechells, was charged with a similar offence, the sample containing 25 per cent of water. I t was stated that the defendant had supplied the milk to the previous defendant. The defence was that the milk that had been sold to the inspector was some that was kept for a baker for making buns, at 6d. a gallon. A fine of &1 and costs was imposed,-William Jones, Hampton street, was fined 21 and costs for selling to the inspector a pint of new milk adulterated with 27 per cent. of water.On the 1st inst. he sold to the inspector 202 of mustard adulterated with 30 per cent of wheaten flour. Mr. Goodman, a magistrate, said they should only impose a small penalty, as the mixture was not calculated to do any harm, the defendant would be fined 5s.and costs. Alfred B. Parker, ‘‘ Leather Bottle ” Inn, Digbeth, was charged with selling gin 49 deg. below proof. l l r . Herbert, in opening the case, said that in an appeal case in the Court of Exchequer, before Baron Cleasbg and Justice Grove, it was laid down that 20 degrees below proof was the lowest degree at which it was permissible to adulterate gin for commercial purposes.If it was weaker than that it was adulterated. Leaton proved that he bought a pint of the gin for 1s. ad., and in cross-examination admitted that when he stated the purpose for which he required it, the waitress told him it was not their best gin. Mr. Hebbert, magistrates’ clerk, explained that anything said after the sale would not affect the case.-Dr. Hill, the borough analyst, stated that the sample was 49 degrees below proof. He explained that 1 per cent.of alcohol represented two degrees under or over proof as the case might be ; the specific gravity of good gin should be 944. The sample was heavier than it sbould be, gin being lighter than water. Extracting the alcohol, in 100 parts he found that the gin contained 236 parts of alcohol, the remaining 76i parts being water.I n cross-examination, Dr. Hill said he was not aware that publicans were not permitted to sell gin unless it was 30 degrees under proof. There was no Excise law or any other law to that effect-nor did he know that they are not permitted to sell raw gin ; gin delivered from the distillers was 20 degrees over proof, whereas this sample was 49 under proof, and was the weakest he had ever examined.His authority was based upon cases previously decided in law courts and superior courts. I n defence Mr. Bickley urged that it was the first case of the kind that had been heard in Birmingham, and said it was the commonest custom in this town for publicans to sell gin of that quality. The grest point in his argument was, whether the gin had been sold to the prejudice of the purchaser, considering that it had been sold at a reduced price and without any stipulation on the part of the purchaser as to the quality of the article required.Mr. Goodman observed that a case in the Superior Court had established a standard for the guidance of the trade. Gin ought not to fall below 20 degrees under proof, while the one before them was 49 degrees.The defendant would be fined 20s. and costs ; but it was advisible that the trade in Birmingham should know that if any other case came before them they would be fined more heavily. Alfred W. Bradley, ‘‘ Rose and Crown,” Lichfield Street, was summoned for selling beer, adulterated with 147.6 grains of salt per gallon.Mr. Herbert said that excise ale was allowed to contain 60 grains of salt per gallon, but here there was almost three times that quantity. The Brewers’ Association, a few years ago, took up the question of the adulteration of beer with salt, and the Home Secretary suggested that in cases were the total quantity of salt in beer did not exceed 60 grains, the officers of Inland Revenue need not enquire whether any part of the amount had been artificially added, for the salt might be contained in the water.Dr. Hill said he had analysed large quantities of beer, and as a rule the quantity of salt was very much below 60 grains per gallon, sometimes not more than 7 or 5, while in the sample there was the large quantity of 147.6. Mr. Bickley admitted that there was the quantity named in the beer.Salt improved beer, and made it keep better. His client sold the beer as he had purchased it from a brewery. Dr. Hill said that he never found beer quite free of adt, but salt was not necessary for the keeping of beer. The best Burton ales consumed in this country, and in India, contained very little salt. He had tested Burton ales that had been brewed more than a month.Mr. Goodman said he regarded this case in a different light to the previous one, as an injurious ingredient had been added to the beer, no doubt wilfully, and fined the defendant $5 and caste,-Abridged from the Birmhghm Daily Post. Joseph Day, provision dealer, Hill Street, was charged with adulterating mustard. Gin of the specific gravity of 944 would contain 45 per cent.of alcohol, and 55 of water. Burton ales had about 9 grains of salt.216 THE ANALYST. PRESERVED PEAS. ON the 19th inst, at Marlborough Street, the adjonrned summons against a number of foreign provision dealers in Soh0 for selling French preserved peas, alleged to be adulterated with copper, was again before Mr. Knox. Mr. Philbrick, Q.C., attended on behalf of the Strand Board of Works, to prosecute ; Mr.Edward Lewis for the defence. Nr. Lewis asked the magistrate to give his decision in the case of LOUIS BARRON, which had been fully argued on the last occasion, before proceeding with the other cases. I t was understood that the matter stood over for the magistrate to consider his decision. Mr. Knox said the matter bad been practically exhausted in Barron’s case ; but it would be the better course to take another case, as he undcrstood many scientific persons were now prepared to give evidence.The evidence for and against Barron was so evenly balanced that he should adjourn that case sine die, and Mr. Lewis, if he thought fit, could apply for a mandamws to compel him to give a decision. Mr. Lewis was not desirous of taking such a course, although he confessed to some disappointment in not having a decision as anticipated.It was then arranged that the summons against another defendant named DELMAT should be taken. Formal proof having been given of the purchase of a tin of Eriant’s French preserved peas, Dr. Piesse, official analyst for tho Union, stated that he had analyzed the sample of peas submitted to him, and found 0.56 of a grain of copper.On the application of Mr. Lewis, the certificate of the Government analyst at Somerset-house was produced, From the certificate it appeared that the quantity of copper found in a similar sample of peas from the same tin was returned at 0.23. Mr. Lewis pointed out that, in the case of Barron, the Government analyst had found much less copper than Dr. Piesse had declared to be present.And in the present case there was a great disparity between the result of the analyses of the Government analyst and that of Dr. Piesse. The summons against another of the defendants, William Lingner, was taken. Mr. Philbrick said the proceedings were taken under the Sale of Food and Drugs’ Act, 1875, in respect of a tin of preserved peas sold by the defendants to the inspector appointed by the Board of Works, Strand Union, and which on being analyzed were found to contain copper to the extent of -088, of metallic copper, equal to 23 grains of sulphate of copper.The amount of copper might be small, but it was sufficient to be dangerous. Mr. F. Taylor, inspector to the Strand District Union, and Mr.Piesse, analyst to the Strand District Board of Works, gave evidence in support of tbe summons. Dr. Conway Evans, M.D., medical officer of health, said he had been in practice for upwards of 20 years, during which time he had held several important appointments. He considered that the larger quantity of salt of copper epoken Of in a llb tin of peas, if eaten daily or repeatedly would be injurious to health, and would produce chronic poisoning, but many persons might eat a quantity of these peas several times without apparently suffering any injurious effects, the period varying in accordance with difference of vigour, age, health, &c.Two or three doses might affect some persons and not others. From 14 to 15 grains of copper was sometimesgiven as an emetic, and sometimes in ague or chronic diarrhcea I t was a well- known medical fact that in respect of some poisons-such, for instance, as mercury-certain persons were peculiarly susceptible to their influence? and it was possible that these peas containing copper, if swallowed by persons ignorant of their own susceptibilities, might, even in a single dose or a few doses, lead to injurious consequences.The heightening the colours of preserves with copper was once a common practice. Cases of poisoning by copper were formerly very common, but copper utensils in cooking had given place to tin and iron saucepans. Pure metallic copper he believed to be harmless, but it was dangerous when in contact with other substances, and when dissolved.I n France 20.4 of deaths were caused by copper poisoning, Mr. Philbrick here read the symptoms of chronic poisoning by copper ; they were very slow and insidious, as described by Tardieu. Dr. William Guy, M.B., F.R.C.P., and Vice- President of the Royal Society, said that cases of poisoning by copper had occurred in which the quantity swallowed must have been small. He had studied the question of poisons particularly.The fact of a trace of copper in the human body would not prove its existence in a poisonous form. H e had made inquiries for Government into the effecta of poisoning in certain trades. Palsy followed from poisoning by copper. Two cases had come under his knowledge of poisoning by green paper in a room. The poisoning, in his opinion, came from the copper, not the arsenic.Salts of copper he considered more poisonous than lead. The small quantity of copper contained in the peas in question from France might prove injurious, and slowly undermine health, On a nervous person copper was more likely to produce dangerous eymptoms than on anyone else. With regard to the presence of 3.6 of copper, if taken one-third at a time it would not affect a healthy person, and if repeated in small doses it would, in his opinion, be ultimately injurious to health.He considered that any article containing the amount of copper spoken to by Mr. Piesseshould not be allowed to be sold for one moment. Sulphate of copper in its virulence ranked fourth in the class of poisons. Dr, Charles Tidy, M.D., Professor of Chymistry and Medical Jurisprudence, and Medical Officer of Health for Islington, gave similar evidence.He had studied poisons, had experimented on fresh peas and pods, and found not even a trace of copper, If copper-that is, sulphate of copper-were constantly taken to the extent of the amount of copper found in the French peas it would be injurious to health, Dr. August I)upr&, Ph.D., F.lt.S., Lecturing Chymist at the Westminster Hospital, and to 3 grains were given as a tonic..He believed copper was more fatal in a smaller dose than salts of lead. Such cases were of rare occurrence,TEE ANALYST. 217 President of the Society of Analysts of Great Britain, stated that copper was present in traces only in animal and vegetable tissues. The quantity of copper found by Mr.Piesse was far beyond that quantity normally in any vegetable. Dr. Guy said he considered the sale of an article containing such a quantity of copper as that found in the French peas ought not to be tolerated. Small doses of copper were more dangerous than large ones, as the latter would cause vomiting. The defendant said the peas were sent to him as quite natural peas.Mr. Jenkins said the defendant had been convicted of a similar offence. Mr. Knox said that, having been informed that the defendant has been before convicted for selling peas injurious to the publio health, he saw nothing to cause him to mitigate the fine, which, he believed, went up to €50. He did not want to be oppressive, but the heads of the chymical and analytical kingdom had said there was not only a trace- able quantity of copper in the peas, but a dangerous quantity.Mr. Philbrick Raid the prosecution was instituted for the public benefit, and not with the view of punishment. The defendant said he did not sell three dozen tins in a year, and would discontinue the sale. Mr. Enox, after cautioning the defendant and expressing a wish that publicity might be given to the fact that persons would not be permitted to bring to this country goods deleterious to the health of the inhabitants, and that in future real and substantial fines would be inflicted, fined the defendant the nominal fine of 1s.and $5 5s. costs. Mr. Detmar haying wished his case dealt with, he was similarly fined, and the other cases were adjourned.-me (rimes.KICKING AN INSPECTOR. WILLIAM NEALE, Chemist, of 21, George Street, Woolwich, was summoned for assaulting John Carty, inspector under the Adulteration Act. Mr. W. Farnfield prosecuted for the Woolwich Local Board of Health. Mr, Carty said he went into defendant‘s shop and asked a young man behind the counter if he sold castor oil lozenges ? He replied that he did, and witness asked for a dozen, which were supplied at a charge of 9d.Witness then said that he had bought them for analysis, when the young man called the defendant, who tried t o regain possession of the lozenges, saying that they did not contain castor oil, and that they were not the article required. Witness offered to divide them, so that defendaut might retain a sample, but the defendant got very much excited and caught hold of wituess’s coat. He also raised a chair, and as witness was leaving the shop, ,kicked him. Defendant denied the assault, and his statement was confirmed by his assistant, who said that the lozenges, though called castor oil and other names, were simply aperient, and had no castor oil in them. It was stated that they were now being tested by the public Analyst. Mr. Balguy said he believed the inspector’s statement, but the assault was not a serious one, and he fined defendant 5s. and costs.THE ANALYST. OTTO WOLTERS, 55, UPPER MARYLEBONE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, W., BALANCE MAKER, (Many Years with L. OERTLING.) THE NEW IMPROVED SHORT-BEAMED ANALYTICAL BALANCES@ A S’PECIALITY. A descr@tion explaining the princ+le of these Balances post free on application. All Balances are adjusted by Mr, WOLTERS himself under absolute guarantee,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100215

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC