ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87702FP049

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87702BP051

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE A N A L Y S T . PUKE OIt IMPURE GAS. WE publish this month the reports of two cases in which gas companies supplying the metropolis have been procccded against by the local authoritics, and they differ so essentially in their fcatures that they form t very practical commentary upon the present state of gas legislation in London. I n the firat case the Commercial Gas Company were sum- moned before &.Bannay, the stipendiary magistrate, at Worship Street Police Court, for having on eight different days supplied gas to the consumers containing more ammonia, and therefore being of less purity, than is allowed by the Company’s ,4ct. The case appears to hare been fought out with a fair amount of energy, but in the end the magistrate considered the case proPed, and ordered a warrant to issue for the full amount of penalties claimed, viz., $50 per day, or a total of $400.I n tbe other case, which was a far more important one, the West Ham Local Authority moved, before Mr. Justice Fry, for an injunction to prevent the Gas Light and Coke Com- pany from carrying on business at their works in Canning Town in such a way as to cause a public nuisance.I n the earlier part of the hearing the evidence was devoted to prove that a nuisance really did exist, and after one day of that kind of evidence the Company decided not to dispute this part of the qneetion any further but to acknowledge the nuisance, and Mr. Justice Fry, in reply, said that the West Ham Board had not only proved a nuisance, but an intolerdle one. The next step was for the Company to proceed to justify the nuisance on the ground that it was impossible to comply with the restrictions of the gas referees and supply gas containing less than 20 grains of sulphur per 100 cubic feet, unless they did create a nuisance.Mr. Vernan Harcourt, one of the gas referees, having been called, succeeded in entirely dissipating this myth, and satisfled the judge that it was quite possible for su3h manufacture t o be carried on without any nuisance whatever to anyone outside the works.Unfortunately, too, for the succesa of the Gas Company’s case their own witnesscs proved facts which had not previously been brought out in evidence, for they &homed that a considerable part of the nuisance com- plained of had been caused by foul lime, i.c.sulphide of calcium saturated with bisulphide of carbtjn, which had been brought from other works and deposited on the ground at Canning Town in order to raise its level and make foundations for new buildings. The result was that on this point alone the judge held that the Compauy had no right to moderate a nuisance in one district by transferring it into another, and that therefore they were liable to an injunction even if they had taken reasonable precautions t o prevent a nuisance, which, howcver, he considcrcd they had not done.The reports of the two cases, when viewed in connection with the decision of the Parliamentary Committee, which we reported in our July number+;, have a much more important bearing than might at first sight appear.The Company have now fought the matter in every way They have gone to Parliament for permission to increase the amount of impurity which they may send out to the public, in other words to form sulphuric acid in our own rooms instead of eliminating the sulphur at their works. In one of these cases they hare exceeded their Parliamentary maximum of impurity and hare fought the matter to the utmost before the magistrate, with the result that they have been * p.67.154 THE ANALYST. fined in the maximum penalty, and in the other case they hme created a nuisance at their works by the process of elimination of sulphur, and after being driven, so to speak, into R corner they have acknowledged the nuisance and pleaded that they could not help it, and this plea has been disallowed by the judge.The whole thing therefore comes to this, the London gas companies, and we regret to say some of the provincial companies as well, must cow work up to the standard of purity which some of their competitors in other places have without any compulsion already succeeded in attaining. We confess we cannot see why if it is possible t o purify gas without nuisance at a score of places we could name, what difficulty there can be in carrying out the same process in London or other provincial towns. The size of the worke is not in any degree an element in the matter, but the fault must lie in imperfect management or carelessness in the necessary precautions. These decisions are of immense importance. Parliament has said the public shall not be poisoned in their own rooms, and Mr. Justice Fry has decided that the public shall not be poisoned by the emanations from gas works.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200153

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

154 THE ANALYST. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. A MEETING of this Society was held on the 14th November, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, the President, Dr. Duprb, F.R.S., in the Chair. The following gentlemen were balloted for and declared unanimously elected as members :-Louis Biebold, F.C.S., Manchester ; Thomas Jameson, F.C.S., Aberdeen ; Thomas Wm. Drinkwater, F.R.P.S., Edinburgh ; and James John Day, F.C.S., Derby.The following gentlemen mere proposed for election as members :-J. It. Martin, F.R.M.S., London ; J. W. Gatehouse, Bath ; J. Whitla, Bdonaghan ; and they will be balloted for at the next Ordinary Meeting. The President said their first business that evening mas rather important ; the German government were thinking of introducing an Adulteration Act, but before doing so they wished to enquire in various countries how food and drugs were dealt with, and they sent a commissioner (Dr.Rottenburgh) here, among other countries, to inquire into the matter. He seemcdtobe greatly impressed with ihe good work which the Society had been doing here, and that was certainly very gratifying, because unfortunatcly they usually got more abuse than praise. He (Dr.DuprB) had had several interview with the Com- missioner, who had also been to one of the Secretaries (Mr. Wigner), and they had given him a good deal of information, with which the Commissioner was so -sell pleased that he had expressed his wish to be allowed to submit a nilmber of questions to the Society at large. These questions and answers thereto had been considered at one or two council meetings, and would now be laid before this meeting.There were a good number, and they would require careful attention, but he (Ur. Duprk) thought it was well Korth their while to devote that attention to them. I n the first place as replying to the inquiries made, and secondly because it would be a good opportunity for them to express their opinion as a Society upon the working of the Sale of Food and Drugs' Act.On the whole he thought it had worked satisfactorilF, but difficulties had cropped up here and there, and some hardships had been felt by analysts which i t would be advisable to correct in the future. No doubt in a short time there would be some amendments proposed in the Act, and when that time came they would be prepared to say what they wanted done,THE ANALYST.155 “he questions submitted by Dr. Hottenburgh, and the answcrs suggested by the Council, were then considered, and after a lengthy discussion, the mattsr was referred back to the Council for farther consideration, to take what course they thought bcst with regard to it, and it was understood that a Special Meeting should be called in the course of two or three wceks to disposc of the matter.Nr. 0. Hehner rend a paper ‘‘ On the Analysis of Five Mineral Waters,” and another paper, ‘( Notes on Water Analysis.” Nessrs. Piesse, Allen, Jnrmain, Heisch, Dr. Duprb, and other gentlemen, took part in the discussion which ensued, and Mr. Hehner replied. The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Carter Bell, ( ( On Nilk Analysis.” The Secretary also read a paper by Nr.Young, “On a New Nethod for the Estimation of Sulphuric Acid in Vinegar, &c,” and a discussion followed, in which Nessrs. IIehner, Allen, Heisch and Dr. Dupr6 joined. A paper, by Nr. Wynter Blyth, (‘ On Methods of Separating Salicylic Acid,” was also read by the Secretary. An Extraordinary General Neeting of the Society of Public Analysts will be held a t Burlington House, Piccadilly, on Friday, December 7th, a t five O’CIOC~, to receive thc report of the Council, with reference t o the resolution of Uny 3rd, 1876, as t o the question of changing the name of the Society, and to pass any resolution thereon. It will be proposed to alter the name of the Society, by omitting the word ‘( Public.” A Special General Meeting will be held a t the same time and place, t o consider the amended report of the Council, in reference t o the replies t o be made by the Society t o the questions submitted by Dr.Rottenburgh, on behalf of the German Government. Nr. A. Anthony Nesbitt will be proposed for election as a member. The Council has recommended the following gentlemen for nomination as Associatcy, Mr. F. W. Gear, and Jlr. W. J. Williams, Assistants t o Mr. Wigner.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200154

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 155 ON NILK ANALYSIS. By J. CARTER BELL. Bend before the Society of Public Atzctlysts, on 14th Norei~zber, 1877. NILE analysis may seem to many a trite subject, but the haziness which exists in the minds and ideas of those t o whom we have looked up to as our best authorities, shows that the milk subject is by no means yet exhausted : a painful experience of the manner in which an analysis of milk was interpreted by ofie who was considered an autocrat in this special branch of Analytical Chemistry led me to undertake a series of inx-estigations.To make sure that the samples sbould be genuine I visited all the 17 farms myself, the 183 cows were milked in my presence, and the milk was analysed the same day that the samples were obtained : the samples were gathered under very various conditions, some of the cows had only calved half an hour, while others had not calved for 12, 15, or even 18 months.The total solids in no case have fallen below 12 per cent. per 100 C.C. of milk, the minimum was 12 and the maximum 33.4, the latter was taken under very exceptional156 THE AN.kLYST. circumstances, the cow having only calved half an hour before I arrived, it had already been milked once since calving, and my sample was taken from the secorrd milking when there was but very little milk in the udder.The specific gravity of milk is generally statccl to be 1029, but out of the samples which I examined only two or threc were found to be so lorn. The ash of milk I consider a rery importaut item in its analysis, as far as my esperience goes no genuine milk gives a very low ash.Should a milk give an ash lower than -68 I should look upon it with grcat suspicion. In the coarse of these analyses I only found two milks which gavc so low an ash as ~ 6 8 . I thought there might have been some mistake, therefore on the nzxt day I procured a second sample from one of these two cows, and found the ash t o be about the same: with regard t o the second milk vhich gave *68 of ash, the cow had only calved four days, and 1 believe i t had travelled for many miles, which must have had some influence upon the milk, this is the on1$ sample in which the solids not fat fall below nine per cent.When chemists find a niilk which jields a wry low ash, they should a t once essuiine their platinum dish and they mill often find that the lowness of ash is due to the loss of weight m-hich the platinum dish has sustained, it is surprising that so few works upon quantitative analysis notice this lcss of weight which platinum dishes are liable to when heated by gas: t o show how serious this loss is, and how it may affect an analysis, I will give the weight of my six dishes a t different dates.Feh. 29th 1876. May 25th. October 25th. Jan.3rd, 1877. May 1st. July 19tb. 7.284 7'27 1 7.263 7.264 7.260 7.255 6 144 6.141 6.132 6.131 6.130 6 126 7*OGfi 7.062 7'054 7.050 7.049 7.036 8.627 8.626 8.626 8'618 8.615 8.600 9.583 9.580 9.580 9.573 9.569 9-560 7.600 7.600 7.599 7.585 7.584 7,578 I n the course of these milk analyses the dishes have Been frcquently weighed and the loss of weight noted, to show how seriously this loss would affect thc ash of the millis.I will take the ashes of the milks upon the 2nd Jiily and deduct the w-cight of thc platinum dishes as obtained on May lst, the six ashes would then Etand they should be .64 -66 -45 a43 *54 *64 '74 *74 -70 '74 -73 5'6 The loss of platinum I attribute maiulg to the impurities of tlie gas.i may mention that a large platinum dish used for bread analysis weighed 141.351 grsmmes, but after about 20 experiments its weight was reduced to 140.663, giving a loss of *G8S. I n taking the ash of the milk, care must be exercised not to let the temperature rige too high, for some of the constituents might be volatilized, my plan is to burn a t a very low temperature with a piece of platinum foil oVer the dish until the ash is nrhitt., sometimes if the ternperaturc is raised to bright redness, the ash will fuse and encloses particles of carbon which are then very dificult to burn amay.It has been statcd that the ash of decomposed milk is lower than the ash of fresh niilk; that is not my experience. 1 have kept milk for mcelzs and found the ash practically the same as at first.1 analysed a sample of milk twice with the following results :- May 11 th. June 18th. Totd Solids ... ... 9.00 per cent. 8.19 per cent. Solids not fat ... ,.. 6.9% ,, 6-42 ,, Fat -.. ... ... 2-08 ,, 1-77 ,, Ash ... ... ... .55 ,, *55 1 )THE ANALYST. 157 Another sample gave following results : - May 17th. June 18th. Total Solids ...... 10.35 per cent. 9.05 per cent. Solids not fat ... ... 7.90 ,, 6-96 ,, Ash ... ... ... *63 ,, Fat ... .., ... 2-45 ,, 2.08 ), -64 ' 9 From thew and other experiments I do not think that the ash of milk ought lightly to be passed over. I n examining this large number of milks it will bo seen that I have been careful in obtaining the particulars of the food with which the cows were fed, and though the food does exercise a considerable influence upon the milk, yet I may safely say that no milkdculer could reduce his dairy milk down to the Society's standard without half starving his cows.Ordinary poor feeding does not reduce the quality of the milk so much as some chemists would make us believe, for 1 have examincd the milk of cows which were said to bc half starved, and though the milk was decidedly lower in quality than the milk from other cows, yet it did not come nearly so low as the standard giren by the Socicty of Public Analysts.I t seems absurd to think that large cowkeepers should be so blind to their own interests, that they wilfully injure their cows by not giving them food enough to eat, a d it will 6e seen that out of the 17 dairies d k h IJtnve exaiiil'iaed) ?tot 012e is so low as 9per ceizt.of solids gzot fcct, and 2.5 of fat. It is true that a man who only keeps onc corn may sell milk, and i t is just possible that this cow, through bad food or bad health, may give inferior milk, but I do not think that an cxceptionsl case like this should be taken into account in fixing tine standard of milk.I n the following tables I have gicen the name of the farm whence the samples were obtained, the breed, colour and age of the cow, when lnst calved, the quantity o€ milk, amount of cream, as shown by the cremnometer, specific gravity, total solids, solids not fat, fat, and the ash. I n the following 17 tables, thc percentages are given by weight upon 100 cubic centimetre of milk.The milk was obtained on May 1st to May 4tb, 1877. The cows were all stall-fed; the food consisted of hay, brewer's grains, bean meal, and ground corn. No. 1 Dairy-&. Green, Kersal Old Hall, 20 cows. Duriag the time cold east winds prevailed. Provender a t time of milking. 1 2 3 4 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 0 Breed. Short Horn Half Arrshire Agrshir;! Short Horn .*.... ... Half' Aphhire Ayrshire Short H or11 Ilalf Ayrshire Short Horn Colour. Roan Red & White Rcd Roan White Xed Light Roan Dark Roan Roan Red Roan Red & White ... ... Red Light Roan ... ... ... " Calved. 3 days 4 months 7 ... 4 ... 5 weeks 2 months 6 ... s ... 6 ... 12 ... 3 ... 8 ... 6 months 3 days 1 month 6 months 7 weeks 1 month 2 weeks 12 days Qts. of Age.Milk. Cream. S.G. 6 4 15 1036 4 3 1 1033 8 3 9 1032 7 3 9 1029 6 4 10 1030 6 4 11 1033 6 4 11 1031 7 3 16 1032 7 3 11 1032 3 2 5 1034 4 3 3 1031 6 3 7 1033 6 4 10 1031 3 4 13 1035 4 6 16 1031 G 4 13 1032 G 4 12 1031 4 4 12 1034 12 G 9 1032 4 4 2 1033 Total Solids. 14.80 14-00 14.04 12 00 13.00 13.32 14.82 15.60 14.06 14.20 13.40 14.50 13.70 14.60 14.14 14.10 14.12 14.32 12.90 15 10 Solids not Fat.11-00 10.66 10.14 9.36 9.40 10.00 10.44 11.32 10.61 11.00 10.35 10.98 10.04 10.76 10.16 10.61 9-87 10.73 9.50 10'18 Fat. Ash. 3.SO *92 3.34 -80 3.90 .92 3-64 *8Y 3.60 .S 1 3-33 *so 4.38 *>o 4.28 *77 3-45 -86 3.20 *82 3.02 - 7 7 3-62 *80 3.66 -77 3.84 .84 3-98 *so 3.49 -81 4.25 .SO 3.59 '77 3.40 $36 4.96 .s4158 THE ANhLY ST. No. 2 Dairy-Mr. Partington, Kersal Old Hall Farm, 25 corns.May 4th t o 9th, 1877. Cold east winds prevailed. Cows stall-fed. Food consisted of hay, brewers' grains, Indian meal and potatoes. Provcndcr after milking. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3 s 39 Breed. Short Horn Irish Short Horn ... ... ... ... Half Ayrshire Irish Short 13 orn ... ... ... ... Half Ayrshire Short Horn ... ...Colour. Light Roan lted lted & White Roan ... ..* ... Red & White Dark Roan Roan Red & White Roan Red & White Roan Red & White Light Roan ... ... ... ats. of Calved. Age. Milk. Cream. S.G. 1 month 23 3 4 . . 4 3 5 ... 4 3 s . . 5 2 3 ..& 6 4 2 ... 7 4 2 ... 6 6 12 ... 7 2 6 ... 5 3 4 ..* 6 3 8 ... 8 3 6 ... 7 3 2 ... 4 5 3 weeks 4 5 3 ... 4 3 4 days 4 4 5 months 4 2 5 ...G 4 8 ... 8 2 40 ... DarlrRelikWhite 5 days 2$ 6 41 ... Red dk White 4 months 2b 6 42 ... .r ... 3 weeks 2 i 5 43 ... Red 4 months 5 8 44 ... ... 3 months 5 6 46 . . ... 14 ... 3 2 5 5 7 8 6 5 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 6 12 9 14 12 8 6 4 9 8 7 1032 1035 1031 1032 1031 1030 1030 1030 1030 1030 1028 1032 1033 1031 1031 1031 1032 1031 1031 1036 1033 1032 1032 1033 1033 Total Solids Solids.not Fat. 13.62 15.00 12.90 14.04 12.50 12-70 14.32 12.50 14-40 12-04 12.61 12.50 14-52 12.86 12.92 14.00 12.02 13.62 13 32 13-40 12.40 12.14 12.00 12.52 13.92 9.69 11.42 9.28 10.26 9.47 9-70 9.73 9.60 9.90 9.57 9.21 9.80 10.47 9.50 9.74 10.46 9.5s 9-81 10.02 10.10 9-7 9 9.58 9.34 9.43; 10.21 Fat. 3.93 3.58 3.6'2 3.78 3 03 3.00 4.59 2.90 4-50 2.47 3.40 2.70 4-05 3-36 3.18 3.54 2.44 3-61 3.30 3-30 2.61 2-56 2.66 3.07 3.71 No.3 Dairy-Mrs. Narsden, Kersal Farm, 11 cows. May loth, l l t h , 31st, 1877. Stall-fed. Hay, brewers' grains, and bean meal. Cold east winds prevailed. Proven- der at time of miiking. Qts. of Total Solids Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk, Cream. S.G. Solids. not Fat. Fat, Ash, 46 Short Horn Red 5 weeks 2 2 3 1033 1380 10.50 3.30 '73 47 Fricsland Black & White 4 months 4 6 3 1033 12.42 9.99 2.43 -7s 48 Short Horn Roan 4 ...7 6 6 1032 13.68 10.20 3.48 '76 49 ... ... 3 ..I 5 6 10 iOX3 14.30 10.20 4-10 . i s 50 Half Irish Red and white 17 days 5 6 5 1032 13.84 10 54 3.30 '76 lil Short Horn Roan 9 weeks 6 6 G 1031 13.16 9.85 3.31 -74 52 Half Ayrshire Red 8 days 4 4 10 1034 16.60 11.64 4.96 *86 53 I-Ialf Scotch ...5 months 4 5 8 1030 14.25 10.22 4.06 *75 54 Short Born Roan 2 ... 5 6 12 1030 14-40 lO*SO 3.60 -74 55 ... .*. 17 days 3 4 9 1035 13.04 10.30 2.74 -GO 66 Irish ... 17 ... 20 mths4 8 1033 13.50 10.30 3.20 * i s No. 4 Dairy-Mr. Webster, Sedgley Hall Farm, Prestwich. 20 COTS, Nay 14th, t o 17th, 1877. Stall-fed. Hay, grass, brewers' grains, and Indian meal. Out in the fields for 6 hours a da-j-.Provender before milking. Qts. of Total Solids Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk. Cream. S.G. Solids. not Pat. Fat. Ash, 57 Short Horn Roan 7 months 6 3 17 1030 13.80 9.67 4.13 .77 58 ... ... 7 ... 5 4 9 1032 12'03 9.43 2.60 -83 59 ... ... 4 ... 5 7 11 1031 14.50 10-25 4-26 *?6 60 ... Red & White 4 ... 6 3 12 1032 14.36 10.20 4.16 -78 61 ...Roan 6 ,.. 7 7 6 1033 13.50 10.40 3.20 -83 62 ... ... 7 ... 7 3 10 1031 13.40 10.20 3.20 -74THE ANALYST. 159 Breed. 63 ... 64 ... 65 ... 66 ... 67 ... 68 ... 69 ... 70 ... 71 ... 72 ... 73 ... 74 ... 'Is ... C r l a ... Colour. Blue Roan Roan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 9 ... ... 6 4 6 13 5 13 4 7 10 5 13 18 7 5 Q?. of Calved. Age. Nilk. Cream. ... 8 7 13 6 . . 5 7 7 .. I 9 4 10 ... 7 3 12 ... 6 7 7 ... 8 4 21 ... 6 7 9 . a . 8 5 8 ... 7 4 9 ... 6 4 10 ... 8 2 ... ... 12 3pts.13 ... 2 2 13 ... 5 4 17 5. G. 1031 1032 1032 1032 1033 1030 1031 1034 1033 1031 1030 1033 1030 1032 Total Solids. 14.22 13.14 14-00 12.85 13-10 17.04 13-22 15.12 14.00 14-70 14.10 13-62 15.18 1'2.82 Solids not Fat. 10.30 10.00 10.40 10.13 10.20 10.21 10.10 11.20 10 38 9.60 10.00 10.30 9-62 10.43 Fat.Ash. 3.92 *75 3.14 '75 3.60 *75 2.72 -77 2.90 *75 6.83 -8.5 3.12 *79 3.92 -83 3.62 -86 3.19 -86 4.70 -75 3.80 -73 4.00 -83 4-75 -80 No. 5 Dairy-Two cows which came from Westmoreland and Yorkshire, May lbth, 1877. Food of No. 1 cow. Hay, oatmeal and bran. No. 2. Hay, corn and grass, Provender at milking. Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk. Cream.S.G. Solids. not Fat. Fat. Ash. 77 Short Horn Roan 10 days 4 6 7 1032 13.20 9.25 3-95 -75 78 ... Red &White 15 ... 6 7 11 1030 12.80 9.70 3-10 -72 Qts. of Total Solids No. 6 Dairy-Wr. Partington, Bronghton Farm, Kersal, 19 cows. May 28th to 30th. Cows out in the fielde. Provender after milking. Beans meal, Indian meal and grains. Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Nilk. Cream. S.G. Solids.not Pat. Fat. Ash. 79 Short Horn Roan 12 months. 6 2 ... 1036 18-00 12.48 6.52 *86 80 ... Red 2 ... 3 3 9 1033 13.62 10-12 3-50 -68 81 ... Roan 7 ... 4 3 9 1032 14.32 10.35 3-97 *72 82 ... 7 ... 4 3 9 1030 14.20 9.72 4.48 -74 83 ... Ii'e'd & White 5 ... 6 3 9 1033 14.12 10.35 3.77 *76 84 ... Roan 4 ... 6 3 13 1032 14.78 10.14 4.64 -78 85 Red & White 7 ... 6 2 12 1034 14.54 10.71 3.83 082 86 ...Roan 2 ... 3 3 5 1032 13.22 9.74 3-48 *71 57 ... 1.. 6 .. 8 4 11 1030 13.32 9.18 4-14 a70 88 ... ... 4 ... 3 3 6 1032 13 60 9.85 3.76 '72 89 ... 3 ... 7 5 9 1033 13-40 10.21 3.19 *74 92 ... ... 12 ... 7 2 13 1031 13.50 10.30 3-20 '72 93 ... Roan 4 ... 7 5 10 1032 13-70 9.84 3.86 -76 94 ... ... 4 ... 7 4 11 1034 13.90 10.30 3-60 -78 95 ... 4 ... 5 5 9 1031 12.50 9.30 3.20 -70 97 Irish ...3 ... 6 4 3 1034 13.32 10.05 3.27 *73 No. 7 Dairy-Three cows from Westmoreland, Yorkshire and Lrincashire, bought Qts. of Total Solids 90 ReB & M'hite 3 ... 6 3 10 1033 14.00 10.30 3.70 -74 91 Irish"' Red 3 ... 7 3 18 1030 13-74 10.14 3*6@ *81 96 Yorkshire R e d & White 7 ... 6 3 12 1032 13-58 10.03 3.56 '74 by MI-. Green, and fed by the same food given to his own cows.Qts. of Total Solids Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk, Cream, S.G. Solids. not Fat. Fat. Ash. 98 Short Horn. Roan 4 days 5 6 13 1033 14.58 10.06 4.52 -83 99 ... 5 ... 9 10 16 1033 16.86 11.00 5-86 -80 Cows 100 H a l f ' k s h ... 6 ... 7 5 14 1036 15.70 11.56 4.14 -88 No. 8 Dairy, Mr. Finall, Kersal Moor Farm. Five cows, June 8th, 18'71. out t o grass, provender a t milking.Indian meal and brewers' grains. Qts. of Total Solids Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk. Cream. S.G. Solids. not Fat. Fat. Ash. 101 Short Horn Red 4 months 6 5 10 1031 13.70 10.10 3.60 *78 102 ... Roan 4 ... 6 6 6 1032 14.50 10.17 4.33 '73 103 ... ... 2 ... 4 6 5 1033 13.00 9.92 3.08 *73 104 ... ... 2 ... 4 7 7 1032 18-26 9-61 3.65 '73 106 ... ... 1 ...6 7 7 1032 12.50 9.50 3.00160 THE ANALYST. No. 9 Dairy-Cows from Long Preston, in Yorkshire, June 12th, 1877. Out in the fields. Provender at milking. Bean meal, and brewer’s grains. The first two COWS had travelled 50 miles by rail and road. Qts. of Total Solids Breed. Colour. Calved, Age. Milk. Cream. S.G. Solids, not Fat. Fat. Ash. 106 Short Horn Roan 1 day 5 5 10 1033 12.33 9-73 2-60 -82 107 , ..1 day 6 5 14 1638 15.07 11-83 3.24 .90 108 ... ... 9 days 6 6 12 1033 13.87 10.16 3.71 ‘78 109 ... Red & White 4 ... 5 9 12 1029 12.55 8.91 3.64 -68 110 ... White 2 .*. 6 6 10 1034 13.70 10-48 3.22 *90 No. 10 Dairy-Mr. Edge, Gordon Street, Lower Broughton, June 19th, 1877. Theee cows are Food consists of pen meal, Weather was very hot. atall-fed all the year round, and never go out to grass.mangel wurzel, hay, brewers’ grains, and Grirnshaw’s condiment. Temperature of the Shippon about 80° F. Qts. of Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk. Cream, S.G. 111 Short Horn Roan 3 months 6 9 7 1032 112 ... ... 15 ... 6 5 9 1033 113 ... ... 6 ... 5 6 4 1034 114 ... ... 5 ... 7 9 5 1031 115 ... ... 3 ... 4 8 5 1032 116 ... White 6 ... 6 8 ...1033 Total Solids. 12.44 13.44 14.18 12.46 12-90 13.38 Solids not Fat. Fat. Ash. 9.37 3.07 $80 10.00 3.44 ‘74 10.62 3.56 -76 9.15 3.31 *80 9.45 3.45 ‘74 9.80 3.58 *74 No. 11 Dairy-Two cows from Yorkshire, two from West Houghton, June 22nd, 1877. Food out in the fields. Provender at milking. Neal and brewers’ grains. Qts. of Total Solids Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk. Cream.S.G. Solids. not Pat. Fat. Ash. 117 Short Horn Roan 3 days 6 6 10 1032 14.40 10.00 4-40 m82 nut known, beeu 118 6 . . ... Incalflmonth G 2 6 1031 15.50 9.20 4.30 *78 119 ... ... 1 week 6 5 12 1032 14.60 9-52 5.08 .7S 120 ... ... 10 months 6 3 pints ... 1032 14.00 9.81 4’19 +76 Cows out in the fields. Provender No. 12 Dairy-Yorkshire cows, July 2nd, 1877. at time of Milking, bean meal, and brewers’ grains.Last ats. of Breed. Colour, Calved. Age. Milk. Cream. 1.21 Short Horn Roan 5 weeks 6 5 11 122 ... ... 7 days 6 5 11 123 ... White 10 days 6 G 7 124 ... Bed & white 5 days 5 8 ... 125 ... Roan not known 4 4 6 136 ... ... 2 weeks 6 7 10 Total S.G. Solids. 1031 13.10 1031 15.25 1031 13-64 1032 15.50 1032 13.60 1033 14.44 Solids not Fat. Fat. Ash. 9-52 3-58 -74 1OaO6 5.23 ‘74 9 78 3.86 -70 10.17 5.33 a74 10.20 3-40 973 10.30 4’14 *76 No.I 3 Dairy--Eight COWS bought hy Mr. Green, of Kcrsal Old Farm. The cows had travelled 50 miles, from Noytli of Laneashire. Out in the fields tlt grass. Provender at time of milking, b ~ a u meal, brcwrix’ grains, July 19th, 1877. 1.as t Qts. of Total Breed. Colour. Calved. Age. Milk. Cream. S.G.Solids. 127 Short Horn Roan 1 day 5 9 21 1034 16.50 128 ... Light Roan 4 days 5 6 9 10.35 13.6s 129 ... Roan Half-an-hour 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ , P $ ~ f 48 1054 29.48 13C ... ... 1 hour 5 1 pint milk ... 1075 33.40 131 ... Red 1 day 5 G 7 1042 14.44 132 ... Roan 1 ... 4 6 13 1039 15.24 133 ... ... 4 days 6 5 17 1033 16.14 134 . I . .., 5 ... 6 10 5 1033 15.68 Sol3ds not Fat. 12.27 10.80 20.54 31.47 13.20 12.80 10.80 10.54 Fat.Ash. 4423 *78 2.88 090 8-91 - 9 1 1.93 1.118 1-24 ‘75 2.44 -79 5.34 9 8 5.16 *88THE ANALYST. 161 NO. 14 Dairy-Sixteen cows from a Stockport farm, Out in the fields all day, but Provender at time of milking, bean meal, Indian corn, brewers’ The milk from the 16 cows was put into one can, I had it throughly stirred up, taken in at night. grains. and thcn 1 took my sample.Total Solids by weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.22 Solids not fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.43 Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.79 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *70 Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032 Cream by volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 No. 15 Dniry-Two cows. Out in the fields in the day-time. Provender at milking. Brewers’ grains, oil cake, bean flour. October 20th, 1877. Qts. of Total Solids Breed. Colonr. Calved. Age. Milk. Cream. S.G. Solids. not Fat. Fat. Ash. 151 Short Horn Roan 2 months. 6 4 10 1035 14-00 10.48 3.62 -82 152 ... ... 15 ... 5 3 8 1033 13.92 10.37 3.55 -81 No. 16 Dairy-Twenty-five cows.These cows were bought in Yorkshire by Mr. Green of Rersal Old Farm. I saw the cows milked, and I thoroughly mixed the milk in the large can before taking my sample, October 20th, 1877. Out in the fields in the day time. ProvenCcr at milking, brewers’ grains, bean flour and hay. Total Solids ... ... ... 14.120 Solids not F a t , , . ... ... 10.460 F a t ... ... ... ... 3.660 Ash ...... , .. ... *s10 Specific Gravity ... ... ... 1033 Cream by Volume ... ... ... 10 No. 17 Dairy.-John Graham, Rigby Street, Higher Broughton. November 5th, 1877. Pood consists of hay, brewers’ grains, bean meal, and bran. Provender while milking. The cows have calved from 5 weeks t o 7 months ; one cow, the former assured me, had not calved for two years, and was still giving good milk.By weight. Total Sclids. Solids not Fat. Fat. Ash. 13.7 909 3.8 ‘77 Eight cows. Short horn out t o grass for two hours in the day. Cream .., 11.5 Specific gravity ... 10.33 The following table gives the uuinluer of cows t o each dairy, with the composition I n the previous tables the percentage has been given upon of tho milk by weight. 100 C.C. of milk. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 corvs.20 25 11 20 2 19 3 5 5 6 4 G 6 16 2 25 8 Total Solid Jlattcr. 13.6 12.7 13-5 13.5 12.6 13.5 15-2 13.0 13.1 12.7 13.7 14.2 14.8 13.2 13.6 13.7 13.7 Solids not Fat. 10.0 9 6 10.1 9.8 9.2 9.8 10.5 9.6 9-9 9.4 9.3 10.0 11.3 9.4 10.1 10.1 9.9 Fat. 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.7 4.7 3.4 3.2 3.3 4-4 4.2 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.5 -38 Ash * *80 -77 *75 -77 -7 1 *73 *8 1 -13 *79 ‘75 *76 ’73 -7s *70 -79 -7s -77162 THE ANALYST.On examining these tables it will be seen how variable the quantity of cream is as given by the creamometer, in some cases of very rich milks no cream or only a very small quanity was shown by this instrument. This is a very strong proof how utterly untrustworthy is this test. I f we take milks numbers 2, 20, 46, 73, 115 and others from the list it is seen that these have not shown miich cream by the creamometcr, but actual analysis proved that they were first class milks.Therefore t o take the volume of the cream, as an indicator whether the milk is good or bad, is so faIlacious that this test ought not for one moment to be entertained, because if a milk exhibits a small volume of cream, watering the sample to the extent of 50 per cent.will increase the volume. There have been some who have acted in the defence of the milkman, and hare urged as an excuse for the poorness of the milk sold, that it was due to the milk being sold late in the day, and that the milk on standing had thrown up its cream and the customers who came at the sixth and ninth hours of the day had carried off the cream in the milk supplied to them, whereas the unfortunate ones who came at the eleventh hour could only obtain the impoverished article, because the milkman had omitted to stir up each time he served out a portion.I have put this statement to the test, and the following experiments will shorn that the customers at the sixth, ninth, and eleventh hours are all practically treated equally.One day in July I bought two gallons of milk. I analysed it and found 100 C.C. to have the composition of Total Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-30 Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.70 Solids, not Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.60 The milk was put in the cellar, and at every hour from nine o'clock in the morning till twelve O ' C ~ O C ~ at night, one pint of milk was taken out at the commencement of each hour, and a portion of each pint was analysed. I n taking out the pint, great care was taken not t o stir the milk; the measure was simply dipped into the milk and taken out.The whole experiment was conducted throughout in the favour of the milkman, and according to these experiments it is more advantageous for customers to be late than early.Total Solids. Fat. 8 o'clock i n thc ~noniiii; . . . . . . . . . 12.30- ... 2-70 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.68 ... 3'08 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-68 ... 3.08 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.70 ... 3.10 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.70 ... 3.10 1 p.m. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.24 ... 2-64 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YNO ... 2.70 :3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.28 2.68 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.88 ... 3-25 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.80 ... 3.28 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.40 ... 2.80 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.54 ... 2.94 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 12.30 ... 2.70 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 12.48 ... 2.88 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.88 ... 3.28 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.60 ... 3.00 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-90 ... 3.30 The Society of Public Bnalysts has suggested that skim milk shall contain at least nine per cent. of total solids. From my experience this per centage is far too low, and I believe that it is not possible to find skim milk which has been obtained from ordinary genuine ...nTHE .ANALYST. milk that will give so lorn an amount of total solids as nine per cent. obtained from the following milks after they had stood from twelve to twenty hours :-- My samples mere Fresh Milk. Skim Milk. Fresh Milk. Skim Milk. Total Solids. Total Solids. Total Solids, Total Solids, 13’10 . . . . . 9-70 29.48 . . . . . . 21.28 15.28 . . . . . . 10.48 33.40 . . . . . . 31.20 1364 . . . . . . 10.04 14.44 ...... 13 84 15%0 . . . . . . 10*80 15.24 ...... 12.84 13.60 . . . . . . 11.00 16.14 . . . . . . 11.30 14-44 . . . . . . 10.64 15.65 ...... 12.08 16.50 . . . . . . 12.90 12-90 . . . . . . 10.80 13.68 . . . . . . 11.68 12-50 ...... 9.54 14.12 . . . . . . 10.68 14.00 . . . . . . 10.81 13.90 . . . . . . 10.80 The analyses of the milk of 183 COWS (excluding the two cows numbers 129 and 130, whose milk was in the abnormal state) gives an average of- Total Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-60 Solids not Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-90 Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 The foregoing tables, which have been compiled with the most scrupulous care, appear to prove that all pure dairy milk should show at least a specific gravity of 1030 total solids, 12 per cent., and ash -70 ; therefore the standard at present fixed by tho Society of Public Analysts does not inflict any hardship upon the milk dealers, but on the contrary allows them to water milk to the extent of ten or even twenty per cent.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200155

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE .ANALYST. ON A NEW METHQD FOB THE ESTIMATION OF SULPHURIC ACID I N VINEGAR, &c. BY W. C. YOUNG, F.C.P. Read hefore the Society of Public AmdystS ojz 14th Nol;ember, 1877. THE methods most commonly used for the determination of sulphuric acid in vinegar consist in either estimating the total sulphuric acid as sulphate of barium and deducting from it the amount found as sulphates in the ash, or in taking the acidity of the vinegar after evaporating the acetic acid on B water bath.The first of these methods is open t o the objection that all chlorides present are converted into sulphates, thus taking up part of the eulphuric acid originally present in the free state. I n the second method I have found great difficulty in driving off the acetic acid without charring some of the organic matter and consequently forming sulphurous acid; in addition, the objection t o the former method applies equally to this, as any hydrochloride acid formed by the action of the sulphuric acid upon the chlorides present would be volatilised.It occurred to me to take advantage of the decomposition of chlorides by sulphuric acid to estimate the quantity present by determining the amount of hydrochloric acid liberated.This I do in the following manner:-To 30 C.C. of the vinegar under examination is added an excess of chloride of barium and the liquid made up to any convenient bulk; in one-third of the liquid (which is equal to 10 c c. of the vinegar) is estimated the total chlorine by standard solution o f nitrate of silver after carsfully164 THE ANALYST.neutralisiag with weak caustic soda solution ; the remaining two-thirds is evaporated to dryness, carefully iminerated, and the chlorine in the ash estimated as before. The difference between the two results calculated for the same quantity of vinegar is due to hydrochloric acid volatilised, from which the sulphuric acid may be deduced by calculation. I have made many trials of this method and have obtained uniformly exact results, i t takes but a short time and indicates only the free sulphuric acid added. It is of course applicable to lime juice or lemon juice.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200163

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

164 THE ANALYST. METHODS OF SEPARATING SALICYLIC ACID. BY A. WJNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S. Rend bPfore the Xocicty of Pu6lic AnaZyysts on 14th November, 1877. SALICYLIC ACID can be separated by (1) dialysis, (2) sublimation, (3) ether acting 011 an acid solution. Dr. Muter has already described this method, and ha3 also gii-cn n process for the colorimetric estimation% of salicylic acid. On placing a little of the pure acid between two watch gltlsscs, and heating for even a few minutes on the water bath at 100QC, the upper giass is clouded by silky crystals, which she-s that solutions containing the acid must not be evaporated to dryness at that temperature.Placed in the subliming cell I have already described? salicylic acid begins to give n sr:nnty sublimite as low as 60.5 C, whilst at 100pC sublimation is rapid.Sublimation at these low temperaturea does not, however, take place in flasks, closed tubes, or the like vessels. I have not succeeded in getting a decided sublimate at lOOoC i n a closed tube. Struck, however, with its low subliming temperature I have attempted t o distil it over from beer. A milligramme was dissolved in 100 C.C. of beer, and the beer distilled t o dryness, 110 salicylic acid came over until the residue was apparently dry; then the drops from the delivery tube gave a distinct colouration with ferric chloride, but the whole of It was uot obtained.On using, however, a globular flask without a neck, furnished with n very short jvide delivery tube, and the whole immersed almost entirely in a spermaceti bath, and towards the end of the operation passing a stream of purificd coal gas through the flask, most of the salicylic acid distilled over at a temperature approaching 149OC.Salicylic acid is very soluble in ether, it does not take tile acid up from an aqueous, alkaline solution, but if the solution be strr>ngly acidified by ClH, the removal is complete. A simple experiment will show this; if t o a solution of salicylic acid in a test tube C1H is added, then shaken up with ether, alld lastly tested with ferric chloride ; the lower stratum of liquid will not show a trace of the well-known purplish colour.Advantage of this fact can be taken in the testing of' yarious fluids, such as beer, &c. The beer is first concentrated to a small bulk acidified with C1H and shaken up with ether, the latter removed and evaporated in the usual way.(1) Dialysis. (2) Sublimation. (3) Extraction by EtJw. * Analyst p. 193. 1877. .t- Analyst, p. 38. 1877.THE ANALYST. 165 - Milk cannot be manipulated so simply, and merely shaking up with ether, after adding ClH, will scarcely succeed. I find it best to concentrate the milk first at 100°C, and then at GOOC, until it is in a pasty condition. Repeated treatment with ether will now dissolve out both fat and salicylic acid, and after evai2oration of the ether the salicylic acid is separated from the fat by obvious methods.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200164

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 165 LAW REPORTS. (BEFORE MR. JUSTICE FRY.) THE ATTORNEY-GENBItAL '0. THE GAS LJGHT AND COHE COMPANY. This was an information a t the relation of the West Ham Local Board to restrain the Gas Light and Coke Company from carrying on business at their works a t Canning Town so as to cause a public nuisance. The nuisance complained of arose from the discharge of sulphuretted hydrogen from gas lime during the process of moving it.The defendants did not deny the nuisance, but they raised a defence which amounted to a claim to a statutory power to commit the nuisance. They alleged that under their own Acts and the various Metropditaii Gas Acts, and the requisitions of the referees appointed undor those Acts, they are bound to produce gas of a certain degree of purity with reference to sulphur compounds ; that they are bound to eliminate from the gas they supply to the metropolis sulphur compounds to such an extent as to render it practically impossible for them to carry on their works without discharging the noxious gas complained of.The hearing of the action has occupied nearly three days ; many witnesses (chiefly scientific) have been examined; and the tiny, dark court has been crammed; consequently, notwithstanding the utmost endeavours to procure proper ventilation, the sanitary conditions of the court have been most unfavourable.Fortunately it was a case in which it was not necessary to exclude the witnesses (not actually under examination) and turn them out i n the rain. Mr. Kay, Q.C., Mr. Aston, Q.C., Mr.Bardswell, and Mr. R. F,. Webster appeared for the plaintiffs; Mr. Bcnjamin, Q.C., Mr. Davey, Q.C., Mr. A. L. Smith, and Alr. Hornell for the defendants. Mr. Justice Fry said that the evidence established that for a great part of the period during which the nuisance was complained of a large part of the noxious vapour was due to the shovelling and disturbance of gas-lime which the defendants had taken to their BromIey works from their two other gasworks.Dr. Odling, one of the defendant's own witnesses, estimated the proportion at one-half ; the defendants would have no statutory justification for this proceeding, and the plaiotiff would be entitled to an injunction on this grouild. His Lordship, i n construiug the various Acts of Parliament which had been referred to gave his opinion that the liability of the company in respect of nuisance was exprcssly kept on foot.But, apart from that consideration, he thought the defendants had not shown that they had adopted all the means in their power to prevent the nuisance. The referees, officers appointed under the Gas Acts, had in the discharge of their duties fixed a standard of purity, such that, in their opinion, the gns companies, in the present state of gas engineering, could practically attain without the necessity of injuring any one ; and therefore there rested on the defendants the burden of showing that they had adopted t h e best means of preventing the nuisance.In his opinion they had failed to discharge that burden, and an injunction166 THE ANALYST.~ must be granted, not merely limited to the foreign lime from other works. A period of three months’ grace was allowed to enable the Gas Company to devise better means of taking their used-up lime from the purifiers and to remove it.-Tiilizcs. ~IEAJIY I’m-kLTY FOR IXrPumrrr IN GAS.-& Worship Street, the Commercial Gas COtnpany, of Stepney, appeared to an adjourned summons requiring them to show cause why a warrant of distress should not be iFsued to recover the sum of $400, being eight pcnalties of f 5 0 each, for having on eight days supplied gas of a less purity than allowed by the Act of the Company.Mr. ,Resley, instructed by Mr. spencer, appeared on behalf of the Board of Works to support the summonses ; Mr. Rced appeared for the Company.Mr. Besley said that he appeared to ask the magistrate to issue a warrant of distre,ss against the Company for the recovery of eight penalties of 250 each, for Ivhich they were liable under the Act of Parliament 38 and 39 Vic., cap. 200 (the private Act of the Company), I n this case the defendant Company had on the 15th, 17th, lSth, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 24th days of September last, supplied gas of less purity than allowed by the Act of Parliament.The quality of the gas supplied was determined by officers called gas referees, who from time to time fixed the ~naximzcm of impurity at which gas was to he supplied. In this case the impurity complained of was an excess of ammonia over that which the referees had fixed as the maximzcnz. The fact was known to the defendant Company from the report of the examiner.They had not appealed to the chief gas examiner, and the penalties were, therefore, recoverable against them by distress warrant. Mr. Besley also pointed out that the Act gave the magistrate no power to mitigate the penalities, and added that the question had arisen whether the issuing the warrant of distress was not really an ex parte proceeding in which the Company were not entitled to be heard. A clerk from the office of the Metropolitan Board of Works then proved that Mr.Edmin Adenbrook was the appointed gas examiner at the Parnell road testing-house of the Commercial Gas Company. Rlr. Adenbrook proved testing the gas supplied through the testing-house from the works of the defendant Company, and produced his certificates of such testing, Mr.Charles Fry, principal assistant in the Solicitoi’s Department of the Metropolitan Board of Works, produced thc certificate of the gas referees appointing the quality of the gas to be supplied. From this it appeared that the viaximwn of ammonia allowed was 20.5 grains per 100 cubic feet. Mr. Hannay examined the certificates of the gas examiner, and said there were some four, some five, and some three in exccss.Mr. Keed cross-examined the witness Adenbrook, who said that the testing extended over 20 hours, as required by the Act. Ire had supplied a copy of the certificates to the Secretary of the Company, and by courtesy, one to the Engineer. In the latter he had marked the excess of ammonia by underlining the figures, and he considered that sufficient notice.For the defence, Mr. Reed said he should have to make an objection to the jurisdiction of the court, the Company’s Works being out of the jurisdictim. Mr. Hannay overruled the objection, Mr. Besley pointing out that the testing station where the offences werc shown was within the district of the court. Mr. Xeed took a further objection, that the notice given to the Company was insuificient under the Act, but this was also overruled. Mr.Hannay said that upon the facts proved, he could only order the warrant to issue for the penalties claimed, &loo. -Times. ATTEMPTING TO BRIBE AN ANALYsT.-Benjamin Hirkham, dairyman, 26, Charlotte street, Blackfriars Road, was summoned before Mr. Partridge by the sanitary inspector of’ St.Saviour’s Board of TVorks, for selling milk adulterated to the extent of 12 per cent. of water. Mr. Simpson, Vestry Clerk, prosecuted. Mr. Errington proved the purchase of the milk on Monday the 5th, and taking a sample to Dr. Eernays, of St. Thomas’ Hospital, for analysis. Dr. Bernays said that soon after the sample mas left with him in a sealed bottIe by last witness, defendant came into the laboratory and said it was not a fair sample of his milk, and, thrusting a half-sovereign into his hand, asked him to make a favourable analysis.Witness threw the coin away and told him he should analyse i t in the usual way. Witness afterwards analysed it and found it to be adulterated with 1 2 per cent of water. The defendant said he was ill a t the time and left the charge of the milk to his man.As for the half-sovertign lie tendered it to Dr. Bernays for the trouble he had put him to on previous occasions. Mr. Errington mas recalled, and, in answer to Nr. Simpson, said that the defendant was fined 6;5 in 1875. Charles Hill, 9, Little Charlotte Street, and Thomas Bevan, Nelson Square, dairynxn, were each fined 40s.and costs for a similar offence.-Tiiizes. ADULTERATED IIoNEY.-At the Central Police Court before Mr. Gemmel, Stipendiary. Malcolm Campbell, grocer, 89, George Street, was charged under the Adulteration Act 1875, section 6, with having, on the 22nd August, sold to Alexander Johnston Walker, Food Inspector of the Sanitary Department, three jars of honey, which were not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded.Campbell pleaded not guilty, and evidence was led, Mr. Walker stating that on the day in question he saw in the window of defendant’s shop a ticket setting forth that pure comb honey was sold in jars. He entered the shop and bought three of the jars paying 94d. each for them. Campbell was then told that they would be analysed, and Walker offered to leave a portion of it with him.Campbell declined to receive it, and JITalker sealed up the sample, which was sent to Dr. Clarke for analysis. Dr. Clarke stated that he had analgsed the satuple, and found it contained 57 per cent. of glucose, a preparation from starch. Campbell said in l l r , Partridge fined the defendant $10 and costs.THE ANALYST. 167 defence that the honey was sent to him warranted to be genuine American honey, and he believed it to be so.The Stipendiary, however, found the charge proven, and imposed a penalty of 62 with the alternative of 7 days’ imprisonment.-Glasggow Evening Citizefi. HEAVY PENALTY FOR MILK ADULTERATION -John Adams, farmer and milk contractor, Southall, who supplied milk to the St. Marylebone parochial schools, was summoned before the Brentford magibtrates, for selling adulterated milk. Of two samples of milk obtained from the defendant’s cart, one was certified by Dr.Redmod to contain 19 per cent. of added water, and the other 16 per cent. Mr. John Paton, superintendent of the schools, statcd that the defendant had held the contract for the milk supply for four or five years.The consumption amounted to about 160 gallons per week, and the defendant’s account reached the large sum of 6900, or 21,000 per year. By the terms of his contract he was bound to supply ‘*good, genuine, unadulterated, new milk from the cow.” and the witness had written to him two or three times calling his attention to the qualitF. The chairman (Mr. Glossop) said the case was abad one, because the milk was intended fur children, many of whom wcre weakly and scrofulous, and to whom a good milk diet was essential.Therefore this adulteration was very wicked, and the magidrates had decided to impose a fine of &20, and &2, costs. ADT LTEBATION OF GIN.- At Lanchester Petty Sessions: Joseph TOWIIS, innkeeper, was summoned for selling adulterated giu The magistrates were Mr.Fawcett (chairman), Mr. E. T. Smith, Mr. Clavering, and the Rev. J. P. De Pled‘ge. Superintendent Oliver, the inspector, said, or1 the 18th August, he called a t Mr. Town’s house and obtained a pint of gin, which he divided into three parts, one he sent to Mr. Edgar, the county analyst, whose certificate he now produced, showing that the gin was 30 per cent.under proof. Mr. Granger of Durham, who appeared for the defence, said he did not dispute that the gin was 30 per cent. under proof. The question for the magistrates to decide was whether this was an adul- teration within the meaning of the Act. Mr. Town, the defendant was called, and said the gin which he sold was not reduced in strength. I I e got i t from Mr. Greenwell, and received an excise permit Kith it, Mr.Greenwell, on being called, said he had been in the wine trade 36 years, and during the whole of that time he had been in the habit of selling gin a t 30 per cent. under proof, which he considered a very good strength. Mr. Greenwell: From 17 to 22 under proof. W e never buy any stronger than 22. H e comidered that gin 22 under proof was better than 17 under proof.Mr. Hearn, Supervisor of Excise, Durham, said he had been connected with the trade upwards of 20 years, having been in it a t Liverpool, Dublin and London. He considered 30 per cent. under proof was a fair saleable article. The Chairman: Suppose you asked for a glass of gin nhat strength mould you expect to get it?-Mr. Hearn said he should not expect to get it any lower than 30.The Chairman: You consider 30 per cent. under proof is a good eomniercial article ? Mr. Wilson : Yes. The magistrates then retired. On their return, Mr. Clavering said they had decided to convict. Defendant was fined 10s. and costs. The Chairman said : Because the decision has not come from the chair, it will naturally be supposed that I disagree with the other magistrates.I am sorry to disagree with my brother magistrates a t any time, but I do not agree with them in the present judgment, Mr. De Pledge: What is gin geneially mede a t ? Mr. Plimsoll, 11 P., was present a t a temperance meeting at Derby last month, and in the course of his remarks said,--“ I have long held the opinion that a great deal of the crime which is attributed to intoxica- tion in this country is not so much owing to the quantity of drink which the criminal has consumed as to the abominable adulteration by which the drink has been treated before it was sold to him.There are certain classes of people in London, I am informed-certain classss of tradesmen who are called publicans’ chemists, who sell articles by which the spirits which they receive from the distilleries are adulterated, to the great injury of the people who consume them, and it is impossible to see the almost total absence of intoxication which you may see on the Continent, where every one drinks the light wines of the country, without being convinced that the poople are intoxicated-which means poisoned, as distinct from inebriated which means drunk-that they are hero intoxicated or poisoned by the drink they get a t some of the public houses in the country.Aa to spirits I know very little, but I do happen to know that salt is used very strongly by common brewers in the country with the distinct purpose-I speak deliberately because I speak of things I know-with the distinct object of making the people who drink the beer thirsty.I have known a case in which a large load of salt, some 70 or 80 tons, was taken to a large brewery in one town in the Midland Counties, and if that is the case i t is a frightful fraud and a wicked sin ; and if a person drinks a pint or half a pint of ale in a reasonable manner, to satisfy thirst, and he or she finds him or herself a short time afterwards as thirsty as before, if they are unwilling to take water, as we know they are, they must drink again or bear the thirst.I felt this so strongly that when the Act of 1872 was before the House of Commons I obtained a scheh.de of the things prohibited to be used in the manufacture of liquor, and it may be instructive to this meeting to know what Parliament did prohibit in that schedule. I n Committee, I strove, and strove hard, to have the use of salt in breweries prohibited along with the use of other things, but I was resistcd verj stoutly indeed by soiiie members of‘ Parliarueilt who mere interested in brewing, not by my colleague, and they I think it is a wicked thing which it is impossible should be allowed.168 THE ANALYST. declared over and over again that it was not used, and the divisions that a e r e taken were carried against me.But in the coursc of the debate they had contcnded that it was not used, and when the Bill came up for third reading I put it that if they did not use it, the prohibition of its use couId do them no harm, and I moved for the recommittal of the Bill, and had this matter put in as a prohibited article. A very short time after that, however, a, deputation of brewers waited on the gome Secretary, who had power to vary the schedule, and though i t wns stated in the Housc of Commons over and over again that salt was not uwd, their appeal to the I-Iomc Secretary was, that beer mould not kcep without salt was used, and they succeeded in obtaining sanction for its use in limited quantities.I always like to speak from the book, and so I went to the Housc of Commons’ librsry to see if I could find the Order of Council author- iziog this, but the library was colt1 and I was warm, and I could not stag long enough to fin6 out whether it was authorized or not, so I cannot say ; but in the 37th and 38th Victoria, cap.48, sec. 33, passed two ycars afterwards, the whole of the four clauses on the Bill of 1872 making adulteraticn criminal, and providing for tlte punishment of those whu had adulterated, and the schedule of things prohibited were all repealed by the Goveriiment which is now in power.I t will give you an idea of somc of the things that are used if‘ I read to you the schediile of the things prohibited, and which x-e may, therefore, assume were used, for I don’t sulqiose Parliament, or the Government, would prohibit these things u3lcss they had good reason for knowing they were used. In the 35th and 36th Victoria the following tliiiqs are mcntimed:- ‘ Cocculus indicus, darnel seed, chloridc of sodium ’ which is, of CcIme, common salt--‘ coppcras, opium, strychnine, tobacco, extract of logwood, sulphate of zinc or lead, nnd alum, or any extract or compound of the above ingredients,’ these were the things prohibited. I f any one is fond of his glass and thinks i t does him good, I would have him bcar that list in mind. I think the temperance societies might possibly- I subniit the suggestion with much defcrence-do some good if they were to try to obtaiv an authoritative exposition of some of those things, and if they cannot secure the punishment of those who use them they may a t least secure their exposure.”-Times.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN877020165b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

168 THE ANALYST. NOTES O F THE MONTH. MILKMEN appear to think that analysts belong to the same category as detectives, and that for a consideration they may be induced to depart from the strict line which their duty lays out for them. We do not suppose that Dr. Bernays went quite so far as the paragraph in the Tinzes, states as to throw away the coin with which Nr. Kirkham presented him, but it is clear that notwithstanding the tender of half a sovereign, which of course he indignantly refused, Dr.Bcrnays found that Rlr. Kirkham’s milk was adulterated, and in consequence Mr. Partridge fined the latter person $10 and costs. It is perhaps rather significant, and may scrre as a warning t o other peccant milkmen, if we point out that two more of the fraternity were summoned a t the same time for a similar offence, but not having attempted to bribe the analyst, were only fined 40s.each. On the whole it must have been rather an expensive morning’s work for Mr. Kirkham, and we can only hope that he was satisfied with it. The analysts at Somersct House seem to have an irresistible tendency to over- estimate everything. They have already succeeded in finding ‘78 per cent.of ash in milk where several other annljsts could only find -72 ; they have also in eeyeral cases found more milk in a mixture of milk and water than any experienced analyst pitted against them could find, and now thcy have caFpcd their work by finding 13 grains of alum per 4-lb. loaf where three public analysts, who presumably had had ten-fold thcir experience, had only succeeded in finding 10 grains.Really it looks as if they lired in such a cloud of smoke a t Somerset House that the ashes must drop into their crucibles and make the results heavier. Gin cases are going on all over t’he country, and conTictions are most frequently obtained ; and thc publicans, we are glad to see, are adopting the common sense mode of labelling their bottles as a mixture of dilute spirit, but this, although a step in theTHE ANALYST.169 right direction is not sufficient ; they must not only say it is diluted but what the degree of dilution is. There can be no possible reason why a publican should get off free whilst a milkman is fined for a similar offence. Mr. Plirnsoll, N.P., appcm t o have taken a fancy to teetotal meetings, and has been reviving the fallacies which Lord Truro publishcd in the Times a few weeks since, that the irijarious effect of stimulants is caused inaiilly by the adulterants which arc added to them.It is a great pity that a man who has done a really good work in a special line which he has laid out for himself should trespass upou matters about which he knows nothing, and should therefore uiake such mistakes as are contained in his recent speech at Derby.As to salt in Seer our readci*s will remember what Re said last month about it, and soac will probably be prepared for the sequel. The beer from a number of public-houses in one of the London districts, which for the last three years has averaged less than 15 grains of salt per gallon, has since the recent certificate of Messrs.Bell, Bannister & Co., suddenly increased to from 65 to ’75 grains per gnllon. Wc are quite sure our readers will view with satisfaction the statemcnt that one o€ these adulterators was summoned and fined, but did not think it worth while to appeal t o Somerset House, because when his wife was put into the witness-box she acknowledged having thrown a handful of salt into the barrel of beer. This case is an illustration of the necessity for the amendment of the Act of Parliament to the extent of making the publication of the convictions com- pulsory. At present the payment of a fee is sometimes, as in this case, sufficient to prevent such a misdemeanour from becoming known to the public unless we publish it.It is clear that some change in the lam is necessary.I t is pleasant to note that the German Government are following in the wake of our own, and are about to introduce into their Parliament a Bill for preventing the adultera- tion of food and drugs, and also that they recognise the services which our Society has already rendered in the matter by sending their Commissioner to us first for information.The facts elicited in the discussions which have already taken place will help greatly towards the adoption of the amendments suggested by our Society in the present Act and which will be introduced in the Bill to be brought forward nest session, and not the least important of these i s the confiscation and destruction in certain cases of adulterated articles. We have received several letters with reference t o the question of salt in beer, but have not space to refer to the matterfully this month.We were not aware that the schedule of the Licensing Act was still in force, but from the following quotation it nppears it is. The chemical waters arc! again troubled by analytical disturbances, and several journals have rather gone out of their may to dcscribc the matter in question as 6 i analytical discrepancies.” This is scarcely a fair designation, as will be seen from the facts, which may be thus briefly ect forth.Mr. Gatehouse fouud in a sample of Burton beer 68 grains of common salt to the gallon, while the report from the laboratory at Somerset House shows the presence of 66.5 grains to the gallon, but goes on to say that “the strong Burton beers contain about GO grains of common salt per gallon, solely derived from the water, malt, and hops used.” Now, as regards the analj sis the discrepancy is not very dreadful, but objection may and has been taken against thc additional statement which is quoted abnve.I t is not probable that the water, malt, and hops would furnish so much salt, and this has been placed beycnd doubt by subsequent work couducted by Mr.Gatehouse. The Licensing Act allows the presence of 50 grains of common salt to the gallon of beer, to cover the quantities introduced int:, beer from the sourccs stated ; hence anything above that amount is tairly vicwed as evidence of adulteration. The squabble to which allusion has been made would have been avoided had the Somerset House analysts restricted themselves to the bare analysis.It was anact uT bupererogation to make the additional statement which caube(! the $riel mcc. If analytical and170 THE ANALYST. consulting chemists generally in giving certificates confined themselves more particularly to the facts of their invostigations, and abstained from going into hypothetical reacons and expressing opinions of qualities and things, and instituting cornparisone, such certificates would be less offensive to a healthy professional mind, and admit less of malconstruction or abuse.-~~armaceutioaZ Journal.THE DILUTION o r GIru.-At a meeting of licensed victuallers and wine and spirit merchants, held ycstcrday at York, to consider the recent decisions in refercnce to the adulteration of gin with water, a letter was read from the Chancellor of the Exchequer, stating that it was impossible for him to say just yet \\hat could be done with regard to the subject.The question of the reduction of the strength of gin Ly \vater was not a revenue matter. The Local Gorernment Board were now, he believed, consulting the Inland Revenue Department, and the whole subject would be fully discussed, with a view to determipe whether any legislation mas practicable or desirable.-Eueizing Standavd.The prize offered by the Leipzig Pharmaceutical Association for a trustworthy methsd of butter analysis, has been awarded to Otto Hehner, F.C.S., Public Analyst for the 1.1~ of Wight, and Arthur Allgel], F.R.M.S., Public Analyst for the county of Hants.As one of the stipulations, namely, that the guccessful essay should become the exclusive property of the hsociation could not be fulfilled by Itessrs. Uehner & Angell, their method having teen published some jears ago, and as the examiners, Professors Heintz, Knop & Kohlmann, yet wished to show their appreciation of the method, they presented the Authors with the sum of 150 marks.Mr. Wm. Fredk. Donkin, F.C.S., has becn appointed Public Analyst for the T3orougll Mi-. J. A. Woodhams, has been appointed Public Analyst for Rye, Susscs, in the of Abingdon. place of Nr. W. A. Smith resigned. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications hare been published during the past month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London.1 S i O . Nnino of Patentee. so. 11 71 J. Coquillion . . . . . . 1186 F. A. Bonnefin . . . . . . 1219 J. H. Bald . . . . . . . . . 1300 J. C. Martin . . . . . . 1309 H. A. Bonneville . . . . . . 13.27 P. A. E. Bremond . . . . . . 1368 D. Whitehouse . . . . . . 1392 T. J. Smith . . . . . . . . . 1396 G, 11. Fish .. ... 1402 1405 J.Jackson and T. R. Mellar R. S. Best and R. 1\Iorris ... 1414 J. Eckart . . . . . . . . . 1462 J. Livesey . . . . . ... 1465 J. Hollowa . . . . . . 1536 13. B. Con& . . . . . . 15.56 ITr. L. mise . . . . . . . . . 1663 E. L. Xlayer . . . . . . 1618 F. M. Kalbfleisch . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .*. ... ... Title of Patent. Price. Carburometer for Analyzing Carburets, &c.Utilizing Residual and other Oxides of lron . . . . . . . . . . . . Extracting and Treating Juice from Sugar Canes, &c. Manufacture of White Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydraulic Press for separating Liquids from Solid Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicated Bath’ Apparaks . . . . . . . . . . . . Pickling Sheet Iron for Manufacture of Tin and Terne Plate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus for Compressing Air . . . . . . . . . Sulphates of Sodium and Potassium . . . . . . . . . Evaporating Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Filters for Water and . . . . . . . . . . . . Production of Metallic Silicides . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separating Silyer from Cuprerous Solutions . . . . . . Concentrating Pulphuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Sulphate of Alumina ... . . . . . . . . Preserving Food . . . . . . . . . . . . Preparing Caustic Alkalies and Preparations . . . . . . 6d. 6d. 2d. 6d. Gd. 2d. 8d. 24. G d . 2d. 611. Gd. Gd. 4d. 4d. ed. 4a. 4a. ~ ~~~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~~ BOOES, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist; The Brewers’ Guardian; The British Medical Journal; The Medical Examiner ; The Medical Times and Gazette ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Medical Record ; The Miller ; The Anti-Adulteration Review ; Jcurnal of Applied Science ; 1 hc Country Brewers’ Gazcttc ; Brewing Practically and Scientifically Considered, by E. R. Southby, M,R.C.S. j Preventive Medicine in Relatiou to Public Health, by Allred Carpenter, XD,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770200168

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC