摘要:

International Conference on Analytical ChemistryJune 15-21, 1997Moscow University, Moscow, RussiaAIMSThe objective of the conference is to highlight the most recent developments in the field of analytical science, specifically in thesubject areas identified below. Presentations will be given in the form of plenary and contributed lectures as well as postersessions. It is hoped that the poster sessions will be used to encourage scientists of different generations to exchange ideas andshare experiences in their respective fields.SCOPEThe following major topics will be discussed at the conference:Analytical chemistry: Philosophical aspectPreconcentration (including solid phase extraction)ChemometricsChromatography (GC, HPLC, TLC, IC etc.)and related techniques (CE)Molecular spectroscopy (IR, Raman)Nuclear methodsKinetic methodsBioanalytical chemistryAnalysis of new materials(including high-purity materials)Sampling and sample treatmentOrganic analytical reagentsQuality assurance/quality controlAtomic spectroscopy (absorption emission,Mass spectrometryElectroanalytical methodsExpress test methodsAnalysis of raw materialsAnalysis of food and agricultural productsClinical analysisfluorescence, XRF, lasers)ORGANISING COM MITTEEChairperson, Yu A.ZolotovVice-chairmen, B.F. Myasoedova, V.A. Davankov and V.G. KoloshnikovGeneral secretary, L.N. KolomietsYu A. Karpov, I.N. Kiseleva, P.N. Nesterenko, G.I. Ramendik, O.A. Shpigun, S.I. Sinkov, 1.1. Smirenkina,B.Ya. Spivakov, M.M. ZaletinaINTERNATIONAL SCENTIF IC COMM ITTEEChairman.Yu A. ZolotovF. Adams, BelgiumR. Barnes, USAM. Novotny, USAH. Englehardt, GermanyT. Fujinaga, JapanM. Grasserbauer, AustriaB. Welz, GermanyA. Hulanicki , PolandB. Welz, GermanyE. Mentasti, ItalyB . F. My asoedov , RussiaV .A. Davankov , RussiaH. Frieser, USAE. Pungor, HungaryI. Havesov , BulgariaJ.F.K. Huber, AustriaT Yotsuyanagi, JapanM.I. Karayannis, GreeceCONFERENC E SECRETARIATFor further information please contact :H. Akaiwa, JapanC. Boutron, FranceH. Pardue, USAK. Niemax, GermanyP . G . Zambonin, ItalyI.Kuselman, IsraelS . Tsuge , JapanV.G. Koloshnikov, RussiaG. Werner, GermanyJ.G.H. du Preez, South AfricaJ .A. Perez-Bustamente, SpainL.Sommer, Czech RepublicW. Lindner, AustriaF. Macasek, SlovakiaM. Valiente, SpainH.M. (Skip) Kingston, USAM . Widmer , SwitzerlandYu. A. Karpov, RussiaDr L. N. Kolomiets,Scientific Council on Chromatography RAS, Leninsky Prospect 31, 117915 Moscow, Russia.E-mail : Iarionov@lmm.phyche.msk.suTel: 7 (095) 952 0065; 7 (095) 955 4685 Fax: 7 (095) 952 0065; 7 (095) 952 530I I ytlcaOVER 40YEARS ATTHE TOP!The premier source of current awarenessinformation in analytical chemistry since 1954is NOW EVEN BETTER, providing:Enhanced CoverageImproved CurrencyMore Detailed IndexingComprehensive AbstractsAnalytical Abstracts is also available as anonline and CD-ROM database.You need to keep up to date withdevelopments in analytical science- Analytical Abstracts can help!Contact us today for further information:Business DevelopmentThe Royal Society of ChemistryThomas Graham HouseScience Park, Milton RoadCambridge CB4 4WF, UKTel: +44 (0) 1223 420066Fax: +44 (0) 1223 423429E-mail: MARKETING@ RSC.ORGDTHE ROYALSOCIETY OFCHEMISTRYInformationService

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BP015

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

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"AnalystThe Analytical Journal Of The Royal Society Of ChemistryAssociate Scientific Editors'Chairman: Professor James N. Miller(Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University of Technology, UK)Dr Yngvar Thomassen (Arbeidsmiljo lnstituttet,Oslo, Norway)Professor Colin S. Creaser (Department ofChemistry and Physics, Nottingham TrentUniversity, UK)Professor Pankaj Vadgama (Department ofMedicine, University of Manchester, UK)Professor Malcolm R. Smyth (Department ofChemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Eire)*All ASEs are also members of the Analytical Editorial Board.US ASSOCIATE EDITOR, Julian F. TysonDepartment of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Box 3451 0 Amherst, MA 01 003-451 0, USATelephone: +I 413 545 0195; Fax: +I 413 545 4846; E-mail: TYSON@CHEM.UMASS.EDUAnalytical Editorial BoardChairman: Professor J.N. Miller (Loughborough, UK)M. Cooke (Sheffield, UK)A. G. Davies (London, UK)A. G. Fogg (Loughborough, UK)G. M. Greenway (Hull, UK)S. J. Hill (Plymouth, UK)R. M. Miller (Gouda, The Netherlands)H. S. Minhas (Cambridge, UK)B. L. Sharp (Loughborough, UK)Advisory BoardN. W. Barnett (Victoria, Australia)K. D. Bartle (Leeds, UK)A. M. Bond (Victoria, Australia)R. G. Brereton (Bristol, UK)U. A. Th. Brinkman (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)A. C. Calokerinos (Athens, Greece)P. Camilleri (Harlow, UK)P. R. Coulet (Lyon, France)A. Hulanicki (Warsaw, Poland)S. Lunte (Lawrence, KS, USA)F. Palmisano (Palermo, Italy)J. Pawliszyn (Ontario, Canada)T. B.Pierce (Harwell, UK)J. ROtiCka (Seattle, WA, USA)I. L. Shuttler (Uberlingen, Germany)K. Stulik (Prague, Czech Republic)D. Diamond (Dublin, Eire)L. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK)H. Emons (Julich, Germany)J. P. Foley ( Villanova, PA, USA)M. F. Gine (Sao Paulo, Brazil)J. D. Glennon (Cork, Eire)L. Gorton (Lund, Sweden)S. J. Haswell (Hull, UK)J. D. R. Thomas (Wrexham, UK)K. C. Thompson (Rotherham, UK)M. Thompson (Toronto, Canada)M. Valcarcel (Cordoba, Spain)C. M. G. van den Berg (Liverpool,J. Wang (Las Cruces, NM, USA)I. D. Wilson (Macclesfield, UK)IK)Publishing Division, AnalyticalManaging Editor, Harpal S. MinhasDeputy Editor, Sarah J. R. Williams Editorial Secretaries: Claire Harris; Frances ThomsonTelephone: +44(0)1223 420066; Fax: +44(0)1223 420247; E-mail: ANALYST@RSC.ORGProduction Division, AnalyticalProduction Manager, Janice M.GordonProduction Editor, Caroline Seeley Technical Editors: Yasmin Khan, Ziva Whitelock, Roger A. YoungSecretary: Lesley TurneyTelephone: +44(0) 1223 420066; Fax: +44(0) 1223 423429; E-mail: ANALPROD@RSC.ORGFor enquiries relating to manuscripts from receipt to acceptance, contact the Publishing Division, andfor enquiries relating to manuscripts post-acceptance contact the Production Division, Royal Society ofChemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WFAdvertisements: Advertisement Department, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House,Piccadilly, London, UK W1 V OBN. Telephone +44(0)171-287 3091.Fax +44(0)171-494 11 34.Information for AuthorsFull details of how to submit material for publicationin The Analyst are given in the Instructions toAuthors in the January issue. Separate copies areavailable on request.The Analyst publishes original research papers,critical reviews, tutorial reviews, perspectives,news articles, book reviews and a conferencediary.Original research papers. The Analystpublishes full papers on all aspects of the theoryand practice of analytical chemistry, fundamentaland applied, inorganic and organic, includingchemical, physical, biochemical, clinical,pharmaceutical, biological, environmental,automatic and computer-based methods. Paperson new approaches to existing methods, newtechniques and instrumentation, detectors andsensors, and new areas of application with dueattention to overcoming limitations and tounderlying principles are all equally welcome.Full critical reviews. These must be a criticalevaluation of the existing state of knowledge on aparticular facet of analytical chemistry.Tutorial reviews.These should be informallywritten although they should still be a criticalevaluation of a specific topic area. Some historyand possible future developments should be given.Potential authors should contact the Editor beforewriting reviews.Perspectives. These articles should provideeither a personal view or a philosophical look at atopic relevant to analytical science. Alternatively,they may be relevant historical articles.Perspectives are included at the discretion of theEditor.Particular attention should be paid to the use ofstandard methods of literature citation, includingthe journal abbreviations defined in ChemicalAbstracts Service Source Index.Whereverpossible, the nomenclature employed should followIUPAC recommendations, and units and symbolsshould be those associated with SI.Every paper will be submitted to at least tworeferees, by whose advice the Editorial Board ofThe Analyst will be guided as to its acceptance orrejection. Papers that are accepted must not bepublished elsewhere except by permission.Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as anundertaking that the same material is not beingconsidered for publication by another journal.Associate Scientific Editors.For the benefit ofall potential contributors wishing to discuss thescientific content of their paper(s) a Group ofAssociate Scientific Editors exists. Requests forhelp or advice on scientific matters can be directedto the appropriate member of the Group (accordingto discipline). Currently serving Associate ScientificEditors are listed in each issue of The Analyst (andAnalytical Communications).Manuscripts (four copies typed in double spacing)should be addressed to:H. S. Minhas, Managing Editor, orJ. F. Tyson, US Associate EditorAll queries relating to the presentation andsubmission of papers, should be addressed to thePublishing Division and any correspondenceregarding accepted papers and proofs, should bedirected to the Production Division for The Analyst.Members of the Analytical Editorial Board (whomay be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office)would also welcome comments, suggestions andadvice on general policy matters concerning TheAnalyst.There is no page charge.Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge.The Analyst (ISSN 0003-2654) is published monthly by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,UK CB4 4WF.All orders, accompanied with payment by cheque in sterling, payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank, shouldbe sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Turpin Distribution Services Ltd., Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts, UK SG6 1 HN.Turpin Distribution ServicesLtd., is wholly owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry. 1996 Annual subscription rate EC f487.00, USA $923.00, Rest of World f499.00. Purchased with AnalyticalAbstracts EC f951 .OO, USA $1 804.00, Rest of World f975.00. Purchased with Analytical Abstracts plus Analytical Communications EC f 11 23.00, USA $21 29.00,Rest of World fl151 .OO. Purchased with Analytical Communications EC f610.00, USA $1 156.00, Rest of World f625.00. Air freight and mailing in the USA byPublications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 1 1003.USA Postmaster: Send address changes to: The Analyst, Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 1 1003. Second class postage paid atJamaica, NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe, Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK.0 The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1996. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form,or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621FX017

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ANALAO 121 (5) 45R-52R 573-696, 57N-72N (1 996) MAY 1996II ll I'"An a I y s tThe analytical journal of The Royal Society of ChemistryCONTENTSTUTORIAL REVIEWSAMCCHEMOMETRICSISTAT1 STl CSSAMPLE HANDLINGATOMIC S P ECTROSCOPYISPECTROMETRY45 R57357558 158559160 160761 361 7623627MOLECULARSPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY63564 1647Capillary Electrophoresis With Wavelength-resolved Fluorescence Detection-Aaron T. Timperman,Jonathan V. SweedlerChemical Composition of Pork Rind-Analytical Methods CommitteeApplication of Partial Least Squares Calibration to Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons inCoal Tar Pitch Volatiles-Dragan A. Cirdvic, Richard G. Brereton, Peter T. Walsh, Jo A. Ellwood, EmmaScobbieMultivariate Calibration of Chlorophyll a Using Partial Least Squares and Electronic AbsorptionSpectroscopy-Pedro W.Araujo, Dragan A. Cirovic, Richard G. BreretonInfluence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Wavelength Selection in Window FactorAnalysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Abdallah K. Elbergali, Richard G.Brereton, Ali RahmaniProbabilistic Approach to Confidence Intervals of Linear Calibration-Yuzuru Hayashi, Rieko Matsuda,Russell B. PoeSolvent Extraction-Sequential Injection Without Segmentation and Phase Separation Based on theWetting Film Formed on a Teflon Tube Wall-Yongyi Luo, Rashed Al-Othman, Jaromir Ruzicka, Gary D.ChristianSolid-phase Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions on a High Surface Area Titanium Dioxide (Anatase)-E.Vassileva, I.Proinova, K. HadjiivanovFlow Dissolution of 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide for the Determination of Chromium(vi)-Francisco J. Andrade,Mabel B. Tudino, Osvaldo E. TroccoliUse of a Sequential Injection Technique for Mechanistic Studies and Kinetic Determination of BromazepamComplexed With Iron(ii) in Hydrochloric Acid-Salah M. Sultan, Fakhr Eldin 0. SulimanDetermination of Impurity Elements in Graphite by Acid Decomposition-Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry-Kazuo Watanabe, Jun lnagawaSpeciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation-exchange Fast Protein LiquidChromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Bojan Mitrovic, RadmilaMilaCiC, Boris PihlarFlow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Paracetamol inPharmaceuticals-Zouhair Bouhsain, Salvador Garrigues, Miguel de la GuardiaTwo Selective Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Amoxicillin and Cefadroxil-Gamal A.SalehMethod For Sampling and Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide-K.Shanthi, N. BalasubramanianTHE ROYALCHEMISTRYInformationServices Cambridge, EnglandTypeset and printed by Black Bear Press Limited,Continued on inside back coverSEPARATION SCIENCE65 1663SENSORS671ELECTROANALYTICAL68 1687OTHER METHODSPERSPECTIVE 694695Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas Chromatography-MassSpectrometry-Cevdet Demir, Richard G. Brereton, Minoo C. DumasiaDetermination of Toluenediamines in Urine of Workers Occupationally Exposed to lsocyanates byHigh-performance Liquid Chromatography-Philippe Carbonnelle, Sheriffa Boukortt, Dominique Lison,Jean-Pierre BuchetSelective Detection of Aroma Components by Acoustic Wave Sensors Coated With Conducting PolymerFilms-Zhiping Deng, David C.Stone, Michael ThompsonElectrochemical Reduction at a Mercury Electrode and Differential-pulse Polarographic Determination ofDibucaine in Pharmaceutical Ointments-M. San Martin Fernandez-Marcote, M. Callejon Mochon, J. C.Jimenez Sanchez, A. Guiraum PerezStudy of the Effect of Lanthanide Ions on the Kinetics of Glutamate Dehydrogenase by aChronoamperometric Method-Wen Kuan Xin, Xiao Xia GaoImpact of Key New Regulations on Analytical Chemistry-Vicki J. Barwick, Neil T. CrosbyCUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEXN E W S AND VIEWS 57N62N Conference Diary66N Courses68N Conference Reports71N Papers in Future Issues72N Technical Abbreviations and AcronymsBook and Software ReviewsCover picture: Capillary electropherogram of tryptophan and phenylalanine using wavelength-resolvedfluorescence detection (see p. 45R). Image courtesy of Kurt E. Oldenburg and Jonathan V. Sweedler,University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BX019

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 (45R-52R) 45R Tutorial Review Capillary Electrophoresis with Wavelength-resolved Fluorescence Detection Aaron T. Timperman" and Jonathan V. Sweedler Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Single-channel fluorescence detectors provide extremely low limits of detection for analytes separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE), but little structural or diagnostic information. In wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection, complete fluorescence emission spectra are acquired for every analyte separated by CE. The fluorescence spectral information has been used for DNA sequencing and to identify the tyrosine and tryptophan content of peptides. In addition, a variety of diagnostic uses for the fluorescence information exist, including monitoring excitation source stability and the pH, organic content and impurities in the running buffer.The popularity of spectrally resolved fluorescence detection in CE is expected to increase just as diode-array detection has become relatively common for ultraviolet-visible absorbance. Keywords: Review; capillary electrophoresis; microseparations; laser-induced fluorescence detection Introduction The ideal system for the analysis of complex mass-limited samples provides highly efficient separations with universal detection and identification approaching single molecules. With unparalleled separation efficiencies in excess of 1 000 0001-6 and mass detection limits as low as six molecules,7 capillary electrophoresis (CE) with fluorescence detection possesses the necessary separation power and detection limits.Capillary electrophoresis also requires small volume samples with injection volumes in the picolitre to nanolitre range. Because of these attributes, CE is used in an ever increasing range of applications, including inorganic ion determinations,8-10 pep- tide and protein separations,] 1912 environmental analysis,10,12-1* DNA sequencing'g-24 and single-cell as~ays.~5--3' The utility of CE would be further enhanced with more information-rich detection systems. This tutorial describes recent advances in wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection; this detection methodology offers the advantages of fluorescence spectrome- try on analytes separated by CE while maintaining the low detection limits of single-channel fluorescence detection.Just as multichannel absorbance detection for CE has advanced from a relatively uncommon method to an important and commercially available method, we expect the same to occur for multichannel fluorescence detection. Capillary Electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis is a conceptually simple, highly efficient, ultra-small volume analytical separation technique for * Present address: Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida at St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, FL. USA. the analysis of aqueous species. Components of a sample are separated in an open fused-silica capillary tube with an inside diameter ranging from 2 to 200 pm and a length typically between 10 and 100 cm. The separation is based on the electrophoretic mobility of the analyte species induced by the large potential that is applied across the capillary (10-30 kV).Because the electroosmotic flow of the running buffer is typically greater than the electrophoretic migration rates of the analytes, analytes migrate down the column toward an on- column or post-column detector. There are several modes of operation in CE that allow the separation of small ions, neutral molecules and large biopolymers; these include free zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, micellar electrokinetic chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Recent reviews and texts have described the theory, technique and capability of CE in great detail.l-6 Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis General Considerations Detection in CE is challenging owing to the small inside diameter of the separation capillary and ultra-small analyte volumes, typically in the range of 5-75 pm and 0.001-10 nl, respectively.In fact, Tiselius32 recognized the separation advantages of smaller diameter electrophoresis channels in his pioneering electrophoresis work, but mentioned that detection considerations in narrow structures made their use impractical. Although detection capabilities have improved since the 1930s, limitations in detection are still one of the largest impediments to using the smallest diameter capillaries. In contrast to liquid chromatography with microlitre volume analyte bands, the nanolitre analyte bands in CE are particularly susceptible to excessive spreading, making the use of column connections and post-column detection cells difficult.Hence, almost all systems either use on-column or end-column detection so that the detector does not degrade the separation efficiency. As there is a trend in the field toward faster separations using capillaries with smaller inside diameter and higher field strengths, there are ever increasing volume and analysis time constraints on the detection system. Because of the limited assay time and the small analyte volume in CE, the concentration limits of detection (LODs), in the best cases, are about the same as in LC. However, the many orders of magnitude decrease in analyte volume results in extremely low mass detection limits. For example, a typical concentration LOD for absorbance of 1 pmol 1- corresponds to a mass LOD of 1 fmol, assuming a 1 nl injection.3.4 Not surprisingly, much research has been focused on improving detection abilities.Generally, the utility of a detector is based on its limits of detection, ability to detect species of interest and ability to provide structural information. The last capability is the reason for the intense effort to develop CE with46R Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 on-line mass spectrometry.2~4~5 In addition, the detector should also be compatible with the separation conditions and should not degrade the quality of the separation. The relative importance of these characteristics is dependent on the specific application. With some very complex samples it is desirable for the detector to have the selectivity necessary to differentiate components unresolved from other species. “Absorbance Detection Absorbance detection is the most common CE detection scheme used today.34 The relationship between single-wavelength and diode-array detection in absorbance is similar to single-channel and wavelength-resolved fluorescence, and so is briefly de- scribed here.Most commercial manufacturers of CE equipment today offer absorbance detector options owing to its ability to detect nearly all species without derivatization. The largest limitation with absorbance is its relatively poor detection sensitivity and dynamic range. Concentration LODs are typi- cally 0.1-10 pmol 1-l, limited primarily by the short pathlength of on-column detection systems and the limited time available to observe the sample as it passes the detector.Diode-array detectors are commercially available from multiple vendors, and offer numerous advantages over single-channel detec- t0rs.33-3~ These detectors provide additional spectral informa- tion during the run that can be used to assist in analyte identification, peak purity assessment and pre-run screening to determine the wavelength settings for optimum detection sensitivity. Fluorescence Detection By far the lowest LODs reported for CE are for fluorescence detection, with concentration LODs in the 0.1-10 pmol 1-1 range. In fluorescence, the analyte molecules absorb photons, and a fraction of the electronically excited molecules emit a fluorescent photon upon returning to the ground state. The most important molecular properties that determine the utility of a fluorophore are the molecule’s absorptivity, fluorescence quan- tum yield and photostability.Fluorescence detection limits are not strictly pathlength dependent and fluorescence detectors can be adapted to the smallest diameter capillaries. Fluorescence is inherently capable of low LODs for two main reasons: the fluorescence emission is at a different wavelength from the excitation, yielding a low background, and a single fluorescent analyte can emit multiple photons (as many as 105 fluorescent photons in aqueous systems). The goals of the fluorescence detection system are to excite the molecule, collect as large a fraction of the fluorescence photons as possible and discriminate against all other photons (from Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering and impurity fluorophores).The basic fluorescence system diagram shown in Fig. I(a) consists of an excitation source, optics to focus Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of basic fluorescence detectors for capillary electrophoresis, showing the arrangements of the excitation optics, capillary, collection optics and detector. ( a ) Single-channel and (h) wavelength-resolved detectors. The grating diffracts the signal according to wavelength along one axis of the array detector. excitation light into the capillary or other sample cell, collection optics and a detection system; a wavelength-resolved system is illustrated in Fig. 1 (h). There have been a great variety of optical configurations for fluorescence detection and the interested reader is referred to several overview articles describing them.3-6 Although not yet demonstrated, wavelength-resolved detec- tion in CE can involve the simultaneous detection of excitation spectra at a single emission wavelength, or even the detection of complete excitation-emission matrices on components eluting during a CE separation.In addition to wavelength-resolved detection, other multidimensional fluorescence modes are possible in CE, including time-resolved36 and polarization techniques (e.g., circular dichroism).37 Obviously, the experi- mental configurations for such systems are different from the systems described here. Wavelength-resolved Fluorescence Detection History As in diode-array absorbance detection, an extension of fluorescence detection is to use multichannel detectors to achieve wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection.The lack of a multichannel detector that achieves the sensitivity of a single-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) has been the largest impediment to the application of multichannel fluorescence detection. In fact, until the advent of intensified photodiode arrays (PDAs) and charge-coupled devices (CCDs), the options were a sensitive single-wavelength fluorimeter or multichannel system with much poorer LODs. The first report of multi- channel fluorescence detection in CE used a PDA to produce a 4 nm per channel spectral distribution with a 2s fluorescein LOD of 60 fg or 20 pmol 1-‘ due to the high-noise detect0r.3~ Although the detection limits were high, Swaile and Sepaniak38 were able to collect emission spectra of migrating analyte bands and presented the first spectrally resolved electropherogram with fluorescence detection.Array detectors with low noise characteristics are now available, allowing large improvements in the LODs.39-41 The first use of a CCD for wavelength-resolved CE detection was reported by Cheng et al.42 Their detection limits of 4 amol or 2 nmol I-’ of fluorescein were much more sensitive than PDA detection, but much poorer than PMT-based laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) systems with one of the major sensitivity limitations being the 3% detector duty cycle (Fig. 2). Several other groups have since reported CCD-based detection. Sweedler et al.43 developed an improved wavelength-resolved fluorescence system with detection limits of 12 zmol or 1 A V .Emission Wavelength Fig. 2 Two-dimensional electropherogram of a migrating fluorescein band. Each trace along the wavelength axis represents a complete emission spectrum acquired with a single CCD read-out. Reproduced with permis- sion from ref. 42.Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 47R pmol I-’ of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The ability to differentiate analytes based on their emission spectra was demonstrated with a separation of fluorescein and Sulforhoda- mine 101. Karger et al.19 reported a CCD system specifically designed for DNA sequencing with the ability to detect the four DNA bases using four different fluorescent tags. Carson et al.44 demonstrated a system based on an intensified PDA and multiple lasers that had improved performance specifications for DNA sequencing.We increased the sensitivity and flex- ibility of such systems while acquiring high-quality emission spectra, with LODs of 50 molecules or 50 fmol 1-l for Sulforhodamine 10 1 .45,46 Fig. 3 illustrates the differentiation of multiple fluorophores in a complex mixture, showing a two- dimensional electropherogram of a mixture of four amino acids labeled separately with two Bodipy dye analogues. Experimental Arrangements In this section, a brief overview of the experimental arrange- ments of a typical multichannel fluorescence system is presented. As shown in Fig. 1, fluorescence detection systems consist of three major component groups: excitation, collection and detection. Lasers are commonly used to provide excitation because monochromatic coherent light is easily focused into small-diameter capillaries.Optics that collect as large a fraction of emitted light as possible are used, and frequently consist of a high numerical aperture microscope objective. Spectral and spatial filters eliminate spectral background and scattering while passing analyte fluorescence. Both single- and multi- channel detectors, such as PMTs and CCDs, are chosen for their low noise and high response. Most systems perform detection on-column so that the detector does not degrade the separation efficiency. In addition, the sheath flow end-column cell is ideally suited to LIF detection as it greatly reduces the spectral background. Several multichannel systems have been developed that obtain a limited number of channels over pre-selected wave- length intervals.These systems use bandpass and dichroic filters to isolate the emission from two or four spectral channels and typically use a single-channel detector to collect data from each wavelength region.20-22,23,47 An alternative design utiliz- ing one single-channel detector and temporal separation of the different wavelength channels with a filter wheel has been developed. The information content and flexibility of these systems are lower than those of a grating-based array detector system. Fig. 4 shows the extremely high separation efficiency and independence of information obtainable from a four- channel system used in DNA sequencing.22 Each of the four electropherogram traces corresponds to a particular terminating base.In addition, hybrid systems consisting of an array detector and spectral filters have been used to image thin rectangular channels48 and capillary arrays.49 Most single-channel fluorescence systems use a series of spectral filters to select emission wavelengths whereas most multichannel systems use spectrographs. Many multichannel systems also use a spectral prefilter to reduce the elastically scattered light. Grating spectrographs provide high efficiency while dispersing the spectrum across an output focal plane suited to array detectors. Thus, the signal is dispersed across the face of an array detector and the individual detector elements image separate wavelength intervals. A typical design for a grating-based wavelength-resolved system is shown in Fig.l(b). A relatively wide slit is often chosen to maximize light collection, so the slit width can limit the wavelength resolution. The resolution may also be limited by the number of detector elements over which the signal is imaged as the spectral resolution cannot be less than the wavelength interval covered Fig. 3 Wavelength-resolved electropherogram (both contour and surface views) that demonsirate5 the ability to differentiate analytes based on their emission spectra and elution time. The sample is a mixture of amino acids labelled with Bodipy 503/5 12 C3 amino acid conjugates (emission maxima at 530 nm) and Bodipy 576/589 C3 amino acid conjugates (590 nm). The continuous feature at approximately 620 nm is the major Raman band of water. Reproduced with permission from ref.45.48R Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 by two detector elements. Although most wavelength-resolved systems that acquire complete emission spectra in CE are based on this design, systems provide vastly different figures of merit because of differences in excitation geometry, collection efficiency and array detector performance. CCDs are ideal for wavelength-resolved fluorescence detec- tion owing to their large array formats and low-noise character- istics. CCDs are unique in their availability in large two- dimensional array formats. Proper orientation of the CCD with the axis of spectral resolution allows for a 100% duty cycle (no shutter) without a decrease in spectral resolution.43~45 Scien- tific-grade CCDs have a low dark current and very low read noise compared with other multichannel detector arrays, making large improvements in detection limits possible.Read noise can be minimized by optimizing the readout rate, binning and the proper use of readout modes. CCDs offer considerable flexibility in their readout modes. As examples, both binning and time-delay integration can substantially speed up array readout and reduce the number of data points for a given array, making it possible to acquire complete emission spectra every 50 ms compared with 2 s using a conventional readout mode.399-41 The readout rate should be kept to the minimum that still acquires enough points for adequate electrophoretic peak definition. With binning, the charge or signal in multiple elements is summed on-chip prior to readout.Thus, larger binning usually decreases the noise, but also decreases the dynamic range of the detector and limits the spectral resolu- tion. Data from grating-based CE detection systems are frequently displayed as a three-dimensional surface plot with the axes corresponding to elution time, wavelength and intensity (de- >tector response). The data are similar to a conventional electropherogram (intensity versus time) with the addition of an axis corresponding to wavelength. A slice through the axis corresponding to a peak yields the fluorescence spectrum of the analyte; Figs. 2 and 3 clearly show traces of the fluorescence spectrum for sequential time intervals during an electrophoretic mn.42.45 Multiple Fluorophore Studies Capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved fluores- cence detection combines a highly efficient separation tech- nique with sensitive detection and the ability to perform on-line spectroscopic measurements.The ability to collect fluorescence spectra on-line makes many types of new and exciting analyses possible. In the following sections, applications of multichannel fluorescence detection in CE are discussed. The most obvious use of the fluorescence spectrum is to identify analytes based on their emission characteristics. Spectral features are inherently broad, with typical emission spectra containing a limited number of distinct features. Often, Fig. 4 Electropherogram of an M13mp18 DNA sample detected using a sheath flow cuvette-based four colour fluorescence system. Fragment length, in bases, is italicized at the top of each panel.The sample was separated on a 35 cm long capillary with 5% T polyacrylamide at an applied field of 150 V cm-' at 40 "C. Data from J. Z. Zhang, R. Jiang, H. J. Ren, J. Hou, J. Feng, Y. Zhang, P. Roos and N. J. Dovichi.Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 49R small spectral shifts and changes in emission lineshape yield information about the analyte and its immediate environment. The structure of a molecule cannot be inferred directly from its spectrum, but identification is aided through spectral matching with standards. Two major applications have been reported recently. One involves examining compounds that have appre- ciable native fluorescence46 and the other resolves mixtures of analytes based on multi-fluorophore labelling chemistry.As an example of the first approach, the native fluorescence of tyrosine and tryptophan is used to detect and characterize peptides. Fluorescence DNA sequencing schemes are an example of the second approach. In fact, this latter application has driven the development of much of the wavelength-resolved systems to date.19-*4,44,50 In addition to the applications emphasized below, there are many other analytical uses for wavelength-resolved informa- tion. As a possibility that has not yet been demonstrated, the method of peak purity from absorbance can be adapted to fluorescence.34~51,52 In such a measurement, a spectrum ob- tained from the beginning of a peak is compared with the last spectrum obtained on the peak. If differences are observed between these spectra, then it is likely that the peak contains multiple compounds.In addition, trace-level impurity peaks and derivatizing reagent hydrolysis peaks often have different emission characteristics from those of the tagged analyte, and can be readily identified and eliminated from the electro- pherogram. Native Fluorescence of Peptides As many molecules are not fluorescent, a large amount of the published CE/LIF literature deals with methods to derivatize or convert non-fluorescent molecules into fluorescent forms.53-56 Often the low concentration limit in analysing many samples is set by the difficulty encountered when labelling or derivatizing the analyte with various fluorescent probes. Derivatization can be efficient at high concentrations but can be problematic at low concentrations owing to competing side reactions and impuri- ties.To avoid the difficulties with fluorescent tagging reactions on the nanolitre scale, we have developed a native fluorescence detection system using a doubled krypton laser for 284 nm excitation.46 As shown in Fig. 5, the separation of a mixture of tryptophan and six peptides containing tyrosine and tryptophan reveals the ability to detect the native fluorescence of Tyr- and Trp-containing peptides. Differences in the fluorescence emis- sion of tryptophan and tyrosine can be exploited to obtain limited information about unknown peptides. Using the emis- sion spectra, we can distinguish three classes of peptides: those containing either tryptophan or tyrosine, and those containing both tryptophan and tyrosine (Fig.6). Moreover, this system is capable of obtaining low detection limits, with a 3s detection limit of 0.2 nmol 1- (800 zmol) for tryptophan being the lowest reported with native fluorescence detection in CE. DNA Sequencing Capillary DNA sequencing is an application for which wave- length-resolved fluorescence detection is well suited. The sequencing speed and accuracy are of great importance in DNA sequencing as the human genome consists of 3 X 109 base pairs of DNA. Also related to speed is the size limit of the largest fragment that can be sequenced. Lower LODs, higher spectral resolution of the labelling dyes and higher electrophoretic resolution of the DNA fragments increase the accuracy. Current methods sequence small pieces of DNA of up to 400-600 base pairs in length.These smaller pieces are prepared by a series of enzymic digestions of chromosomal DNA. The modified Sanger dideoxy chain-termination enzymic method of DNA sequencing is a major method used today.57 In this method, four separate reactions are carried out simultaneously with each reaction containing a different modified dideoxy-base (e:g., ddATP). Currently, slab electrophoresis is the most widely used technique for such separations. As in slab separations, capillary-based DNA sequencing separates DNA based on molecular mass using polyacrylamide gel-filled capillaries. Smith et al.58 reported the use of four individual fluorescent probes (based on fluorescein, trade-name FAM; modified fluorescein, JOE; tetramethylrhodamine, TAMRA; and Texas Red, ROX), one for each dideoxy-base.In order to obtain adequate spectral resolution for these four dyes, four independent spectral channels were used with two different laser lines for excitation. An excellent example of a high- resolution four-colour capillary DNA sequencing electrophero- gram is shown in Fig. 4, for a sample of M13mp18 DNA prepared with Applied Biosystems four-colour primers. A more thorough discussion of DNA sequencing using capillary gel electrophoresis can be found elsewhere.59 Karger et al.l9 demonstrated the utility of CCDs for wavelength-resolved fluorescence applied to DNA sequencing. The sensitivity of the system is comparable to that of a PMT- based system, having detection limits of 26 pmol l-l for JOE-A with a 10 nm digital bandpass filter centred at 560 nm.They described the ability to isolate individual spectral channels using a spectrograph compared with a four-channel PMT system for the accuracy of sequence determination. Monte Carlo studies and analytical estimates showed that the accuracy of identification of the labelled bases greatly increases using all of the spectral information compared with four-channel detec- tion schemes at low concentrations. However, Karger et al. 19 noted that the differences in accuracy converge with increasing S/N. For a single lane, the capillary-based wavelength-resolved CE sequencing is about ten times faster than slab electro- phoresis, with a recent report by McGregor and Yeung60 increasing this even further.With spectral acquisition and the use of two laser excitation wavelengths, Carson et aE.44 improved detection limits approximately 1 pmol 1-1 for DNA Fig. 6 Emission spectra of three peptides extracted from the electrophero- gram in Fig. 5. The Tyr- and Trp-containing peptides have a large difference in fluorescence emission, whereas the peptide containing both Tyr and Trp has an emission profile similar to that of Trp with a small shoulder due to the contribution of the Tyr residue. Fig. 5 Wavelength-resolved electropherogram of the separation of six peptides and tryptophan through native fluorescence detection. Excitation at 284 nm excites both tyrosine and tryptophan residues, which have different emission spectra.50R Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 sequencing with the four dye primers.Further advances in the performance of multichannel fluorescence detection in CE are expected in this rapidly evolving area. Diagnostic Information In addition to detecting and identifying multiple fluorophores, the information in the fluorescence emission spectra can yield new types of diagnostic information for CE. Several represen- tative examples are given below. As one example, both Rayleigh and Raman scattering are proportional to source intensity. By monitoring the intensity of either, it is possible to correct for source drift and alignment problems. Using a CCD- based fluorescence system not associated with a separation and a mercury lamp, an order of magnitude improvement in LOD has been reported using a Rayleigh scattering intensity correction.61 Fig.7 shows a trace of the Rayleigh, Raman and fluorescein channels for a 1 min observation using a wave- length-resolved CE system with an argon-krypton laser. Although the high-frequency noise is not correlated among these three traces, the baseline drift is correlated and can be partially removed by the weighted division of the fluorescein channel information. Such source correction methods are expected to be more important for temporally noisy sources62 instead of the stabilized laser source used here. Another advantage of acquiring complete fluorescence emission spectra is the flexibility to adjust the wavelength region used for data acq~isition.3~>~5 In a standard filter-based fluorescence system, the emission filter characteristics are chosen based on the emission properties of the fluorophore, with little regard to spectral background features.Using a simultaneous multichannel system, it is possible use the emission spectrum as a dynamic optical filter. Fig. 8 shows the Fig. 7 Segment of baseline during an electrophoretic run for three different wavelength intervals corresponding to the Raman, Rayleigh and fluorescein fluorescence regions. The high-frequency noise does not appear to be correlated among the different channels, but the low-frequency noise and baseline drift are partially correlated. spectra obtained from a CE capillary for a borate buffer (blank), the addition of 30% organic modifier and a gel-filled capillary. As can be seen, the use of an organic modifier such as acetonitrile results in a background with multiple spectral features.However, by choosing to monitor the emission at wavelengths where the background is at a minimum, such complex separation matrices do not degrade the LODs as significantly as when using a fixed-wavelength filter system. Fluorescence is environmentally sensitive, and many flu- orescence techniques use this information. For example, fluorescent probes that have emission profiles that are affected by the presence of cations, anions, pH, temperature and chelation are available.53 As one example, we have investigated the use of a pH- sensitive fluorophore, carboxy SNARF-1,53 to monitor the pH inside the capillary during a separation. Fig. 9 shows the fluorescence emission from this fluorophore at three different pHs inside a 50 pm id capillary.When the volume of the outlet vial of the capillary is small, OH- ions generated at the electrode can cause the pH to change during a CE run. In several applications such as mass spectrometry, post-membrane deposi- tion and atomic emission detection, the outlet vial is greatly reduced in size or even totally eliminated.63--6s When the outlet vial is eliminated, a silver-painted electrode completes the electrical connection at the capillary outlet.63,64 In such a case, lower separation efficiencies tend to result. We have investi- gated whether this decrease in separation efficiency is due to a pH change during a separation. Fig. 10 shows the emission of carboxy SNARF-1 during an electrophoretic run when an electrode is painted on to the capillary outlet and the outlet vial is eliminated.As can be seen, the pH at the detector changes by over three units in a few seconds, presumably when the counter- migrating OH- front reaches the detection window. Of course, these are just a few examples in which fluorescence spectra can be used to monitor the separation conditions on-line. Future Trends A number of the applications of multichannel fluorescence detection in CE have been described. The use of fluorescence emission spectra to distinguish and identify analytes, and the use of multiple fluorescent probes in a single run are well documented. In the area of monitoring separation parameters and obtaining diagnostic information, relatively few examples have been published. It is particularly exciting that systems are now capable of obtaining < 100 molecule LODs while acquiring high-quality spectral information.In several appli- cations, the LODs of the multichannel system appear to be better than those reported for PMT-based systems. Thus, for optimized systems, there is no sacrifice in sensitivity associated with the spectroscopic information. With the fast-readout CCDs Fig. 8 The spectral backgrounds for four different capillary contents: 50 Fig. 9 Calibration of SNAKF- I fluorescence emission with three different mmol I-' borate buffer (blank), 30% organic modifier in 50 mmol I-' pH running buffers. By monitoring the emission at three different borate buffer, and a 3% gel capillary filled with 7 mol 1-' urea and TRIS wavelengths, the pH and SNARF-1 concentration can be determined during buffer.an electrophoretic separation.Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 51R Fig. 10 Two-dimensional electropherogram during a CE run when 100 nmol 1-1 SNARF-1 is in the running buffer, a silver electrode is painted on to the outlet end of the separation capillary and no outlet vial is used. By examining the SNARF emission as a function of time and using the calibration information from Fig. 9, the pH in the capillary at the detection window can be determined. At about 5 min into the electropherogram, the pH changes from 6.2 to 3 9 over a 2 s period. now available, the ability to obtain simultaneous excitation- emission matrices with CE should be demonstrated in the near future. We expect the number of CE systems with the ability to obtain fluorescence spectra on analytes separated using CE to increase dramatically over the next few years. This methodol- ogy will make the transition from a relatively unknown approach to almost routine during the next decade.The assistance of K. Oldenburg for visualizing and plotting the multidimensional electropherograms is gratefully acknowl- edged. The continued support of Waters in providing electro- phoresis supplies and equipment and the IBM SURS program for the donation of the RS6000 workstation are recognized. Facilities were provided by the support of an NYI Award through the National Science Foundation, the National In- stitutes of Health (R29 NS31609) and the Searle Scholars Foundation. References Ewing, A. G., Wallingford, R.A., and Olefirowicz, T.M., Anal. Chem., 1989,61,282A. Monnig, C. A., and Kennedy, R. T., Anal. Chem., 1994,66, 280R. Jandik, P., and Bohn, G., Capillary Electrophoresis of Small Molecules and lons, VCH, New York, 1993. Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis, ed. Landers, J. P., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Capillary ElectrophoresiJ Technology, ed. Guzman, N. A., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993. Li, S. F. Y., Capillary Electrophoresis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992. Chen, D. Y., Aldelhelm, Cheng, X. L., and Dovichi, N. J., Analyst, 1994, 119, 349. Burnett, C. and Rosa, M., Tech. Lab., 1992, 14, 114. Chen, M., and Cassidy, R. M., J . Chromatogr., 1993, 640, 425. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Yaun, D., Tong, Q., and Yang, P., Fenxi Huaxue, 1993, 21, 1162.Schwartz, H. E., Ulfelder, K. J., Chen, F. A., and Pentoney, S. L., Jr., J . Capillary Electrophoresis, 1994, 1, 36. Mattusch, J., and Dittrich, K., J . Chromatogr., 1994, 680, 279. Desiderio, C., and Fanali, S., Electrophoresis, 1992, 13, 698. Ng, C. L., Lee, H. K., and Li, S. F. Y., J . Chromatogr., 1993, 652, 547. Crosby, D., and El Rassi, Z., J . Liq. Chromatogr., 1993, 16, 2161. Kleiboehmer, W., Cammann, K., Robert, J., and Mussenbrock, E., J . Chromatogr., 1993, 638, 349. Wigfield, Y. Y., McCormick, K. A., and Grant, R., J . Agric. Food Chem., 1993,41, 2315. Dinelli, G., Vicari, A., and Catizone, P., J . Agric. Food Chem., 1993, 41, 742. Karger, A. E., Harris, J. M., and Gestland, R. F., Nucleic Acids Res., 1991,19,4955. Huang, X. C., Quesada, M.A,, and Mathies, R. A., Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 2149. Takahashi, S., Murakami, K., Anazawa, T., and Kambara, H., Anal. Chem., 1994,66, 1021. Swerdlow, H., Zhang, J. Z., Chen, D. Y., Harke, H. R., Grey, R., Wu, S., and Dovichi, N. J., Anal. Chem., 1991, 63, 2835. Luckey, J. A., Drossman, H., Kostichka, A. J., Mead, D. A., D’Cunha, J. D., Norris, T. B., and Smith, L. M., Nucleic Acids Res., 1990, 18, 4417. Zhang, J. Z., Chen, D. Y., Harke, H. R., and Dovichi, N. J., Chromatog. Sci. Ser. Capillary Electrophoresis Technol., 1993, 64, 631. Jankowski, J. A., Tracht, S., and Sweedler, J. V., Trends Anal. Chem., 1995, 14, 170. Shippy, S. A., Jankowski, J. A., and Sweedler, J. V., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 307, 163. Kristensen, H. K., Lau, Y. Y., and Ewing, A. G., Neurosci.Methods, 1994, 51, 183. Kennedy, R. T., Oates, M. D., Cooper, B. R., Nickerson, B., and Jorgenson, J. W., Science, (Washington, D.C., 1883- ), 1989, 246, 57. Hogan, B. L., and Yeung, E. S., Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 2841.52R Analyst, May 1996, VoE. 121 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Chang, H. T., and Yeung, E. S., Anal. Chem., 1995,67, 1079. Gilman, S. D., and Ewing, A. G., Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 58. Tiselius, A., Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937, 33, 524. Sepaniak, M. J., Swaile, D. F., and Powell, A. C., J. Chromatogr., 1989,480, 185. Kobayashi, S., Ueda, T., and Kikumoto, M., J . Chromatogr., 1989, 480, 179. Yeo, S. K., Lee H. K., and Li, S. F. Y., J . Chromatogr., 1991, 585, 133. Miller, K. J., and Lytle, F. E., J. Chromatogr., 1993, 648, 245.Christensen, P. L., and Yeung, E. S., Anal. Chem., 1989, 61, 1344. Swaile, D. F., and Sepaniak, M. J., J . Microcol. Sep., 1989, 1, 155. Charge-Transfer Devices in Spectroscopy, ed. Sweedler, J. V., Ratzlaff, K. L., and Denton, M. B., VCH, New York, 1994. Sweedler, J. V., CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1993, 24, 59. Sweedler, J. V., Bilhom, B. B., Epperson, P. M., Sims, G. R., and Denton, M. B., AnaKhem., 1988,60, 282A. Cheng, Y.-F., Piccard, R. D., and Vo-Dinh, T., Appl. Spectrosc., 1990, 44, 755. Sweedler, J. V., Shear, J. B., Fishman, H. A., and Zare, R. N., Anal. Chem., 1991,63,496. Carson, S., Cohen, A. S., Belenkii, A., Ruiz-Martinez, M. C., Berka, J., and Karger, B. L., Anal Chem., 1993, 65, 3219. Timperman, A. T., Khatib, K., and Sweedler, J. V., Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 139. Timperman, A. T. Oldenburg, K. E., and Sweedler, J. V., Anal. Chem., 1995,67, 3421. Luckey, J. A, Drossman, H., Kostichka, A. J., and Smith, L. M., Methods Enzymol., 1993, 218, 154. Kostichka, A. J., Marchbanks, M. L., Brumley, R. L., Drossman, H., and Smith, L. M., Biotechnology, 1992, 10, 78. Li, Q., and Yeung, E. S., Appl. Spectrosc., 1995, 49, 825. Tomisaki, R., Yoshinobu, B., Tsuhako, M., Takahashi, S., Murakami, K., Anazawa, T., and Kambara, H., Anal. Sci., 1994, 10, 817. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Beck, W., van Hoek, R., and Engelhardt, H., Electrophoresis, 1993, 14, 540. Gebauer, P., and Thormann, P. G., J . Chromatogr., 1991, 545, 299. Haugland, R. P., Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, 1992-94. Camilleri, P., Dhanak, D., Druges, M., and Okafo, G. N., Anal. Proc., 1994, 31,99. Soper, S. A., McGown, L. B., and Warner, I. M., Anal. Chem., 1994, 66,428R. Liu, J., Shirota, O., Wiesler, D., and Novotny, M., PNAS, 1991, 88, 2302. Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., and Coulson, A. R., PNAS, 1977, 74, 5463. Smith, L. M., Sanders, J. Z., Kaiser, R. J., Hughes, P., Dodd, C., Connell, C. R., Heiner, C., Kent, S. B. H., and Hood, L. E., Nature (London), 1986,321,674. Dovichi, N., in Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis, ed. Landers, J. P., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, Chapter 15. McGregor, D. A., and Yeung, E. S., J. Chromatogr., 1994, 680, 491. Epperson, P. M., Jalkian, R. D., and Denton, M. B., Anal. Chem., 1989, 61, 282. Arriaga, E., Chen, D. Y., Cheng, X. L., and Dovichi, N. J., J . Chromatogr., 1993, 652, 347. Tracht, S., Toma, V., and Sweedler, J. V., Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 2382. Smith, R. D., Wahl, J. H., Goodlett, D. R., and Hofstadler, S. A., Anal. Chem., l993,65,574A. Olesik, J. W., Kinzer, J. A., and Olesik, S. V., Anal. Chem., 1995, 67. 1. Paper 5J05775B Received September I , 1995 Accepted November 28, 1995

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210045R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 57N Book and Software Reviews HPLC SoftBook By Cognitive Solutions Ltd. Revised and Updated January 1995. Price f295.00 (plus VAT); US$529.00 I found this interactive computer programme to be both informative and easy to use, and ideally suited to self learning for students undertaking degrees in analytical science or chemistry at both the undergraduate and postgraduate 1evel.The material would have to be supplemented by more advanced texts depending on the level of instruction, but for those students meeting separation science in general, and HPLC in particular, for the first time, the material covered is well illustrated and easy to follow. The hardware requirements are for a 80286 PC (or higher) running at 16 MHz, 2 Mb of Main System RAM, Microsoft Windows v3.1 installed on the computer, 5Mb of hard disk space, a mouse and colour VGA screen.The program is divided into five main sections after accessing the main menu. These deal with HPLC Instrumenta- tion, Separation Modes, HPLC Theory, Analysis by HPLC and a Questions and Answers section, respectively. Each section is ‘informative and easy to use, and ideally suited to self learning for students under- taking degrees in analytical science or chemistry, then broken down into smaller sub-sections, and each sub- section follows on logically from the previous one. In several instances, the program simulates either part of the theory of separation, or the analytical practice, of HPLC. These are visually appealing, and help to bring the subject to life.The program would be particularly useful to students if they could have access to the program on a PC prior to carrying out practical experiments in the laboratory, I can therefore thor- oughly recommend the program, which comes with a short User Manual, for purchase by educational establishments, as well as by companies who wish to use the program in their training exercises. At the high cost, however, for a single license (the product can only be used on one computer at any one time), the number of potential purchasers may be limited, especially since a single copy cannot be loaded on a network. This is a particular disadvantage for educational establishments, where access to the program on a network would be ideal, bearing in mind the ever increasing student numbers.Malcolm R. Smyth 51 90073E Dublin City University A Practical Guide to the Care, Maintenance, and Trouble- shooting of Capillary Gas Chromatographic Systems. 2nd Edition By Dean Rood. Chromatographic Methods. Pp. xx + 323. Huthig. 1995. Price DM98.00; oS765.00; sFr98.00. ISBN 0-3-7785-231 9-8. The second edition of this users guide to capillary gas chromatography is easy to read, clearly presented and offers a wealth of useful information. However, its many general- izations and simplifications limit its potential readership and usefulness very much to technicians and perhaps first year chemistry students during their practical laboratory sessions. This is not to detract from the amount of information given but rather a comment on the depth and explanation of the book’s content. It is not clear to whom exactly the author is aiming the book but it would seem ideal as a course text book for people on a practical training course in capillary gas chromatography.Sales of the book will most likely be to working laboratories rather than libraries. In laboratories it will prove a useful reference book as regards trouble shooting, but it is a shame that not all ‘problems’ are brought together in the trouble shooting part of the book and more clearly identified in the index. One annoying aspect of the presentation is the number of questions in the text; sometimes three or four questions before any answers/information is given. Also the introduction to the book refers the reader to the Reference section of the book for sources of information.Most readers will be disappointed by the limited list given. Throughout the text there are a number of typographical errors, minor spelling mistakes and wrong tenses which, whilst not affecting the information given, do annoy the reader. The diagrams, tables and quotations are very clearly presented and I suspect a number will find their way onto overhead slides for use in teaching or in theses to illustrate various points (with hopefully the full acknowledgement given!). The ratio of text to diagrams and tables is just about right and prevents the reader from being faced with pages of written text. The troubleshooting chapter is a useful source of reference and offers some valuable advice. It would have been helpful if some sort of order of likelihood of occurrence of causes of potential faults could have been given but the reference back to specific sections in earlier parts of the book are helpful.As a practical guide to the subject the book fulfils its aims and objectives and I am sure deserves a place on the laboratory bench close to the capillary GC. It is a book that will provide a quick and easy reference source and save hours of frustration particularly by the less experienced user. At around 250 (98DM, 98sFr) it is money well spent and I would recommend it to all those who are infrequent users of capillary GC or those who want to know how to use the equipment without understanding all the theory behind it. P. J . Barlow 51 90043C University of Humberside Gas Extraction. An Introduction to Fundamentals of Supercritical Fluids and the Application to Separation Processes By G.Brunner. Topics in Physical Chemistry. Volume 4. Edited by H. Baumgartel, E. U. Franck and W. Grunbein. Pp. xii + 388. Springer-Verlag. 1994. Price (hardcover) DM64.00; f28.00; FF242.00; oS499.20; sFr61.50. ISBN 0-387-9 1477-3. The volume is an in-depth coverage of the fundamentals of supercritical fluids written probably by a chemical engineer. Thus at first glance you might consider that it has very little to do with the analytical application of supercritical fluids, but you would be wrong. The ten chapters of the book cover a wide range of topics including the properties of supercritical and near-critical gases, phase equilibria, extraction from solid substances and supercritical fluid chromatography.Things just look daunting when you consider the photograph of the ‘small’ laboratory unit on page 245, which would typically occupy the space of several analytical systems! However, the book does5 8N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 contain many useful facts. It is always a good sign when reading a text if you are able to discover new things. For example, it is common practice to add methanol to the supercritical CO2 in order to enable the solvation of polar molecules. But, what was particularly interesting to me is that a significant enhancement in the relative permittivity does not occur until the methanol concentration has exceeded 20 mol-% (Roskar et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1992, 77, 241-259). ‘very useful as a reference source’ In seeking to develop a scheme for the extraction of an analyte from a solid matrix it is necessary to investigate the extraction process.A good descriptive account of the super- critical fluid extraction process of a soluble analyte from plant material is provided (p. 182): (1) The plant matrix absorbs the supercritical solvent and other fluids which are deliberately added to influence the extraction process, e.g. a modifier. The cell structure swells, i.e. the cell membranes and the inter- cellular channels are widened. Mass transport resistance is lowered by these measures. (2) In parallel, the analytes to be extracted are dissolved in the supercritical solvent. (3) The dissolved analytes are transported to the outer surface of the solid. Diffusion is the most important transport mechanism.(4) The dissolved analytes then pass through the outer surface. (5) The analytes are transported from the surface layer into the bulk of the supercritical solvent and are subsequently removed with the solvent from the bulk of the solid material. Over-all, it is not the sort of book that you would read from cover-to-cover but it is very useful as a reference source and would be most welcome on the shelves of libraries and for any ‘student’ of supercritical fluids. John R. Dean 5/900851 University of Northumhria - ___ British Approved Names 1994. A Dictionary of Drug Names for Regulatory Use in the UK By British Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pp. xvii + 334. HMSO. 1994. Price €45.00. ISBN 0-1 1-321804-4. __ The 1994 edition of British Approved Names is based on the 1990 edition, consolidating the 187 new names that have appeared in the eight supplements to that edition.The new edition embodies two new features, ‘Guidelines for the Construction of Pharmaceutical Trade Marks’, which help the reader to construct a name for a drug that will be acceptable to the UK licensing authority, and retention of the name of the innovating company for those substances for which approved names have been adopted since 1990. The latter improvement will make it easier to trace the manufacturer of a drug during its development stage. The greater part of the book, 272 pages, consists of a dictionary of approved names including, for each entry, the approved name, a chemical name based on IUPAC nomen- clature principles, an indication of how to pronounce the approved name, Chemical Abstracts Registry Number, some trade marks by which the substance or one of its derivatives is known and the action or use of the drug.The next section gives names, trade marks and actions for compounded preparations containing two active ingredients, together with the proportions used in dispensing the compound. This is followed by a short list of ions and groups relating to salts or esters that are used as drug subtances. Because they are of complex composition the groups are not known by their chemical name but by a recommended name; both the recommended and chemical names are listed, together with a recommended pronunciation for each. The next substantial section is a Molecular Formula Index for each approved name, occupying 21 pages.The bulk of the rest of the book (22 pages) is a very useful cross-reference index listing proprietary names and the corre- sponding approved name of the active ingredient(s). This book should prove invaluable to those within the drug companies who have to construct acceptable names for new drug substances. It will also be of great help to pharmacists and pharmaceutical chemists who have to interpret those names, not to mention publishers of chemical and pharmaceutical texts. R. A. Young 4t901300 The Royal Society of Chemistry Jet Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Edited by J. M. Hollas and D. Phillips. Pp. 456. Chapman and Hall. 1994. Price f89.00. ISBN 0-7514-0035-1. The impact that supersonic jets have had on the study of molecular spectroscopy and molecular dynamics in the last twenty years or so has been enormous.Perusal through any issue of major research journals in chemical physics or physical chemistry will usually reveal at least one, and often many articles for which a supersonic jet or beam has been used for one purpose or another. A supersonic jet, and its offspring the skimmed molecular beam, allows the production of molecules in the gas phase with extremely low internal temperatures, often of the order of just a few IS. In addition, the molecules are essentially in a collision-free environment. In spectroscopy, the cooling greatly reduces spectral congestion by effectively depopulating all but the lowest few rotational levels of a molecule (vibrational cooling is less effective, but still often significant).With this simplification, obtaining rotationally- resolved spectra of quite large molecules, such as aromatics, is now possible. Weakly bound van der Waals complexes can also be formed in the low temperature jet environment and these are proving to be exciting sources of information on intermolecular forces and on dynamical processes such as intermolecular vibrational redistribution. Indeed the study of molecular dynamics as a whole has been transformed by jet cooling since it facilitates investigation of dynamical processes at the state- resolved level. This book is a collection of reviews by invited authors intended to illustrate some of the widespread and exciting applications of supersonic jets and beams.Crudely speaking, it is divided into roughly two halves, the first concerned largely with spectroscopy, while the second is geared more towards dynamical aspects. The first five chapters cover a range of spectroscopic topics including the spectroscopy of weakly bound complexes, a review of infrared spectroscopy in jets and beams, and a chapter on the electronic spectroscopy of free radicals. Chapter 6, in which Felker and Zewail describe rotational coherence phenomena, marks the transition over into the time domain and finishes with a brief account of rotational coherence spectroscopy. Subsequent chapters deal with ultra- fast dynamics, including a comprehensive chapter on intra- molecular vibrational redistribution, and chapters on relaxation processes in van der Waals clusters, internal rotation dynamics, and the role of dark states in radiationless transitions.‘this is an important book which surely has a place on the bookshelf of every user and potential user of jets and beams’ The editors should be commended on their successes in persuading an array of eminent users of supersonic jets and beams to contribute to this book. The field as a whole has nowAnalyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 59N reached maturity and so a book of this type is timely both to provide an indication of progress made so far and to stimulate new work. It would be churlish of me to criticize the editors for omissions, since I’m sure it was not their intention to include mention of every topic which has benefited from supersonic jet and beam technology.However, there are such omissions; one example is the study of small metal clusters, which has grown enormously since laser ablation was combined with pulsed supersonic jets in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, this is an important book which surely has a place on the bookshelf of every user and potential user of jets and beams and for anyone else who wishes to know of the discoveries made using what, as the editors point out in the preface, has sometimes been referred to as a fourth state of matter. A. M . Ellis 5190052 B University of Leicester Handbook of Food Additives By Michael Ash and Irene Ash. Pp. xiv + 1026, Gower Publishing. 1995. Price €175.00. ISBN 0-566-07592-X. This book claims on the cover notes to provide a unique single- source of information on some 5000 trade name products and 2500 chemicals that function as food additives.The entries within contain extensive information reputedly gathered from world-wide manufacturers, distributors, trade journals, govern- ment documents and ‘other’ references. While this may be true, there appears to be a strong but not unsurprising bias towards data from the USA. The layout, as described in the preface, comprises four main sections (preceded by a useful list of abbreviations): (1) Trade Name References (11) Chemical Dictionary/Cross-Reference; (111) Functional Cross-Reference, and (IV) Manufacturer’s Directory. Several appendices further cross-reference the various CAS, EINECS and FEMA numbers of entires to the main sections. Supplementary regulatory information is supplied in the form of three tables listing: (i), The US FDA Code of Federal Regulations, (ii) EEC E Numbers both in numerical order (i.e., substance, use and limitations), and (iii) Japanese Food Additive Regulations in the form of an alphabetical listing of permitted substances along with use and usage levels.Whilst the glossary of terms given at the back contains definitions of the different food additive categories, the reader should be aware of differences in terms (and also spelling) between the US and the UK/EEC. For instance, the terms Modified starch, Raising agent, Flour treatment agent and Acidity regulator which are described in the EC Food Additives Framework Directive, are not listed here and the term Bufler is used for the latter. The book finishes with a short bibliography which generally references other handbooks and directories.‘a useful ready-reference for anyone in- volved in the food additives field, partic- ularly those involved in food production, technology and science’ The text is laid out in an orderly manner and it is easy to manoeuvre through the various sections and appendices. This makes the cross-referencing of product names, functions, manufacturers and regulatory information very easy. However, reference books of this type are usually best evaluated by testing with real ‘enquiries’, which in my case is in the field of natural colouring materials. For example, Annatto food colouring is listed as such in Part I1 and as Annatto Extract. Whilst the information given is reasonably comprehensive and suitably cross-referenced (where more technical information can be obtained), it is in error and somewhat misleading.Annatto is defined partly as ‘. . . containing ethyl bixin’, with a ‘Formula’ C2&404. Neither is true, since the principal lipophyllic colouring component bixin (C25H3004) is the monomethyl ester of hydrophyllic norbixin (an apocarotenoid dioic acid, C24H3004). Moreover, this is contradicted by the correct information given under the entry for Annatto Extract. Furthermore, under ‘Usage Level’ for Annatto, the EEC AD1 is given but not typical levels of application. Whereas under the entry for Annatto Extract, a range of 0.5-10 ppm is given. Despite its shortcomings, which are arguably inevitable in a project of this size, this book certainly lives up to its sub-title ‘An international guide to more than 7000 products by trade name chemical, function and manufacturer’.It is no less than a 1025 page database originating from the same stable as Gardner’s Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, which is currently in it’s 10th edition. Although only basic chemical information is provided, it is nonetheless recommended as a useful ready-reference for anyone involved in the food additives field, particularly those involved in food production, technology and science. This title is also available on CD ROM and 3.5” disks. Mike Scotter 5190056E CSL Food Science Laboratory Norwich Process Analytical Chemistry Edited by F. McLennan and B. R. Kowalski. Pp. xiii + 378. Blackie. 1995. Price €75.00. ISBN 0-7514-0038-6. Process Analytical Chemistry is an interesting book, but is one that is rather difficult to classify in terms of its purpose.The Preface has some clear statements in terms of readership (‘scientists and engineers educated in physical sciences and working in the chemical and allied industries’) beneficiaries (‘students and practitioners of analytical chemistry, process engineering, plant supervision and control/intelligence’) and future developments in the subject area, but I am not sure if it actually matches these statements. There are eleven chapters and nine of these concentrate on specific techniques: sampling techniques, molecular spectros- copy, chromatography, chemometrics, environmental monitor- ing, flow injection, physical properties, non-invasive techniques and electrochemical methods.The other two chapters are a general introduction to the subject and a discussion of future developments in chemical sensors and analyser systems. Many of these chapters are also heavily biased towards large continuous processes rather than small batch processes. This is not a bad thing in itself as large continuous processes readily lend themselves to the techniques, but there is little guidance in transferring such technology for a laboratory analyst in a small batch manufacturing company who is considering introducing in-process monitoring. Each chapter is self-contained and can be read independently of the others, a useful feature given the scope of the book. Most of the chapters are purely descriptive and, although they contain many useful tips and much sound advice, some come perilously close to lists of equipment on occasions.The level of knowledge about the techniques is generally assumed to be zero and the basic principles, with some theory, of the techniques and instrumentation are given at an early undergraduate level. The application of chemometrics to process monitoring and control is a major innovation and it has been gaining momentum in the last few years. The chemometrics chapter is written by acknowledged leaders in this field and, if the other chapters are60N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 largely descriptive, this one is not. It makes few concessions to the mathematically challenged and it frequently assumes familiarity with chemometric specific terms.However, it is comprehensive and covers many of the topics that are needed to deal with modelling multivariate process data. The chapters are written by different authors and this shows in the style differences between them and the focus on some aspects of the subjects-the environmental chapter, for exam- ple, has a good discussion of the legislative drivers for environmental monitoring but it is concerned purely with the situation in the USA. The qualitative nature of most of the chapters limits the book’s use as a reference text but students in analytical chemistry and chemical engineering will find it useful supplementary reading, particularly as background to project work. For anyone looking to implement process analytical chemistry, the value of the book will depend on their experience-the inexperienced will get pointers but will need significantly more help than is offered here, the experienced will be able to extrapolate from the information provided.R. L. Tranter 5190049B Glaxo Wellcome Operations Barnard Castle remove a fundamental concern about the uncertainty in the raw data. A biological matrix of such complexity is subject to enormously complicated and rapid multi-parameter transients, and warrants use of inherently more selective and biocompat- ible electrodes than currently exist. While ascorbate is the prime undesired interferent in most instances, as Chapter 7 implies, it should probably be accorded ‘honorary’ neurotransmitter status; it is actively concentrated, manipulated and bioactive in the brain.Chapter 8 moves from intact tissue to single cells, and in particular to a unique peripheral catecholamine release system, the adrenal cell; the power of microelectrode use for determining the dynamic and quanta1 release patterns of such cells clearly emerges. The final chapter cites use of a conventional rotating disc electrode to follow the kinetics of dopamine uptake and release in nerve cell suspensions and from this a model for dopamine membrane transporter binding. This volume has served its specialist field well; the authoritative chapters will reach beyond the ‘converted’. They will encourage neurobiologists to look more carefully at voltammetry as a viable technique, and indicate to physical scientists that biology does indeed present respectable chal- lenges amenable to concise physical models. P.Vadgama 51900386 University of Manchester ~ ~ ~~ Voltammetric Methods in Brain Systems Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker and Ralph N. Adams. Neuromethods 27. Pp. xvi + 350. The Humana Press. 1995. Price $99.50. ISBN 0-89603-31 2-0. This volume is one in a series on neurobiology methods and brings together a sequence of experimental voltammetric approaches. Each chapter is a distillate of the ‘in depth’ experience of a particular, recognized group, on the whole mercifully put together in a language and style accessible to the non-specialist and the biological end user. Chapter 1 opens with an explanation of carbon electrode materials variously used in brain voltammetry, and by inference indicates the rather uncertain nature of their behaviour even before their contact with neural tissue.Chapter 2 gets into fundamental determinants of neurotransmitter levels in this most complex of all biological systems, e.g., models of their tissue localization, compartmentalization, release-uptake ki- netics and diffusion are covered, There is also a realistic appraisal of electrochemical and bio-artifacts which often make full data interpretation difficult. A lack of selectivity is certainly one major, recurrent problem, not fully solved apparently by (over)use of Nafion as an electrode barrier membrane. ‘will encourage neurobiologists to look more carefully at voltammetry as a viable technique’ If rapid neurotransmission events are to be followed, then fast cyclic voltammetry (up to 900 V s-1 sweep rates) is certainly one potent strategy; the third chapter illustrates this for dopamine, with methodology for in vitro brain slice prepara- tions described for more controlled experimentation. In iivo studies, however, remain vital, and in vivo chronocoulometry for following noradrenaline tissue dynamics is presented next, amplified in a chapter on catecholamine monitoring of both central and peripheral nerve tissues.A following focussed description on the release and uptake behaviour of dopamine highlights one way in which inadequacies of electrochemistry, especially poor selectivity, can be overcome with powerful (and no doubt expensive) electronic signal processing; the panoply of background subtraction, curve fitting, Fourier transform de- scribed will probably be added to in future years, but does not Universities and Industrial Research By E.Konecny, C. P. Quinn, K. Sachs and 0. T. Thompson. Pp. xiv + 182. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. Price f39.50. ISBN 0-85404-407-8. Over the last decade, the UK’s learned societies have found it increasingly difficult to attract attendees to their general scientific meetings. Too often, despite the need to retain technical ability by means of broadly based continuing education throughout their staffs’ career, managers have decided that the loss of on-site time, the cost of travel and fees outweigh the general advantages. This is true both for small or medium enterprises (SME)s and for the separate profit centres into which larger companies are commonly sub-divided.Nevertheless it is certain that industrial technical problems remain, existing processes can be made more efficient and that new science is now and will continue to become available. Economic factors also prevent SMEs and larger company profit centres from being able to carry out all the internal basic or upstream research pertinent to their business. The logical thesis of this book is that industry should therefore turn outside to specific consultancies, exchange with academic staff and collaborative projects with universities. The argument becomes economically more cogent when govern- ment sponsorship of graduate student or other academic research, in order to create wealth, is considered. ‘This book will give hints to those technology champions who collaborate with the scien- tific and technical world outside their own group.’ The book is based on discussions held by the European Research Managers’ Association in 1988 and so has less emphasis on North American or Japanese practice. Perhaps this could be looked at in the second edition? While the amount of detail and examples may be difficult to absorb fully by reading straight through the book, the conclusions are helpfully displayed at the end of each chapter. The lessons to be learned are applicable to many disciplines and not exclusive to industrial and university partnerships. For example, manyAnalyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 61N European Union research and development projects are depend- ent on company-company interaction. All inter-corporate collaboration must be placed on a satisfactory legal footing.Chapter 6 gives useful tips on contracts and intellectual property rights between partners, though (government) sponsors may also make stringent demands. Chapter 6 is less convincing on project management which, though rightly claimed to be ‘of great importance’, is dismissed in half a page. Written by industrialists, the book stresses the importance of encouraging undirected academic research. Young academics apart, sponsorship is best applied to those who have established a good long-term record. Successful collaboration between two or more organizations depends upon individual people or technology ‘champions’ who have been encouraged to stim- ulate and lead the innovation process. Companies wanting to rationalize their costs frequently contract out for special skills.There is also the option, with a danger not usually perceived by shareholders, of retiring experienced staff, who by hard networking, know who to approach and how to optimize external consultancy . This book will give hints and encouragement to those, all too few, technology champions who follow the trends and collabo- rate with the scientific and technical world outside their own group. J . R. P. Clarke 51900650 Hulme, Cheshire Foods and Packaging Materials-Chemical Interactions Edited by P. Ackermann, M. Jagerstad, T. Ohlsson. Pp. xvii + 232. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. Price $45.00. ISBM 0-85404-720-4. The book contains the proceedings of an International Sympo- sium on this topic held in Lund, Sweden, June 1994, with contributors from throughout Europe and also the USA and Israel. The Preface starts with the definition-‘Food and packaging interactions can be defined as chemical and/or physical reactions between a food, its package, and the environment, which alter the composition, quality, or physical properties of the food and/or the package.’ The papers in the book cover the topic well under five categories; chemical interactions-general approach, sensory problems, mechanical interactionsbarrier properties of packaging, new packaging materials and active packaging.Active packaging, as the name implies, plays an active role in preserving the quality of packaged foodstuffs. The papers in this section mainly cover systems which control the atmosphere within the package by scavenging or selective absorption of gases, and by use of plastics with tailored gas transmission properties.The two papers on new packaging materials concentrate on edible and biodegradable packaging and present a range of physical data. Packaging can influence the taste and aroma of foods by transferring substances to the food or absorbing flavour and aroma components of the food into the packaging materials. This is a high profile subject for food packaging and is covered in eight papers. A paper from the Fraunhofer Institute, Munich, Germany gives a good overview on the topic with examples of problems. It also provides a useful list of odorous substances which can arise from packaging, with odour descriptors and odour threshold values.A number of the other papers present data on absorption of food aroma substances into plastics- scalping-and permeation through plastics. Absorption of aroma substances into the plastics packaging is the first stage in the loss of aroma substances. Where the rate of diffusion is high the aroma substances can transfer through the total thickness of the packaging and be lost to the outside. The parameters which control the absorption and diffusion of aroma substances are presented and discussed. One paper puts forward preditive models for estimating the flavour absorption by plastics packaging. ‘Researchers, technologists and also students with an involvement in food packaging will find this book both useful and interesting.’ It is well known that high residue levels of styrene monomer in polystyrene plastics transferring to foods can cause food tainting. Data in a paper from Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, demonstrate with styrene mono- mer that the taste recognition threshold concentrations (TRTC) for substances depend very much on the food type. The main conclusion for styrene monomer was that the TRTC increases with fat content of the food. The section on mechanical interactions and barrier properties contains 12 papers. A number present data on oxygen permeability, an important property of plastics packaging to maintain food quality. One paper describes a gas chromato- graphy static head space method to measure permeability of solvents from printing inks. Printing on food packaging is nearly always on the outside of the packs but ink solvent residues can permeate through the packaging into the food. As an international scientific symposium the papers in the book are, as expected, of a high standard and contain a wealth of practical data. Researchers, technologists and also students with an involvement in food packaging will find this book both useful and interesting. P. A. Tice 5190064 F Pira International Surrey

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210057N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

62N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 Conference Diary Date 1996 June 3-5 3-5 4-7 5-7 9-1 3 10-1 1 10-14 13-14 16-21 17-21 30-317 30-5/7 July 1-3 Conference Location Progress in Instrumental TLC Guildford, UK SAS: 4th Symposium on Analytical Sciences Brussels, Belgium 3rd Nordic Festival of Mass Spectrometry Lund, Sweden Eurolab Symposium on Testing and Analysis for Industrial Competitiveness and Germany Sustainable Development Berlin, 8th International Conference on Metalorganic Cardiff, Vapour Epitaxy UK 6th Conference on Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Related Methods (Part 1) Eindhoven, Netherlands 11th International Converence on Prague, High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS '96) Czech Republic 6th Conference on Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Related Methods (Part 2) Dortmund, Germany HPLC '96: 20th International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques California, USA 2nd European Symposium and Exhibition on Optical Instrument and Systems Design Glasgow, UK 8th International Symposium on Chiral Discrimination UK Edinburgh, Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and Its Applications, RIS-96 USA Pennsylvania, 9th International Symposium on Polymer Analysis and Characterization (ISPAC-9) UK Oxford, Contact Mrs Gill Caminow, The Chromatographic Society, Suite 4, Clarendon Chambers, 32 Clarendon Street, Nottingham NG1 5JD, UK Tel: +44 (0)115 950 0596.Fax: +44 (0)115 950 0614 D'C 96-SAS Scientific Secretary, 7 rue d'Argout, 75002 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 42 33 47 66. Fax: +33 1 40 41 92 41 Thorleif Lavold Jr./Gunilla Hugo, Fisons Instruments, Nordic AB, Gardsfogdevagen 16, S-161 70 Bromma, Sweden Tel: +46 8 629 24 00.Fax: +46 8 627 52 20 Dr. Jugen Lexlow, Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und Priifung Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205, Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 8104 1003. Fax: +49 30 811 2029 Glenda Bland, Global Meeting Planning Tel: +44 (0)1222 700053. Fax: +44 (0)1222 700665 E-mail: 10046.1402@compuserve.com Dr. D. K. G. de Boer, Philips Research Laboratories, WB21, Prof. Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands Tel: +31 40 74 2859. Fax: +31 40 74 3075 E-mail : deboerd@ prl .philip s . nl Dr. Jiri Ullschmied, Conference Co-Chairman, Institute of Plasma Physics, AS CR, Za Slovankou 3, Prague 182 00, Czech Republic Fax: +422 858 6389. E-mail: BEAMS96@ 1PP.CAS .CZ Dr.D. K. G. de Boer, Philips Laboratories WB21, Prof. Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands Tel: +31 40 74 2859. Fax: +31 40 74 3075 E-mail: deboerd@prl.philips.nl Mrs. Janet Cunningham, Barr Enterprises, 10120 Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793, USA Tel: +1 301 898 3772. Fax: +1 301 898 5596 Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-9 1403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-Mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr Mrs Gill Caminow, The Chromatographic Society, Suite 4, Clarendon Chambers, 32 Clarendon Street, Nottingham NG1 5JD, UK Tel: +44 (0)115 950 0596. Fax: +44 (0)115 950 0614 Sabrina Glasgow, Conference Secretary, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 184 Materials Research Institute Building, University Tel: +1 814 865 0200.Fax: +1 814 863 0618 E-mail: scg4@psuvm.psu.edu Park, PA 16802-7003 USA Prof. John Dawkins, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK LE11 3TU Fax: +44 (0)1509 233163Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 63N Date Conference 8-12 XVI International Congress of Clinical Chemistry 15-19 9th International Conference on Quantitative Surface Analysis 17-19 8th Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium (BNASS) 22-23 33rd R & D Topics Meeting 22-25 Sixth International Meeting on Chemical Sensors August 10-13 11-16 20-23 21-23 25-30 Location London, UK Surrey, UK Norwich, UK Nottingham, UK Gaithersburg, USA 42nd International Conference on Analytical London, Science and Spectroscopy Canada ICORS ’96: XV International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy USA 7th International Symposium on Osaka, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Japan (PBAT ’96) Pittsburgh, Fourth International Symposium on Capillary York, ~.Electrophoresis XXIII EUCMOS September 1-7 Euroanalysis IX 4-6 Traceability and Comparability of ‘Amount of Substance’ Measurements 8-1 1 22nd Annual Meeting of the British Mass Spectrometry Society UK B alatonfured, Hungary Bologna, Italy Noordwij kerhout, The Netherlands Swansea, UK Contact Mrs. Pat Nielsen, XVIth International Congress of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 227, Buckingham, UK MK18 5PN Fax: +44 (0)1280 6487 Professor J. E. Castle, University of Surrey, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guildford, Surrey UK GU2 5XH Tel: +44 (0)1483 259150.Fax: +44 (0)1483 259508. E-mail: j .castle@ surrey: ac.uk Ms. Brenda Holliday, BNASS Secretariat, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WF Tel: +44 (0)1223 420066. Fax: +44 (0)1223 423623 The Secretary, Analytical Division, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK Tel: +44 (0)171 437 8656. Fax: +44 (0)171 437 8883 Howard H. Weetall, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 222/A353, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA Tel: +1 301 975 2628. Fax: +1 301 330 3447. E-mail: weetall@ micf .nis t .gov Martin Stillman, University of Estem Ontario, Department of Chemistry, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada Tel: +1 519 661 3821.Fax: +1 519 661 3022. E-mail: stillman@uwo.ca Professor S. Asher, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA Professor Susumu Honda, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi Osaka 577, Japan Fax: +81 6 721 2353 Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0)1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 4325 16 E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk Professor Dr. J. Mink, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Veszprkm, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprem, Hungary Professor Luigia Sabbatini, Euroanalysis IX, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universith di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy Tel: +39 80 544 2020.Fax: +39 80 544 2026 Linda Catterson, Workshop Secretary, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TWl 1 OLY, UK Tel: +44 (0)181 943 7423. Fax: +44 (0)181 943 2767. E-mail: lc@lgc.co.uk Dr. Fred Mellon, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK NR4 7UA Tel: +44 (0)1603 255299. Fax: +44 (0)1603 452578 E-mail: fred.mellon@bbsrc.ac.uk64N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 Date 8-13 9-1 1 9-13 9-1 3 10-14 15-20 15-20 16-18 16-20 23 24-26 26-27 29-04 Conference Location Contact CLEO '96: European Conferences on Lasers and Electro-Optics Hamburg, Germany CLEO/Europe '96, Institute of Physics, Meetings and Conferences Department, 47 Belgrave Square, London, UK SWlX 8QX F.Dondi, Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 1-44100 Ferrara, Italy Tel: +39 532 291 154. Fax: +39 532 240709 Dr. V. Spirko, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, J. Heyrovsk, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, CZ-18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic Dr. Vladimir Spriko, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, The J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, CZ- 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic Fax: +42 2 858 2307. E-mail: praha96@jh-inst.cas.cz. or praha96@ wcpj .chemie.uni-wuppertal.de Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-91403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-Mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr GDCh-Geschaftsstelle, Abt.Tagungen, Vanentrappestr. 4042, Postfach 90 04 40, D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 90, Germany Tel: +49 69 791 7358. Fax: +49 69 791 7475 Caroline Hutcheon, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol B58 lTS, UK Tel: +44 (0)117 928 9000 or +44 (0)117 928 7658. Fax: +44 (0)117 925 7295 G. J. Martin or V. Foucault, FacultC des Sciences, Laboratoire de RCsonance MagnCtique NuclCaire et RCactivitiC Chimique, U.R.A. - CNRS 472, 2 rue de la Houssini&re, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03, France Tel: +33 4037 3169. Fax: +33 4074 9806 Dr. Grenville Holland, Department of Geological Sciences, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham City, UK DH1 3LE Fax: +44 (0)191 374 2510 Dr. J. S. Becker, Forschungszentrum fur Chemische Analysen, D-52425 Julich, Germany Tel: +49 2461 612698.Fax: +49 2461 612560 Dr. J. S. Becker, Forschungszentrum fur Chemische Analysen, D-52425 Jiilich, Germany Tel: +49 2461 612698. Fax: +49 2461 612560 Ioana Spirescu, Romania Biotehnos S.A., Str. Dumbrava Roslo, nr. 18, Bucuresti 70254, Romania Tel: +40 1 210 20 15. Fax: +40 1 210 97 05. E-mail: dcornel@cbb.bth.ro FACSS, 201B Broadway Street, Frederick, MD Tel: +1 301 846 4797. 21701-6501 USA Sixth International Symposium on Field Flow Fractionation Ferrara, Italy 14th International Conference on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy Prague, Czech Republic PRAHA96: 14th International Conference on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy Prague, Czech Republic International Symposium and Exhibition on Biomedical Optics IV Graz, Austria 21st International Symposium on Chromatography S tuttgart, Germany 1996 European Workshop in Chemometrics Bristol, UK The Third International Conference on Applications of Magnetic Resonance in Food Science Nantes, France 5th International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry Durham, UK 12th ICP-MS Applications Meeting Jiilich, Germany Jiilich, Germany Bucharest, Romania Mass Spectrometry Processes for the Determination of Trace Elements 4th International Symposium on Biotechnology Now & Tomorrow 23rd Annual Conference of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) Kansas City, USA October 3-4 Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis Y ork, UK Dr.T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0) 1904 432576.Fax: +44 (0) 1904 4325 16 E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk Expoquimia Equiplas Eurosurfas, Fira de Barcelona, Avda. Reina Ma Cristina, E-08004, Barcelona, Spain 20-25 Expoquimia Equiplast Eurosurfas Barcelona, SpainAnalyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 65N Date Conference Locat ion Contact 22-25 Pollutec 96 28-29 Monitor '96 Lyon, France Michele Jackson or Vinod Mahtani, Promosalons (UK) Ltd., 82 Bishops Bridge Rd, London W2 6BB, UK Tel: +44 (0)171 221 3660. Fax: +44 (0)171 792 3525 Spring Innovations, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127 Manchester, UK 30-3 1 International Workshop on Metallothioneins Geel, Dr Guy Bordin, European Commission-Joint Belgium Research Centre-IRMM, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Fax: +32 14 584 273, E-mail: bordin@irmm.jrc.be November 4-8 International Symposium on the Industrial Application of the Mossbauer Effect 13 Capillary Electrophoresis Meeting 13-15 13th Montreux Symposium on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 21 Spectroscopic Detection in Process Analysis (11) 1997 January 4-9 The Fourth International Symposium On: New Trends in Chemistry The Role of Analytical Chemistry in National Development International Conference on Flow Injection Analysis-ICFIA 97 12-1 6 12-17 1997 European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 26-30 9th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Microscale Techniques Johannesburg, South Africa Hertfordshire, UK Montreux, Switzerland Hull, UK Giza, Egypt Orlando, USA Gent, Belgium Anaheim, USA Herman Pollak, Mossbauer Laboratory, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Tel: +27 11 716 4053/2526. Fax: +27 11 339 8262.E-mail: isiame@physnet.phys.wits.ac.za Mrs Gill Caminow, The Chromatographic Society, Suite 4, Clarendon Chambers, 32 Clarendon Street, Nottingham NG15JD, UK Tel: +44 (0)115 950 0596. Fax: +44 (0)115 950 0614 M. Frei-Hausler, Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschwil 2, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 481 2789. Fax: +41 61 482 0805 Dr. J. S. Lancaster, BP Chemicals, Hull Research Centre, Saltend, Hull, UK HU12 8DS Tel: +44 (0)1482 894803. Fax: +44 (0)1482 892171 Professor Dr. M. M. Khater, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ICFIA 97, Sue Christian, P.O.Box 26, Medina, WA Fax: +1 206 454 9361. E-mail: sue@flowinjection.com L. Moens, Secretariat, 1997 European Winter Conference, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000, Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 264 66 00. Fax: +32 9 264 66 99 E-mail: plasma97@rug.ac.be Shirley Schlessinger, Symposium Manager, HPCE '97, 400 East Randolph Street, Suite 1015, Chicago, IL 60601, USA Tel: +1 312 527 2011. 98039-0026, USA April 14-19 Genes and Gene Families in Medical, Texas, Mrs. Janet Cunningham, Barr Enterprises, 10120 Agricultural and Biological Research: 9th International Congress on Isozymcs USA USA Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793, Tel: + I 301 898 3772.Fax: +1 301 898 559666N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 Date Conference Location May 12-16 European Symposium on Photonics in Paris, Manufacturing I11 France June 15-2 1 International Conference on Analytical Moscow, Chemistry Russia 16-20 European Symposium on Environmental and Munich, Public Safety I1 Germany 30-3/7 6th European ISSX Meeting September 8-12 Biomedical Optics V Gothenburg, Sweden Poland October 26-29 8th Symposium on Handling of Almeria, Environmental and Biological Samples in Chromatography. 26th Scientific Meeting of the Group of Chromatography and Related Techniques of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry Spain Contact Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-91403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr Dr. L. N. Kolomiets, Scientific Council on Chromatography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 3 1, 117915 Moscow, Russia Fax: +7 095 952 0065 Francoise Chavel, Executive, Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-9 1403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr Meeting Secretariat, 6th European ISSX Meeting, c/o The Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 1136, S-11 1 81 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 723 5000. Fax: +46 8 20 55 11 Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-91403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-p.sud.fr M. Frei-Hausler, IAEAC Secretariat, Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschwil 2, Switzerland Fax: +41 61 482 08 05

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210062N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

66N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 Courses 1996 June 3-5 Advanced HPLC 3-7 Radioisotope Techniques 18-19 HPLC Toubleshooting Courses Widener, USA Loughborough, UK Macclesfield, UK July 1-2 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Manchester, UK Jim Alexander, Rohm and Haas Laboratories, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477 Tel: +1 215 619 5226. Dr. P. Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK LE11 3TU Tel: +44 (0)1509 222585. Nikki Rathbone, HPLC Technology Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK SK11 6PJ Tel: 01625 613848. Fax: 01625 616916 Dr. N. H. P. Smith, Chemistry Department, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester, UK M60 1QD Tel: +44 (0)161 200 4491. Fax: +44 (0)161 236 767767N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 Date Conference Locat ion Contact 1-5 Summer School in Spectroscopic Manchester, Interpretation UK 23-25 Problem Solving for Analytical Leaders Y ork, UK August 18-21 Capillary Electrophoresis Course 19-2 1 Aerosol and Particle Measurement 22-23 Air and Gas Filtration York, UK Minneapolis, USA Minneapolis, USA September 3-5 HPLC Beginners Training Course Macclesfield, UK 3-6 Clinical Nutrition Leeds, UK 7 Workshop in Field Flow Fractionation Ferrara, Italy 11-13 2nd Workshop on Biosensors and Biological Lund, Techniques in Environmental Analysis Sweden October 3 4 Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis York, UK 22-23 HPLC Troubleshooting Courses Macclesfield, UK November 6-9 Analytical FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopy Amsterdam, for Industrial and Environmental Applications The Netherlands Dr.N. H. P. Smith, Chemistry Department, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester, UK M60 1QD Tel: +44 (0)161 200 4491. Fax: +44 (0)161 236 7677 Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0) 1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0) 1904 432516 E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0) 1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0) 1904 4325 16 E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk Registrar, Professional Development and Conference Services, University of Minnesota, 235 Nolte Center, 315 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN Fax: +1 612 626 1632 Registrar, Professional Development and Conference Services, University of Minnesota, 235 Nolte Center, 315 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN Fax: +1 612 626 1632 55455-01 39 55455-0139 Nikki Rathbone, HPLC Technology Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK SK11 6PJ Tel: 01625 613848.Fax: 01625 616916 Mrs. Hilary L. Thackray, Department of Continuing Professional Education, Continuing Education Building, Springfield Mount, Leeds, UK LS2 9NG Tel: +44 (0)113 233 3233. Fax: +44 (0)113 233 3240 F. Dondi, Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46,I-44100 Ferrara, Italy Tel: +39 532 291 154. Fax: +39 532 240709 Mrs. M. Frei-Hausler, IAEAC Secretariat, Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschwill 2, Switzerland Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0)1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 432516. E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk Nikki Rathbone, HPLC Technology Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK SKI 1 6PJ Tel: 01625 613848. Fax: 01625 616916 The Centre for Professional Advancement, Oudezidjs Voorburgwal 3 16A, 1012 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Entries in the above listing are included at the discretion of the Editor and are free of charge. If you wish to publicize a forthcoming meeting please send full details to: The Analyst Editorial Office, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WF. Tel: +44 (0)1223 420066. Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247. E-mail:Analyst@RSC.ORG.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210066N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

68N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 Conference Report Second Huayi International Symposium on Analytical Chemistry: November 15-18, 1995, Shenzhen, People‘s Republic of China Three years have passed since the First Huayi International Symposium on Analytical Chemistry (Analyst, 1993, 118, 61N). The second one, held in Shenzhen, attracted 260 Chinese- speaking (Huayi) analytical chemists from different parts of the world. The programme included a number of plenary lectures, and the oral presentations were divided into several sub-sections covering various branches of analytical chemistry. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), GC and HPLC In a plenary lecture entitled ‘Chemical Characterization of Single Cells and Single Molecules’ Edward S. Yeung (Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA) described the separation of mammalian cells of extremely small size by CE. Reactions of single lactate dehydrogenase (LDA- 1) molecules can be monitored by using laser-induced fluorescence.In this way concentrations down to 10-l7 moll-’ can be monitored and the activity of individual molecules and cells can be measured. The possibility of measuring individual molecules and cells is quite exciting, as at the early stage of an illness only some individual cells show abnormal changes. The development of various detection systems for CE was reported by Jie-Ke Cheng (Wuhan University, Wuhan). A new set-up for highly sensitive fluorescence detection, made from a detector array and a tungsten lamp source, reached a detection limit of 5 X 10-’0 mol 1-l for fluorescein.In a laser optical scheme based on interference phase-shift (IPS), the detection limits for saccharose in a soft drink were of the order of ng to fg. For electrochemical detection in CE Hu Shen et al. (Wunan University) positioned the microelectrodes at the end of a 25 pm capillary under the microscope by a micro-manipulator. The electrodes were connected with a picoammeter. Dopamine and catechol were determined by using this device. Ying-Sing Fung (University of Hong Kong) separated the metal ions of environmental interest with CE by converting then into phenanthroline complexes. Pei-Zhang Lu (Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian) described in his plenary lecture a GC expert system for environmental pollutant analysis. Cai-Ying Wu et al. (Wuhan University) synthesised two new chiral cyclic moieties containing alkenes derived from D-mannitol and (R,R)- tartaric acid.Shi-Lu Da et al. (Wuhan University) prepared stationary phases bonded with some new aza crown ether derivatives of cyclodextrin (CD) with two centres of enantio- meric recognition. It has been shown that the isomers of nitrophenol, dansyl-DL-aspartic acid and flurbiprofen can be separated in a reversed-phase mode. Tie-Gang Liu et al. (National Institute for Family Planning, Beijing) used HPLC to examine the performance of a medicated intrauterine device (IUD) by determining the indomethacin released from the device. Yi-Sheng Yuan et al. (Jinling Hospital, Nanjing) used HPLC to study, on the bodies of volunteers, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the newly designed controlled-release oral formulation of dextromethorphan, which is an effective non-narcotic antitussive, as the immediate-release formulation provides bronchodilation only for a duration of 4-6 h.The effective constituents of sulfonylurea herbicides for controlling broadleaf weeds were determined by Hong-Zhen Lian et al. (Wuhan University) using HPLC. Non-aqueous reversed-phase chromatography was used by Qing-Yun Ma et al. (Zhonshan University, Guangzhou) to check the hypothe- sis that P-carotene (a pigment found that in vegetables, carrots, tangerines, tomatoes and algae) and compounds with similar chemical structure, i.e., carotenoids, are beneficial for taking precautions against cancer. It has been found that the content of (3-carotene in cancer patients’ serum (0.3-0.9 pmol 1-1) is substantially lower than that of healthy persons (1 .S-3.2 pmol I-’).The main effective component in the widely used traditional Chinese medicine scutellaria root (Radix scutel- lariae) has been separated and determined by Xiang-Wen Wang et al. (Nanfang Pharmaceuticals, Shenzhen), using reversed- phase HPLC. Zheng-Feng Zhao (Monash University, Victoria, Australia) studied the gas chromatographic behaviour of tris(hex- afluoroacety1acetonato)aluminium and found that this chelate formed a trimer, which dissociated and hydrolysed under the catalytic action of trace water. Atomic Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy (AES and AAS) There were several plenary lectures devoted to this field. Ben-Li Huang (Xiamen University, Xiamem) discussed the use of the pulsing approach to enhance the sensitivity of AES.Ke Hu (Thermo Jarrell Ash Co., Franklin, MA, USA) discussed the design of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP- MS) to solve problems such as orifice clogging (by using an enlarged sampling orifice), background from the plasma (by using double-offset ion optics) and mass discrimination (by coupling a hyperbolic quadrupole with the S-shaped ion optics), etc. The plasma optical emission MS (POEMS) which couples ICP-optical emission spectrometry(0ES) with ICP-MS shares a common ICP source. Dong C. Liang (Aurora Instruments Ltd., Vancouver, Canada) described GF-CCP (capacitively coupled plasma) spectrometry that combines the sensitivity of ETAAS with the simultaneous, multi-element capability of ICP-OES. The source consists of a GF atomizer, similar to that used in ETAAS, with an electrode located within the furnace.By applying rf power to the central rod electrode, an atmospheric- pressure plasma can be initiated and sustained in the inner volume of the furnace. The performance of the microwave plasma torch (MPT) as an excitation source has been studied by Qin-Han Jin et al. (Jilin University, Changchun) in a series of reports. Kenneth K. K. Lam et al. (University of Hong Kong) described the technique of ‘back-surface ablation’ for the ICP-AES. The sample is coated on a transparent substrate and the laser beam is irradiated through the substrate onto the sample. With a single laser pulse, a clean plug of sample material is removed by the high pressure developed at the sample-substrate interface due to the vapor- izing sample.The amount of materials removed can be up to 100 times larger than with conventional front surface ablation;Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 69N the sensitivity is thus significantly improved. Jim J. Zhu (CETAC Technologies, Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) studied the laser ablation sampling efficiency dependence on laser energies, laser wavelengths sample surface conditions and the ablation cell design. Bin Hu (Wuhan University) used a polytetrafluoroethylene slurry as a fluorinating chemical modifier to solve the low vaporization efficiency problem associated with thz analysis of rare earth elements by electrothermal vaporization (ETV) ICP- AES dur to the formation of refractory carbides in GF.The detection limit of 10-10-10-12 g was two orders of magnitude better than the conventional approach. Molecular Spectroscopy Fan Zhang et al. (Fuzhou University, Fuzhou) synthesised N-(P- carboxypropiony1)luminol as a chemiluminescent label for use in immunoassay for labelling proteins. Hai-Jian Shi et al. (Anhul Normal University, Wuhu) synthesised 3-phenyl- 5-benzoylrhodanine, which forms a complex with Tm3+ that produces fluorescence in solution. The detection limit was 5.9 X 10-11 mol g-1. Haiqinn Rong et al. (Karolinska Insitute, Stockholm, Sweden) used time-resolved immunofluorometry for measuring some calcium regulating peptides, such as salmon calcitonin (SCT) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). Yuan Yan et al.(Xiamen University) used terbium as a fluorescent probe to study the conformational changes in natural double-stranded DNA in various environments by three- dimensional fluorescence spectrometry and fluorescence polar- ization spectrometry. Yun-Bao Jiang et al. from the same university studied the fluorescence emission of 4-dimethyl- aminochalcone in cx-,P- and y-CD supramolecular systems and the influence of the CD cavity size and the host to guest stoichiometry in the CD inclusion complex. Qing-Zhi Zhu et al. (Xiamen University) proposed a fluorimetric method for determining cyanide. Al-Jun Tong et al. (Tsinghua University, Beijing) studied the intense room temperature phosphorescence of 8-anilinonaphthalene- 1 - sulfonate and 6-toluidinylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate at 580 and 547 nm, respectively, using filter-paper as the solid substrate.Yong Zhang et al. (Xiamem University) reported the results of the kinetic room-temperature phosphorescence study and claimed that the induced complex formation between a-bromonaphthalene and Cj-CD can be enhanced by an external magnetic field under suitable conditions. Shu-Quan Liang et al. (Institute of Chemistry, Beijing) synthesised a water-soluble polymer with chromogenic groups, PAFPNS, by condensing polyallylamine with 3-(4-formylphenylazo)4,5-dihydroxy- naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (PFNS). The reagent possesses the functions of both chromogenic and micelle solubilising agents. Yan-Zhuo Deng et al. (Wuhan University) discussed the use of photothermal spectroscopy as a sensitive approach for weak absorption measurement, and described their modified photothermal phase-shift spectroscopic device which could be used to record the absorbance down to 2 X 10-6.Xiao-Yuan Li et al. (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) used Raman-based techniques to study the guest molecules encapsu- lated in zeolite molecular sieves. Electroanalytical Chemistry In his plenary lecture Erkang Wang (Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun) described the construction of an electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscope (ECSTEM) with decreased background current passing through the tips fabricated by electrochemical etching. In situ imaging of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) showed the elimination of the leakage current, and the surface of HOPG modified by cobalt methyltetraphorphyrin or flavin adenine dinucleotide was characterized by using STM.Li Jiang (University of Glasgow, UK) lectured on the possibility of electrochemically ‘wiring’ large proteins to electrodes capable of biomolecular recognition without the need for using electron transfer mediators. The composite enzyme monolayer is immobilized at the electrode using a single step reagentless procedure involving 3,3’-dithiobissulfosucinimidyl propionate, which is thiol-cleav- able and self-assembles onto a gold surface. Shao-Jun Dong (Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun) studied gold surfaces covered by self-assembled monolayers of organic thiols to improve the selectivity of an amperometric flow detector for some analgesic drugs.Jian-Rong Zhang et al. (Nanjing University, Nanjing) photoelectropolymerized aniline by laser irradiation with a wavelength of 488 nm and an energy of 1.0 W. The authors claimed that laser irradiation induced the conversion of aniline to the quinoid radical and lowered the potential of polymerization. Conducting polymer modified electrodes based on the oxidative electropolymerization of benzenetetraamine at glassy carbon have been used by Kwok-Keung Shiu et al. (Baptist University, Hong Kong) for concentration and determination of metallic species. Bleomycin, a member of the family of structurally similar glycopeptide antibiotics recognized as antitumour drugs, has been determined by Qi-Long Li et al. (Beijing Normal University, Beijing) using adsorptive voltam- metry with a detection limit of 5.0 X 10-lO moll-’.The electroanalytical chemistry of charge-transfer complexes involving amiodarone, a cardiac antiarrhythmic agent, has been studied by Danny K. Y. Wong et al. (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia). The electrochemical reduction of fullerenes at low temperature has been studied by Guo-Wang Diao et al. (Nanjing University, Nanjing) with the cyclic voltammogram exhibiting six reduction waves. Shang J. Yao et al. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) discussed the use of an electrochemical oxidation method for detecting biologically- derived nitric oxide for studying the wide range of bioactivities of this compound. Xiao-Yuan Li (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) studied the catalytic properties and amperometric sensing performance of the carbon electrode modified by polyplatinum salts or zeolite-based host-guest composites.Environmental and Clinical Studies There were several plenary lectures on these important topics. Jiunn-Guang Lo (Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan) described the fingerprint of the analytical measurement of trace gaseous pollutants obtained in different sites, including urban and semi-rural, semiconductor and petrochemical industrial areas. Robert C . Lao (Environmet Canada, Ottawa, Canada) lectured on the laboratory testing methodology in connection with environmental analysis. Chi-Kin Chan (The Government Laboratory of Hong Kong) reviewed the results of the third Asian collaborative study on the determination of tar and nicotine in cigarettes, with participation of 24 laboratories from different countries.Lo-Yin Chan (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong) discussed the landfill gas monitoring conducted at a landfill in Hong Kong and in China; part of the gases found was classified as volatile toxic organic compounds posing a potential risk to public health. Frank S. C. Lee et al. (Hong Kong Baptist University) discussed the problems associated with the analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Xiao-Wei Luo et al. (National University of Singapore, Singapore) studied the potential relationship between breast cancer and estrogen metabolites, as well as DDT and its metabolites. 1,1’-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-bis(4-chloro- benzene) (DDT) and its main metabolite 1,1’-(2,2-dichloro-70N Analyst, May 1996, Vol.121 ethenylidene)-bis(4-~hlorobenzene) (DDE) are estrogen-like substances, which are extremely stable in the environment and could accumulate through the food chain. Although the use of DDT has been banned in many countries, the exposure to DDT and its metabolites continues, mainly through food consump- tion, and accumulates in the bodies of the general population. Kin-Leong Fong et al. (Laboratory of Public Health Bureau of Macao Government, Macao) reported an HPLC procedure for determining thiamine and riboflavin in food samples with detection limits of 0.02 and 0.04 ng, respectively. Sik-Yiu Kwan (The Government Laboratory of Hong Kong) described the analytical methods for identification of seized samples of endangered species of animals and plants. According to CITES (Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Washington, 1973), the importation, exportation and possession of endangered species of animals and plants, including parts and derivatives, are strictly con- trolled.The identification of, for instance, bear bile and ivory (to distinguish ivory, say, from tusks of other mammals) might cause problems in practical analysis. You-Zhi Tang et al. (Bovar-Concord Environmental, Tor- onto, Ontario, Canada) described their prototype devices for the direct characterization of air-water exchange processes of chemical species which are of environmental importance. Fung- Yee Tam et al. (University of Hong Kong) examined the retention mechanism of some heavy metals in mangrove sediment leached with heavy metal-containing wastewater.Teng-Chang Pan et al. (Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan) and Chin-Ang Huang (Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan) undertook a detailed study on the content of selenium, manganese and cobalt in urine and serum of blackfoot disease (BFD) patients. BFD is a peripheral vascular disorder resulting in gangrene of the lower extremities, especially the feet, among residents in a limited area on the southwest coast of Taiwan. The high arsenic content in artesian well water of the area and some fluorescent compounds found in the well water were suggested to be responsible for BFD, though the aletiology of the disease still remains unknown. Selenium is needed for proper muscular function; selenium supplementation might be beneficial to BFD.Chun-Tao Che (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) reported the structure elucidation of chemical compounds isolated from Chinese medicinal plants by using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Hei Wun Leung (Hong Kong Baptist University) discussed the new dimension in the analysis of Chinese herbal medicinal material opened up by the modern MS-MS technique. The traditional MS technique played a relatively insignificant role in the study of Chinese herbal medicine, owing to the seemingly mutual incompatibility of the MS and Chinese herbal medicine formulation. The use of ion sputtering and desorption techniques such as fast atom bom- bardment (FAB) and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) changed the picture completely.Not only is it possible to generate ions of highly polar and heat labile compounds in the vapour phase, even large biopolymers such as polysaccharides can be ionized and analysed by MS. Chemometrics The author of this report gave a plenary lecture covering some recent chemometric studies of his group. the morphological approach introduced by this group into chemometrics is very helpful for solving problems caused by heteroscedastic noise. An example of the assessment of HPLC peak purity showed that when the conventional fixed size moving window envolving factor analysis (FSW EFA) failed to find out the true local rank, the morphological operators work quite well. The maximum sum of binary-coded residuals (MASBR) regression proposed by this group is a robust procedure for treatment of spectral data which can be used when conventional robust regression methods with breakdown points of less than 50% fail. Jin-yuan Mo et al. (Zhongshan University, Guangzhou) tried to use the wavelet multifrequency channel decomposition for treatment of spectroscopic and electrochemical data. Shao- Xiang Xiong et al. (Wuhan University) used Kalman filtering for the treatment of the three-dimensional electrophorogram obtained by CE with a charge-coupled device (CCD). The symposium really was a great success. To host the symposium, instead of Guangzhou as previously suggested, the organizers chose Shenzhen, which is famous as an economic miracle of this country. The third Huayi International Sympo- sium on Analytical Chemistry will take place in Hong Kong, in 1999. Ru-Qin Yu Hunan University, Changsha, 41 0082, China

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210068N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 71N ~~~ ~ Future Issues Will Include Enhancement by Cycloalkanes of the Chemiluminescent Oxi- dation of Sulfite-Alan Townshend, David A. Paulls Strategy for Fractionate High Affinity Antibodies to Steroid Hormones by Affinity Chromatography-Gianfranco Giraudi, C. Baggiani Discriminative Analysis of Zooplankton Individuals by Py- rolysis-Gas Chromatography Combined With On-line Methy- lation-Shin Tsuge, Yasuyuki Ishida, Shinichi Isomura, Hajime Ohtani, Tatsuki Sekino, Masami Nakanishi, Takashi Kimoto Simple Fluorimetric Flow-injection Method for Speciation of Thallium-Tomas Perez-Ruiz, Carmen Martinez-Lozano, Virginia Tomas, Rocio Casajus Preparation of Polypyrrole Composites and the Effect of Volatile Amines on their Electrical Properties-Norman M.Ratcliffe, B. P. J. deLacy Costello, Phillip Evans Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using Polymer-coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres-Brian D. MacCraith, J. E. Walsh, Mary P. Meaney, J. G. Vos, F. Regan, A. Lancia, S. Artjushenko Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Based on Fluorescence Quenching of Oxygen-sensitive Ruthenium Complexes Immobilized in Sol- Gel-derived Porous Silica Coatings-Aisling McEvoy, Collette M. McDonagh, Brian D. MacCraith Microfabricated Thick-film Electrochemical Sensor for Nucleic Acid Determination- Joseph Wang, Xiaohua Cai, Baomin Tian, Haruki Shiraishi Simultaneous Analysis of Sixty Pesticides in Water Using Solid-phase Microextraction-Janusz Pawliszyn, Anna A. Boyd-Boland, Sonia Magdic Interpreting Signals from Sensor Arrays-Patricia McAlernon, Jonathan M.Slater, Philip Lowthian Determination of 2-Furaldehyde in Transformer Oil Using Flow Injection With Pulsed Amperometric Detection-Jonathan M. Slater, John W. Dilleen, Chris M. Lawrence Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples-Erik Mannaert, P. Daenens Trace Elements in a Commercial Freeze-dried Human Urine Reference Material-Claude Veillon, Kristine Y. Patterson Isotope Enrichment Analysis of Magnesium in Biological Materials Determined by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectro- metry Using Microwave Digestion and the Direct Loading Technique-Werner Stegmann, Steven L. Goldstein, Michael Georgieff Determination of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamp Cullet by Slurry Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-J.Mierzwa, R. Dobrowolski Conducting Polymers and Bioanalytical Sciences-New Tools for Biomolecular Communications-G. G. Wallace, S. B. Adeloju Estimation of Monomers by a New Catalytic Bromination Method-Nibaran C. Dey, Lakhimi Borah, Anil C. Ghosh Vapour Generation-Fourier Transform-Infrared Direct Deter- mination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages-M. De La Guardia, A. Perez-Ponce, S. Garrigues Validation of an Automatic Urea Analyser Used in the Continuous Monitoring of Haemodialysis Parameters-Esteve Martinez-Fabregas, M. Jurkiewicz, S. Sole, J. Almirall, M. Garcia, Salvador Alegret Second Derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Salicylic Acid in Human Serum-Dimitrios G.Konstantianos, P. C. Ioannou Use of Proficiency Tests to Assess the Comparative Perform- ance of Analytical Methods: the Determination of Fat in Foodstuffs-Michael Thompson, Philip J. Lowthian, Roger Wood Flow Injection Microscopy: a Novel Tool for the Study of Cellular Response and Drug Discovery-Jaromir Ruzicka, Pamela J. Baxter, Ole Thastrup, Kurt Scudder New Developments in Workplace Aerosol Sampling-L. C. Kenny Particle Size Dependent Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Jurgen Schnelle, Kathrin Wolf, Gerhard Frank, Bernard Hietel, Istvan Gebefugi, Antonius Kettrup In Situ Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) Analysis of a Reactive Dye Covalently Bound to Cotton-P. C. White, C. H. Munro, W. E. Smith COPIES OF CITED ARTICLES The Royal Society of Chemistry Library can usually supply copies of cited articles. For further details contact: The Library, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK. Tel: +44 (0)171-437 8656. Fax: +44 (0) 17 1-287 9798. Telecom Gold 84: BUR210. Electronic Mailbox (Internet) LIBRARY@RSC.ORG. If the material is not available from the Society’s Library, the staff will be pleased to advise on its availability from other sources. Please note that copies are not available from the RSC at Thomas Graham House, Cambridge.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210071N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

72N Analyst, May 1996, Vol. 121 Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms The presence of an abbreviation or acronym in this list should NOT be read as a recommendation for its use. However, those defined here need not be defined in the text of your manuscript. AAS ac A D ADC ANOVA AOAC ASTM bP BSA BSI CEN CPm CMOS c.m.c. CRM CVAAS cw CZE dc DRIFT DELFIA DNA EDTA ELISA emf ETAAS EXAFS EPA FAAS FAB dPm FAO-WHO FIR FT FPLC FPD GC GLC HGAAS HPLC ICP id INAA IR ISFET iv im IGFET ISE LC LED LOD LOQ atomic absorption spectrometry alternating current analogue-to-digital analogue-to-digital converter analysis of variance Association of Official Analytical Chemists American Society for Testing and Materials boiling point bovine serum albumin British Standards Institution European Committee for Standardization counts per minute complementary metal oxide silicon critical micellization concentration certified reference material cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis direct current disintegrations per minute diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay deoxyribonucleic acid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid enzyme linked immunosorbent assay electromotive force electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy Environmental Protection Agency flame atomic absorption spectrometry fast atom bombardment Food and Agriculture Organization, far-infrared Fourier transform fast protein liquid chromatography flame photometric detector gas chromatography gas-liquid chromatography hydride generation atomic absorption high-performance liquid inductively coupled plasma internal diameter instrumental neutron activation infrared ion-selective effect transistor intravenous intramuscular insulated gate field effect transistor ion-selective electrode liquid chromatography light emitting diode limit determination limit of quantification World Health Organization spectroscopy chromatography analysis mP MRL mRNA MS NIR NMR NIST od OES PBS PCB PAH PGE PIXE PPt PPb PPm PTFE PVC PDVB QC QA REE rf RIMS rmS rpm RNA SCE SE SEM SIMS SIMCA S/N SRM STM STP TIMS TLC TOF TGA TMS tris TRIS uv UVNIS VDU XRD XRF YAG Commonly Used Symbols M Mr r S U melting point maximum residue limit messenger ribonucleic acid mass spectrometry near-infrared nuclear magnetic resonance National Institute of Standards and Technology outer diameter optical emission spectrometry phosphate buffered saline polychlorinated biphenyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon platinum group element particle/proton-induced X-ray parts per trillion (1012; pg g-1) parts per billion (109; ng g-1 parts per million (106; pg g-1) poly(tetrafluoroethy1ene) poly(viny1 chloride) pol y (divin yl benzene) quality control quality assurance rare earth element radio frequency resonance ionization mass spectrometry root mean square revolutions per minute ribonucleic acid saturated calomel (reference) electrode standard error scanning/surface (reflection) electron microscopy secondary-ion mass spectrometry soft independent modelling of class signal-to-noise ratio Standard Reference Material scanning tunnelling (electron) standard temperature and pressure thermal ionization mass spectrometry thin-layer chromatography time-of-flight thermogravimetric analysis trimethylsilane 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)- propane-l,3-diol (ligand) 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)- propane- 1,3-diol (reagent) ultraviolet ultraviolet-visible visual display unit X-ray diffraction X-ray fluorescence yttrium aluminium garnet emission analogy microscopy molecular mass relative molecular mass correlation coefficient standard deviation atomic mass

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210072N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC