ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87702FP013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87702BP015

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

BUTTER FAT. By E. W. T. JONES, F.C.S. Bend 6cfoz.e The 8ociety of Pu6Zic A~zcrlysts 018 the 271d Jfny, 1877. IT mill be remcnibcrcd by those who were present a t our last meeting, that my p q e r on Butter Fat" elicited the opinion from eevcral quarters, that my insoluble fslttr acids were too high, either from insufficient washing OF from the use of ether and alcohol; t o the former probable cause I at once dissented, on the ground that an extra washing gave scarcely any more soluble acidity, but since our last meeting 1 have made one or two experiments to throw light on this point.Butter fat, snmple D, Table I., some of the sxue that mas sent to Drs. Dupri! and Muter, was used for the experiments. It will be remembered that Dr. Dupr6 i n " soluble acids" agrees with me within a tenth per cent., but in l L insoluble acids " was 0.88 per cent. lower, and Dr.Muter, I understand, found the same amount as Dr. DuprQ, this * See A i t e pp. 19,38 THE ANALYST. practical agreement in (‘ soluble acids,” with a discrepancy of nearly 1 per cent. in the insoluble did not sat,isfy me as being due to a different degree of washing, which the following experiments tend to shew is really the case.Five grammes (exactly) of the clear fat were employed in each experiment, and sflponified in flasks with the same qiiantit#y of semi-normal alcoholic potash solution, acid was then added, and treated exactly as previously described. I n all four experiments, after decantation of the first solution, the cakes of fat were rinsed with a few C.C.of cold water and then well agitated with hot, allowed to cool, and the washing in this way once more repeated. Amount of the first deca.ntation and the two washings as first described. A 650 C.C. ..” B 600 C.C. ... C 565 C.C. ... D 550 C.C. ... Acidity of the same as Butyric Acid after deduction of per cent. excess Hz S04. ‘( Soluble Acids ” Grainm e . 0.2384 . I .4.77 0,2296 ... 4.59 0.231 2 ... 4.63 0.2332 ... 4 66 The fat from A was treated with hot water three times, cooling and decanting after each treatment, giving a further solution of 530 c.c., having an acidity equal to 0.0132 grammes butyric acid, corresponding to 0.26 per cent. “ soluble acids.” equal to 0.014 grammes butyric acid, corresponding to 0.28 per cent. ( ( soluble acids.” C, this cake of fat was treated with hot water, well agitated in a flask and then poured on to the filter whilst melted and wished thereon with hot water, giving a further solution of 310 c.c., having acidity equal t o 0.007 grammes butyric acid, corresponding 0.14 per cent.ic soluble acids.” D, treatment as foregoing giving solution of 300 c.c,, having acidity equal to 0.0058 grammes butyric acid, corresponding to 0.10 per cent.( ( Goluble acid.” The solution from C was titratcd whilst hot, and that from D allowed to cool and then titrated, heated marly to boiling, i t then retained its sign of neutrality, no separa- tion of fatty acid occurred on cooling, thus, to my mind, proving that it is unnecessary t o filter off hot, ct procedure far more troublesome and risky thsn that of allowing to cool and decanting from the solid fat.The following figures will shew the influence of this exfrsl washing on the ‘( insoluble acids.” For B, ether and alcohol mere employed and drying conducted as described on the last occasion, the others were without thc eEployment of alcohol or ether. B was treated in like manner, and gave tc further solution of 490 c.c., having acidity Insoluble fatty Sdnble Acids calculated Total quantity of Acids.as Butyric. filtrate and washings. A 88.22 per cent, ... 5.03 per cent. ... 1180 C.C. B 88.40 ,, ... 4.87 ,, ... 1090 C.C. C 88.44 ,, ... 4.77 ) ) ... 875 C.C. Jl 88.64 ,, .,. 4.76 ,) ... 850 C.C. The deductions from the ahoye experiments are thaf although the extra washing has &ot a very niarkecl effect upon the “soluble acids” calculated as butjric acids, theTHE ANALYST.39 ‘‘ insoluble acids ” are very materially affected thereby, the substances extracted therefor0 on the last portion of the washings are nothing near represented by the equivalent of butyric acid. By the further mashing, beyond that mentioned in my paper, the insoluble acids are reduced 1-46 and the “soluble acids” only increased 0.42, shewing the great difference between the equivalellt of butyric acid on the factor used for the soluble acids and the actual equivalent of the bodies extracted. I look upon the analyses in my first paper as more nearly representing the composition of butter fat than would be the case if washing was carried further. The use of ether and alcohol hns but very little effect upon the amount of ‘‘ insoluble acids,’’ the continual loss of weight in the water oven is mainly overcome by the extra washing, the volatility mentioned in my paper being chiefly due to the bodies so removed.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN877020037b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 39 MICRO-CHEMISTRY AS APPLIED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF TEA LEAVES, AND A NEW XETHOD FOR THE ESTIMBTION OF THEINE. By A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., E.C.S. Read before the Xociety of Public Analysts, 2nd Hay, 1877. I HAVE been lately examining tea leaves, with a view of obtaining some chemical test, either peculiar t o them, or at all events, restricted to the ( ( Theine ” producing plants.The result of my experiments has been the establishment of a process of great simplicity which will enable anyone in a few minutes to pronounce whether the merest fragment of a plant belongs t o the (( Theine,” class or not. The procedure is based upon the well-ascertained fact, that the alkaloid already alluded to, is distributed in the woody tiasue, the bark, the stem, the leaf, the flower, in short, in all parts of a ‘( Theine ’) plant, and this is the more especially true in the case of the various species of Thea.Now this “ Theine ” has some very characteristic properties ; the most useful of these for my present purpose are, that it commences to sublime at the comparatively lorn temperature of 101 C. ; that it sublimes from organic substances in as perfeetly pure crystalline state ; that the crystals have a very definite easily recognizable form, and that a mlm of a milligramme is distinctly seen, and may be identified by the aid of‘ the microscope.The details of the process I use are a8 follows :- (1.) The leaf or fragment, if it is desired to examine it subsequently by the microscope, is boiled in a very small quantity of water, say a cubic centimeter, and the little decoction is transferred to a watch glass, a minuke quantity of oalcined magnesia added, and the whole evaporated nearly to dryness on the water bath ; the extract is next transferred to the surface of it thin circular disc of microscopic covering glass, on this again is placed a tbickish ring of glass, which is covered with a second circular disc of thin glass, the whole forming what I will call the subliming cell,”-the subliming cell is placed on the surface of an iron plate, which carries a cup of mercury in which is inserted a thermometer, and the plate is fitted in the ordinary way to a retort stand.t t I of course claim no originality whatever for this method of sublimation ; in all its essential features it is idelltical with the ouo proposed aud employed years ago by Dr.Guy.40 THE ANALYST. On heating the iron plate, first moisture is given off and condenses on the cover of the subliming cell, and this cover may be removed and replaced by a second. I n a very short time after it has become dry, a light mist is seen on the upper disc, and this mist the microscope resolves into beautifully distinct little crystals of theine-they may be identified as L L theine” by re-subliming, when it will be found they mill rise to the upper disc a t about the temperature of 1 0 1 O C.The subliming temperature of the extract itself is rather variable, the extract should be heated if no mist or crystals become visible up to as high as 220” C, and if still no crystals are obtained, the substance most certainly contains no ‘‘ theine.” I n all my experiments I have always obtained a sublimate from genuine products derived from tea or coffee below 200° C. (2.) The substance is boiled and treated with magnesia as before, the solution cooled, a bit of dialysing parchment folded and cut into a miniature filter form, and placed in a glass tube, which, as very small quantities are being dealt with, need be no bigger than a thimble, or a porcelain crucible may be used, which being always at hand, will perhaps be more convenient than anything else. The solution is then, by this little dialysing apparatus which I need not further detail, dialysed for twelve hours, a yellow colouring matter and theine are found in the outer liquid, a microscopic examination of this liquid, when evaporated down, will readily discover crystals of theine.As in the former case, the fragments of the leaf or the leaf itself if3 uninjured, and can be put to any supplementary examination desired. (3.) The leaf itself may be first slightly moistened, rubbed with a little calcined magnesia, put in the subliming cell, and heated as described.I f the substance is derived from a theine-producing plant, a distinct sublimate of theine will be the result. $ The leaves, &c., of the tea plant also yield, without any preparation whatever scanty sublimates of theine, and coffee gives up a very large proportion of the alkaloid, below 1200 C, but at all events in the case of tea it is most certain to operate with magnesia as described.I may here remark, that if a small quantity, say a gramme, of finely-powdered tea be placed between two watch glasses and heated in the water bath in the usual way, on removing the upper glass, at the end of an hour or so, all round, but within, the edge, crystals of l t theine ” can be discovered by the microscope. It is then evident that in the ordinary way of taking the hygroscopic moisture of tea, there is some loss of theine, but this is I think too small t o be regarded in mere technical processes. I should also add that the addition of magnesia to a decoction of tea or coffee for the purpose of dialysis is not absolutely essential, since theine (somewhat scantily) dialyses without the addition of any re-agent.The main objection to the processes I have given is their extreme delicacy, any speck of a tea leaf, which is easily visible to the naked eye, will yield its infinitesimal $ NOTE.-Since the above paper was written, I have discarded the rubbing of the dry or slightly moistened leaf with magnesia, and in all cases proceed as follows :-The leaf is boiled for a minute or two in a watch glass with a very little water, a portion of magnesia equal in bulk is added, and the whole heated to boiling and thus rapidly evaporated down to a good sized drop, this drop containing yellow colouring matter, magnesia and theina is poured on to one of the thin discs of glass already mentioned, and then evaporated nearly ta dryness on the subliming plate, when it approaches dryness the ‘( subliming aell” is oompleted by the circle of glrase and cover, and in this wuy a sublimate ie readily obtained,THE ANALYST.41 group of crystals to the cover of the subliming cell, hence in the examination of a foreign leaf, any fragment of genuine tea mechanically adhering to it, may give rise to error. I t must, however, be borne in mind that a great many leaves in the vegetable kingdom will yield, by appropriate treatment, micro-chemical evidence as definite as that of tea, and the time may come, when a large proportion of minute vegetable products will be identified, not alone by the shape of their stomata, their epidermal appendages, or the structure of their ultimate vesicles, but by isolating their acids, their glucosides, or their alkaloids, and evolving a microscopical corpus deelicti from a milligramme of crude material.Struck with the ease and purity with which theine sublimed, it was but natural that I should attempt to work out a quantitative method of sublimation. I n this, I believe, I have been successful, and according to my own repeated experiments the process I give here is both quick and accurate.A quantity not less than 1 gramme, or more than 2 grammes of either tea or coffee, in its undried state is ae finely powdered as possible, and treated in a flask with 70 C.C. of water, the flask is attached to a reversed Liebig’s condenser, and the liquid boiled for one hour, the decoction, including the powdered suhtance, is transferred t o a porcelain dish, about the same weight of calcined magnesia, as the substance originally taken is added and the whole evaporated down nearly to dryness, the powdery extract is now transferred to the iron subliming plate already spoken of, and covered with a tared glass funnel, the edge of which must be accurately ground, and the tube of which must be several inches long.The substance should form a very thin equal layer, within the circle of the funnel, which may be easily accomplished by a series of gentle taps.The heat at first should not exceed llOp @, then when the substance appears thoroughly dry, it may be gradually raised to ZOOo C, and towards the latter stages up t o 220° C. If the heating has been properly regulated there will be no distillation of empyreumatic products, but the alkaloid sublimes in the cool part of the funnel in a compact coating, cone shaped, of beautifully white silky crystals.I n order t o ascertain when the sublimation is complete, the tared funnel may be cooled and weighed at intervals, or a series of tared funnels may be kept on hand, and changed until no more theinc is extracted. The funnel as well as the theine, as may be expected, at the end of the process is perfectly dry, and the increase of weight is theine pure and simple.By the method described I have made numerous determinations of theine, and have afterwards digested the powder remaining, for twenty-four hours in ether, but have failed t o obtain any crystalline product; I, therefore, believe that the whole of the alkaloid is sublimed, and that the results with care are accurate.From 1 to 2 grammes may be considered by some too small a quantity for an accurate assay, and, if so, there is no reason why very much larger weights should not be used, indeed the process is well adapted for working on a large scale, and if there ever should be any great demand for the alkaloid, would probably he employed. There is yet another micro-chemical test which belongs to pyrology, and that is the presence of manganese in the ash of tea.The ash of a single leaf will give a distinct green manganate of soda bead, and, unfortunately for our purposes, so will the ash of a great many other leaves, but since I have never found tiny tea leaf without manganese, if Qumtitative deter?)ainatio?z of TheiT8e.42 THE ANALYST.it should happen that a leaf in test would not respond to this test, I should consider it conclusive evidence of a foreign leaf. In a short discussion which'took place Mr. Hehner said that Nr. Blyth's process had already been adopted on a commercial scale. A very elaborate p p e r was published two or three years ago on the determination of theine, giving a large number of different processes of theine determinations, and the different results. The safest method was to evaporate the tea-extract with magnesia, and extract with ether or chloroform. Mr. Jones said if he understood the paper correctly Mr. Blyth took care to use an upright condenser during evaporation of steam, but afterwards evaporated on the open water bath. His opinion was that no chemist would bind himself t o swear that a leaf containing no manganese was not tea. He had examined 600 samples of tea, but had not found one without manganese. He had carefully avoided the determination of theine in criminal cases, as he always had his doubts as to the methods. He thought what Mr. Hehner said about its being used as a commercial process was quite correct. Samples were, he believed, now coming over to this country made in that way. This seemed to be drawing a very fine line. Mr. W i p e r said he would.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200039

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

42 THE ANALYST. NOTE ON THE COMPOSITION ON MARES’ MILK, By Dr. MUTER. I WAS recently consulted by the ownw of a valuable foal with the view of seeing whether I could account for the cause of a persistent tendency to sickness and vomiting which had attacked the animal. I obtained a sample of the mother’s milk and found no signs of pus or other indications of disease, but on analysis it showed :- Fat ...... ... ... ... 1.70 per cent. Casein, &c. ... ... ... 2.92 ,, Ash ... ... ... ... ... -50 > ? Sugar ... ..* ... *.. ... 6.11 ?, 11 23 ,) As the milk was far past the colostrum stage, I judged that the sickness must be due to a most abnormally rich secretion, especially in fat. To make the mattcr certain, I obtained a series of reliable samples of mares’ milk, and made analyses of which I found the following to represent the mean :- Fat ... 0 .. ... ... I.. -60 per cent. Sugar ... ... ... ... ... 6.74 ,, Casein, &c. ... ... ..I ... 1.67 ,, Ash ... ... ... ... I . . -41 ,, 9’32 ), Acting on the information thus obtaind, the veterinary in charge, by regulating the diet of the mare, succeeded in bringing the milk to its normal condition, and when this was effected, the foal ceased to show the symptoms complained of.The above analyses are interesting, as proving that mares’ milk is normally one of the least rich in fat of the milks secreted by our domestic animals. I t s analysis under certain circumstances, is also evidently most important for assisting veterinary surgeons in the judicious treatment of the troubles incident to the infancy of horses. I n judging the results of such analysis, the above figures, may, in my opinion, be taken as repre- sentbg the fair average composition of healthy mares’ milk.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200042

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TEE ANALYST. 43 ADULTERATION I N DUBLIN. We have received bhe report of Dr. C. A. Cameron, Medical Officer of Health for the City of Dublin for the past year. We find that the total number of analyses of food made were 975, of which 95, or very nearly 10 per cent. were adulterated; the only adulterated articles were, however, milk, butter milk, coffee and mustard. All the samples of tea, pepper, bread, sweetstuff, soda, arrowroot, and mineral waters, Were found to be pure.Dr. Cameron notes one singular instance of adulteration of milk with 90 per cent. of water and 5 per cent. of cane sugar, and it is much t o be regretted, that in this case, owing to a technical difficulty, the vendor was not prosecuted. There was onc conviction obtained for the sale of rancid butter,-we are glad to see this and hope the same course will be taken in other districts, as the sale of such an article of food certainly constitutes an offence against the Sale of Food and Urugs Act.The total mount of fines and costs during the year was $243. Dr, Cameron goes on, in his44 THE ANALYST. report, to point out the modifications which he considers desirable in the Act, and the defccts which he says at present exist in it.1. That magistrates sitting in petty sessions are unable to award more than $1 as costs. 2. The fines imposed when the prosecution is undertaken at the suit of a private person are paid into the imperial exchequer, instead of, as they ought to be, to the local authority, who have t o pay the costs of the analysis. 3.That a tradesman is not liable to be fined if his servant refuses to sell an article on the demand of an Inspector, aithough the tradesman himself may be fined for refusing to serve him. 4. That private persons cannot be permitted to prosecute under sections 6 and 7, without giving notice to the vendor of their intention to have the article purchased analy sed. He classes the latter as follows :- 5.That Section 13 is indefinite and its meaning not clear. 6. That the Inspector cannot prosecute any person who has not sold t o him-that is, he is unable to take samples of milk from hospitals and other public institutions for the purpose of testing them, but only those samples which he has actually bought from the dealer. It appears to us that Dr. Cameron and the Dublin police magistrates are certainly labouring under a mistake in reference to No.3. There have been repeated decisions in London, and we believe also in the country, mhere a tradesman has been fined because his servant refused to sell to an inspector, and we are inclined to think that if a case were taken to one of the superior Courts, a conviction would be sustained. Sectiona 14 and 15 of the Act certainly prescribe certain formalities in reference to the division of the sample which is purchased, but these formalities are only applicable t o the cases in which persons purchase the “article with the intention of submitting the same to analysis.” any purchaser ” of an article of food, shall be entitled ” to have such article analysed, and to receive the certificate of the result of the analysis, and the other sections provide that this certificate shall be evidence, and if the article is adulterated there can be no question that; an offence has been committed under the Act.We are, therefore, decidedly of opinion that it is in the power of an independent purchaser who may have been supplied with an article which. he afterwards suspects t o be adulterated to have it analysed, and if his suspicion turns out correct, to prosecute for it, everi though he may not ham fdfiilcd the specific directions contained in sections 14 and 15.We also think Dr. Cameron is mistakcn in reference to No. 4. Section 12, which it must be noted is a previous section, states that ESSENTIAL OILS. DR. E. DAVEY, in a paper read before the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, on the 3rd April, suggests the use of a solution of molybdic acid in sulphuric acid, as a test for determining the adulteration of the essential oils, as he finds that most reducing agents and still more markedly, dcohol, when brought in contact with the solution, produces a deep azure blue cdouration.According to his experiments the pure oils are apt toTHE ANALYST.45 produce this colouration under some circumstances, but by washing the oil in the first instanoe with water, and running off the rash-water after subsiding from the pipette, and allowing a fern drops of this water to fall into a capsule containing a little quantity of sulpho-molybdic acid slightly warmed, the blue colour would be immediately apparent if any alcohol were present, Xn the case of oils which are heavier than water Dr.Davey suggests an addition of a little sulphate of sodium, 80 as to make the aqueous solution heavier than the oil. THE PIiESENCE OF AMUONIA I N SUB-NITRATE OF BlSMUTH, Fhnrmaceuticnk Journd, 21st April, 1877. Ma, W. G. Piper draws attention to the fact that small quantitiefi of ammonia are very frequently present in sub-nitrate of bismuth of commerce.He has determined the proportior in four different cases and found it t o amount t o *06 per cent., *05 per cent,, -008 per cent., and ,076 per cent, I n order to determine the source of it he prepared some sub-nitrate of bismuth according to the pharmacopcaia directions, and found that decomposition of' the nitric acid took place, and that a certain amount of ammonia was among the products formed, so that in the solution decanted from the first precipitate he found -6 per cent. of ammonia.It follows from this that much of the ammonia formed is remord by the vash-waters, but at the same time the bismuth still retains an undue proportion; the better the sample is mashed the less ammonia it contains.Sanitary Boa AIR ANALYSIS. THE Ihalth Committee of Glwsgow seem to be going rather ahead of th as of otber cities, and we think rery wisely 60. They are carrying on continuous observa- tions, at different stations in the city, on the variations in the composition of the air, and have expended a considerable sum of money in fitting up a laboratory in order t o determine the variat,ions mhich occur from time to time in the composition of the atmosphere itself, and the character of the floating particles which are present in it.The Committee certainly deserve the utmost credit for taking a step so far in advance of any which has been taken by any ordinary public body. HUMAN HAIR. DR. Erasmus Wilson has been engaged in an investigation of tho number of hairs contained in a square inch of the surface of the hiurnan head. He estimates that each square inch contains 744 hair folicles, and that as a large number of these give passage t o tmo hairs, the number on a square inch may probably be estimated at about 1,066, and the superficial area of the head being about 120 square inches, this equals about 133,920 hairs for the entire head.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN877020043b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

46 THE ANALYST. ANALYSTS’ REPORTS. 8OuTHWARR.-Dr. Vinen, one of the analysts for Southwark, has reported to the St. Olave’s District Board oE Works, that during the six months ending March 20, twelve samples of coffee and six of milk were received from the inspector of the district for analysis. All the samples of coffee were found to be genuine. One sample was found to contain 10 per cent. of added water, and one was adulterated with 26 per cent.of added water, and deprived of 40 per cent. of cream. As this was found to have been sold by mistake, he did not recommend that any proceedings be taken, but another quantity would be obtained, He conaidered the Act had had a deterrent effect, and mentioned with respect to coffee, that on the last examination of samples of that article, two of the sellers were fined for selling it adulterated to the extent of 50 per cent.The samples now obtained from the same vendors were found to be genuine. I n the case of the milks, five out of six shopkeepers now reported upon had been fined for large adulterations with water. Three of the samples were now found to be genuine, and two were rich in quality.The chairman of the Board (Mr, G. L. Shand) said that on the whole the report was a satisfactory one, and moved that it be printed in the annual report. This was seconded and agreed to.- Grocer. CAMBERwELL.-Dr. Bernays has reported as follows :-Since Christmas last 1 have examined 30 samples of milk. Of these 30 samples, 10 were distinctly adulterated with water, and I have furnished our inspectors with certificates to that effect.It has been proved to the satisfaction of one of the magistrates presiding at Lambeth, that the milks were delivered in the adulterated state by the wholesale dealer. Now, this is a more serious offence than when milk is mixed with London tap-water, as the quality of the water in the country is often deleterious, and the magistrates thus considered it by imposing a fine of $10, and €2 14s.6d, coats. I n addition to the 33.3 per cent. of milks adulterated with water, No. 234 was a skimmed milk, and I gave a certificate to that effect. I find the estimation of the ash in mili to be more and more a necessity, and altlhough I am the only anaZyst in London who imposes this necessity ?<@on himself, and although this estimation is the most troublesome portion of the analysis, I shall continue the practice.I n conclusion of the subject of milk, I must be allowed to observe that many of the milks, say nearly one half, were of admirable character and above all suspicion. Next to milk, butters have engaged attention Since your vestry has given directions not to purchase the cheap butters, I have not had an adulterated butter. The seven butters brought to me were salt, of fair quality, and not admixed with fat other than butter-fat.I have also analysed lards. One of them was very good ; the other good until me.ted, when the smell was very unpleasant. Nevertheless, it was not adulterated, Of a pickled cabbage I haTe nothing to say beyond the fact that the vinegar was very weak, but otherwise free from all contamination. As to fermented liquors, I have examined six samples : ‘ 6 two beers” and “four porters.’’ As to alcoholic contents they are very much alike, varying only between 7.21 per cent, and 8.91 per cent.of proof-spirit. And also in this they are very much alike-they contain so little hops, I have examined twogins, one rum, one brandy, and one whisky.With reference to alcohol, they may be thus arranged, meming by alcohol proof-spirit :--No. 243, gin, 69.89 per cent, ; 280, gin, 75.51 ; 275, brandy, 85.38; 235, rum, 88.12; 274, whisky, 92.24. Whether the alcoholic contents of spirits should not be stated by the publicans, by placing a conspicuous mark upon them, is a matter I would venture to press upan your consideration.A whisky like that of 274, although of very good quality, should be labelled “pd.son,” unless mixed with water, and would, taken internally, readily account for the maddening ancl murcerous effects of such drinks. You will not consider these remarks beyond my province, as it is my belief, fomded upon knowledge, that we have at present very little idea of the quality of the spirits sold in diff?rent houses, and I should regard it as a favour to myself if you would allow specimens to be taken at night and by different agencies, and on the same night.You would then have a better understanding of the danger to which society is subject, and might assist the Government by Pupplying facts upon which legislation might be based. In several parts of the kingdom publicans have been fined for selling spirits bebw a certain alcoholic strength ; but, as long as the strength is not fixed, I should never consider it my duiy to furnish an inspector with a certificate of prosecution.-XetropoZitan. The articles consisted of twenty samples of milk, nine of mustard, four of butter, four of arrowroot, three each of coffee, tea, oatmeal, and cayenne pepper, and one of preserved apples in tins.Of the samples of milk, four were diluted with water, the quantity added varying from 20 to 34 per cent., and two had been skimmed; in three of the cases the vendors have been prosecutcd and fined. Two of the samples of butter were found to have been adulterated with animal fat ; in one instance to the extent of about 80 per cent., in the other 20 per cent.Summonses have been taken out against the vendors in both of these cases, but they have not yet bceii heard. The samples of arrowroot, were, with one exception, genuine ; in the excepted sample potato stnrrli was found. The samples of coffee and tea were all genuine ; every sample of the latter contained its full average quantity of extractive matter.No foreign starches were contained Four of the samples of milk were genuine, but varied in quality. MARYLEBONE.-Dr. Whitmore has reported as foIlows All the samples of mustard were genuine.THE ANALYST. in the samples of oatmeal, Of the fifty samples of articles of food analysed-by me during the past three months about 18 per cent. were more or less adulterated, either by the addition of something less expensive than the article itself, whereby it6 weight and bulk waa increased, or by the abstraction of one or more of its constituents, Milk still con- tinues to be the one article of food above all others that is most frequently adulterated, and unless greater f d i t i e s are afforded than the Act of Parliament at present gires for obtaining convictions against those who are primarily responsible for the fraud-I mean the owners of country dairies-the adulteration of this article is likely to continue.With regard to adulterated butters, it is to be regretted that they are sold as butter, and not under R name suggestive of their true composition, as it is certain that most of those compounds into which the fresh fat of mutton or beef largely enters are far more agreeable to the taste and infinitely more wholesome than very many cheap butters, which are, no doubt, genuine, but which are also disgustingly strong and rancid.” SOUTH STAFPoRDSHIRE.--’FYe give below the following statistics, which Mr.Jones has reported on the number of samples of food, drinks, and drugs, which were submitted during the last quarter, together with the result of his analyses:- The samples of cayenne pepper were all apparently unadulterated. The report was ordered to be printed.--MetropoZitafi.Xurnber of Samples Number Number Number submitted. Examined. Genuine. Adulterated. District A ........................ District C ........................ 1:; 1 126 ... 99 ... 27 From last quarter ............1 Percentage of the samples examined found adulterated, 21.42. Sniiiples of Number. Qenuine. Adnltd. General character of the adulteration. Arrowroot ........................ 1 Bread ........................... 22 Butter ........................... 23 Coffee ........................... 6 Flour ........................... 3 Ginger ........................... 1 Gin .............................. 4 Lard. ............................. 7 Mustard ........................ 2 Milk .............................. 22 Oatmeal ....................... 25 Sulphur precipitated ......... 3 Tea .............................. 7 1 19 23 6 3 1 1 7 2 17 12 1 7 0 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 5 13 2 0 with alum 23.51, 34-92, and 27.66 grains reepcctively per 4-lb. loaf. mith 48 per cent. chicory. none injuriously; simply undue dilution, being 44-8,44%, & 44.2 u.p. respectively. mith 13, 18, 17, 13 per cent. added water. mith barley-meal 20, 21, 25, 24, 20, 24, 20, 24, 26, 24, 20, 26, 21 per cent. contaminated with hydrated sulphate of lime 59-01 & 62.09 per cent. respectively.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200046

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 47 CORBESP ONDENCE. [The Editors are not responsible for the opinions of their Correspondents.] MILK ANALYSIS. To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” Sxa,-In reference to the disputed milk case which I wrote about i n last month‘s ANALYST, allow me to send the following extract from the minutes of the proceedings of the General Health Committee, held 10th May, 1877. BOROWGH OF SALFORD, Mr.J. Carter Bell, the Public Analyst for the Borough, brought under the notice of the Committee the circumstances attending the case of John Blackvell, which was heard before tke Borough Bench, on the 29th Marcb, for milk adulteration, and stated that a second sample of milk was submittcd in evidence by tbe defendant, who swore it was part of the first sample analysed by Rlr.Bell, and declared by him to be adulterated to the extent of 11 per cent. of water. Part of this second ssmple of milk Mr. Bell had pronounced pure, but he averred it was not the saipe milk as the first sample. I n consequence of the conflic of evidence upon the point the Bench dismissed the case,48 THE ANALYST. I n the meantime a portion of the first sample was submitted by Dr.Tatham to Mr. J. Alfred Wanklyn, Analytical Chemist of London, who reported the milk as not having been skimmed, and as not being adulterated with water. Mr. Bell, however, proved to the Committee that taking the figures of Mr. Wanklyn’s analysis, and comparing them with the standards published in Mr. Wanklyn’s own book on milk analyses, the adultera- tion of the milk with water to the extent of 11 per cent.was indisputable. Mr. Bell had further written to 18 eminent Analytical Chemists in different parts of the country, sending them the figures of Mr. Wanklyn’s analysis, and asking them if, taking these figures as correct, the milk was in their judgment adulterated. Mr. Bell submitted to the Committee the letters received in reply from these gentlemen, who one and all pronounced in favour of Mr, Bell and corroborated his analysis.The Committee having considered the whole case, it was resolved- “That this Committee desires to record its unabated confidence in Mr. J. Carter Bell as an Analytical Chemist, and after a full investigation into the facts of Blackwell’s case, is satisfied Mr. Bell has proved by abundant and most influential testimony that his hnalysis of the milk in question was correct.” Mr.Wanklyn has not yet replied to my two letters which I addressed to him on the subject. Yours, &c., J. CARTER BELL. ORGANIZATIOX AMONGST CHEMISTS. To THE EDITOR OF ‘( THE ANALYST.” SIR,-I should be very glad if you would use your influence to get this organization scheme w o r l d into a shape which would be generally acceptabIe to ehcmists. Although some of pour correspondents have pointed out what they consider errors of management on thc part of the promoters, yet somc such scheme is just what is required to put a stop to the under bidding and working for inadequate fees, which is now so common among chemists.If I cannot honestly and properly analyse a sample of milk for less than 21s., how can I expect to carry on my business when my competitor offers to do the same thing for 10s.6d., or less. I do trust it is not yet too late for the promoters to so re-model the scheme that there will be no difficulty in getting every cheniist to join in it. I am, kc., A WELL WISHER TO ORGANIZ4TION. To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” I quite agree with him that every one should put their names to letters in order to carry due weight, but if Dr.Bartlett, instead of having happily dropped into a London practice, had unhappily dropped into one in a country town, where there is only work enough for two analysts, and where the irresistable tendency of myself and my opponent is to cut down one another’s fees, perhaps he would have felt how difficult it is to sign a communication on such a subject with one’s own autograph.Competition in London is a trifle compared with competition in the country, where there are only one or two opponents, and if your opponent happens to be rather mnre favoured by the Organization Committee than yourself, it will scarcely do to sign your name and injure your prospects, The whole thing seems to me to come to this-a Trades’ Union is wanted, but it is not the part of any score of men, however woll qualified they may be, to found this Organization, and even seek to register it as a joint stock company, until they ask everyone to join and give their views on the matter.1 wish I could put my name, but as it is must simply sign myself, Yours, &c., SIR,-Dr. Bartlett’s letter is all very well in theory.ONE WHO LIVES BY CHEMISTRY. TO THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIR,-I Lave just heard a rumour that the promoters of this scheme have, to some extent, altered their views and plans on the subject. I don’t know whether this is due to the letters which have recently appeared in your p a p , but as this reported change of purpose is in accordance with a suggestion I made in my previous letter, I shall be only too glad if the rumour turns out true.It is said the committee intend to invite all analysts in practice to join the organization. They have, therefore, only to take the other step I suggested, vis. :-to issue a public notice by advertisement, either in your own journal or tbe Chcnzicd Neuv, and invite all practising h-dysts in England to a meeting on the matter.THE ANALYST.49 We certainly ought to have some combination, and if this committee cannot succeed in forming one, some other steps will have to be taken. Let them be guided by an opinion which has been pretty widely expressed, and which, as far as I can judge, is the opinion of three out of four Analjsts i n England, and let the thing be above board, and then it will be accompIished.I remain, &c., A PROFESSIONAL CHEMIST. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. To THE EDXTOR OF “THE ANALYST.’’ SIB,-A few days ago I received a notice of an extraordinary meeting of the Chemical Society, and it has since come to my knowledge that a resolution will be then proposed, which, it appears to me, is of a very strange character.I do not pretend to have snch special knowledge in reference to the affairs of the Society as Mr. Tribe has, because I am one of the Fellows who are very seldom able to attend, but all ‘I can say is, that if his resolution is accepted by the Society, and only twenty Fellows are to be elected annually, the Society will, in the course of a little less than ten years, find itself in bankruptcy.I f any of the Fellows will take the trouble to refer to the President‘s exhaustive address at the annual meeting in March last, they will see that the Society ha0 lost during the year by deaths, removals and resignations, thirty members, It is hardly necessary to say that if only twenty new ones are to be elected each year, as the general age of the Fellows will increase, the number of losses by death mill also increase, and if any such resolution as that proposed were adopted, we should find the Society by the year 1887 numbering about 700 members, instead of the 1,000 or 1,100 it ought to do.The actual loss to the Society may be taken in another way. Last year, thanks to a clique, who, according to the learned President’s address, never at any meeting numbered more than eight or nine, the number of new members elacted was reduced from 103 in the previous year to 65 last year.Accepting, however, the latter figures for the purpose of comparison, and assuming that no increase would, under ordinary circumstances, take place, the loss to the Society would fcr the first year be $1253, for the second year $378, and in ten years $7,087, or an average of $709 per annum.I am no accountant, but I think it needs little more than a glance at the accounts which appear on page 529 of the Society’s Journal to see what the result of this must be. I n plain words our privileges, which are already curtailed by the supply of the Royal Society’s proceedings being stopped, will then amount to three barren letters after our names and nothing more. Perhaps this letter is too late to do any real good, but I should not feel justified if I had not raised my warning voice. Although probably your next number may be published after the meeting has taken place, I never- theless send it to you in the hope that you will find space for it. I must, however, express my opinion that no such proposition as that alluded to would ever have emanated from the Council, and 1 would rather call upon the latter to oppose the operations of outsiders when they tend to injure the Society. Your obedient Servant, GAMMA.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200047

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 49 LAW REPORTS. AT Liverpool, Messrs. Maughan 0 Thompson were summoned for selling preserved green peas which had been coloured with copper, Dr. Campbell Brown’s certificate stated that the peas contained from 2 to 2 i grs. of crystallized sulphate of copper per tin, and that this amount mas equal to half an emetic dose. The defendants’ solicitor produced a warranty certifying the peas to be perfectly pure and unadulterated, and on this warranty, Mr. Raffles, the stipendary magistrate, dismissed the summons.On the application of the solicitor for the prosecution the warranty was impounded. At Garston, near Liverpool, a grocer was summoned for selling mustard, Dr. Brown certified to 25 per cent, of farina, and a fine of 2s. 6d. was imposed. At Dudley, two grocers were charged with selling adulterated oatmeal, Mr.Jones, the County Analyst, had certified that one sample contained 20 per cent. of barley meal, and the other sample 24 per cent. of barley meal. The defendants were fined 40s. each. At Coleshill, a sausage manufacturer was charged with selling sausages adulterated with a large percentage of bread. The defence was that the analyst’s certificate did not state the percentage of bread, and also that bread is a necessary ingredient in the manufacture of sausages.The case was dismissed. At the Thames Police Court, a man has been sunitconed for having in his possession methylated spirit capable of being used as a beverage and as a medicine. The defendant said he purchased the spirit and reduced it with water, sugar, and aniseed, and drank it himself, as he could not afford to buy spirits a t R public house.This scems to confirni what me thought was an exploded statement that methylatccl spirit is in Bonic cases used as il drink,50 THE ANALYST. At Horsley, a grocer was charged with selling adulterated butter, the certificate of the analyst, Mr. Horsley, showed that it contained 20 per cent.of foreign fats ; the defendant was fined 1s. and 21s. 3d. costs. At Cardiff, a grocer was charged with selling adulterated green tea. The certificate of Mr. Thomas stated that it was an inferior sample of damaged black and green tea mixed with tea dust, 48-7 per cent. of it passing through a sievs of wire gauze, having 100 meshes to the square inch. The magistrates, in con- sideration of the excellent character which the defendant as a tradesman bore, said they would fine him 58.At Shoreditch, a baker has been summoned for selling bread adulterated with alum in the proportio I of 20 gr. per 4-lb. loaf, and for some reason best known to the authorities the manager of his business was summoned at the same time. The magistrate appear8 to have thought both persons were guilty, as he fined the master 40s.and costs, and the manager 20s. and costs. At Liverpool, two persons were summoned for selling confectionery adulterated with chromate of lead, amounting to 1 gr. per sweetmeat-the sweetmeats appearing to have been in the form of sugar oranges. The defendant was fined 20s. and costs. ADULTERATED DRnGs.-At the Sheffield Town Hall, on 17th >Jay, J.B. D. Jenkinson, a chemist and druggist was charged with selling adulterated drugs. Some jalap was purchased at one of the defendant’s shops on the 27th ult., and a pennyworth of it administered to two valuable coursing dogs, who died within ten minutes. Some more of the medicine was sent for, and on analysis was found to contain sufficient nux vomica or strychnine to cause immediate death to any person who took it.It was stated for the defendant that the nux vomira was nixed in the jalap by misadventure, and that the owner of the dogs had brought an action against the defendant for damages for &30. The Bench, taking this statement into consideration, imposed a mitigated penalty of $2 and costs.-TTilnes. PRESERVED Pms.-Thomas Pincham and William Beverley appeared at Wandsw-orth police court to answer adjourned summonses for selling tins of preserved peas mixed with copper, so as to render tlie same injurious to healtb.Mr. Corsellis, clerk of the Wandsworth Board of Workg, supported tlic summonses; Mr. Campbell appeared for Mr. Beverley. The summonses had been adjourncd, as the magistrate was not satisfied with the form of the certificate from the Analyst, as it did not state that the amount of copper mas dangerous to health.Dr. Mutcr, public analyst to the Wandsworth district, now attended, and in the case of Mr. Pincham, said that tlie quantity was sufficient to be dangerous, especially if accumulative. Mr. Corsellis statcd that the board did not wish to prcss the case, their only object being t o put a stop to the sale.The defendant urged that he had withdrawn the sale. ilk, Campbell contended that 1; grains in B tin was not sufficient to be injurious to health, and read the certificate of Professor Attfield, who had annlyscd a certain number of tins of preserved peas from the importers, stating that copper might be taken in small doses as a tonic, and quoting Periera to that effect.Mr. Bridge remarked that the same thing might be saic! of stryehnia, which, in small doses, was an excellent tonic, Dr. Muter referred to other cases in point, and said several well-known scientific men had given an opinion that this copper was injurious to health. Mr. Campbell wished for an opportunity to call witnesses. Dr. Muter said that they might obtain any number of witnesses on either side.The question turned upon the theory of what amount of copper would kill after a certain time. Mr. Campbell said he should like to have the question finally settled, for at present the importers did not know what to do. Before the Act was passed not any mixture was allowed, now an infinitesimal part was permitted, and the question was whether it was exceeded.H e suggested that the defendant (Mr. Beverley) should submit to a conviction, and appeal, Mr. Campbell having consulted with the parties, accepted the suggestion, and said they wished to have the case settled, as at present they did not know what course to take. Mr. Bridge then fined each defendant $1, and 12s. 6d. costs, and fixed the amount of sureties in Mr.Beverley’s case, himself in €100 aud two bail in €100 each, in case the appeal was prosecuted. Rlr. Bridge said an adjournment would only lead to a settlement of the case before him, WARRANTY OF ADULTERATED BTJTTER.-A further report was recently submitted from the Hackney Sanitary Committee stating that the Inspector, Mr. Watts, took out a summons against a person in the High Street, Kingsland.The Inspector went and asked for half-a-pound of butter, and pai6 for it, and on informing the vendor the purpose for which he had purchased it, his attention mag called to the following words stencilled on a paper enveloping the article, namely--L‘ Notice. This compound is warranted sold as imported, and declared according to the Act, section 8,” The article sold having been found on analysis to contain 33 per cent.of Sutter fat, 45 per cent. foreign fat, with 22 per cent. of water, salt and curd, the summons was taken out to obtain a decision on the validity of the notice, especially IS the analyst believed that the fat could not be added for any other purpose than fraudulently to increase the weight and bulk of the butter.On the hearing, Nr. Bushby decided that the declaration printed on tile paper protected the vendor and dismissed the summons. This was an important decision, and the committee thought it right to submitTHE ANALYST. 51 the quesfion for the consideration of the Board, as unless the Board thought i t advisable further to contest the question, no summons would in future be taken out by the inspector in similar cases unless the analrst wolald certify th3t such mixtures or compounds were injurious to health. If the Board thought a higher judicial decision should be obtained, a further summons would be taken out, as the magistrate was prepared to grant a case. After discussion, it Ras resolved by 14 against 9 to refer the question to the Clerk, for consideration as to whether a fresh summons should be issued to try the point of law in a higher court. Dr. Tripe submitted his quarterly report as analyst of the district, but it contained nothing of special interest beyond the fact that he had analysed 30 samples of food, 29 of which were received from the inspector.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200049

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 51 NOTES OF THE MONTH. WE print a communication from Mr. Carter Bell, giving the conclusion of his disputed milk case. No one who has followed the history of the affair, will fail to give Mr. Bell his sympathy. It is surely somewhat remarkable that the person who first brought out the standard of 9.3 per cent. solids not fat, and afterwards opposed in our Society the lowering of it to 9.0 per cent., should be the Fery man to go against that standard, on the poor excuse of an ash of *64 per cent., which does not even seem to have been examined for possible, and indeed probable, mineral additions, although the use of boracic acid is SO common in the milk trade ; but alas, tewpora mctantur et nos mutanzur in illis.Wc observe in the Sanitary Record, the details of a process for the valuation of the mount of proteine in vegctable articles of diet, such as flour.It is simply the extension of the well-known albiimenoid amnionia process for water, to a mixture of flnur and water. The author holds that the amount of amnionia generated from the vegetable albumenous bodies is constant, but he only claims for his process a “fair approximatioiz.” The importance claimed for the process as distinguishing between flour and starch (arrowroot) by the small per centage of ammonia yielded by the latter, would scarcely be recognised by any analyst expert with the microscope.To give confidence t o chemists, the author would have done better if he had detailed the experiments by which he is enabled to ‘L warrant a parallel statement in the case of vegetable proteine,” to that he had already made as to animal albumen when proposing his water process.Until we can obtain a method of actual estimation we shall prefer to stick to the present system of combustion. Dr. Mills’ Colorimeter is, in its way, a useful instrument, and, as such, received a due notice at our hands when it was first brought out.We now, however, observe that in his paper, the author points out its ( ( use ” for milk, which, we think, j, a pity, as for this purpose it must be really worthless. It is quite possible that, using the same milk, a good approximate guess might be made as to the quantity of water that had been purposely added for illustrating the use of the instrument, but before any real application of the article to the detection of adulteration is attempted, it would be neccssary to ensure the presence of a constant number of suspended fat globules in any given bulk of natural milk. Unfortunately we hare enough difficulty to persuade some investigators that the standard of 9 per cent.‘‘ solids not fat” is fairly constant without trying to work upon so self-evidently bad a conclusion as that the fat is also uniform.52 THE ANALYST.We arc sorry that we cannot agree with the remark made by the Chairman of the St. Olave’s District Board, as to the satisfactory nature of the Analyst’s report, if the paragraph which we reprint from the Grocer be correct. Surely something more was contemplated by the legislature than the analysis of 12 samples of coffee, and 6 of milk, during a period of six months, in a populous and poor district G f the Metropolis.We hold that Inspectors, to properly perform their duties, should obtain at least one sample per diem, and should, as far as possible, not run upon any one article, but should vary their purchases so as to gire every trade a fair share of impection. Up to the present the millmen and grocers have had far too great a share of attention, and the other trades who deal in articles of food, drink, and drugs have been neglected, except in some few districts.No doubt this is t o a great extent owing to the Analysts having no control whatever over the Inspectors, but we hold that, where an Analyst cannot help noticing that the inspection is not sufficiently extended, he should inform his local board of the fact in his quarterly report.Another point in Dr. Vinen’s report, which does not seem to us satisfactory, is that he says, in some caws he did not recommend that any proceedings be taken.” This is quite stepping out of his function8 as an Analyst, and he has no right under the Act to ‘( recommend either one way or the other. It is t’hrough such expressions that the public are induced to believe the statements of the persons interested in supporting adulteration, who always try t o throw the blame of all proceedings on the Analyst, and represent him as a public informer, so as to prejudice unthinking persona against the Acts regulating the Sale of Food.It cannot be too often repeated that the Public Analyst has no iuterest whatever in prosecutions, and has no power to either institute or prevent them.The Phnrmaccutical Jozcrnnl waxes facetious over the heed of some recent prose- cutions for copper and chromate of lead in articles of food, saying it is sad to think how persistently the public will continue t o demand Foisonous articles iu spite of the eff3rts of the Analysts. We were not aware that Analysts were charged with any necessity to make such efforts, and we have always thought that it was the inspectors appointed under the act who looked after the public interests in this matter.We at last fancy we see the meaning of the word competent ” as applied to Public Analysts by the various secret opponents of the present food legislation, viz. : that the { ( competent ” analyst is one who shall shut his eyes entirely, and simply pass over anything found in food short of Strychnia or Prussic acid.It should also be noticed that an ignorant cook or a small child preferring bright green peas and bright yellow sweets, respectively, and buying them when temptingly advertised or exposed for sale, constitutes a persistent demand on the part of the public for poisons, which, if it cannot be openly encouraged in words in a respectable journal, can be secretly supported by attempting to laugh down those d m are “ incompetent ” enough to do their duty.m e reprint from the Th2es the report of some proceedings a t Sheffield, headed “ Adulterated Drugs,” which resulted in a druggist beiug fined $2, for selling jalap mixed with nux vomica.We should suppose that the defence of misad- venture set up in the case was true, as the mixture is one which no trader would, weTHE ANALYST. 53 fancy, deliberately make use of. The occurrence is, however, worth a passing note, seeing that the calling in of the ‘‘ incompetent analyst,” and consequent elucidation of the nature of the jalap, probably resulted, in this instance, in the saving of several human lires.One of our special trade friends, the Chemist and Druggist, gave prominence last month to the opinion of the pre-eminently eminent scientific gentleman who conducts the ‘‘ corner for students,” that the aspirants for the prizes offered by the journal had failed so miserabIy in detecting a mixture of ammonia and potash alum, that even ‘(public analysts could scarcely have done worse.” We experience an intense feeling of relief, after such an awful utterance of this Daniel come to judgment, when we find one analyst who can admittedly detect nux vomica in jalap.However, let us not be too sanguine because who knows but what the nux vomica was never there a t all, and that thc dogs deliberately went and bought strychnin, and thus committed suicide, incited thereunto by the analysts, just to spite the drug trade! We trust, in writing this note, v e shall not be understood to advance the absurd proposition that the sacrifice of a few miserable canine, or even human, lives could ever justify the prosecution of n member of the trade over which the Chemist and Brtcggist deigns to throw the light of its protective countenance, and so we may, perhaps, as yet be spared the use of the ( L padded room,” announced in the same journal as being in preparation for the meetings of the Society of Public Analysts.If, however, we lived in Sheffield, where such misadventures may occur a t the easy price of 32, we should, when offered a pennyworth of jalap, say, with Nacbeth, ‘‘ throw physic to the dogs, I’ll none of it.” Dr. Bernap’ report, reprinted on another page, contains a most remarkable statement; if it is correctly quoted in the X‘tropoZiian, he says, I‘ I find the estimation of the ash in milk to be more and more a necessity, and although I am the only Analyst who imposes this necessity upon himself, and although this estimation is the most troublesome part of the analysis, I shall continue the practice.” We feel that we should not be doing our duty if we allowed such a statement as this t o pass unchallenged.The estimation of the ash in milk has akoays been a necessity, and we certainly cannot see in what way it becomes more and more so, unless it be that ‘Dr. Bernnys suggests, or intends to suggest, that borax and carbonate of soda arc used more frequeutly than they used to be. We must also dissent most emphatically from Dr.Bernays’ statement that he is the only Analyst in London who imposes upon himself the necessity of estimating the ash in milk, and until now we were not aware that the taking of an ash was the most difficult part of a milk analysis, However, we live and learn, and are always thankful to receive information.The recent prosecutions for selling American Hams, wrapped in canvas which was colored with chromate of lead, although unsuccessful, appear to have borne good fruit, as the Grocer of the 26th May publishes a letter from Messrs. F. A. Ferris & Co., of New York, in which they state that they are ‘ l under the conviction that the public will now demand the entire abolition of the use of chrornates,” and hare ‘‘ decided to abandon the use of cdouring matter altogether in canvassing their trade mark hams and breakfast bacon, unless their dealers specifically order to the contrary.”54 THE ANALYST.IiECENT CHEUICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been published during the past month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Southampton Row, Clinnccry Lane, London.1876. Name of Patentee, X O . 328 A. M. Clark . . . . . . . . . 3429 R. C. Richards . . . . . . . . . 3593 B. Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . 3670 C. A. Faure . . . . . . . . . 3703 J. M. Richards . . . . . . . . . 3719 G, D. Mease . . . . . . . . . 5131 J, B. On . . . . . . . . . 3743 J. Mc Kendrick and H. W.Ball 3756 F. Wirth . . . . . . . . . 3759 W. and J. Garroway . . . . . . 3778 R. Goundry . . . . . . . . . 3782 J. L. Pulvermacher . . . . . . 3843 J. J. Sachs . . . . . . . . . 3849 3894 3902 3931 3945 3949 3965 3970 3993 W. P Tilton . . . . . . . . . W.Young, A. Neilson &A. Young M. Lyons . . . . . . . . . G. Buchanan . . . . . . . . . E. Brook and A.'$ilson ... J. Steel .. . . . . . . . . . . W. Webster, Jun. . . . . . . A. L. Briggs . . . . . . H . Kemp . . . . . . . . . 4002 J. R. Penning . . . . . . . . . 4021 T. Barrow . . . . . . . . . 4048 G. E. Davis and J. B. Aitken ... 4054 R. J. Hutchings . . . . . . 4069 H. W. Walker & T. L. Patterson 4107 A. Sauv6e . . . . . . . . . 4126 A. N. Clark . . . . . . . . . 4163 J. Cole . . . . . . . . .. . . 4663 E. Schering . . . . . . . . . Title of Patent, Price. Evaporating Saccharine Juices . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Utcrine Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ad. Prescrvinr Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10d. Thermo-chtric Generators and Electro-motors . . . . . . Apparatus for pcrforating Pills . . . . . . . . . . . . Xtcam-power Furnaces for manufacture of Sulphate of Sodti and Potash .. . . . . Treatment of Textile Fab& pr&ied or'dped with Ani- line black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distilling Water ... Treating spent Oxide of "iron i i obta'i;; Sulphur and Prussian Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treating Coffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appliances for Generating and Applying Electricity ... Treating Animal and Vegetable Substances for Impreg- uation or Exhaustion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preparing M attters for purifying Syrups, Oils, &c. ... Destructive Distillation of Bituminous Substances Medicated Sweetmeats . . . . . . Refining Mineral and other Oils . . . . . . . . . . . ... Fibrous Material to be we'd for P i i e r Piii . . . . . . Preparing Cotton an'd other Fibrous Substances Apparatus for making Gas .. . . . . . . . . . . Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Apparatus for Purifying and Condensing Gas . . . . . . Applying Endosmose Action to Apparatus for detecting presence of Hydrogenous Gases in Mines, &c. ... Apparatus for consuming Xmoke and condensing Gases and noxious Vapours .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Phosphate of Alumina, &c. Revivifying Spent Acid, &c., used for Pickling Meiii Plates . . . . . . Treating aid & k g R;siduai"Liquids obtained in manufacturing or refining Sugar . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Ozokerit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spray-producing Apparatus for use in Decomposing Water for Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnetic Apparatus for curative and remedial purposes ,.. Nanufac ture of Salycilic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. 6d, 4d. 2d. 6d. 4d. 2d. 8d. 2d. 4d. 6d. ad. 2d. 4d. 6d. 6d. 6d. 6d. 2d. 4du 2d. 4d. 4d. 2d. 8d. za. 2a. 4a. BOOES, &c., RECEIVED. The Miller ; The American Chemist ; The Chemist and Druggist ; The Brewers' Guardian ; The British Medical Journal; The Medical Examiner ; The Medical Times and Gazette; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Telegraphic Review ; The Medical Record ; The Geological 8ociety's Proceedings ; The Anti-Adulteration Review ; Report on Food Adulteration, Ottawa. Mr. W. Morgan, PhD., Analyst for Swansea, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Carmarthen. A Contractor in the Russian Army was detected in adulterating flour ; he was tried and shot within 24 hours. This is an adulteration act short and effective.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200051

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC