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ANALAO 121 (1-12) 1R-l20R, 1-1992, 1N-178N (1996) ISSN 0003-2654 '""Analyst The analytical journal of The Royal Society of Chemistry Volume 121 1996 Published by THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, CB4 4WFTHE ANALYST THE ANALYTICAL JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Associate Scientific Editors* Chairman: Professor James N. Miller (Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University of Technology, UK) D r . Y n g va r Tho m asse n (A rbeidsmiljo Ins titu tte t, Oslo, Norway) Professor Colin S. Creaser (Department of Chemistry and Physics, No ttingham Trent University, UK) Eire) Professor Pankaj Vadgama (Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, UK) Professor Malcolm R. Smyth (Department of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, *All ASEs are also members of the Analytical Editorial Board.US ASSOCIATE EDITOR, Julian F. Tyson Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Box 3451 0 Amherst, MA 01 003-451 0, USA Telephone: +I 41 3 545 01 95; Fax: +I 41 3 545 4846; E-mail: TYSON@CHEM.UMASS.EDU Analytical Editorial Board Chairman: Professor J. N. Miller (Loughborough, UK) A. G. Davies (London, UK) A. G. Fogg (Loughborough, UK) S. J. Hill (Plymouth, UK) A. Manz (London, UK) R. M. Miller (Gouda, The Netherlands) H. S. Minhas (Cambridge, UK) B. L. Sharp (Loughborough, UK) P. C. White (Glasgow, UK) Advisory Board N. W. Barnett (Victoria, Australia) K. D. Bartle (Leeds, UK) A. M. Bond (Victoria, Australia) R. G. Brereton (Bristol, UK) U. A. Th. Brinkman (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) A.C. Calokerinos (Athens, Greece) P. Camilleri (Harlow, UK) P. R. Coulet (Lyon, France) D. Diamond (Dublin, Eire) L. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) H. Emons (Julich, Germany) J. P. Foley (Villanova, PA, USA) M. F. Gine (Sao Paulo, Brazil) L. Gorton (Lund, Sweden) S. J. Haswell (Hull, UK) A. Hulanicki (Warsaw, Poland) S. Lunte (Lawrence, KS, USA) F. Palmisano (Bari, Italy) J. Pawliszyn (Ontario, Canada) T. B. Pierce (Harwell, UK) J. R&iCka (Seattle, WA, USA) I. L. Shuttler (Uberlingen, Germany) K. Stulik (Prague, Czech Republic) J. D. R. Thomas (Wrexham, UK) K. C. Thompson (Rotherham, UK) M. Thompson (Toronto, Canada) M. Valcarcel (Cordoba, Spain) C. M. G. van den Berg (Liverpool, UK) J. Wang (Las Cruces, NM, USA) I. D. Wilson (Macclesfield, UK) Publishing Division, Analytical Managing Editor, Harpal S.Minhas Deputy Editor, Secretaries, Sarah J. R. Williams Claire Harris, Frances Thompson Telephone: +44(0)1223 420066; Fax: +44(0) 1223 420247; E-mail: ANALYST@RSC.ORG Production Division, Analytical Production Manager, Janice M. Gordon Production Editor Technical Editors Caroline J. Seeley Judith Frazier Ziva Whitelock Roger A. Young Secretary: Lesley Turney Telephone: +44(0) 1223 420066; Fax: +44(0) 1223 423429; E-mail: ANALPROD@RSC.ORG For enquiries relating to manuscripts from receipt to acceptance, contact the Publishing Division, and for enquiries relating to manuscripts post-acceptance contact the Production Division, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WF 0 The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1996.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Printed by Black Bear Press Limited Cambridge EnglandANALYST AUTHOR INDEX VOL. 12 1 ( 1996) AUTHOR INDEX, 1996 Aaron, Jcan-Jacques, 1545, 155 1 Abdel-Aziz. Mohamed Shafei, Abraham. Michael H., 51 1 Abramovii, Biljana F.. 401, 425 AbramoviC, Borislav K., 401, 425 Abroskin, Andrei G., 419 Acedo Valenzuela. M. I., 547 Adam, S., 527 Adam. Waldemar, 1527 Adams. Freddy, 1061 Adelqju, S. B., 699 Adeyoju. Olubunmi, 1885 Aherne, G. Wynne, 329. 1699 Ahmad, Rahmalan, 1877 Ahonen. Ilpo, 1253 Ait Lyazidi, S., 1561 Akhtar, M.Humayoun, 803 Al-Othman, Rashcd, 60 1 Alazard, S., 527 Aldridge. Paul K., 1003 Aldstadt. Joseph H., 1387 Alcgret. Salvador, 959, 175 I Alcixo, Luiz M., 559 Alexandrov, Yu. I., 1137 Allcgri, Davide. 1359 Almirall, J., 959 Alonso, R. M.. I835 Alsina, M. A.. 1583 Alvinerie. M., 1469 Analytical Methods Committee. Andrade. Francisco J., 613 Andrews, M. K.. 1355 Angeletti, R.. 229 AntonijcviC. M. M.. 255 Applcton, Mark, 743 Aratahe, Sachiko, 325 Araujo, Pedro W., 58 I Arias, Juan Jose, 169, 132 I Armstrong Hewitt, S.. 1457 Artjushcnko, Slava, 789 Astruc. Michel. 1969 Bacci, Mauro. 553 Baeyens, W. R. G., 1569 Baggiani. Claudio, 939 Balasubr~~maniaii, N., 647. 1653 Baldovin. A.. 1603 Ballcsteros. Evaristo. I397 Banica, Florin G.. 1877 Bannon, Thomas.7 15 Barbosa, Rui M., 1789 Barlett. Philip N., 7 IS Barnabas, Ian J., 465 Barroso. C. G.. 297 Barwick, Vicki J.. 691 Rati, Humeyra. 1873 Baxter. Douglas C., 19, 16.57 Baxter. Pamela J., 945 Baya. Mariit P.. 303 Bell. Steven E. J.. 107R Bcllato, Carlos Roberto. 1923 Bendicho. C., 1479 Benedetti, A. V.. 541 Benfenati, Eniilio. 1839 Benmakroha, Yazid, 52 1 Bentsen. Ragne K.. 1191 Bernengo, Jean-Claude, 1539 Biancotto. G.. 229 Bilitcwski. Ursula. 119, 863, 877 Birch, David J. S., 905 Birch. M. Eileen, I183 Bjiirklund. Erland. 19 Blais, Jean-Simon, 483. 141 9 Blanchflower, W. John, 1457 Blanco. Marcelo, 395 Bloomfield, M. S., 1613 Blyth, David J., 1975 Bobacka. Johan. 1823 1079 573,889 Bogan. Declan K., 243 Bond, Alan M., 357 Borah. Lakhimi. 987 Borowiak.Annette, 1247 Boswell, Stephen M., 505 Bouhsain, Zouhair, 63.5, 1935 Boukortt. Sheriffa, 663 Boutelle. Martyn G., 761 Bowker, Michael J.. 91R Boxall. Colin, 1779 Boyd-Boland, Anna A., 929 Boyd, Damien, IR Branica. Marko, I127 Brereton. Richard G.. 441, 575. 58 I , 585,65 1 , 993, 1443 Brett, Christopher M. A., 1789 Briche, Celine, 1657 Brinkman, Udo A. Th., 61, 1069, Bristow. Anthony W. T.. 1425 Brown, R. H., 1171 Brown, Richard C.. 124 I Bru. E. R.. 297 Buchet, Jean-Pierre, 663 Budnikov, H. C., 191 I Buna, Mihaela, IS51 Burgot, Jean-Louis, 43 Bustin, DuGan, 1795 Bye, Ragnar, 201 Cadogan. Aodhmar, 1463 Cai. Xiaohua, 965 Callejon Mochon, M., 681 Cammann. K., 527 CamBes. M. F. G. F. C., 1907 Canipillo, Natalia, 1043 Cannavan, Andrew. 1457 Cao, Zhong, 259 Capela.D.. 1469 Carapuca, Helena M., 1801 Carbonnelle, Philippe, 663 Cardoso. A. A., 541 Cardwell. Terence J., 357 Carlier-Pinasseau, Catherine, 196 Carmona. Pedro, 105 Cary. Robert A,, I183 Casajus. Rocio, 8 13 Casassas, Enric, 1845 Casella. Innocenzo G.. 249 Cassidy, Richard M., 839 CaviC-Vlasak. Biljana A.. 53R Cazemier, Geert. 1 11 1 Cecilia. Joan, 1855. 1863 Cela, R., 297 Centner. V., 1603 Cepas, Juana, 49 Ceramelli, Giuseppe, 2 19 Cerdri. A.. 13 Ccrdri. V., 13 Chan. Wing Hong, 53 I , 1727 Chatergoon. Lutchminarine, 373 Chen, Guo Nan, 37 Chen, Wen-Can. 1495 Chiou, Chyow-San, 1107 Chou, Shu-Fen, 71 Christian, Gary D., 601 Christie. Ian, 521 Chu, Xia, 1689 Cirovic, Dragan A., 575, 581 Coello, Jordi. 395 Cole, S. Keith, 495 Collier, Wendy, 877 Coly. Atanasse, 1545 Comber, Sean D.W., 1485 Comesanz-Losada, M., 1665 Cook. Michael J., 1501 Copeland, D. D., 173 Corbella Tena, R., 459 Corti, Piero. 219 Cosano. J., 83 1327 Covington. Arthur K., 18 1 1 Craston, Derek H., 177 Creaser. Colin S., 1425 Crosby. Neil T., 691 Croteau, Louise G., 803 Crump, Paul W., 871 Crumrine, David S., 567 Cruz Ortiz, M., 1009 CuculiC, Vlado, 1127 Cullen, Michael, 75 Cullen, William R., 223 Daae, Hanne Line, 1 19 1 Daenens. Paul, 857 Daghbouche. Yasmina, 103 1 Dalene, Marianne. 1095, 1 10 1 Damlin, Pia, 1881 Danielsson. Bengt, 1717 Davidson, V. L., 171 I De Cuyper, C., 1929 de Jong, Dirk, 61 de Jong, Gerhardus J.. 61 de la Guardia, Miguel. 635. 923, de Lacy Costello, Benjamin P. J., de Oliveira Neto, Graciliano, 559 De Saeger, Emile, 1247 Dean, John R., 465, 85R del Alamo, Alberto, 173 1 del Castillo, B., 1557, 1561 Demidova, M.G., 489 Demir, Cevdet, 651, 993, 1443 deMontigny. Pierre, 1533 Dcng. Jiaqi. 971 Deng, Qing, 1123, 1979 Deng. Zhiping, 67 I , I34 1 Dennison, Manus J., 1769 Desai. Mohamed, 521 de Silva, A. Prasanna, 1759 Deaimoni. Elio, 249 Destradis, Angelo, 249 Devi, Surckha, 807 9 Dey, Nibaran C., 987 Dilleen. John W., 755 Dobrowolski. R., 897 Dodd. Matthew, 223 Dolman. Mark. 177.5 Dolmanova. Inga F., 43 1 Donicfio. Celia, 173 1 Dominguez, Elena, 189 1 Dong, Shaojun, 1123, 1979 Donten, Mikolaj, 1869 Dreassi, Elena, 2 19 Dumasia. Minoo C., 651 Dumschat, C.. 527 Dunemann, Lothar, 845 Dunhill, Roger H., 1089 Dunn. Warwick B., 1435 Echarri, Ifiaki, 1731 Economou, Anastasios. 97. 101 5 , Eduard, Wijnand, 1191, I197 Eguiarte.l., 1835 Eigendorf, Guenter K.. 223 Eikenberg. Oliver, 119 Einhorn. Jacques, 1425, 1429 El-shahat. Mohamed F., 89 El-Shorbagi. Abdel-Nasser, 183 Elbergali, Abdallah K., 585 Eller. Peter M., 1163 Ellwood, Jo A., 575 Elmahadi, Hayat A. M., 1633 Emara. Samy. 183 Emons, Hendrik, 19 I7 Emteborg, H;kan, 19, 1657 Endo, Masatoshi, 391 Eng, Jimmy, 65R Escobar, Rosario, 105 Essers, Martien, 1 1 11 1031. 1321, 1935 793 I903 Esteban, Miquel, 1845 Esteves da Silva, Joaquim C. G., Evans, Phillip, 793 Evtugyn. G. A., 191 1 Fabbriui. Luigi, 1763 Fabriks, Jcan-Franqois, 1257 Facer, M., 173 Fallon, Michael G., 127 Fang, Kai-Tai, 1025 Favretto. L., 1603 Fawaz Katmeh, M., 329, 1699 Fearn, Tom, 275 Fell, Gordon S.. 189, 1641 Fernandes, Julio Cesar B., 559 Fernandez-Romero, Juan-Manuel, Fernandez-Suarez.A., 1469 Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O., 1393 Ferreira, Valdir S., 263 Fielden, Peter R., 97, 1015, 1903 Fillenz, Marianne, 761 Fink, David W.. 1533 Fiorc, Amy A., 1265 Fischbach, Thomas J., 1163 Fitzgcrald. Catherine A., 7 15 Fleet. Ian A,, 55 Fogg, Arnold G., 180 1. I877 Forsherg, Bertil, 126 1 Forster. Robert J., 733 Forteza, R., 13 Francis, John M., 177 Frank. Gerhard. 1301 Frech, Wolfgang, 19, 1055 Fugivara. C. S., 541 Fujiyoshi, Toshiaki, 1683 Fukasawa. Tsutomu, 89 Fung, Yingsing, 369, 1955 GaaI, Ferenc F., 401, 425 Gadomska, Joanna, 1869 Gago-Martinez, A., I665 Gala, BelCn, I133 Galceran. Josep, 1855, 1863 Galeano Diaz, T., 547 Gallego. Mercedes, I397 Galtier, P., 1469 Gamble, Donald S., 289 Gao, Xiao Xia, 687 GarcCs, J.L., 1855 Garcia-Alvarcz-Coque, M. C., Garcia-Fraga, J. M., 1321 Garcia, J. F., 1737 Garcia. M.. 959, 1583 Garcia-Vargas, Manuel, 1609 Garrido Frenich, A., 1367 Garrigues. Salvador, 635, 923, Gavaghan, David J., 1863 Gebefiigi, Istvan. I301 Geckeis. Horst. 1413 Genrich, Meike, 877 Georgieff, Michael. 90 1 Ghosh, Anil G.. 987 Giannousios, A., 4 13 Gibson, Bridget C. H., 1929 Giersch, Thomas, 863 Gin&, Maria F., 16 I7 Giraudi, Gianfranco, 939 Glennon, Jeremy D.. 127 Godinho, Oswaldo E. S., 559 Goldstein, Steven L., 901 G6mez-Hens, Agustina, 1 133 Gotnez, Inmaculada, 1609 Gong. Zhilong, I I19 Gooijer, Cees, 1069 Goosens, Elise C., 61 Gordon, Derek B.. 55 Ghrecki, Tadeusz, 138 1 1373 1565 I674 1031. 19352 ANALYST AUTHOR INDEX VOL. 1 2 1 ( 1996) Gomer, Peter, 1257 Goto, Nobutake, 1085 GrabariC, Boiidar S., 1845 GrabariC, Zorana, 1845 Green, John D., 1435 Greenway, Gillian M., lOlR Greer, James C., 715 Grol, Michael, 119 Groves, John A., 441 Grudpan, Kate, 1413 Griindler, Peter, 1805 Giibitz, Gerald, 1565 Guiberteau Cabanillas, A., 547 Guiraum PCrez, A., 681 Gulmini, Monica, 140 1 Gunnlaugsson, Thorfinnur, 1759 Gurden, Stephen.P., 441 Gustavsson, C. A., 1285 Haasnoot, Willem, 11 11 Hacker, Andrea, 1565 Hadjiivanov, K., 607 Haferkamp, Heinz, 1291 Hafkenscheid, The0 L., 1249 Hagenbjork-Gustafsson, Annika, Halgard, Kristin, 1 19 1 Hall, Jennifer M., 171 1, 1769 Halliwell, David J., 1089 Hammerich, Ole, 345 Hangartner, Markus, 1269 Hansen, Elo H., 31 Hansen, Erik Beck, 1291 Hanstrom, Sofia, 1657 Haro, I., 1583 Harper, Martin, 1265 Harris, P., 1355 Harris, Roy, 913 Harrison, Iain, 189, 1641 Hart, Barry T., 1089 Hartnett, M., 749 Hasan, B.A., 1321 Hauser, Peter C., 339 Hayashi, Yuzuru, 591 Hayashibe, Yutaka, 7 Hays, Lara, 65R Hedenmo, Maria, 1891 Heeremans, Carola E. M., 1273 Hemingway, Michael A., 1241 Hendrix, James L., 799 Hernandez-Cordoba, Manuel, Hernandez, Oscar, 169 Hestvik, Gete, 1261 Hewavitharana, Amitha K., 1671 Hietel, Bernhard, 1301 Hindmarch, Peter, 993, 1443 Hirata, Takafumi, 1407 Hoekstra-Oussoren, Sacha J. F., Honing, Maarten, 1327 Hoogenboom, Laurentius A. P., Home, Elizabeth, 1463, 1469 Horng, Ching-Jyi, 15 1 1 Hosse, Monika, 1397 Hu, Yan, 883 Huang, Hao, 1727 Hulanicki, Adam, 133 Hyland, Mark, 705 Ibrahim, Naaim M. A., 239 Idriss, Kamal A., 1079 Inagawa, Jun, 623 kiguez, Montserrat, 1009 Ioannou, Pinelopi C., 909 Irwin, G.W., 749 Ishida, Yasuyuki, 853 Ishihara, Masahito, 39 1 Isildak, Ibrahim, 1873 Ismail, Razali, 1877 Isomura, Shinichi, 853 Itabashi, Hideyuki, 15 15 Itumaga, Hortensia, 395 Ivanova, Elena K., 419 Ivaska, An, 1823, 1881 Iwatsuki, Masaaki, 89 Iwuoha, Emmanuel I., 1885 Jacintho, Antonio O., 1617 1261 1043 1327 1463 Jackson, Laurence S., 67 Jager, Maria E., 1327 Jagner, Daniel, 185 1 Jarvis, Kym E., 1929 Jaselskis, Bruno, 567 Jiang, Chongqiu, 3 17 Jiang, Wei, 1317 Jimenez, Ana Isabel, 169, 1321 Jimenez, Francisco, 169, 132 1 JimCnez-Prieto, Rafael, 563 JimCnez, R. M., 1835 JimCnez Sanchez, J. C., 681 Johnson, Brian J., 1507 Johnson, Mark, 1075 Jonsson, B. A. G., 1279, 1285 Jouan-Rimbaud, D., 1603 Jurkiewicz, M., 959 Jursa, Stanislav, 1795 Kalish, N.K., 489 Kanatharana, Proespichaya, 185 1 Karayannis, Miltiades I., 435 Karlsson, Doris, 1261 Karlsson, Lars, 19 Kames, H. Thomas, 1573 Kasahara, Issei, 162 1 Katakis, Ioanis, 1891 Kataky, Ritu, 1829 Kawashima, Takuji, 1515 Kennedy, D. Glenn, 1457 Kennedy, Eugene R., 1163 Kenny, Lee C., 1233 Kettling, Ulrich, 863 Kettrup, Antonius, 130 1 Khalaf, K. D., 1321 Khoo, So0 Beng, 1983 Kimbrough, David Eugene, 309 Kimoto, Takashi, 853 Kimura, Keiichi, 1705 Kindness, Andrew, 205 Kirbs, Andreas, 1805 Kirchner, Manfred, 1269 Knight, Andrew W., lOlR Knoll, M., 527 Kolotyrkina, Irina Ya., 1037 Konstantianos, Dimitrios G., 909 Korda, T. M., 489 Kozik, Andrzej, 333 Kratochvil, Byron, 163 Krier, Gabriel, 1429 Kumar, S., 1963 Kuznetsova, Vera V., 419 Kvamstrom, Carita, 188 1 Kvasnik, Frank, 11 15 Kwong, Daniel W.J., 531 Lan, Zhang-Hua, 21 1 Lancashire, Susan, 75 Lancia, Antonio, 789 Lappalainen, Sanna, I949 Laurie, David, 951 Lavilla, I., 1479 Lawrence, Chris M., 755 Le, Quyen T. H., 1051 Leao-Martins, J. M., 1665 Lee, Albert W. M., 531 Leech, Dona1 , 1885 Legouin, Beatrice, 43 Lei, Chenghong, 971 Lemer, D. A., 1557, 1561 LeskovSek, Hermina, 145 1 Lespes, Gaetane, 1969 Levin, Jan-Olof, 1177, 1273 Lewenstam, Andrzej, 133, 1823 Li, Hao, 223 Li, Sam F. Y., 1721 Liang, Yi-zeng, 1025 Licchelli, Maurizio, 1763 Lightbody, G., 749 Lima, J. L. F. C., 1393 Lin, Hui-Gai, 259 Lindahl, Roger, 1177, 1273 Lindfors, Tom, 1823 Lindh, C . H., 1285 Lindskog, Anne, 1295 Link, Andrew J., 65R Lipkovska, N.A., 501 Lison, Dominique, 663 Littlejohn, David, 189, 1641 Liu, Dong, 1495 Llaurad6, M., 1737 Lonardi, S., 219 Lopes, Teresa I. M. S., 1047 Lopez Carreto, Maria, 1617, 33R Lopez-Cueto, Guillermo, 407 Lopez-Erroz, Carmen, 1043 Lopez, Martin, 905 Lopez Ruiz, Beatriz, 1695 Lord, Gwyn A., 55 Loughran, M. G., 171 1 Loukas, Yannis L., 279 Lowry, John P., 761 Lowthian, Philip J., 743, 977, 1589, 1593, 1597 Lowy, Daniel A., 363 Lu, Bin, 29R Lu, Changyin, 883 Lu, Xiao-Quan, 1019 Lu, Zheng, 163 Lukaszewski, Zenon, 1897 Lunar, Loreto, 1647 Lund, Walter, 201 Luo, Yongyi, 601 Luque de Castro, Maria D., 83, Lyons, Michael E. G., 715 McAdams, Eric T., 705 McAlemon, Patricia, 743 McAteer, Karl, 773 McCormack, Ashley L., 65R MacCraith, Brian D., 785, 789 McDonagh, Colette M., 785 McEvoy, Aisling K., 785 Machado, AdClio A.S. C., 1373 McKelvie, Ian D., 1089 MacLachlan, John, 11R McLaughlin, James A., 705 McNaughtan, Arthur, 11R Madsen, Gary L., 567 Magdic, Sonia, 929 Mahuzier, Georges, 155 1 Maines, Andrew, 435 Maj-Zurawska, Magdalena, 133 Malahoff, Alexander, 1037 Maniasso, Nelson, 1617 Mannaert, Erik, 857 Manuel-Vez, Manuel P., 1609 Maquieira, Angel, 1633 Marr, Iain L., 205 Marshall, William D., 289, 483, MArtensson, Maud, 1177 Martin, Alice F., 1387 Martin, M. A., 1557, 1561 Martin, Patricia, 495 Martinez-Fhbregas, E., 959 Martinez Galera, M., 1367 Martinez-Lozano, Carmen, 477, Martinez Vidal, J. L., 1367 Mas, F., 1855 Mason, Andrew J., 951, 1775 Maspoch, Santiago, 395, 407 Massart, D. L., 1603 Masselon, Christophe, 1429 Masujima, Tsutomu, 183 Matchett, S., 1613 Mathiasson, Lennart, 19 Matsubara, Chiyo, 1943 Matsuda, Rieko, 591 Matsui, Masakazu, 105 1 Meaney, Mary, 789 Melbourne, Paul, 1075 Melios, Cristo B., 263 Mieczkowski, Jozef, 133 Mierzwa, J., 897 Mihajlovic, R., 255 Miki, Yasuyoshi, 1683 MilaEiE, Radmila, 627 Mills, Andrew, 535 MilosavljeviC, Emil B., 799 Mindrup, Raymond, I38 I MitroviC, Bojan, 627 Mizgunova, Ulyana M., 43 1 Mo, Jin-Yuan, 1019 Mo, Songying, 369 1565 817, 1419 813 Moane, Siobhan, 779 Mocak, Jan, 357 Mohamed, Ashraf A., 89 Mohanty, S., 1963 Mohr, Gerhard J., 1489 Molina, Marina, 105 Monaf, Lela, 535 Monaghan, John J., 55 Montelongo, F.Garcii, 459 Montenegro, M. C. B. S. M., 1393 Moollan, Roland W., 233 Moore, Andrew, 67 Morales-Rubio, A., 1321 Moreno, Carlos, 1609 Mori, Giovanni, 1359 Mosello, R., 83 Motomizu, Shoji, 1085 Mottola, Horacio A., 211, 381, Mounsey, Andrew, 955 Mowrer, Jacques, 1249, 1295 Mukherjee, Partha S., 1573 Mulcahy, David, 127 Muller, Beat, 339 Muller, Jean-Franqois, 1429 Muiioz Botella, S., 1557 Munro, C.H., 835 Muramatsu, Yasujuki, 1627 Murphy, William S., 127 Nagashima, Kunio, 1939 Nakamura, Masatoshi, 469 Nakamura, Motoshi, 469 Nakanishi, Masami, 853 Nakano, Nobuo, 1939 Nakano, Shigenori, 15 15 Narvaez, Arhntzazu, 189 1 NClieu, Sylvie, 1425, 1429 Nerin, Cristina, 1731 Newton, R., 173 Nie, Lihua, 883 Nielsen, Steffen, 3 1 Nikolskaya, E. B., 191 1 Nolte, Joachim, 845 Noreiia-Franco, Luis E., 11 15 Norris, Timothy, 1003 Note, Hilde, 1191 NoviE, Milko, 1839 Nygren, Olle, 1291 Nyholm, Leif, 1869 Obendorf, Dagmar, 35 1 ObradoviC, Danilo M., 401 Odman, Fredrik, 19 Ogorevc, Boiidar, 18 17, 1839 Oguri, Shigeyuki, 1683 O’Hare, Danny, 1779 Ohno, Satomi, 15 15 Ohtani, Hajime, 853 Ohyama, Toshihisa, 1943 O’Keeffe, Michael, 779, 1463, O’Kennedy, Richard, 243, 767, O’Lear, Christina, 1265 Oliveira Brett, Ana Maria, 1789 Oliveira, CCsar J.S., 1373 Oliveira, Cristina M. R. R., 1907 Olmi, Filippo, 553 Olsen, Erik, 1155 Oms, M. T., 13 O’Neill, Robert D., 761, 773 Oniciu, Liviu, 363 Oosten, Koos van, 1273 Orlando, Andrea, 553 Oshima, Mitsuko, 1085 Osipova, Nataliya V., 419 Ostapczuk, Peter, 1917 Ostaszewska, Joanna, 133 Owen, Susai, P., 465 Packham, Andrew J., 97, 1015 Pallavicini, Piersandro, 1763 Papadopoulos, C., 413 Paradowski, Dariusz, 133 Pardue, Hany L., 385 Park, Chang J., 131 1 Parker, David, 1829 Parrilla, P., 1367 Parsons, Patrick J., 195 1695 1469, 1R 29RANALYST AUTHOR INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 3 Partridge, A. C., 1355 Pasanen, Anna-Liisa, 1949 Pasanen, Pertti, 1949 Pasquini, Celio, 1923 Patel, Sunil U., 913 Patterson, Kristine Y., 983 Paulls, David A., 831 Pawliszyn, Janusz B., 929, 1381 Pedrero, Maria, 345 Pennarun, Gaelle I., 1779 PCrez-Bendito, Dolores, 49, 563, 1133, 1647, 33R PCrez-Bustamante, J. A., 297 PCrez-Cid, B., 1479 PCrez Olmos, R., 1393 PCrez-Ponce, Amparo, 923 PCrez-Ruiz, Tomas, 477, 813 Pergantis, Spiros A., 223 Penuccio, Piero Luigi, 219 Petty, Michael C., 1501 Pfaffli, P., 1279, 1285 Piggott, Nighel H., 951 Pihlar, Boris, 627 Pingarron, Jose, 345 Piperaki, Efrosini A., 11 1 Piro, R. D. M., 229 Pitre, K.S., 79 Poe, Russell B., 591 Poole, Colin F., 51 1 Potin-Gautier, Martine, 1969 Potter, Annika, 1295 Poupon-Fleuret, Carole, 1539 Power, J. F., 451 Poynter, Sarah J., 1975 Pramauro, Edmondo, 140 1 Prebble, K. A., 1613 Preininger, Claudia, 17 17 Prevot, Alessandra Bianco, 1401 Prodromidis, Mamas I., 435 Prognon, Patrice, 155 1 Proinova, I., 607 Proskurnin, Mikhail A., 419 Puchades, Rosa, 1633 Pui, David Y. H., 1215 Pujol, M., 1583 Puster, Thomas, 129 I Puy, Jaume, 1855, 1863 Pyrzynska, Krystyna, 77R Qi, Zhong-Cheng, 1317 Qu, Yi Bin, 139 Quevauviller, Ph., 83 Quinn, John G., 767 Rader, W. Scott, 799 Rae, Bruce, 233 Raghunath, A. V., 825 Rahmani, Ali, 585 Ramachandran, Gurumurthy, 1225 Ramanaiah, G. V., 825 Rangel, Antonio 0. S. S., 1047 Rao, N. J., 1963 Rapado-Martinez, Inmaculada, Ratana-ohpas, Roongroje, 185 1 Ratana-ohpas, Waraporn, 185 1 Ratcliffe, Norman M., 793 Rauret, G., 1737 Razee, Saeid, 183 Rebelo, M.J. F., 1907 Redon, Miguel, 395 Regan, Fiona, 789 Reig, F., 1583 Reimer, Kenneth J., 223 ReinartL, Heiko W., 767 Reinhardt, Dirk, 1527 Rice, Terence E., 1759 Rigby, Geraldine P., 871 Riipinen, Hannu, I253 Rios, A., 1393 Rios, Angel, 1 Rodriguez Delgado, M. A., 459 Rodriguez-Medina, JosC F., 407 Rodriguez-Vizquez, J. A., 1665 Rohm, Ingrid, 877 Roos, Aappo, 1253 Rosario, Luis M., 1789 Rowell, Frederick J., 951, 955 Rowell, Vibeke, 955 1674 Rozendom, Eduard J. E., 1069 Rubio, Soledad, 1647, 33R Russell, David A., 1501, 1975 Ruzicka, Jaromir, 60 1, 945 Sacchi, Donatella, 1763 Sadler, Peter J., 913 Saha-Moller, Chantu R., 1527 Sakslund, Henning, 345 Salden, Martin, 11 11 Saleh, Gamal A., 641 Salinas, F., 547 Salvador, JosC, 1855, I863 San Martin Fernhndez-Marcote, Sanchez-Aibar, Juan J., 1581 Sanchez-Cabezudo, Mercedes, Sanchez, Ma.J., 459 Sanchez, Miguel, 158 1 Sandanayake, K. R. A. S., 1775 Sandstrom, Thomas, 1261 Santamaria, Fernando, 1009 Santos, Jose H., 357 Sanz, Antonio, 477 Sarabia, Luis A., 1009 Sartini, Raquel P., 1047 Sasaki, Takayuki, 105 1 Sato, Hidetoshi, 325 Sato, Sandra, 1617 Satyanarayana, K., 825 Sayama, Yasumasa, 7 Sbai, M., 1561 Schafer, E. A., 243 Schieltz, David, 65R Schmid, Rolf D., 863 Schnelle, Jurgen, 1301 Schnetger, Bernhard, 1627 Schoeps, Karl-Olof, 1203 Schoppenthau, Jorg, 845 Scobbie, Emma, 575 Scudder, Kurt, 945 Sedaira, Hassan, 1079 Seebaum, Dirk, 1291 Seeber, Renato, 1359 Seibert, Donna S., 51 1 Sekino, Tatsuki, 853 SepiE, Ester, 1451 Seviour, John, 95 1 Shah, Rupal, 807 Shakoor, Omar, 1473 Shanthi, K., 647 Sharma, C., 1963 Shen, Guo-Li, 1495, 1689 Sheridan, Andrew, 1775 Shi, Renbing, 131 1 Shi, Yilin, 1507 Shih, Jeng-Shong, 1107 Shijo, Yoshio, 325 Shim, Jung-Sook Kim, 1533 Shiraishi, Haruki, 965 Sholl, Alastair F., 1775 Shpigun, Lilly K., 1037 Shukla, Jyotsna, 79 Shulman, R.S., 489 Shulman, Stanley A., 1163 Si, Zhi-Kun, 1317 Sihvonen, Marja-Liisa, 1335 Sillanpaa, Mika, 1335 Silva, Manuel, 49, 563 Simao, Joao E. J., 1801 Simpson, Tim R. E., 1501 Siskos, Panayotis A., 303 Skarping, Gunnar, 1095, 1 10 1 Slater, Jonathan M., 743, 755 Slavin, Walter, 195 Slobodnk, Jaroslav, 1327 Sloth, Jens J., 31 Smith, Clayton, 373 Smith, Dennis C., 53R Smith, Robert F., 67 Smith, Roy, 321 Smith, W.E., 835 Smyth, Malcolm R., 779, 1885, Smythe-Wright, Denise, 505 Snell, James P., 1055 Sokalski, Tomasz, 133 M., 681 1695 lR, 29R SOlC, s., 959 SolujiC, Ljiljana, 799 Somsen, Govert W., 1069 Song, Ruiguang, 1163 Sooksamiti, Ponlayuth, 1413 Sorvari, Jaana, 1335 Spanne, M$rten, 1095, 1101 Spear, Terry M., 1207 Srividya, K., 1653 Stathakis, Costas, 839 Steghens, Jean-Paul, 1539 Stegman, Karel H., 61 Stegmann, Werner, 901 Stein, Kathrin, 131 1 Stevenson, Derek, 329, 1699 Stojek, Zbigniew, 1869 Stone, David C., 671, 1341 Stouten, Piet, 11 11 Strachan, David, 95 1, 955 Stradiotto, Nelson R., 263 Streppel, Lucia, 1 11 1 Stuart, Iain A., 11R Stubauer, Gottfried, 35 1 Subramaniam, K., 825 Suffet, I.H. ‘Mel’, 309 Sukhan, V. V., 501 Suliman, Fakhr Eldin O., 617 Sultan, Salah M., 617 Sumodjo, P. T. A., 541 Sunagawa, Takenobu, 1705 Susanto, Joko P., 1085 Sutherland, Ian O., 1775 Sutra, J. F., 1469 Svanberg, Per-Arne, 1295 Svegl, Irena Grabec, 1817, 1839 Sweedler, Jonathan V., 45R Symington, Charles, 1009 Szklar, Roman S., 321 Szymanski, Andrzej, 1897 Taglietti, Angelo, 1763 Taguchi, Shigeru, 1621 Takamura, Kiyoko, 1943 Takayoshi, Kenji, 162 1 Tam, Wing Leong, 53 1 Tan, Yanxi, 483, 1419 Tang, Bo, 317 Tang, Shida, 195 TavEar, Gabrijela, 18 17 Taylor, Robert B., 1473 Tegtmeier, M., 243 Temmerman, Eric, 1929 TepavEeviC, Sanja D., 425 Teshima, Norio, 15 15 Thastrup, Ole, 945 Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., 1 11 Thomas, J. D. R., 1519 Thomassen, Yngvar, 1055 Thompson, Michael, 275, 285, 671,977, 1341, 1589, 1593, 1597, 53R Thornes, R.D. , 243 Thorpe, Andrew, 1241 Thorpe, Stephen C., 1501 Tian, Baomin, 965 Timperman, Aaron T., 45R Tinnerberg, HAkan, 1095, 1101 Tomas, Virginia, 477, 813 TomEik, Peter, 1795 Torgov, V. G., 489 Torres, J. M., 1737 Totu, Eugenia, 181 1 Townshend, Alan, 83 1, 1435 Trier, Colin, 1451 Troccoli, Osvaldo E., 613 Tsuge, Shin, 853 Tsujimura, Yutaka, 1705 Tsurubou, Shigekazu, 105 1 Tudino, Mabel B., 613 Turello, A., 1603 Turner, Anthony P. F., 171 1, 1769 Tyson, John D., 951,955 Tzouwara-Karayanni, Stella M., Ubide, Carlos, 407 Uehara, Nobuo, 325 Umetani, Shigeo, 1051 Vadgama, Pankaj, 435, 521, 871 435 Vaggelli, Gloria, 553 Valcarcel, Miguel, 1, 83, 1397, van Baar, Ben L. M., 1327 Van Der Weken, G., 1569 Van Mol, Willy, 1061 van Wichen, Piet, 11 11 Vassileva, E., 607 Veillon, Claude, 983 Velthorst, Nel H., 1069 Verbeek, Alistair, 233 Viles, John H., 913 Villanueva-Camaiias, Rosa M., Villegas, Nuria, 395 Viiias, Pilar, 1043 Vincent, James H., 1207, 1225 Viscardi, Guido, 1401 Vos, Johannes G., 789 VukanoviC, B., 255 Wahlberg, Sonny, 1261 Wake, Derrick, 1241 Walker, P. J., 173 Wallace, G.G., 699 Walsh, James E., 789 Walsh, Peter T., 575 Wang, Bin-Feng, 259 Wang, Chen, 3 17 Wang, Jin, 289, 817 Wang, Joseph, 345,965 Wang, Ke-Min, 259, 531 Wang, Nai-Xing, 13 17 Wang, Shi-Hua, 259 Watanabe, Kazuo, 623 Watanabe, Tsuyako, 15 15 Watts, Chris D., 1485 Welinder, H., 1279, 1285 Werner, Herbert, 1269 Werner, Mark A., 1207, 1225 WessCn, Bengt, 1203 Wheals, Brian B., 239 White, P.C., 835 Whiting, Robin, 373 Wickstrom, Todd, 201 Williams, John G., 1929 Wilmot, John C., 799 Witschger, Olivier, 1257 Wittmann, Christine, 863 Wolf, Kathrin, 1301 Wolfbeis, Otto S., 1489 Wood, Roger, 977 Woolfson, A. David, 71 1 Wu, W., 1603 Wu, Weh S., 321 Wu, Zucheng, 1955 Xin, Wen Kuan, 687 Xu, Xue Qin, 37 Xu, Yuanjin, 883 Yamada, Shinkichi, 469 Yamamoto, Akihiro, 1939 Yan, Xiu-Ping, 1061 Yao, Shouzhuo, 883 Yates 111, John R., 65R Yigit, Cemal, 1873 Yokoyama, Masaaki, 1705 Yotsu, Yoshinobu, 1621 Young, Barbara, 1485 Yu, Ru-Qin, 259, 1495, 1689 Zagatto, Elias A. G., 1047 Zanker, Kurt, 767 Zanoni, Maria Valnice B., 263 Zaporozhets, 0. A., 501 Zelano, Vincenzo, 1401 Zerihun, Tadesse, 1805 Zhang, Fan, 37 Zhang, Shu, 172 1 Zhang, X. R., 1569 Zhang, Xiaogang, 3 17 Zhang, Xueji, 1817 Zhang, Z.D., 1569 Zhang, Zhanen, 971 Zhang, Zhujun, 11 19 Zhi, Zheng-liang, 1 Zhou, Dao-Min, 705 Zhu, Jing, 1983 Ziegler, Torsten, 119 Zolotova, Galina A., 43 1 1565 1674ANALYST AUTHOR INDEX VOL. 121 (1996) 3 Partridge, A. C., 1355 Pasanen, Anna-Liisa, 1949 Pasanen, Pertti, 1949 Pasquini, Celio, 1923 Patel, Sunil U., 913 Patterson, Kristine Y., 983 Paulls, David A., 831 Pawliszyn, Janusz B., 929, 1381 Pedrero, Maria, 345 Pennarun, Gaelle I., 1779 PCrez-Bendito, Dolores, 49, 563, 1133, 1647, 33R PCrez-Bustamante, J. A., 297 PCrez-Cid, B., 1479 PCrez Olmos, R., 1393 PCrez-Ponce, Amparo, 923 PCrez-Ruiz, Tomas, 477, 813 Pergantis, Spiros A., 223 Penuccio, Piero Luigi, 219 Petty, Michael C., 1501 Pfaffli, P., 1279, 1285 Piggott, Nighel H., 951 Pihlar, Boris, 627 Pingarron, Jose, 345 Piperaki, Efrosini A., 11 1 Piro, R.D. M., 229 Pitre, K. S., 79 Poe, Russell B., 591 Poole, Colin F., 51 1 Potin-Gautier, Martine, 1969 Potter, Annika, 1295 Poupon-Fleuret, Carole, 1539 Power, J. F., 451 Poynter, Sarah J., 1975 Pramauro, Edmondo, 140 1 Prebble, K. A., 1613 Preininger, Claudia, 17 17 Prevot, Alessandra Bianco, 1401 Prodromidis, Mamas I., 435 Prognon, Patrice, 155 1 Proinova, I., 607 Proskurnin, Mikhail A., 419 Puchades, Rosa, 1633 Pui, David Y. H., 1215 Pujol, M., 1583 Puster, Thomas, 129 I Puy, Jaume, 1855, 1863 Pyrzynska, Krystyna, 77R Qi, Zhong-Cheng, 1317 Qu, Yi Bin, 139 Quevauviller, Ph., 83 Quinn, John G., 767 Rader, W. Scott, 799 Rae, Bruce, 233 Raghunath, A. V., 825 Rahmani, Ali, 585 Ramachandran, Gurumurthy, 1225 Ramanaiah, G.V., 825 Rangel, Antonio 0. S. S., 1047 Rao, N. J., 1963 Rapado-Martinez, Inmaculada, Ratana-ohpas, Roongroje, 185 1 Ratana-ohpas, Waraporn, 185 1 Ratcliffe, Norman M., 793 Rauret, G., 1737 Razee, Saeid, 183 Rebelo, M. J. F., 1907 Redon, Miguel, 395 Regan, Fiona, 789 Reig, F., 1583 Reimer, Kenneth J., 223 ReinartL, Heiko W., 767 Reinhardt, Dirk, 1527 Rice, Terence E., 1759 Rigby, Geraldine P., 871 Riipinen, Hannu, I253 Rios, A., 1393 Rios, Angel, 1 Rodriguez Delgado, M. A., 459 Rodriguez-Medina, JosC F., 407 Rodriguez-Vizquez, J. A., 1665 Rohm, Ingrid, 877 Roos, Aappo, 1253 Rosario, Luis M., 1789 Rowell, Frederick J., 951, 955 Rowell, Vibeke, 955 1674 Rozendom, Eduard J. E., 1069 Rubio, Soledad, 1647, 33R Russell, David A., 1501, 1975 Ruzicka, Jaromir, 60 1, 945 Sacchi, Donatella, 1763 Sadler, Peter J., 913 Saha-Moller, Chantu R., 1527 Sakslund, Henning, 345 Salden, Martin, 11 11 Saleh, Gamal A., 641 Salinas, F., 547 Salvador, JosC, 1855, I863 San Martin Fernhndez-Marcote, Sanchez-Aibar, Juan J., 1581 Sanchez-Cabezudo, Mercedes, Sanchez, Ma.J., 459 Sanchez, Miguel, 158 1 Sandanayake, K. R. A. S., 1775 Sandstrom, Thomas, 1261 Santamaria, Fernando, 1009 Santos, Jose H., 357 Sanz, Antonio, 477 Sarabia, Luis A., 1009 Sartini, Raquel P., 1047 Sasaki, Takayuki, 105 1 Sato, Hidetoshi, 325 Sato, Sandra, 1617 Satyanarayana, K., 825 Sayama, Yasumasa, 7 Sbai, M., 1561 Schafer, E. A., 243 Schieltz, David, 65R Schmid, Rolf D., 863 Schnelle, Jurgen, 1301 Schnetger, Bernhard, 1627 Schoeps, Karl-Olof, 1203 Schoppenthau, Jorg, 845 Scobbie, Emma, 575 Scudder, Kurt, 945 Sedaira, Hassan, 1079 Seebaum, Dirk, 1291 Seeber, Renato, 1359 Seibert, Donna S., 51 1 Sekino, Tatsuki, 853 SepiE, Ester, 1451 Seviour, John, 95 1 Shah, Rupal, 807 Shakoor, Omar, 1473 Shanthi, K., 647 Sharma, C., 1963 Shen, Guo-Li, 1495, 1689 Sheridan, Andrew, 1775 Shi, Renbing, 131 1 Shi, Yilin, 1507 Shih, Jeng-Shong, 1107 Shijo, Yoshio, 325 Shim, Jung-Sook Kim, 1533 Shiraishi, Haruki, 965 Sholl, Alastair F., 1775 Shpigun, Lilly K., 1037 Shukla, Jyotsna, 79 Shulman, R.S., 489 Shulman, Stanley A., 1163 Si, Zhi-Kun, 1317 Sihvonen, Marja-Liisa, 1335 Sillanpaa, Mika, 1335 Silva, Manuel, 49, 563 Simao, Joao E. J., 1801 Simpson, Tim R. E., 1501 Siskos, Panayotis A., 303 Skarping, Gunnar, 1095, 1 10 1 Slater, Jonathan M., 743, 755 Slavin, Walter, 195 Slobodnk, Jaroslav, 1327 Sloth, Jens J., 31 Smith, Clayton, 373 Smith, Dennis C., 53R Smith, Robert F., 67 Smith, Roy, 321 Smith, W. E., 835 Smyth, Malcolm R., 779, 1885, Smythe-Wright, Denise, 505 Snell, James P., 1055 Sokalski, Tomasz, 133 M., 681 1695 lR, 29R SOlC, s., 959 SolujiC, Ljiljana, 799 Somsen, Govert W., 1069 Song, Ruiguang, 1163 Sooksamiti, Ponlayuth, 1413 Sorvari, Jaana, 1335 Spanne, M$rten, 1095, 1101 Spear, Terry M., 1207 Srividya, K., 1653 Stathakis, Costas, 839 Steghens, Jean-Paul, 1539 Stegman, Karel H., 61 Stegmann, Werner, 901 Stein, Kathrin, 131 1 Stevenson, Derek, 329, 1699 Stojek, Zbigniew, 1869 Stone, David C., 671, 1341 Stouten, Piet, 11 11 Strachan, David, 95 1, 955 Stradiotto, Nelson R., 263 Streppel, Lucia, 1 11 1 Stuart, Iain A., 11R Stubauer, Gottfried, 35 1 Subramaniam, K., 825 Suffet, I.H. ‘Mel’, 309 Sukhan, V. V., 501 Suliman, Fakhr Eldin O., 617 Sultan, Salah M., 617 Sumodjo, P. T. A., 541 Sunagawa, Takenobu, 1705 Susanto, Joko P., 1085 Sutherland, Ian O., 1775 Sutra, J. F., 1469 Svanberg, Per-Arne, 1295 Svegl, Irena Grabec, 1817, 1839 Sweedler, Jonathan V., 45R Symington, Charles, 1009 Szklar, Roman S., 321 Szymanski, Andrzej, 1897 Taglietti, Angelo, 1763 Taguchi, Shigeru, 1621 Takamura, Kiyoko, 1943 Takayoshi, Kenji, 162 1 Tam, Wing Leong, 53 1 Tan, Yanxi, 483, 1419 Tang, Bo, 317 Tang, Shida, 195 TavEar, Gabrijela, 18 17 Taylor, Robert B., 1473 Tegtmeier, M., 243 Temmerman, Eric, 1929 TepavEeviC, Sanja D., 425 Teshima, Norio, 15 15 Thastrup, Ole, 945 Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., 1 11 Thomas, J.D. R., 1519 Thomassen, Yngvar, 1055 Thompson, Michael, 275, 285, 671,977, 1341, 1589, 1593, 1597, 53R Thornes, R. D. , 243 Thorpe, Andrew, 1241 Thorpe, Stephen C., 1501 Tian, Baomin, 965 Timperman, Aaron T., 45R Tinnerberg, HAkan, 1095, 1101 Tomas, Virginia, 477, 813 TomEik, Peter, 1795 Torgov, V. G., 489 Torres, J. M., 1737 Totu, Eugenia, 181 1 Townshend, Alan, 83 1, 1435 Trier, Colin, 1451 Troccoli, Osvaldo E., 613 Tsuge, Shin, 853 Tsujimura, Yutaka, 1705 Tsurubou, Shigekazu, 105 1 Tudino, Mabel B., 613 Turello, A., 1603 Turner, Anthony P. F., 171 1, 1769 Tyson, John D., 951,955 Tzouwara-Karayanni, Stella M., Ubide, Carlos, 407 Uehara, Nobuo, 325 Umetani, Shigeo, 1051 Vadgama, Pankaj, 435, 521, 871 435 Vaggelli, Gloria, 553 Valcarcel, Miguel, 1, 83, 1397, van Baar, Ben L.M., 1327 Van Der Weken, G., 1569 Van Mol, Willy, 1061 van Wichen, Piet, 11 11 Vassileva, E., 607 Veillon, Claude, 983 Velthorst, Nel H., 1069 Verbeek, Alistair, 233 Viles, John H., 913 Villanueva-Camaiias, Rosa M., Villegas, Nuria, 395 Viiias, Pilar, 1043 Vincent, James H., 1207, 1225 Viscardi, Guido, 1401 Vos, Johannes G., 789 VukanoviC, B., 255 Wahlberg, Sonny, 1261 Wake, Derrick, 1241 Walker, P. J., 173 Wallace, G. G., 699 Walsh, James E., 789 Walsh, Peter T., 575 Wang, Bin-Feng, 259 Wang, Chen, 3 17 Wang, Jin, 289, 817 Wang, Joseph, 345,965 Wang, Ke-Min, 259, 531 Wang, Nai-Xing, 13 17 Wang, Shi-Hua, 259 Watanabe, Kazuo, 623 Watanabe, Tsuyako, 15 15 Watts, Chris D., 1485 Welinder, H., 1279, 1285 Werner, Herbert, 1269 Werner, Mark A., 1207, 1225 WessCn, Bengt, 1203 Wheals, Brian B., 239 White, P.C., 835 Whiting, Robin, 373 Wickstrom, Todd, 201 Williams, John G., 1929 Wilmot, John C., 799 Witschger, Olivier, 1257 Wittmann, Christine, 863 Wolf, Kathrin, 1301 Wolfbeis, Otto S., 1489 Wood, Roger, 977 Woolfson, A. David, 71 1 Wu, W., 1603 Wu, Weh S., 321 Wu, Zucheng, 1955 Xin, Wen Kuan, 687 Xu, Xue Qin, 37 Xu, Yuanjin, 883 Yamada, Shinkichi, 469 Yamamoto, Akihiro, 1939 Yan, Xiu-Ping, 1061 Yao, Shouzhuo, 883 Yates 111, John R., 65R Yigit, Cemal, 1873 Yokoyama, Masaaki, 1705 Yotsu, Yoshinobu, 1621 Young, Barbara, 1485 Yu, Ru-Qin, 259, 1495, 1689 Zagatto, Elias A. G., 1047 Zanker, Kurt, 767 Zanoni, Maria Valnice B., 263 Zaporozhets, 0. A., 501 Zelano, Vincenzo, 1401 Zerihun, Tadesse, 1805 Zhang, Fan, 37 Zhang, Shu, 172 1 Zhang, X.R., 1569 Zhang, Xiaogang, 3 17 Zhang, Xueji, 1817 Zhang, Z. D., 1569 Zhang, Zhanen, 971 Zhang, Zhujun, 11 19 Zhi, Zheng-liang, 1 Zhou, Dao-Min, 705 Zhu, Jing, 1983 Ziegler, Torsten, 119 Zolotova, Galina A., 43 1 1565 1674ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL. 121 (1996) 5 SUBJECT INDEX, 1996 ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE Acctylcholinesterase Amperometric Detection System Based on a Cobalt( 11) Tetraphenylporphyrin-Modified Electrode, 1123 ACOUSTIC WAVE SENSOR Selective Detection of Aroma Components By Acoustic Wave Effect of Redox State on the Response of Poly-N-(2-cyanoethyl)- Sensors Coated with Conducting Polymer Films, 671 pyrrole Coated Thickness-shear Mode Acoustic Wave Sensors to Organic Vapours, 1341 ADSORPTIVE STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY Determination of Low Concentrations of Nickel and Aluminium in Membrane Electrolyser Liquors, 75 Determination of Trace Levels of Niguldipine in Urine and Blood by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrodc, 35 1 AEQUORIN Calcium Bioscnsing With a Sol-Gel Immobilized Photoprotein, 1975 AEROSOL Measurement Methods and Strategies for Non-infectious Microbial Components in Bioaerosols at the Workplace, 1197 Investigation into the Impact of Introducing Workplace Aerosol Standards Based on the Inhalable Fraction, 1207 Direct-reading Instrumentation for Workplace Aerosol Measurements-A Review, 1215 Assessment of Particle Size Distributions in Workers' Aerosol Exposures, 1225 Developments in Workplace Aerosol Sampling-A Review, 1233 Annular Aspiration Slot Entry Efficiency of the CIP-10 Aerosol Sampler, 1257 AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Development of a Stand-alone Affinity Clean-up for Lysergic Acid Distribution of Selenium in Human Blood Plasma and Serum, 189 Strategy for Fractionating High-affinity Antibodies to Steroid AGGREGATE Determination of Phosphate as Aggregates of Ion Associates by Light-scattering Detection and Application to Flow Injection, 1085 AIR Evaluation of Anasorb CMS and Comparison With Tenax TA for the Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Outdoor Air by Breakthrough Measurements, 303 Multi-element , Multi-media Method for the Determination of Airborne Elemental Emissions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 309 Dual-detector System for the Shipboard Analysis of Halocarbons in Sca-water and Air for Oceanographic Tracer Studies, 505 Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 1.Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection of Monomeric and Polymeric Isocyanates as Their Dibutylamine Derivatives, 1095 Effect of Sampling on Measurement Errors, 1155 Summary of the NIOSH Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical Method Development and Evaluation, 1163 Validation of a Diffusive Sampler for the Determination of Acetaldehyde in Air, 1177 Measurement Methods and Strategies for Non-infectious Microbial Components in Bioaerosols at the Workplace, 1197 Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds-What Substances Can Be Found in Sick Buildings?, 1203 Direct-reading Instrumentation for Workplace Aerosol Measurements-A Review, 1215 Assessment of Particle Size Distributions in Workers' Aerosol Exposures, 1225 Electret-based Passive Dust Sampler: Sampling of Organic Dusts.124 1 Harmonization of Air Quality Measurements at European Union Level, 1247 Intercomparison of Tube-type Diffusive Sampling for the Determination of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air, 1249 Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Use as a Gas Analyser in Industrial Hygiene. 1253 Annular Aspiration Slot Entry Efficiency of the CIP-10 Aerosol Sampler, 1257 Measurements of Indoor and Outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations Using a Diffusive Sampler, 1261 Determination of Gasoline Oxygenates in Air Using a Diffusive Sampler, 1265 Evaluation of Passive Methods for Measuring Ozone in the European Alps, 1269 Diethylamide in Urine, 177 Hormones by Affinity Chromatography, 939 Certification of Reference Materials Related to the Monitoring of Aldehydes in Air by Derivatization with 2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine, 1273 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography.Part l-A Review, 1279 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography. Part 2.-Sampling and Determination of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Methylhexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and Octenylsuccinic Anhydride, 1285 Round Robin Experiments for Comparison and Evaluation of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Emissions From High-power Laser Material Processing.1291 Diffusive Monitoring of C6-C9 Hydrocarbons in Urban Air in Sweden, 1295 Particle Size-dependent Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 1301 Determination of Formaldehyde in Air by Ion-exclusion and Ion- exchange Chromatography With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 1507 Continuous Monitoring of Ozone in Air by Reflectiometry, 1939 Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Using a Dehumidified and Ventilated Diffusive Sampler, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography With Flame Ionization Detection, 1955 ALBUMIN Observation of Albumin Resonances in Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Human Blood P1asma:N-Terminal Assignments Aided by Use of Modified Recombinant Albumin, 913 ALCOHOL Determination of Ethanol in Beer by Flow Injection Dual-pulse Vapour Generation-Fourier Transform Infrared Direct Ammonium Ion Requirement and Stability of Methanol ALDEHYDE Certification of Reference Materials Related to the Monitoring of Staircase Voltammetric Detection, 369 Determination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages, 923 Dehydrogenase TTF'TCNQ Electrodes, 171 1 Aldehydes in Air by Derivatization with 2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine, 1273 ALKALI Electrochemical Decomposition of Cyanides on Tin Dioxide ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENT Improved Extraction-Separation of Alkaline Earths and Lanthanides ALKALOID Sensitive Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Determination of Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Reserpine by Oxidation With ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATE Determination of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Non-ionic Surfactants in Electrodes in Alkaline Media, 541 With the Aid of an Ion Size-selective Masking Reagent, 1051 Psychotropic lndole Derivatives, 49 Cerium(iv) Sulfate, 1581 Trade Effluents by Sublation and High- performance Liquid Chromatography, 239 ALLOYS Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Model.Determination of Copper and Zinc in Serum and Metal Alloys, 169 ALLYL ALCOHOL Titrations With Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of ALUMINIUM Determination of Low Concentrations of Nickel and Aluminium in Membrane Electrolyser Liquors, 75 Rapid and Reliable Method for the Determination of Aluminium in Bone by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 195 Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Aluminium With Salicylaldehyde Salicyloylhydrazone, 317 Speciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation- exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. 627 Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation Sources, 1923 AMETRYN Comparative Study of the Ratio Spectra Derivative and Partial Least Squares Methods Applied to the Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine and Ametryn in Ground Waters, 459 an Interdigitated Microelectrode Array, 17956 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) AMINE Preparation of Polypyrrole Composites and the Effect of Volatile Amines on Their Electrical Properties, 793 Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 1. Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection of Monomeric and Polymeric Isocyanates as Their Dibutylamine Derivatives, 1095 Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Activity of Tertiary Amines as Potential Analytes for the Tris(2,2-Bipyridine)- Ruthenium(i1) ECL Reaction -A Review, lOlR Relationship Between Structural Attributes and Observed AMINO ACID Study of the Chemiluminescent Characteristics of Ninhydrin and its Application, 37 AMINOPHENOL Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of o-, m- AMMONIA Determination of Gas-phase Sidestream Cigarette Smoke AMMONIUM ION Ammonium Ion Requirement and Stability of Methanol AMOXICILLIN Two Selective Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of AMPEROMETRY Amperometric Biosensor for the Determination of the Artificial Sweetener Aspartame With an Immobilized Bienzyme System, 71 Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Amperometric Determination of L-Malic Acid in a Flow Injection Analysis Manifold Using Packed-bed Enzyme Reactors, 435 Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 Kinetic Separation of Amperometric Sensor Responses, 733 Determination of 2-Furaldehyde in Transformer Oil Using Flow Injection With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 755 Strategies for Decreasing Ascorbate Interference at Glucose Oxidase- modified Poly(o-pheny1enediamine)-coated Electrodes, 773 Development of Ultraviolet-polymerizable Enzyme Pastes: Bioprocess Applications of Screen-printed L-Lactate Sensors, 877 Electrochemical Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Enzyme Electrode by Immobilizing Glucose Oxidase in Electropolymerized Poly(3,3’-diaminobenzidine) Film on Palladinized Glassy Carbon Electrode, 971 Acetylcholinesterase Amperometric Detection System Based on a Cobalt(1r) Tetraphenylporphyrin-Modified Electrode, 1123 Enzymic Determinations With Rotating Bioreactors and Continuous- flow-Stopped-flow Processing.Determination of Choline Esters in Pharmaceuticals, 1695 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenols Using a Tyrosinase-based Amperometric Biosensor Detection System, 1885 Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Dehydrogenase Biosensor Based on Electrocatalytic Oxidation of NADH by Osmium Phenanthrolinedione Mediator, 1891 Amperometric Biosensor for Tyrosinase Inhibitors in a Pure Organic Phase, 1979 AMPICILLIN Analysis of Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Their Related Substances in Capsules , Syrups and Suspensions by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 1473 and p-Aminophenol Using Partial Least Squares Calibration, 407 Components Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 495 Dehydrogenase ITF’TCNQ Electrodes, 1711 Amoxicillin and Cefadroxil, 641 ANIMAL TISSUE Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 Hydrometallurgical Zinc Refining Process Stream by a Flow- injection Method With On-line Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Detection, 7 ANION EXCHANGE Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium in a ANODIC-STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY Adsorption of Trace Metals from Sea-water onto Solid Surfaces: Analysis by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1127 Simultaneous Determination of Urinary Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Concentrations in Steel Production Workers by Differential-pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1511 Electrochemical Studies of Zinc in Zinc-Insulin Solution, 1789 Determination of Copper(i1) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Flow-through System, 1903 Determination of Trace Amounts of Antimony(m) by Differential- pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Phenylfluorone-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 1983 ANTIBODY Bispecific Multivalent Antibody Studied by Real-time Interaction Strategy for Fractionating High-affinity Antibodies to Steroid Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies and Its Applications in ANTIMONY Antimony Speciation in Freshwater Plant Extracts by Using Hydride Generation-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 223 Determination of (U1tra)trace Amounts of Antimony(m) in Water by Flow Injection On-line Sorption Preconcentration in a Knotted Reactor Coupled With Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1061 Determination of Trace Amounts of Antimony(m) by Differential- pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Phenylfluorone-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 1983 Analysis for the Development of an Antigen-inhibition Enzyme- linked Immunosorbent Assay, 767 Hormones by Affinity Chromatography, 939 Immunoassays and Immunosensors, 29R ARC SOURCE Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation AROMA COMPONENT Selective Detection of Aroma Components By Acoustic Wave ARRAY DETECTION High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Array Sources, 1923 Sensors Coated with Conducting Polymer Films, 671 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for the Separation and Simultaneous Detection of Metal and Non-metal Species in Soybean Flour, 845 ARSENIC Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Arsenic(I1r) at Trace Determination of Total Arsenic in Soils by Differential-pulse ASCORBIC ACID Characterization of Carbon Paste Electrodes In V i m for Levels in Alkaline Media, 1387 Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1835 Simultaneous Amperometric Measurement of Changes in Oxygen and Ascorbic Acid Concentrations In Vivo, 761 Strategies for Decreasing Ascorbate Interference at Glucose Oxidase- modified Poly(o-pheny1enediamine)-coated Electrodes, 773 Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Samples and Fruit Juices, 1653 ASH Chemical Composition of Pork Rind, 573 ASPARTAME Amperometric Biosensor for the Determination of the Artificial Sweetener Aspartame With an Immobilized Bienzyme System, 71 ASPARTIC ACID Turbidimetric Flow Method for the Enantiomeric Discrimination of L- ASPHALT Towards the Characterization of Bitumen-Mineral Interactions in a ATOM CELL Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY Determination of Ultra-trace Amounts of Selenium(rv) by Flow and D-Aspartic Acid, 1397 Natural Asphalt, 373 Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with On-line Preconcentration by Co-precipitation with Lanthanum Hydroxide.Part 11. On-line Addition of Co-precipitating Agent, 31 Comparison of Chemical Modifiers for the Determination of Vanadium in Water and Oil Samples by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 111 Distribution of Selenium in Human Blood Plasma and Serum, 189 Rapid and Reliable Method for the Determination of Aluminium in Bone by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 195 Influence of Selected Natural Complexants on the Mobilization and Purging of Copper From Aqueous Media Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, 289 Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for Cadmium, Copper and Lead Determination in Cervine Liver and Kidney by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 483 Extraction-Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method for the Determination of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Copper-Nickel Ores Using an Autoclave Sample Decomposition Technique, 489 Solid-phase Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions on a High Surface Area Titanium Dioxide (Anatase), 607 Anion Mobilization From Aqueous Media by Ion Associate Extraction Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide With On-line Detection by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 817 Determination of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamp Cullet by Slurry Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 897ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 7 Determination of (U1tra)trace Amounts of Antimony(rI1) in Water by Flow Injection On-line Sorption Preconcentration in a Knotted Reactor Coupled With Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1061 ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 Multi-element, Multi-media Method for the Determination of Airborne Elemental Emissions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 309 Determination of Impurity Elements in Graphite by Acid Decomposition-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 623 Speciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation- exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 627 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric Determination of Gallium, Phosphorus and Other Oxo-anion Forming Elements in Geological Materials, 825 High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Array Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for the Separation and Simultaneous Detection of Metal and Non-metal Species in Soybean Flour, 845 Performance Improvements in the Determination of Mercury Species in Natural Gas Condensate Using an On-line Amalgamation Trap or Solid-phase Micro-extraction With Capillary Gas Chromatography-Microwave-induced Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 1055 Large-volume Injections in Capillary Gas Chromatography Using a Separately Heated Packed Pre-column: Application to Mercury Speciation in Natural Water, 1657 Rapid and Accurate Determination of Manganese in Washing Powders Using Alkali Fusion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques, 1929 ATRAZINE Comparative Study of the Ratio Spectra Derivative and Partial Least Squares Methods Applied to the Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine and Ametryn in Ground Waters, 459 Development and Evaluation of a Dipstick Immunoassay Format for the Determination of Atrazine Residues On-site, 863 Analytical Performance Testing of an Atrazine Immunoassay System, 1485 AUTOMATION Automation of a System for Titrimetric Measurements.Catalytic Validation of an Automatic Urea Analyser Used in the Continuous BEER Determination of Ethanol in Beer by Flow Injection Dual-pulse Thermometric Titrations of Organic Bases, 425 Monitoring of Hemodialysis Parameters, 959 Staircase Voltammetric Detection, 369 BENEDETTI-PICHLER EQUATION Combined Benedetti-PichledStange-Poole Sampling Equation for BENZAMIDES Effects of pH and Solvent on the Fluorescence Properties of Two-component Particulate Mixtures, 163 Biomedically Important Benzamides.Application to Determination in Drugs and in Human Urine, 1551 BENZODIAZEPINES Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting BENZOQUINONE Caesium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Crowned Benzoquinones, Benzodiazepines in Urine, 951 127 BETA- AGONLST Development of a Tube Enzyme Immunoassay for ‘On-site’ Screening of Urine Samples in the Presence of (3-Agonists, 1111 BEVERAGE Vapour Generation-Fourier Transform Infrared Direct Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in BIENZYME Amperometric Biosensor for the Determination of the Artificial BIOCHEMICAL Time-resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, 107R BIOLOGICAL Conducting Polymers and the Bioanalytical Sciences: New Tools for Biomolecular Communications-A Review, 699 Characterization of Carbon Paste Electrodes In Vitro for Simultaneous Amperometric Measurement of Changes in Oxygen and Ascorbic Acid Concentrations In Vivo, 761 Discriminative Analysis of Zooplankton Individuals by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Combined With On-line Methylation, 853 Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples, 857 Determination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages, 923 Pharmaceutical Samples and Fruit Juices, 1653 Sweetener Aspartame With an Immobilized Bienzyme System, 71 Determination of Isotope Enrichments of Magnesium in Microwave- digested Biological Samples by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Loading Technique, 901 Strategy for Fractionating High-affinity Antibodies to Steroid Hormones by Affinity Chromatography, 939 Direct Determination of Some Phenothiazine Sedatives in Greyhound Urine by Fluoroimmunoassay , 955 Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Marine Biotoxins, 1665 Enzymic Determinations With Rotating Bioreactors and Continuous- flow-Stopped-flow Processing.Determination of Choline Esters in Pharmaceuticals, 1695 Sensitivity Densitometry for the Determination of Platelet-activating Factor and Other Phospholipids in Human Tears, 1943 Volatile Organic Metabolites Associated With Some Toxic Fungi and Their Mycotoxins, 1949 Silicones and Their Determination in Biological Matrices -A Review, 53R Future Prospects for the Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Using Micro-column Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65R BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Sensitive Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Determination of Psychotropic Indole Derivatives, 49 Antimony Speciation in Freshwater Plant Extracts by Using Hydride Generation-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 223 Some Comments on the Determination of Microcystin Toxins in Waters by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 233 Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Indicator Reaction for Sensitive Kinetic Micro-determination of Cysteine and Cystine in a Mixture Without Prior Separation, 413 Amperometric Determination of L-Malic Acid in a Flow Injection Analysis Manifold Using Packed-bed Enzyme Reactors, 435 Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for Cadmium, Copper and Lead Determination in Cervine Liver and Kidney by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 483 Chemical Composition of Pork Rind, 573 Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 Technique and Support for Microorganism Immobilization.Application to Trace Metals Enrichment by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1633 Improved Molecular Fluorescence Method for the Determination of Selenium in Biological Samples, 1641 Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlorophenolic, Resin and Fatty Acids in Chlorination and Caustic Extraction Stage Effluent From Kahi-grass, 1963 BIOLUMINESCENCE Perspective-From Erlangen to Moscow: Minor Redirections, 381 From the Firefly Bioluminescence to the Dioxetane-based (AMPPD) Calcium Biosensing With a Soi-Gel Immobilized Photoprotein, 1975 BIOSENSOR Amperometric Biosensor for the Determination of the Artificial Sweetener Aspartame With an Immobilized Bienzyme System, 71 Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 Moisture-activated, Electrically Conducting Bioadhesive Interfaces for Biomedical Sensor Applications, 711 Bispecific Multivalent Antibody Studied by Real-time Interaction Analysis for the Development of an Antigen-inhibition Enzyme- linked Immunosorbent Assay, 767 Stabilized Needle Electrode System for In Vivo Glucose Monitoring Based on Open Flow Microperfusion, 871 Development of Ultraviolet-polymerizable Enzyme Pastes: Bioprocess Applications of Screen-printed L-Lactate Sensors, 877 Electrochemical Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Enzyme Electrode by Immobilizing Glucose Oxidase in Electropolymerized Poly(3,3’-diaminobenzidine) Film on Palladinized Glassy Carbon Electrode, 971 Cobalt(rr) Tetraphenylporphyrin-Modified Electrode, 1123 Dehydrogenase TTF‘TCNQ Electrodes, 1711 Chemiluminescence Immunoassay : a Retroanalysis, 1527 Acetylcholinesterase Amperometric Detection System Based on a Ammonium Ion Requirement and Stability of Methanol Thermometric Determination of Copper(i1) Using Acid Urease, 17178 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) Rigid Carbon-Polymer Biocomposites for Electrochemical Sensing- A Review, 1751 Direct Monitoring of Formaldehyde Vapour and Detection of Ethanol Vapour Using Dehydrogenase-based Biosensors. 1769 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenols Using a Tyrosinase-based Amperometric Biosensor Detection System. 1885 Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Dehydrogenase Biosensor Based on Electrocatalytic Oxidation of NADH by Osmium Phenanthrolinedione Mediator, 1891 Influence of Surface-active Compounds on the Response and Sensitivity of Cholinesterase Biosensors for Inhibitor Determination, 1911 Amperometric Biosensor for Tyrosinase Inhibitors in a Pure Organic Phase, 1979 Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies and Its Applications i n Imrnunoassays and Immunosensors, 29R BLOOD Distribution of Selenium in Human Blood Plasma and Serum, 189 Determination of Trace Levels of NieuldiDine in Urine and Blood bv Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode, 351 Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin for Bioanalytical Applications-A Review, 1533 Improved Molecular Fluorescence Method for the Determination of Selenium in Biological Samples, 1641 Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of the Phenylurea Herbicide Chlortoluron in Water and Biological Fluids, 1699 Effect of Different Experimental Parameters on the Potentiometric Evaluation of Blood Electrolytes Using K+ as a Test Cation, 1907 BROMAZEPAM Use of a Sequential Injection Technique for Mechanistic Studies and Kinetic Determination of Bromazepam Complexed With Iron(i1) in Hydrochloric Acid, 617 BROMIMETRY Titrations With Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of BROMINATION Method For Sampling and Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide, 647 CADMIUM Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium in a an Interdigitated Microelectrode Array, 1795 Hydrometallurgical Zinc Refining Process Stream by a Flow- injection Method With On-line Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Detection, 7 CAESIUM Caesium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Crowned Benzoquinones, CALCIUM Electrochemical and Thermal Behaviour o f Calcium-selective Impedance Spectroscopic Study on Single-piece All-solid-state Calcium Biosensing With a Sol-Gel Immobilized Photoprotein, 1975 CALIBRATION Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Model. Determination of Copper and Zinc in Serum and Metal Alloys, 169 Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of 0-, rn- and p-Aminophenol Using Partial Least Squares Calibration.407 Robust Multivariate Calibration Algorithm Based on Least Median of Squares and Sequential Number Theory Optimization Method, 1025 127 Membranes, 1811 Calcium-selective Electrode Based on Polyaniline, I823 CALIX[4]ARENE Potassium Ion-selective Optodes Based on the Calix[6]arene Hexaester and Application in Human Serum Assay, 531 Sodium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Silicone-rubber Membranes Covalently Incorporating Neutral Carriers.1705 CAMERA LUMINOMETER Development and Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS Direct Determination of 7-Hydroxycoumarin and 7-Hydroxycoumarin-glucuronide in Urine by Using Capillary Electrophoresis, 243 Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of Metal Ions in the Presence of Polyethylene Glycols, 839 Bifunctional Cryptand Modifier for Capillary Electrophoresis in Separations of Inorganic/Organic Anions and Inorganic Cations, 1107 In-capillary Derivatization With 1 -Methoxycarbonylindolizine-3 3- dicarbaldehyde for High-performance Capillary Electrophoresis, 1683 Capillary Electrophoresis With Wavelength-resolved Fluorescence Detection, 45R for Chlortoluron Using a Camera Luminometer, 329 CARBAMATE On-line Solid-phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Particle Beam Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Carbamate Pesticides, 1327 CARBOHYDRATE Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography.249 CARBON Measurement of Carbon- 13 : Carbon- 12 Ratios by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 205 Elemental Carbon-based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues, 1183 Catalytic Dctermination of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Natural Waters by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry, 1617 CARBON DIOXIDE Carbon Dioxide-enhanced Luminol Chemiluminesccnce i n the Absence of Added Oxidant, 211 Fluorescence Optical Sensor for Low Concentrations of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide, 339 Determination o f Gas-phase Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Components Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 495 Thin Plastic Film Colorimetric Sensors for Carbon Dioxide: Effect of Plasticizer on Response.535 CARBON MONOXIDE Determination of Gas-phase Sidestream Cigarette Smoke CARBONATE Observations on the Behaviour of Some Trifluoroacetophenone Derivatives as Neutral Carriers for Carbonate Ion-selective Electrodes. 133 Components Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 395 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS Rcaction of 5-Bromomethyltluorescein (5-BMF) With Cefuroxime and Other Carboxyl-Containing Analytes to Form Derivatives Suitable for Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection, 1573 CASEIN Method for the Extraction of Riboflavin for High-performance Liquid CATALYSIS Sensitive Determination of Nitrite Using its Catalytic Effect on the Bromate Oxidation of Prochlorperazine, 89 Expert System for Catalytic Titrimetry-Part 1.Determination of Organic Acids, 401 Automation of a System for Titrimetric Measurements. Catalytic Thermometric Titrations o f Organic Bases. 425 Flow injection Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Fluoride or Phosphate Based on Their Inhibitory Effect on the Photo-oxidation of Acridine Catalysed by Iron(iit), 477 Determination of the Purity o f Monomers by a Catalytic Bromination Method.987 Shipboard Determination o f Dissolved Cobalt in Sea-water Using Flow Injection with Catalytic Spectrophotometric Detection, 1037 Determination o f Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(i1) by Its Catalytic Effect on the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 3-Methyl-2- bcnzothiazolinone Hydrazone With N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3- sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline. 15 15 Catalytic Dctcrmination of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Natural Waters by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry, 1617 Organic Microheterogeneous Systems in Kinetic Analysis. Self- assembled Systems-A Review, 33R Chromatography and Application to Casein, 1671 CATHODIC-STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY Determination of Total Arsenic in Soils by Differential-pulse Comparison of Indirect Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Methods Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1835 Based o n Accumulation of Mercury.Copper([) and Nickel Salts or Complexes at a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode: Determination of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole. 1877 CEFADROXIL Two Selective Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of CELLULAR RESPONSE Flow Injection Microscopy: a Novel Too1 for the Study of Cellular CEMENT 5-Chlorosalicylic Acid Spectrophotometric Method for the Anioxicillin and Cefadroxil, 641 Kesponse and Drug Discovery, 945 Determination of Titanium and Simultaneous Determination of Titanium(1v) Oxide and Iron( 111) Oxide Content o f Portland Cement. 1079 CERENKOV COUNTING Rapid Determination o f Strontium-90 in Environmental Samples by Single Cerenkov Counting Using Two Different Colour Quench Curves, 1737 CERTIFICATION Certified Reference Matcrials (CRMs 479 and 480) for the Quality Control of Nitrate Determination in Freshwater, 83ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 9 CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS Certified Reference Materials (CRMs 479 and 480) for the Quality CHELATING AGENT Dithizone-anchored Poly(viny1pyridine) as a Chelating Resin for the Preconcentration and Se aration of Gold(m) From Platinum(lv), Copper(r1) and Mercury&), 807 Selective Recovery of Uranium(v1) From Aqueous Acid Solutions Using Micellar Ultrafiltration, 1401 CHEMICAL MODIFIER Comparison of Chemical Modifiers for the Determination of Vanadium in Water and Oil Samples by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 11 1 Sodium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Silicone-rubber Membranes Covalently Incorporating Neutral Carriers, 170.5 CHEMILUMINESCENCE Study of the Chemiluminescent Characteristics of Ninhydrin and its Application, 37 Sensitive Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Determination of Psychotropic Indole Derivatives, 49 Carbon Dioxide-enhanced Luminol Chemiluminescence in the Absence of Added Oxidant, 211 Development and Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent lmmunoassay for Chlortoluron Using a Camera Luminometer. 329 Perspective-From Erlangen to Moscow: Minor Redirections, 381 Lucigenin Immobilized on Silicon Oxides as a Solid-phase Chemiluminescent Reagent, 501 Enhancement by Cycloalkanes of the Chemiluminescent Oxidation of Sulfite, 831 From the Firefly Bioluminescence to the Dioxetane-based (AMPPD) Chemiluminescence Immunoassay: a Retroanalysis, 1527 Luminol Chemiluminescence-based Porphyrin Assays Without Hydrogen Peroxide: a Spectral Study of Mechanism and Enhancement, 1539 Chemiluminescence Determination of Penicillamine via Flow Injection Applying a Quinine-Ceriurn(1v) System, 1569 CHEMOMETRICS Combined Benedetti-PichledStange-Poole Sampling Equation for Two-component Particulate Mixtures, 163 Formulation Optimization of Novel Multicomponent Photoprotective Liposomes by Using Response Surface Methodology, 279 Artificial Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Pseudo-first-order With Respect to the Reagent Multicomponent Kinetic-spectrophotometric Determinations, 395 Resolution of Multicomponent Mixture Spectra in Mid-infrared Spectroscopy Using Spherical Projection Factor Analysis: Application to Real Data Including a Six-component Mixture Set, 44 I Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 451 Sulfamethazine and Their Mixtures. Use of Partial Least Squares in the Resolution of the Non-additive Signals of These Compounds.547 Application of Partial Least Squares Calibration to Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles, 575 Multivariate Calibration of Chlorophyll a Using Partial Least Squares and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy, 581 Influence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Wavelength Selection in Window Factor Analysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 585 Interpreting Signals From an Array of Non-specific Piezoelectric Chemical Sensors, 743 Chemometric Techniques in Multivariate Statistical Modelling of Process Plant, 749 Deconvolution and Spectral Clean-up of Two-component Mixtures by Factor Analysis of Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Data, 993 End-point Determination On-line and Reaction Co-ordinate Modelling of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions in Principal Component Space Using Periodic Near-infrared Monitoring, 1003 Analysis of Ageing and Typification of Vintage Ports by Partial Least Squares and Soft Independent Modelling Class Analogy, 1009 Deconvolution of Analytical Peaks by Means of the Fast Hartley Transform, 1015 Spline Wavelet Multi-resolution Analysis for High-noise Digital Signal Processing in Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry, 1019 Robust Multivariate Calibration Algorithm Based on Least Median of Squares and Sequential Number Theory Optimization Method, 1025 Effect of Sampling on Measurement Errors, 1155 Summary of the NIOSH Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical Method Development and Evaluation, 1163 Procrustes Analysis for the Determination of Number of Significant Masses in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1443 Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories Part 1.-Ranking of Participants on Scores is Misleading, 1589 Control of Nitrate Determination in Freshwater, 83 Inverse Scattering Theory of Fourier Transform Infrared Polarographic Behaviour of Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories- Part 2.Testing for Sufficient Homogeneity, 1593 Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories- Part 3.Confirmatory Statistical Tests for Scheme Organisers, 1597 Feature Selection for the Discrimination Between Pollution Types With Partial Least Squares Modelling, 1603 CHLORIDE Simultaneous Assay of Nitrite, Nitrate and Chloride in Meat Products CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using CHLORINE Photolytic Spectroscopic Quantification of Residual Chlorine in CHLOROFLUOROCARBON Dual-detector System for the Shipboard Analysis of Halocarbons in Sea-water and Air for Oceanographic Tracer Studies, 505 Impact of Key New Regulations on Analytical Chemistry, 691 CHLOROPHENOLS Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlorophenolic, Resin and Fatty by Flow Injection, 1393 Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 789 Potable Waters, 1075 Acids in Chlorination and Caustic Extraction Stage Effluent From Kahi-grass, 1963 CHLOROPHYLL Multivariate Calibration of Chlorophyll a Using Partial Least Squares and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy, 581 Influence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Wavelength Selection in Window Factor Analysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 585 CHLORTOLURON Development and Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay CHOLINE Enzymic Determinations With Rotating Bioreactors and Continuous- flow-Stopped-flow Processing.Determination of Choline Esters in Pharmaceuticals, 1695 for Chlortoluron Using a Camera Luminometer, 329 CHROMATE Anion Mobilization From Aqueous Media by Ion Associate Extraction Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide With On-line Detection by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 817 CHROMATOGRAPHY Determination of Formaldehyde in Air by Ion-exclusion and lon- Speciation Analysis of Some Organic Selenium Compounds -A CHROMIUM Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell Flow Dissolution of 1 ,5-Diphenylcarbazide for the Determination of CHROMOGENIC REAGENT Chromogenic Reagents, 1775 CHRONOAMPEROMETRY Study of the Effect of Lanthanide Ions on the Kinetics of Glutamate CIGARETTE SMOKE Determination of Gas-phase Sidestream Cigarette Smoke CINNAMIC ACID Determination of Cinnamic Acid in Human Urine by Differential- CLENBUTEROL Differential-pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clenbuterol in Bovine Urine Using a Nafion-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 779 Dcconvolution and Spectral Clean-up of Two-component Mixtures by Factor Analysis of Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Data, 993 CLINICAL Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Determination of Cinnamic Acid in Human Urine by Differential- pulse Polarography, 263 Microtitre-plate Enzyme-linked Ligand-Sorbent Assay of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) in Human Plasma and Urine, 333 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Determination of Hexamethylenetetramine in the Presence of Formaldehyde and Urine, 567 Stabilized Needle Electrode System for In Vivo Glucose Monitoring Based on Open Flow Microperfusion, 871 Flow Injection Microscopy: a Novel Tool for the Study of Cellular Response and Drug Discovery, 945 Validation of an Automatic Urea Analyser Used in the Continuous Monitoring of Hemodialysis Parameters, 959 exchange Chromatography With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 1507 Review, 77R During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 Chromium(vr), 613 Dehydrogenase by a Chronoamperometric Method, 687 Components Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 495 pulse Polarography, 26310 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL. 121 (1996) High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for CLOXACILLIN Analysis of Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Their Related Substances in Capsules, Syrups and Suspensions by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 1473 Determination of Marine Biotoxins, 1665 COAL TAR PITCH Application of Partial Least Squares Calibration to Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles, 575 COBALT Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 Carbon Dioxide-enhanced Luminol Chemiluminescence in the Absence of Added Oxidant, 211 Shipboard Determination of Dissolved Cobalt in Sea-water Using Flow Injection with Catalytic Spectrophotometric Detection, 1037 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Calibration Method.Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel at Sub-ppm Levels, 1609 COBALT COMPLEX Autocatalytic Decomposition of Cobalt Complexes as an Indicator System for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Cobalt and Effectors, 391 COCAINE Gas Phase Detection of Cocaine by Means of Jmmunoanalysis, 119 COLOUR QUENCH CURVES Rapid Determination of Strontium-90 in Environmental Samples by Single Cerenkov Counting Using Two Different Colour Quench Curves, 1737 COMBUSTION Fate of Metals in the Combustion of Industrial Waste Oils, 1731 COMPLEMENT Polymer Agglutination-based Piezoelectric Immunoassay for the CONDUCTING POLYMER Selective Detection of Aroma Components By Acoustic Wave Sensors Coated with Conducting Polymer Films, 671 Conducting Polymers and the Bioanalytical Sciences: New Tools for Biomolecular Communications-A Review, 699 High Sensitivity Conducting Polymer Sensors, 1355 CONDUCTING SALT Ammonium Ion Requirement and Stability of Methanol CONFIDENCE INTERVAL Probabilistic Approach to Confidence Intervals of Linear Calibration, CONJUGATION Reaction of 5-Bromomethylfluorescein (5-BMF) With Cefuroxime and Other Carboxyl-Containing Analytes to Form Derivatives Suitable for Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection, 1573 Determination of Complement 111, 1689 Dehydrogenase TTF'TCNQ Electrodes, 1711 591 CONTINUOUS FLOW Continuous-flow Method for the Determination of Phenols at Low Levels in Water and Soil Leachates Using Solid-phase Extraction for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Separation, 1 COPPER Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Model.Determination of Copper and Zinc in Serum and Metal Alloys, 169 Influence of Selected Natural Comolexants on the Mobilization and Purging of Copper From Aqueous Media Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, 289 Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper, Nickel and Vanadium in Sea-water by High-performance Liquid Chromatography After Extraction and Back-extraction, 325 Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(I1) by Its Catalytic Effect on the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 3-Methyl-2- benzothiazolinone Hydrazone With N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3- sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline, 15 15 a Flow-through System, 1903 Thermometric Determination of Copper(r1) Using Acid Urease, 1717 Determination of Copper(r1) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using COPRECIPITATION Determination of Ultra-trace Amounts of Selenium(1v) by Flow Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with On-line Preconcentration by Co-precipitation with Lanthanum Hydroxide.Part 11. On-line Addition of Co-precipitating Agent, 31 CORROSIVE MEDIA Reference Electrode for Potentiometric Analyses in Corrosive COST FUNCTION What Exactly is Fitness for Purpose in Analytical Measurement?, 275 COUMARIN Bispecific Multivalent Antibody Studied by Real-time Interaction Media, 363 Analysis for the Development of an Antigen-inhibition Enzyme- linked Immunosorbent Assay, 767 cow Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Technique for the Determination of CRESOL Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of o-Cresol and Moxidectin in Bovine Tissues, 1469 rn-Cresol in Urine by Use of the Kinetic Wavelength-pair Method, 1647 CROWN ETHER Sodium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Silicone-rubber Membranes Covalently Incorporating Neutral Carriers, 1705 CRYPTAND Bifunctional Cryptand Modifier for Capillary Electrophoresis in Separations of Inorganic/Organic Anions and Inorganic Cations, 1107 CRYPTANOL Chromogenic Reagents, 1775 CYANIDE Formation of Thiocyanate During Removal of Sulfide as Lead Sulfide CYANIDES Electrochemical Decomposition of Cyanides on Tin Dioxide CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY Effect of Redox State on the Response of Poly-N-(2-~yanoethyl)- pyrrole Coated Thickness-shear Mode Acoustic Wave Sensors to Organic Vapours, 134 1 In Situ External Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study on the Structure of the Conducting Polymer Poly- (paraphenylene), 1881 Prior to Cyanide Determination, 799 Electrodes in Alkaline Media, 541 CYCLOALKANE Enhancement by Cycloalkanes of the Chemiluminescent Oxidation of CYCLODEXTRIN Cyclodextrin-based Optosensor for the Determination of Riboflavin in Pharmaceutical Preparations, 1119 Analytical Applications of Retinoid-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes-Part 2 Luminescence properties at Room Temperature, 1557 Stoichiometry and Association Constants of the Inclusion Complexes of Ellipticine With Modified f3-Cyclodextrin, 1561 Sensitive and Specific Electrochemical Sensors for Charge-diffuse Cations: Use of Lipophilic Cyclodextrins and an Enzyme Relay for the Determination of Acetylcholine, 1829 Sulfite, 831 CYSTEINE Indicator Reaction for Sensitive Kinetic Micro-determination of CYSTINE Indicator Reaction for Sensitive Kinetic Micro-determination of Cysteine and Cystine in a Mixture Without Prior Separation, 413 DATA PROCESSING Unified View of Kinetic-based Analytical Methods With Emphasis on DATABASE Future Prospects for the Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Using Micro-column Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65R DECONVOLUTION Deconvolution of Overlapping Chromatographic Peaks by Means of Fast Fourier and Hartley Transforms, 97 Deconvolution and Spectral Clean-up of Two-component Mixtures by Factor Analysis of Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Data, 993 Deconvolution of Analytical Peaks by Means of the Fast Hartley Transform, 1015 DERIVATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Comparative Study of the Ratio Spectra Derivative and Partial Least Squares Methods Applied to the Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine and Ametryn in Ground Waters, 459 Selective Determination of Holmium in Rare Earth Mixtures by Second-derivative Spectrophotometry With Benzoylindan-l,3- dione and Cetylpyridinium Chloride, 1317 Cysteine and Cystine in a Mixture Without Prior Separation, 413 Ruggedness-A Review, 385 DERIVATIVE SPECTROSCOPY Second-derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Salicylic Acid in Human Serum, 909 DERIVATIZ ATION Certification of Reference Materials Related to the Monitoring of Aldehydes in Air by Derivatization with 2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine, 1273 Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin for Bioanalytical Applications-A Review, 1533 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Marine Biotoxins, 1665 In-capillary Derivatization With l-Methoxycarbonylindolizine-3,5- dicarbaldehyde for High-performance Capillary Electrophoresis, 1683ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 11 DIBUCAINE Electrochemical Reduction at a Mercury Electrode and Differential- pulse Polarographic Determination of Dibucaine in Pharmaceutical Ointments, 681 DICHLOROFLUORESCEIN Method For Sampling and Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide, 647 DIESEL EXHAUST Elemental Carbon-based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues, 1183 DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTAACETIC ACID Development of a Gas Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid in Natural Waters, 1335 DIFFERENTIAL-PULSE AMPEROMETRY Characterization of Carbon Paste Electrodes Zn Vitro for Simultaneous Amperometric Measurement of Changes in Oxygen and Ascorbic Acid Concentrations In Vim, 761 DIFFERENTIAL-PULSE ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY Simultaneous Determination of Urinary Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Concentrations in Steel Production Workers by Differential-pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 15 11 DIFFERENTIAL-PULSE POLAROGRAPHY Electrochemical Trace Analysis of Gold in Ore, 79 Determination of Cinnamic Acid in Human Urine by Differential- Polarographic Behaviour of Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, pulse Polarography, 263 Sulfamethazine and Their Mixtures.Use of Partial Least Squares in the Resolution of the Non-additive Signals of These Compounds, 547 Electrochemical Reduction at a Mercury Electrode and Differential- pulse Polarographic Determination of Dibucaine in Pharmaceutical Ointments, 681 Resolution of Partially Overlapped Signals by Fourier Analysis. Application to Differential-pulse Polarographic Responses, 1359 Determination of Low Concentrations of Nickel and Aluminium in Membrane Electrolyser Liquors, 75 Differential-pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clenbuterol in Bovine Urine Using a Nafion-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 779 Simultaneous Determination of Urinary Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Concentrations in Steel Production Workers by Differential-pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 151 1 Application of Nafion-coated Mercury Film Electrodes to the Microdetermination of Formaldehyde by Differential-pulse Voltammetry, 1727 Determination of Total Arsenic in Soils by Differential-pulse Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1835 Determination of Small Amounts of Analytes in the Presence of a Large Excess of One Analyte From Multi-analyte Global Signals of Differential-pulse Voltammetry and Related Techniques With the Signal Ratio Resolution Method, 1845 pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Phenylfluorone-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 1983 DIFFERENTIAL-PULSE VOLTAMMETRY Determination of Trace Amounts of Antimony(rr1) by Differential- DIGOXIN Sensitive Determination of Digoxin in Tablets by Flow Injection With Fluorescence Detection, 1613 DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION Influence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Wavelength Selection in Window Factor Analysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 585 DIPHENYLCARBAZIDE Flow Dissolution of 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide for the Determination of DISINFECTANT Photolytic Spectroscopic Quantification of Residual Chlorine in DOPAMINE Over-oxidized Polypyrrole-modified Carbon Fibre Chromium(vr), 613 Potable Waters, 1075 Ultramicroelectrode With an Integrated SilverEilver Chloride Reference Electrode for the Selective Voltammetric Measurement of Dopamine in Extremely Small Sample Volumes, 1817 DOSIMETRY Assessment of Particle Size Distributions in Workers’ Aerosol DRUG Investigation of On-line Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography- Gas Phase Detection of Cocaine by Means of Immunoanalysis, 119 Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Methotrexate With a Exposures, 1225 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Identification of Impurities in Drug Substances, 61 Column-packed Oxidizing Agent, 183 Application of Near-infrared Reflectance Spectrometry to the Analytical Control of Pharmaceuticals: Ranitidine Hydrochloride Tablet Production, 219 Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Foodstuffs Using Gel Permeation, 229 Determination of Trace Levels of Niguldipine in Urine and Blood by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode, 351 Polarographic Behaviour of Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine and Their Mixtures.Use of Partial Least Squares in the Resolution of the Non-additive Signals of These Compounds, 547 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Determination of Hexamethylenetetramine in the Presence of Formaldehyde and Urine, 567 Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceuticals, 635 Two Selective Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Amoxicillin and Cefadroxil, 641 Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 651 Extraction of Salinomycin From Finished Layers Ration by Microwave Solvent Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography, 803 Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples, 857 Direct Determination of Some Phenothiazine Sedatives in Greyhound Urine by Fluoroimmunoassay, 955 Development of a Tube Enzyme Immunoassay for ‘On-site’ Screening of Urine Samples in the Presence of p-Agonists, 1111 Analysis of Protein-bound Metabolites of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Pig Liver by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1463 Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Technique for the Determination of Moxidectin in Bovine Tissues, 1469 Effects of pH and Solvent on the Fluorescence Properties of Biomedically Important Benzamides.Application to Determination in Drugs and in Human Urine, 1551 Sensitive Determination of Digoxin in Tablets by Flow Injection With Fluorescence Detection, 1613 Performance of Micellar Mobile Phases in Reversed-phase Chromatography for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Containing &Blockers and Other Antihypertensive Drugs, 1674 Enzymic Determinations With Rotating Bioreactors and Continuous- flow-Stopped-flow Processing.Determination of Choline Esters in Pharmaceuticals, 1695 Determination of Copper(I1) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Flow-through System, 1903 Analytical Challenges in the Development of Modified-release Oral Solid Dosage Forms-A Review, 91R DRUGS Flow Injection Microscopy: a Novel Tool for the Study of Cellular Response and Drug Discovery, 945 DUAL-PULSE STAIRCASE VOLTAMMETRY Determination of Ethanol in Beer by Flow Injection Dual-pulse DUST Comparative Study of an Inhalable and a Total Dust Sampler for Electret-based Passive Dust Sampler: Sampling of Organic Dusts, DYE In Situ Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Analysis of a Near-infrared Optical Detection of Acids in Atmospheric Air by ECOTOXICOLOGY Direct Determination of Butyl- and Phenyltin Compounds as Staircase Voltammetric Detection, 369 Personal Sampling of Dust and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gas and Particulate Phase, 1191 1241 Reactive Dye Covalently Bound to Cotton, 835 Phthalocyanine Dyes in Polymer Films, 1115 Chlorides Using Gas Chromatography and Flame Photometric Detection, 1969 EFFLUENT Determination of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Non-ionic Surfactants in Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlorophenolic, Resin and Fatty Trade Effluents by Sublation and High- performance Liquid Chromatography, 239 Acids in Chlorination and Caustic Extraction Stage Effluent From Kahi-grass, 1963 ELECTRET Electret-based Passive Dust Sampler: Sampling of Organic Dusts, ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION Determination of Toluenediamines in Urine of Workers 1241 Occupationally Exposed to Isocyanates by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 66312 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE Relationship Between Structural Attributes and Observed Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Activity of Tertiary Amines as Potential Analytes for the Tris(2,2-Bipyridine)- Ruthenium(I1) ECL Reaction -A Review, 101R ELECTROCHEMISTRY Amperometric Biosensor for the Determination of the Artificial Determination of Low Concentrations of Nickel and Aluminium in Electrochemical Trace Analysis of Gold in Ore, 79 Caesium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Crowned Benzoquinones, Electrochemical Activation of Screen-printed Carbon Strips, 345 Determination of Trace Levels of Niguldipine in Urine and Blood by Sweetener Aspartame With an Immobilized Bienzyme System, 71 Membrane Electrolyser Liquors, 75 127 Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode, 351 Electrochemical Decomposition of Cyanides on Tin Dioxide Electrochemical Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Enzyme Electrodes in Alkaline Media, 541 Electrode by Immobilizing Glucose Oxidase in Electropolymerized Poly(3,3'-diaminobenzidine) Film on Palladinized Glassy Carbon Electrode, 971 Rigid Carbon-Polymer Biocomposites for Electrochemical Sensing- A Review, 1751 Recent Evolution of Luminescent Photoinduced Electron Transfer Sensors-A Review, 1759 Sensing of Transition Metals Through Fluorescence Quenching or Enhancement-A Review, 1763 Direct Monitoring of Formaldehyde Vapour and Detection of Ethanol Vapour Using Dehydrogenase-based Biosensors, 1769 Chromogenic Reagents, 177.5 Micro-optical Ring Electrode: Development of a Novel Electrode for Photoelectrochemistry, 1779 Electrochemical Studies of Zinc in Zinc-Insulin Solution, 1789 Titrations With Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of Electrochemistry of the Nitroprusside Ion.From Mechanistic Studies Hot-wire Electrodes: Voltammetry Above the Boiling Point, 1805 Electrochemical and Thermal Behaviour of Calcium-selective Over-oxidized Polypyrrole-modified Carbon Fibre an Interdigitated Microelectrode Array, 1795 to Electrochemical Analysis, 1801 Membranes, 1811 Ultramicroelectrode With an Integrated Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrode for the Selective Voltammetric Measurement of Dopamine in Extremely Small Sample Volumes, 1817 Impedance Spectroscopic Study on Single-piece All-solid-state Calcium-selective Electrode Based on Polyaniline, 1823 Sensitive and Specific Electrochemical Sensors for Charge-diffuse Cations: Use of Lipophilic Cyclodextrins and an Enzyme Relay for the Determination of Acetylcholine, 1829 Determination of Total Arsenic in Soils by Differential-pulse Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1835 Solid-phase Extraction Coupled With Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of the Herbicide Bromofenoxim in Water Samples at Low- and Sub-pg 1-1 Levels, 1839 Determination of Small Amounts of Analytes in the Presence of a Large Excess of One Analyte From Multi-analyte Global Signals of Differential-pulse Voltammetry and Related Techniques With the Signal Ratio Resolution Method, 1845 Wall-jet Flow Cell for Stripping Potentiometry , 1851 Interpretation of Speciation Measurements on Labile Metal- Macromolecular Systems by Voltammetric Techniques, 1855 Behaviour of the Current in a Membrane-covered Disc Microelectrode Under Steady-state Conditions, 1863 Mass Transport-controlled Steady-state Currents for Methanol in a Flow Injection System, 1869 Construction and Response Characteristics of a Sulfite/ Hydrogensulfite-selective All-solid-state Contact Electrode Based on the 4-Methylpiperidinedithiocarbamate Complex of Mercury- (II), 1873 Comparison of Indirect Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Methods Based on Accumulation of Mercury, Copper(1) and Nickel Salts or Complexes at a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode: Determination of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, 1877 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenols Using a Tyrosinase-based Amperometric Biosensor Detection System, 1885 Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Dehydrogenase Biosensor Based on Electrocatalytic Oxidation of NADH by Osmium Phenanthrolinedione Mediator, 1891 Determination of Copper(I1) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Flow-through System, 1903 Effect of Different Experimental Parameters on the Potentiometric Evaluation of Blood Electrolytes Using K+ as a Test Cation, 1907 Influence of Surface-active Compounds on the Response and Sensitivity of Cholinesterase Biosensors for Inhibitor Determination, 1911 Electroanalysis for the Purpose of Environmental Monitoring and ELECTRODE Observations on the Behaviour of Some Trifluoroacetophenone Derivatives as Neutral Carriers for Carbonate Ion-selective Electrodes, 133 Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Electrochemical Activation of Screen-printed Carbon Strips, 345 Determination of Trace Levels of Niguldipine in Urine and Blood by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode, 351 Preparation of Microelectrodes: Comparison of Polishing Procedures by Statistical Analysis of Voltammetric Data, 357 Reference Electrode for Potentiometric Analyses in Corrosive Media, 363 Electrochemical Decomposition of Cyanides on Tin Dioxide Electrodes in Alkaline Media, 541 Determination of Trace Amounts of Reduced Glutathione by a Chemical Oscillating Reaction, 563 Surface Modification of Thin Film Gold Electrodes for Improved In Vivo Performance, 705 Reaction/Diffusion with Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Electroactive Polymer Film.Part 1. The Steady-state Amperometric Response, 715 Simultaneous Amperometric Measurement of Changes in Oxygen and Ascorbic Acid Concentrations In Vivo, 761 Strategies for Decreasing Ascorbate Interference at Glucose Oxidase- modified Poly(o-pheny1enediamine)-coated Electrodes, 773 Differential-pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clenbuterol in Bovine Urine Using a Nafion-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 779 Stabilized Needle Electrode System for I n Vivo Glucose Monitoring Based on Open Flow Microperfusion, 871 Polymeric Membrane Salicylate-sensitive Electrodes Based on Organotin(1v) Carboxylates, 1495 Ammonium Ion Requirement and Stability of Methanol Dehydrogenase TTF'TCNQ Electrodes, 1711 Application of Nafion-coated Mercury Film Electrodes to the Microdetermination of Formaldehyde by Differential-pulse Volt amme t ry , 1727 Micro-optical Ring Electrode: Development of a Novel Electrode for Photoelectrochemistry, 1779 Electrochemical Studies of Zinc in Zinc-Insulin Solution, 1789 Titrations With Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of an Interdigitated Microelectrode Array, 1795 Hot-wire Electrodes: Voltammetry Above the Boiling Point, 1805 Electrochemical and Thermal Behaviour of Calcium-selective Membranes, 1811 Over-oxidized Polypyrrole-modified Carbon Fibre Ultramicroelectrode With an Integrated Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrode for the Selective Voltammetric Measurement of Dopamine in Extremely Small Sample Volumes, 1817 Behaviour of the Current in a Membrane-covered Disc Microelectrode Under Steady-state Conditions, 1863 Construction and Response Characteristics of a Sulfite/ Hydrogensulfite-selective All-solid-state Contact Electrode Based on the 4-Methylpiperidinedithiocarbamate Complex of Mercury- (II), 1873 Comparison of Indirect Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Methods Based on Accumulation of Mercury, Copper(1) and Nickel Salts or Complexes at a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode: Determination of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, 1877 Specimen Banking: Is There a Future?, 1917 Characterization of Carbon Paste Electrodes In Vitro for ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Fate of Metals in the Combustion of Industrial Waste Oils, 1731 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE Luminol Chemiluminescence-based Porphyrin Assays Without Hydrogen Peroxide: a Spectral Study of Mechanism and Enhancement, 1539 ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Multivariate Calibration of Chlorophyll a Using Partial Least Squares and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy, 581 ELECTROPHORESIS Speciation Analysis of Some Organic Selenium Compounds -A Review, 77R ELECTROSPRAY Microbore Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of Selected Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides, 55 Future Prospects for the Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Using Micro-column Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65R ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY Comparison of Chemical Modifiers for the Determination of Vanadium in Water and Oil Samples by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 111 Distribution of Selenium in Human Blood Plasma and Serum, 189ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 13 Rapid and Reliable Method for the Determination of Aluminium in Bone by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 195 Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for Cadmium, Copper and Lead Determination in Cervine Liver and Kidney by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 483 Extraction-Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method for the Determination of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Copper-Nickel Ores Using an Autoclave Sample Decomposition Technique, 489 Determination of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamp Cullet by Slurry Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 897 Determination of (U1tra)trace Amounts of Antimony(n1) in Water by Flow Injection On-line Sorption Preconcentration in a Knotted Reactor Coupled With Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1061 Fate of Metals in the Combustion of Industrial Waste Oils, 1731 ELLIPTICINE Stoichiometry and Association Constants of the Inclusion Complexes of Ellipticine With Modified P-Cyclodextrin, 1561 END-POINT DETERMINATION End-point Determination On-line and Reaction Co-ordinate Modelling of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions in Principal Component Space Using Periodic Near-infrared Monitoring, 1003 ENVIRONMENTAL Multi-element, Multi-media Method for the Determination of Airborne Elemental Emissions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 309 Development and Evaluation of a Dipstick lmmunoassay Format for the Determination of Atrazine Residues On-site.863 Simultaneous Determination of 60 Pesticides in Water Using Solid- phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 929 Effect of Sampling on Measurement Errors, 1155 Summary of the NIOSH Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical Method Development and Evaluation, 1163 What is the Best Sorbent for Pumped Sampling-Thermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds? Experience with the EC Sorbents Project, 1171 Validation of a Diffusive Sampler for the Determination of Acetaldehyde in Air, 1177 Elemental Carbon-based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues, 1183 Comparative Study of an Inhalable and a Total Dust Sampler for Personal Sampling of Dust and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gas and Particulate Phase, 1191 Measurement Methods and Strategies for Non-infectious Microbial Components in Bioaerosols at the Workplace, 1197 Investigation into the Impact of Introducing Workplace Aerosol Standards Based on the Inhalable Fraction, 1207 Direct-reading Instrumentation for Workplace Aerosol Measurements-A Review, 1215 Assessment of Particle Size Distributions in Workers’ Aerosol Exposures, 1225 Developments in Workplace Aerosol Sampling-A Review, 1233 Electret-based Passive Dust Sampler: Sampling of Organic Dusts, 1241 Harmonization of Air Quality Measurements at European Union Level, 1247 Intercomparison of Tube-type Diffusive Sampling for the Determination of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air, 1249 Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Use as a Gas Analyser in Industrial Hygiene, 1253 Annular Aspiration Slot Entry Efficiency of the CIP-10 Aerosol Sampler, 12.57 Measurements of Indoor and Outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations Using a Diffusive Sampler, 1261 Determination of Gasoline Oxygenates in Air Using a Diffusive Sampler, 1265 Evaluation of Passive Methods for Measuring Ozone in the European Alps, 1269 Certification of Reference Materials Related to the Monitoring of Aldehydes in Air by Derivatization with 2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine, 1273 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography.Part l-A Review, 1279 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography. Part 2.-Sampling and Determination of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Methylhexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and Octenylsuccinic Anhydride, 1285 Round Robin Experiments for Comparison and Evaluation of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Emissions From High-power Laser Material Processing, 1291 Diffusive Monitoring of C6-Cy Hydrocarbons in Urban Air in Sweden, 1295 Particle Size-dependent Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 1301 Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Arsenic(II1) at Trace Levels in Alkaline Media, 1387 Feature Selection for the Discrimination Between Pollution Types With Partial Least Squares Modelling, 1603 Rapid Determination of Strontium-90 in Environmental Samples by Single Cerenkov Counting Using Two Different Colour Quench Curves, 1737 Solid-phase Extraction Coupled With Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of the Herbicide Bromofenoxim in Water Samples at Low- and Sub-pg 1-1 Levels, 1839 Determination of Poly(ethy1ene G1ycol)s in Environmental Samples by the Indirect Tensammetric Method, 1897 Perspective-Electroanalysis for the Purpose of Environmental Monitoring and Specimen Banking: Is There a Future?, 1917 Compounds of Agricultural Significance Using Environmental Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction-A Review, 11R Tutorial Review-Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Environmental Matrices: Practical Considerations for Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 8.5R ENZYME Enzymic Method for the Determination of Ethanol and Methanol with Spectrophotometric Detection of the Rate of the Process, 431 ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY Microtitre-plate Enzyme-linked Ligand-Sorbent Assay of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) in Human Plasma and Urine, 333 Development of a Tube Enzyme Immunoassay for ‘On-site’ Screening of Urine Samples in the Presence of P-Agonists, 1111 Methods for the Determination of P-Agonists in Biological Matrices-A Review, 1R ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY Gas Phase Detection of Cocaine by Means of Immunoanalysis, 119 Development of a Stand-alone Affinity Clean-up for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Urine, 177 Bispecific Multivalent Antibody Studied by Real-time Interaction Analysis for the Development of an Antigen-inhibition Enzyme- linked Immunosorbent Assay, 767 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Benzodiazepines in Urine, 951 Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of the Phenylurea Herbicide Chlortoluron in Water and Biological Fluids, 1699 ENZYME-LINKED LIGANDSORBENT ASSAY Microtitre-plate Enzyme-linked Ligand-Sorbent Assay of Riboflavin ENZYME REACTOR Amperometric Determination of L-Malic Acid in a Flow Injection Analysis Manifold Using Packed-bed Enzyme Reactors, 435 EQUILIBRIUM Unified View of Kinetic-based Analytical Methods With Emphasis on (Vitamin B2) in Human Plasma and Urine, 333 Ruggedness-A Review, 385 ETHANOL Piezoelectric Crvstal Sensor With a Plasticized PolvWinvl Chloride) Coating for Dktermination of Trace Amounts of Ethahol Vapour, 259 Staircase Voltammetric Detection, 369 with Spectrophotometric Detection of the Rate of the Process, 431 Determination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages, 923 Ethanol Vapour Using Dehydrogenase-based Biosensors, 1769 Determination of Ethanol in Beer by Flow Injection Dual-pulse Enzymic Method for the Determination of Ethanol and Methanol Vapour Generation-Fourier Transform Infrared Direct Direct Monitoring of Formaldehyde Vapour and Detection of ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID Development of a Gas Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid in Natural Waters, 1335 ETORPHINE Establishing the Cut-off Concentration for the Detection of Etrophine EVANESCENT WAVE SPECTROSCOPY Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Formulation Optimization of Novel Multicomponent Photoprotective EXPERT SYSTEM Expert System for Catalytic Titrimetry-Part 1.Determination of Organic Acids, 401 EXTRACTION Development of a Rotatory and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction Technique for Phenolic Compounds in Wine, 297 Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper, Nickel and Vanadium in Sea-water by High-performance Liquid Chromatography After Extraction and Back-extraction, 32.5 in Horse Urine, 67 Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 789 Liposomes by Using Response Surface Methodology, 27914 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Technique for the Determination of Analytical Assessment of Two Sequential Extraction Schemes for FACTOR ANALYSIS Resolution of Multicomponent Mixture Spectra in Mid-infrared Moxidectin in Bovine Tissues, 1469 Metal Partitioning in Sewage Sludges, 1479 Spectroscopy Using Spherical Projection Factor Analysis: Application to Real Data Including a Six-component Mixture Set, 441 Influence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Wavelength Selection in Window Factor Analysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 585 Deconvolution and Spectral Clean-up of Two-component Mixtures by Factor Analysis of Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Data, 993 FAST HARTLEY TRANSFORM Deconvolution of Analytical Peaks by Means of the Fast Hartley FAST PROTEIN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Speciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation- exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 627 Transform, 1015 FAT Chemical Composition of Pork Rind, 573 Use of Proficiency Tests to Assess the Comparative Performance of Analytical Methods: the Determination of Fat in Foodstuffs, 977 FATTY ACIDS Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlorophenolic, Resin and Fatty Acids in Chlorination and Caustic Extraction Stage Effluent From Kahi-grass, 1963 FEEDSTUFF Extraction of Salinomycin From Finished Layers Ration by Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Microwave Solvent Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography, 803 Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 FIREFLY From the Firefly Bioluminescence to the Dioxetane-based (AMPPD) Chemiluminescence Immunoassay: a Retroanalysis, 1527 FISH Selective Detection of Aroma Components By Acoustic Wave FITNESS FOR PURPOSE What Exactly is Fitness for Purpose in Analytical Measurement?, 275 FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY Anion Mobilization From Aqueous Media by Ion Associate Extraction Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide With On-line Detection by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 817 Determination of Lead in Soil Samples by In-valve Solid-Phase Extraction-Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1413 Technique and Support for Microorganism Immobilization.Application to Trace Metals Enrichment by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1633 Chlorides Using Gas Chromatography and Flame Photometric Detection, 1969 FLOW INJECTION Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium in a Sensors Coated with Conducting Polymer Films, 671 FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTION Direct Determination of Butyl- and Phenyltin Compounds as Hydrometallurgical Zinc Refining Process Stream by a Flow- injection Method With On-line Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Detection, 7 Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with On-line Preconcentration by Co-precipitation with Lanthanum Hydroxide.Part 11. On-line Addition of Co-precipitating Agent, 31 Study of the Chemiluminescent Characteristics of Ninhydrin and its Application, 37 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Model. Determination of Copper and Zinc in Serum and Metal Alloys, 169 Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Methotrexate With a Column-packed Oxidizing Agent, 183 Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Determination of Ethanol in Beer by Flow Injection Dual-pulse Staircase Voltammetric Detection, 369 Amperometric Determination of L-Malic Acid in a Flow Injection Analysis Manifold Using Packed-bed Enzyme Reactors, 435 Flow injection Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Fluoride or Phosphate Based on Their Inhibitory Effect on the Photo-oxidation of Acridine Catalysed by Iron(rII), 477 Speciation of Nitrogen in Wastewater by Flow Injection, 13 Determination of Ultra-trace Amounts of Selenium(rv) by Flow Lucigenin Immobilized on Silicon Oxides as a Solid-phase Chemiluminescent Reagent, 501 Flow Dissolution of 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide for the Determination of Chromium(vr), 613 Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceuticals, 635 Determination of 2-Furaldehyde in Transformer Oil Using Flow Injection With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 755 Formation of Thiocyanate During Removal of Sulfide as Lead Sulfide Prior to Cyanide Determination, 799 Simple Flow Injection Spectrofluorimetric Method for Speciation of Thallium, 813 Flow Injection Microscopy: a Novel Tool for the Study of Cellular Response and Drug Discovery, 945 Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Oil and Greases: Preliminary Microwave-assisted Extraction Studies, 1031 Shipboard Determination of Dissolved Cobalt in Sea-water Using Flow Injection with Catalytic Spectrophotometric Detection, 1037 Flow Injection-Fluorimetric Method for the Determination of Ranitidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using o-Phthalaldehyde, 1043 Spectrophotometic Flow Injection Determination of Lead in Port Wine Using In-line Ion-exchange Concentration, 1047 Determination of Phosphate as Aggregates of Ion Associates by Light-scattering Detection and Application to Flow Injection, 1085 Separation and Detection of Condensed Phosphates in Waste Waters by Ion Chromatography Coupled With Flow Injection, 1089 Flow Injection Methods for Determination of L-Glutamate Using Glutamate Decarboxylase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reactors With Spectrophotometric Detection, 1311 Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Arsenic(rrr) at Trace Levels in Alkaline Media, 1387 Simultaneous Assay of Nitrite, Nitrate and Chloride in Meat Products by Flow Injection, 1393 Determination of Lead in Soil Samples by In-valve Solid-Phase Extraction-Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1413 Precipitation Flow Injection Immunoassay for Human Immunoglobulin G, 1565 Chemiluminescence Determination of Penicillamine via Flow Injection Applying a Quinine-Cerium(1v) System, 1569 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Calibration Method.Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel at Sub-ppm Levels, 1609 Sensitive Determination of Digoxin in Tablets by Flow Injection With Fluorescence Detection, 1613 Catalytic Determination of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Natural Waters by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry, 1617 Technique and Support for Microorganism Immobilization. Application to Trace Metals Enrichment by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1633 Improved Molecular Fluorescence Method for the Determination of Selenium in Biological Samples, 1641 Mass Transport-controlled Steady-state Currents for Methanol in a Flow Injection System, 1869 FLOW SYSTEM Determination of Lithium as a Chemical Tracer and Its Application to Flow Rate Measurements, 1311 Determination of Copper(r1) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Flow-through System, 1903 Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation Sources, 1923 FLUORESCENCE From Erlangen to Moscow: Minor Redirections, 381 Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples, 857 Determination of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamp Cullet by Slurry Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 897 Second-derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Salicylic Acid in Human Serum, 909 Flow Injection Microscopy: a Novel Tool for the Study of Cellular Response and Drug Discovery, 945 Study of the Interaction of a Soil Fulvic Acid With UOZ2+ by Self-modelling Mixture Analysis of Synchronous Molecular Fluorescence Spectra, 1373 Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin for Bioanalytical Applications-A Review, 1533 Photochemical-Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Two Pyrethroid Insecticides Using an Anionic Micellar Medium, 1545 Stoichiometry and Association Constants of the Inclusion Complexes of Ellipticine With Modified 0-Cyclodextrin, 1561 Reaction of 5-Bromomethylfluorescein (5-BMF) With Cefuroxime and Other Carboxyl-Containing Analytes to Form Derivatives Suitable for Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection, 1573 Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Reserpine by Oxidation With Cerium(rv) Sulfate, 1581ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 15 Synthesis, Lipophilic Derivatization and Interaction with Liposomes of HAV-VP3 (102-121) Sequence by Using Spectroscopic Techniques, 1583 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Marine Biotoxins, 1665 Sensing of Transition Metals Through Fluorescence Quenching or Enhancement-A Review, 1763 Capillary Electrophoresis With Wavelength-resolved Fluorescence Detection, 45R FLUORIMETRY Fluorescence Optical Sensor for Low Concentrations of Dissolved Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Flow Injection-Fluorimetric Method for the Determination of Carbon Dioxide, 339 Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples, 857 Ranitidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using o-Phthalaldehyde, 1043 FLUOROSILICONE Filled Fluorosilicone as Matrix Material for Ion-Selective Membranes, 527 FOOD High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Array Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for the Separation and Simultaneous Detection of Metal and Non-metal Species in Soybean Flour, 845 Use of Proficiency Tests to Assess the Comparative Performance of Analytical Methods: the Determination of Fat in Foodstuffs, 977 Kinetic Fluorimetric Determination of Gliadins in Foods, 1133 FOODSTUFFS Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Foodstuffs Using Gel Permeation, FORENSIC Establishing the Cut-off Concentration for the Detection of Etrophine Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas FORMALDEHYDE Determination of Formaldehyde in Air by Ion-exclusion and Ion- exchange Chromatography With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 1507 Application of Nafion-coated Mercury Film Electrodes to the Microdetermination of Formaldehyde by Differential-pulse Voltammetry, 1727 Direct Monitoring of Formaldehyde Vapour and Detection of Ethanol Vapour Using Dehydrogenase-based Biosensors, 1769 FOURIER TRANSFORM Deconvolution of Overlapping Chromatographic Peaks by Means of Fast Fourier and Hartley Transforms, 97 Inverse Scattering Theory of Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 451 Vapour Generation-Fourier Transform Infrared Direct Determination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages, 923 Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Use as a Gas Analyser in Industrial Hygiene, 1253 Resolution of Partially Overlapped Signals by Fourier Analysis.Application to Differential-pulse Polarographic Responses, 1359 Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry of Selected Pesticides Extracted on CI8 Silica Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1429 229 in Horse Urine, 67 Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 651 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Measurement of Carbon-13 : Carbon-12 Ratios by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 205 Determination of Gas-phase Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Components Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 495 Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceuticals, 635 Vapour Generation-Fourier Transform Infrared Direct Determination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages, 923 Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Oil and Greases: Preliminary Microwave-assisted Extraction Studies, 1031 Polymer Analysis by Column Liquid Chromatography Coupled Semi-on-line With Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 1069 In Situ External Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study on the Structure of the Conducting Polymer Poly- (paraphenylene), 1881 FULVIC ACID Influence of Selected Natural Complexants on the Mobilization and Purging of Comer From Aaueous Media Into SuDercritical Carbon Dioiid;, 289 ' ' Studv of the Interaction of a Soil Fulvic Acid With U07*+ bv Seif-modelling Mixture Analysis of Synchronous Moiecular Fluorescence Spectra, 1373 FURALDEHYDE Determination of 2-Furaldehyde in Transformer Oil Using Flow Injection With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 755 GALLIUM Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric Determination of Gallium, Phosphorus and Other Oxo-anion Forming Elements in Geological Materials, 825 GAS ANALYSIS Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Use as a Gas GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Investigation of On-line Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Identification of Impurities in Drug Substances, 61 Antimony Speciation in Freshwater Plant Extracts by Using Hydride Generation-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 223 Gas Chromatographic Determination and Negative-ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of 4,4'- Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) in Urine via Thin-layer Chromatographic Separation, 321 Sea-water and Air for Oceanographic Tracer Studies, 505 Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 651 Chromatography Combined With On-line Methylation, 853 phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 929 Deconvolution and Spectral Clean-up of Two-component Mixtures by Factor Analysis of Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Data, 993 Performance Improvements in the Determination of Mercury Species in Natural Gas Condensate Using an On-line Amalgamation Trap or Solid-phase Micro-extraction With Capillary Gas Chromatography-Microwave-induced Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 1055 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography.Part l-A Review, 1279 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography. Part 2.-Sampling and Determination of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Methylhexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and Octenylsuccinic Anhydride, 1285 Diffusive Monitoring of C6-C9 Hydrocarbons in Urban Air in Sweden, 1295 Development of a Gas Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid in Natural Waters, 1335 Procrustes Analysis for the Determination of Number of Significant Masses in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1443 Biodegradation Studies of Selected Hydrocarbons From Diesel Oil, 145 1 Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sulfamethazine in Animal Tissues using a MethyVTrimethylsilyl Derivative, 1457 Large-volume Injections in Capillary Gas Chromatography Using a Separately Heated Packed Pre-column: Application to Mercury Speciation in Natural Water, 1657 Volatile Organic Metabolites Associated With Some Toxic Fungi and Their Mycotoxins, 1949 Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Using a Dehumidified and Ventilated Diffusive Sampler, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography With Flame Ionization Detection, 1955 Acids in Chlorination and Caustic Extraction Stage Effluent From Kahi-grass, 1963 Chlorides Using Gas Chromatography and Flame Photometric Detection, 1969 Matrices-A Review, 1R Analyser in Industrial Hygiene, 1253 Dual-detector System for the Shipboard Analysis of Halocarbons in Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas Discriminative Analysis of Zooplankton Individuals by Pyrolysis-Gas Simultaneous Determination of 60 Pesticides in Water Using Solid- Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlorophenolic, Resin and Fatty Direct Determination of Butyl- and Phenyltin Compounds as Methods for the Determination of 0- Agonists in Biological GASOLINE Determination of Gasoline Oxygenates in Air Using a Diffusive GEL PERMEATION Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Foodstuffs Using Gel Permeation, GEOLOGICAL Extraction-Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method for the Sampler, 1265 229 Determination of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Copper-Nickel Ores Using an Autoclave Sample Decomposition Technique, 489 Determination of Gallium, Phosphorus and Other Oxo-anion Forming Elements in Geological Materials, 825 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric16 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 GLASS Mediaeval Stained Glasses of Pisa Cathedral (Italy): Their Determination of Mercpry in Fluorescent Lamp Cullet by Slurry GLIADINS Kinetic Fluorimetric Determination of Gliadins in Foods, 1133 GLOBAL SIGNAL Determination of Small Amounts of Analytes in the Presence of a Composition and Alteration Products, 553 Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 897 Large Excess of One Analyte From Multi-analyte Global Signals of Differential-pulse Voltammetry and Related Techniques With the Signal Ratio Resolution Method, 1845 GLUCOSE Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Aluminium With Salicylaldehyde Salicy loylhydrazone, 3 17 Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 Electrochemical Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Enzyme Electrode by Immobilizing Glucose Oxidase in Electropolymerized Poly(3,3'-diaminobenzidine) Film on Palladinized Glassy Carbon Electrode, 971 Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Dehydrogenase Biosensor Based on Electrocatalytic Oxidation of NADH by Osmium Phenanthrolinedione Mediator, 1891 GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE Study of the Effect of Lanthanide Ions on the Kinetics of Glutamate GLUT ATHIONE Determination of Trace Amounts of Reduced Glutathione by a GOLD Electrochemical Trace Analysis of Gold in Ore, 79 Recent Developments in the Determination of Precious Metals-A Review, 139 Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Extraction-Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method for the Determination of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Copper-Nickel Ores Using an Autoclave Sample Decomposition Technique, 489 Surface Modification of Thin Film Gold Electrodes for Improved Ziz Vivo Performance, 705 Dithizone-anchored Poly(viny1pyridine) as a Chelating Resin for the Preconcentration and Se aration of Gold(1ir) From Platinum(iv), Copper(r1) and Mercury&), 807 Dehydrogenase by a Chronoamperometric Method, 687 Chemical Oscillating Reaction, 563 GRAPHITE Determination of Impurity Elements in Graphite by Acid Decomposition-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 623 HAFNIUM Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation HAIR Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(r1) by Its Catalytic Sources, 1923 Effect on the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 3-Methyl-2- benzothiazolinone Hydrazone With N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3- sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline, 1515 HALOCARBON Dual-detector System for the Shipboard Analysis of Halocarbons in HALOGEN Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 Sea-water and Air for Oceanographic Tracer Studies, 505 HARTLEY TRANSFORM Deconvolution of Overlapping Chromatographic Peaks by Means of HEAVY METAL Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for Cadmium, Copper and Lead Determination in Cervine Liver and Kidney by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 483 Solid-phase Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions on a High Surface Area Titanium Dioxide (Anatase), 607 Simultaneous Determination of Urinary Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Concentrations in Steel Production Workers by Differential-pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 151 1 Electroanalysis for the Purpose of Environmental Monitoring and Specimen Banking: Is There a Future?, 1917 Fast Fourier and Hartley Transforms, 97 HERBICIDE Development and Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Chlortoluron Using a Camera Luminometer, 329 Influence of Pesticide-Soil Interactions on the Recovery of Pesticides Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 465 Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of the Phenylurea Herbicide Chlortoluron in Water and Biological Fluids, 1699 Solid-phase Extraction Coupled With Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of the Herbicide Bromofenoxim in Water Samples at Low- and Sub-pg 1 - l Levels, 1839 Hexamethylenetetramine in the Presence of Formaldehyde and Urine, 567 Deconvolution of Overlapping Chromatographic Peaks by Means of Fast Fourier and Hartley Transforms, 97 Development of a Stand-alone Affinity Clean-up for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Urine, 177 Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Foodstuffs Using Gel Permeation, 229 Some Comments on the Determination of Microcystin Toxins in Waters by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 233 Determination of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Non-ionic Surfactants in Trade Effluents by Sublation and High- performance Liquid Chromatography, 239 Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper, Nickel and Vanadium in Sea-water by High-performance Liquid Chromatography After Extraction and Back-extraction, 325 Influence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Wavelength Selection in Window Factor Analysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 585 Occupationally Exposed to Isocyanates by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 663 High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Array Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for the Separation and Simultaneous Detection of Metal and Non-metal Species in Soybean Flour, 845 Cross-sections of Spectrochromatograms for the Resolution of Folpet, Procymidone and Triazophos Pesticides in High- performance Liquid Chromatography With Diode-array Detection, 1367 Analysis of Protein-bound Metabolites of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Pig Liver by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1463 Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Technique for the Determination of Moxidectin in Bovine Tissues, 1469 Analysis of Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Their Related Substances in Capsules, Syrups and Suspensions by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 1473 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Marine Biotoxins, 1665 Method for the Extraction of Riboflavin for High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Application to Casein, 1671 Performance of Micellar Mobile Phases in Reversed-phase Chromatography for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Containing p-Blockers and Other Antihypertensive Drugs, 1674 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenols Using a Tyrosinase-based Amperometric Biosensor Detection System, 1885 Methods for the Determination of 0-Agonists in Biological Matrices-A Review, 1R HOLMIUM Selective Determination of Holmium in Rare Earth Mixtures by Second-derivative Spectrophotometry With Benzoylindan-l,3- dione and Cetylpyridinium Chloride, 1317 HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Determination of HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Determination of Toluenediamines in Urine of Workers HORSE Establishing the Cut-off Concentration for the Detection of Etrophine Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas HYDRIDE GENERATION Determination of Ultra-trace Amounts of Selenium(rv) by Flow in Horse Urine, 67 Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 651 Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with On-line Preconcentration by Co-precipitation with Lanthanum Hydroxide.Part 11. On-line Addition of Co-precipitating Agent, 31 Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 Antimony Speciation in Freshwater Plant Extracts by Using Hydride Generation-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 223 HYDROCARBON Diffusive Monitoring of C6-C9 Hydrocarbons in Urban Air in Sweden, 1295 Biodegradation Studies of Selected Hydrocarbons From Diesel Oil, 145 1ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 17 Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Using a Dehumidified and Ventilated Diffusive Sampler, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography With Flame Ionization Detection, 1955 HYDROGEN CYANIDE Determination of Gas-phase Sidestream Cigarette Smoke HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 HYDROGEN SULFIDE Method For Sampling and Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide, 647 HYDROXYPROLINE Chemical Composition of Pork Rind, 573 IMMUNOASSAY Gas Phase Detection of Cocaine by Means of Immunoanalysis, 119 Development and Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Chlortoluron Using a Camera Luminometer, 329 Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples, 857 Development and Evaluation of a Dipstick Immunoassay Format for the Determination of Atrazine Residues On-site, 863 Analytical Performance Testing of an Atrazine Immunoassay System, 1485 Precipitation Flow Injection Immunoassay for Human Immunoglobulin G, 1565 Polymer Agglutination-based Piezoelectric Immunoassay for the Determination of Complement 111, 1689 Methods for the Determination of (3-Agonists in Biological Matrices-A Review, 1R Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies and Its Applications in Immunoassays and Immunosensors, 29R IMMUNOGLOBULIN G Precipitation Flow Injection Immunoassay for Human IMPEDANCE Impedance Sensor for Dissolved Nitrogen Oxide Using a Series Piezoelectric Crystal Device, 883 Impedance Spectroscopic Study on Single-piece All-solid-state Calcium-selective Electrode Based on Polyaniline, 1823 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 Multi-element, Multi-media Method for the Determination of Airborne Elemental Emissions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 309 Determination of Impurity Elements in Graphite by Acid Decomposition-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 623 Speciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation- exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 627 lnductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric Determination of Gallium, Phosphorus and Other 0x0-anion Forming Elements in Geological Materials, 825 High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Array Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for the Separation and Simultaneous Detection of Metal and Non-metal Species in Soybean Flour, 845 Powders Using Alkali Fusion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques, 1929 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY Determination of Lithium as a Chemical Tracer and Its Application to Flow Rate Measurements, 1311 Lead Isotopic Analyses of NIST Standard Reference Materials Using Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled With a Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect, 1407 Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 Rapid and Accurate Determination of Manganese in Washing Powders Using Alkali Fusion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques, 1929 Components Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 495 Immunoglobulin G, 1565 Rapid and Accurate Determination of Manganese in Washing INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Measurement of Carbon-13 : Carbon-12 Ratios by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 205 Resolution of Multicomponent Mixture Spectra in Mid-infrared Spectroscopy Using Spherical Projection Factor Analysis: Application to Real Data Including a Six-component Mixture Set, 44 1 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 451 Inverse Scattering Theory of Fourier Transform Infrared Mediaeval Stained Glasses of Pisa Cathedral (Italy): Their Composition and Alteration Products, 553 Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 789 Vapour Generation-Fourier Transform Infrared Direct Determination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages, 923 Portable Fourier Transform Infrared S ectrometer for Use as a Gas Analyser in Industrial Hygiene, 125f In Situ External Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study on the Structure of the Conducting Polymer Poly- (paraphenylene), 1881 Simultaneous Stopped-flow Determination of Paracetamol, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry With Partial Least- squares Data Treatment, 1935 INHIBITION Influence of Surface-active Compounds on the Response and Sensitivity of Cholinesterase Biosensors for Inhibitor Determination, 1911 Amperometric Biosensor for Tyrosinase Inhibitors in a Pure Organic Phase, 1979 INSECTICIDE Microbore Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of Selected Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides, 55 Photochemical-Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Two Pyrethroid Insecticides Using an Anionic Micellar Medium, 1545 INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS Towards the Characterization of Bitumen-Mineral Interactions in a Natural Asphalt, 373 INTER-LABORATORY COMPARISON Intercomparison of Tube-type Diffusive Sampling for the Round Robin Experiments for Comparison and Evaluation of Determination of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air, 1249 Analytical Methods for the Determination of Emissions From High-power Laser Material Processing, 1291 INVERSE SCATTERING Inverse Scattering Theory of Fourier Transform Infrared IODIMETRY Titrations With Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of IODINE Paraformaldehyde as an End-point Indicator in Hydrolytic Thermometric Titration of Metal Ions and Iodine, 559 Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 451 an Interdigitated Microelectrode Array, 1795 ION ASSOCIATE EXTRACTION Anion Mobilization From Aqueous Media by Ion Associate Extraction Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide With On-line Detection by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 817 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY Formation of Thiocyanate During Removal of Sulfide as Lead Sulfide Prior to Cyanide Determination, 799 Separation and Detection of Condensed Phosphates in Waste Waters by Ion Chromatography Coupled With Flow Injection, 1089 Determination of Formaldehyde in Air by Ion-exclusion and Ion- exchange Chromatography With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 1507 Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry of Selected Pesticides Extracted on CI8 Silica Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1429 ION-EXCHANGE Reference Electrode for Potentiometric Analyses in Corrosive Media, 363 Speciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation- exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 627 Spectrophotometic Flow Injection Determination of Lead in Port Wine Using In-line Ion-exchange Concentration, 1047 Ion-pair Solid-phase Extraction With Membranes: Group ION-PAIR EXTRACTION Contributions and Steric Effects of Ions on the Extraction Behaviour, 1621 ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE Caesium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Crowned Benzoquinones, 127 Observations on the Behaviour of Some Trifluoroacetophenone Derivatives as Neutral Carriers for Carbonate Ion-selective Electrodes, 13318 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) Filled Fluorosilicone as Matrix Material for Ion-Selective Membranes, 527 Potassium Ion-selective Optodes Based on the Calix[6]arene Hexaester and Application in Human Serum Assay, 531 Sodium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Silicone-rubber Membranes Covalently Incorporating Neutral Carriers, 1705 Electrochemical and Thermal Behaviour of Calcium-selective Membranes, 1811 Impedance Spectroscopic Study on Single-piece All-solid-state Calcium-selective Electrode Based on Polyaniline, 1823 Construction and Response Characteristics of a Sulfite/ Hydrogensulfite-selective All-solid-state Contact Electrode Based on the 4-Methylpiperidinedithiocarbamate Complex of Mercury- (II), 1873 IRON Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 Lucigenin Immobilized on Silicon Oxides as a Solid-phase Chemiluminescent Reagent, 501 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Calibration Method.Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel at Sub-ppm Levels, 1609 IRON OXIDE 5-Chlorosalicylic Acid Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Titanium and Simultaneous Determination of Titanium(rv) Oxide and Iron(rI1) Oxide Content of Portland Cement, 1079 ISOCYANATE Determination of Toluenediamines in Urine of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Isocyanates by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 663 Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 1.Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection of Monomeric and Polymeric Isocyanates as Their Dibutylamine Derivatives, 1095 ISOTOPE DILUTION Determination of Lithium as a Chemical Tracer and Its Application to ISOTOPE RATIO Measurement of Carbon-13 : Carbon-12 Ratios by Fourier Transform ISOTOPES Lead Isotopic Analyses of NIST Standard Reference Materials Using Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled With a Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect, 1407 Flow Rate Measurements, 1311 Infrared Spectrometry, 205 IVERMECTIN Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin for KALMAN FILTER Probabilistic Approach to Confidence Intervals of Linear Calibration, KINETIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Artificial Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Pseudo-first-order With Respect to the Reagent Multicomponent Kinetic-spectrophotometric Determinations, 395 Use of a Sequential Injection Technique for Mechanistic Studies and Kinetic Determination of Bromazepam Complexed With Iron(1r) in Hydrochloric Acid, 617 Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Five Phenolic Compounds by Reaction with p-Aminophenol, Using PLS Data Treatment, 1321 Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of o-Cresol and rn-Cresol in Urine by Use of the Kinetic Wavelength-pair Method, 1647 Bioanalytical Applications-A Review, 1533 591 KINETICS Sensitive Determination of Nitrite Using its Catalytic Effect on the Bromate Oxidation of Prochlorperazine, 89 From Erlangen to Moscow: Minor Redirections, 381 Unified View of Kinetic-based Analytical Methods With Emphasis on Ruggedness-A Review, 385 Autocatalytic Decomposition of Cobalt Complexes as an Indicator System for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Cobalt and Effectors, 391 Artificial Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Pseudo-first-order With Respect to the Reagent Multicomponent Kinetic-spectrophotometric Determinations, 395 Expert System for Catalytic Titrimetry-Part 1.Determination of Organic Acids, 401 Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of o-, rn- and p-Aminophenol Using Partial Least Squares Calibration, 407 Indicator Reaction for Sensitive Kinetic Micro-determination of Cysteine and Cystine in a Mixture Without Prior Separation, 413 Automation of a System for Titrimetric Measurements. Catalytic Thermometric Titrations of Organic Bases, 425 Enzymic Method for the Determination of Ethanol and Methanol with Spectrophotometric Detection of the Rate of the Process, 431 Amperometric Determination of L-Malic Acid in a Flow Injection Analysis Manifold Using Packed-bed Enzyme Reactors, 435 Flow injection Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Fluoride or Phosphate Based on Their Inhibitory Effect on the Photo-oxidation of Acridine Catalysed by Iron(rrI), 477 Retention Properties of a Spacer-bonded Propanediol Sorbent for Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography and Solid-phase Extraction, 511 Electrochemical Decomposition of Cyanides on Tin Dioxide Electrodes in Alkaline Media, 541 Study of the Effect of Lanthanide Ions on the Kinetics of Glutamate Dehydrogenase by a Chronoamperometric Method, 687 Reaction/Diffusion with Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Electroactive Polymer Film.Part 1. The Steady-state Amperometric Response, 715 Kinetic Separation of Amperometric Sensor Responses, 733 Strategy for Fractionating High-affinity Antibodies to Steroid Kinetic Fluorimetric Determination of Gliadins in Foods, 1133 Amperometric Biosensor for Tyrosinase Inhibitors in a Pure Organic Organic Microheterogeneous Systems in Kinetic Analysis. Self- L-GLUTAMATE Flow Injection Methods for Determination of L-Glutamate Using Hormones by Affinity Chromatography, 939 Phase, 1979 assembled Systems-A Review, 33R Glutamate Decarboxylase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reactors With Spectrophotometric Detection, 1311 LAMB Nitrogen Factors for Sheepmeat Part 2.Lamb Meat, 889 LANTHANIDE IONS Study of the Effect of Lanthanide Ions on the Kinetics of Glutamate LANTHANIUM HYDROXIDE COPRECIPITATION Determination of Ultra-trace Amounts of Selenium(1v) by Flow Dehydrogenase by a Chronoamperometric Method, 687 Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with On-line Preconcentration by Co-precipitation with Lanthanum Hydroxide.Part 11. On-line Addition of Co-precipitating Agent, 31 LEACH ATE Continuous-flow Method for the Determination of Phenols at Low Levels in Water and Soil Leachates Using Solid-phase Extraction for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Separation, 1 LEAD Lead Isotopic Analyses of NIST Standard Reference Materials Using Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled With a Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect, 1407 Determination of Lead in Soil Samples by In-valve Solid-Phase Extraction-Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1413 Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation Sources, 1923 LEAD SULFATE Formation of Thiocyanate During Removal of Sulfide as Lead Sulfide LEGISLATION Impact of Key New Regulations on Analytical Chemistry, 691 LIPOSOME Formulation Optimization of Novel Multicomponent Photoprotective Synthesis, Lipophilic Derivatization and Interaction with Liposomes Prior to Cyanide Determination, 799 Liposomes by Using Response Surface Methodology, 279 of HAV-VP3 (102-121) Sequence by Using Spectroscopic Techniques, 1583 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Microbore Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of Selected Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides, 55 Investigation of On-line Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Identification of Impurities in Drug Substances, 61 Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Retention Properties of a Spacer-bonded Propanediol Sorbent for Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography and Solid-phase Extraction, 511 Extraction of Salinomycin From Finished Layers Ration by Microwave Solvent Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography, 803 Polymer Analysis by Column Liquid Chromatography Coupled Semi-on-line With Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 1069 Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 1.Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection of Monomeric and Polymeric Isocyanates as Their Dibutylamine Derivatives, 1095 Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 2.Toluene Diisocyanate and Aminoisocyanate and Toluenediamine After Thermal Degradation of a Toluene Diisocyanate-Polyurethane, 1101ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL. 121 (1996) 19 On-line Solid-phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Particle Beam Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Carbamate Pesticides, 1327 Future Prospects for the Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Using Micro-column Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65R LITHIUM Determination of Lithium as a Chemical Tracer and Its Application to LIVER Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for Cadmium, Copper and Lead Determination in Cervine Liver and Kidney by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 483 LUCIGENIN Lucigenin Immobilized on Silicon Oxides as a Solid-phase LUMINESCENCE Uranyl Photophysics on Colloidal Silica: an Alternative Luminescence-enhancing Medium for Uranyl Assay, 905 From the Firefly Bioluminescence to the Dioxetane-based (AMPPD) Chemiluminescence Immunoassay : a Retroanalysis, 1527 Analytical Applications of Retinoid-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes-Part 2.Luminescence properties at Room Temperature, 1557 Recent Evolution of Luminescent Photoinduced Electron Transfer Sensors-A Review , 1759 LUMINOL Carbon Dioxide-enhanced Luminol Chemiluminescence in the Luminol Chemiluminescence-based Porphyrin Assays Without Flow Rate Measurements, 1311 Chemiluminescent Reagent , 501 Absence of Added Oxidant, 211 Hydrogen Peroxide: a Spectral Study of Mechanism and Enhancement, 1539 LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE Development of a Stand-alone Affinity Clean-up for Lysergic Acid MAGNESIUM Determination of Isotope Enrichments of Magnesium in Microwave- Diethylamide in Urine, 177 digested Biological Samples by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Loading Technique, 901 MALIC ACID Amperometric Determination of L-Malic Acid in a Flow Injection Analysis Manifold Using Packed-bed Enzyme Reactors, 43.5 MANGANESE Rapid and Accurate Determination of Manganese in Washing Powders Using Alkali Fusion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques, 1929 MASKING AGENT Improved Extraction-Separation of Alkaline Earths and Lanthanides MASS DISCRIMINATION Lead Isotopic Analyses of NIST Standard Reference Materials Using Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled With a Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect, 1407 With the Aid of an Ion Size-selective Masking Reagent, 1051 MASS SPECTROMETRY Microbore Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of Selected Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides, 55 Investigation of On-line Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Identification of Impurities in Drug Substances, 61 Measurement of Carbon-13 : Carbon-12 Ratios by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 205 Antimony Speciation in Freshwater Plant Extracts by Using Hydride Generation-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 223 Gas Chromatographic Determination and Negative-ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of 4,4’- Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) in Urine via Thin-layer Chromatographic Separation, 321 Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 651 Determination of Isotope Enrichments of Magnesium in Microwave- digested Biological Samples by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Loading Technique, 901 Simultaneous Determination of 60 Pesticides in Water Using Solid- phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 929 Deconvolution and Spectral Clean-up of Two-component Mixtures by Factor Analysis of Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Data, 993 Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 2.Toluene Diisocyanate and Aminoisocyanate and Toluenediamine After Thermal Degradation of a Toluene Diisocyanate-Polyurethane, 1101 Found in Sick Buildings?, 1203 Flow Rate Measurements, 1311 Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds-What Substances Can Be Determination of Lithium as a Chemical Tracer and Its Application to On-line Solid-phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Particle Beam Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chrornatography-Mass Spectrometry of Carbamate Pesticides, 1327 Lead Isotopic Analyses of NIST Standard Reference Materials Using Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled With a Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect, 1407 Direct Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry of Pesticides Adsorbed on Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1425 Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry of Selected Pesticides Extracted on C18 Silica Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1429 Novel Techniques for the Off-line Analysis of Liquid Process Streams by Mass Spectrometry, 1435 Procrustes Analysis for the Determination of Number of Significant Masses in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1443 Biodegradation Studies of Selected Hydrocarbons From Diesel Oil, 145 1 Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sulfamethazine in Animal Tissues using a MethyVTrimethylsilyl Derivative, 1457 Analysis of Protein-bound Metabolites of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Pig Liver by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1463 Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 Rapid and Accurate Determination of Manganese in Washing Powders Using Alkali Fusion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques, 1929 Future Prospects for the Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Using Micro-column Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65R MATHEMATICS Artificial Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Pseudo-first-order With Respect to the Reagent Multicomponent Kinetic-spectrophotometric Determinations, 395 Resolution of Multicomponent Mixture Spectra in Mid-infrared Spectroscopy Using Spherical Projection Factor Analysis: Application to Real Data Including a Six-component Mixture Set, 44 1 Application of Partial Least Squares Calibration to Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles, 575 Probabilistic Approach to Confidence Intervals of Linear Calibration, 59 1 MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION Direct Matrix-assisted Laser DesorptiodIonization-Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry of Pesticides Adsorbed on Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1425 MATRIX MATERIAL Filled Fluorosilicone as Matrix Material for Ion-Selective Membranes, 527 MEASUREMENT STANDARD Sense and Traceability, 285 MEAT Simultaneous Assay of Nitrite, Nitrate and Chloride in Meat Products MEMBRANE Synthesis, Lipophilic Derivatization and Interaction with Liposomes Ion-pair Solid-phase Extraction With Membranes: Group by Flow Injection, 1393 of HAV-VP3 (102-121) Sequence by Using Spectroscopic Techniques, 1583 Contributions and Steric Effects of Ions on the Extraction Behaviour, 1621 MERCURY Use of Poly(ethy1ene terephthaiate) Plastic Bottles for the Sampling, Transportation and Storage of Potable Water Prior to Mercury Determination, 173 Determination of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamp Cullet by Slurry Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 897 Performance Improvements in the Determination of Mercury Species in Natural Gas Condensate Using an On-line Amalgamation Trap or Solid-phase Micro-extraction With Capillary Gas Chromatography-Microwave-induced Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 1055 Large-volume Injections in Capillary Gas Chromatography Using a Separately Heated Packed Pre-column: Application to Mercury Speciation in Natural Water, 1657 Application of Nafion-coated Mercury Film Electrodes to the Microdetermination of Formaldehyde by Differential-pulse Voltammetry, 1727 METAL Paraformaldehyde as an End-point Indicator in Hydrolytic Thermometric Titration of Metal Ions and Iodine.55920 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL. 121 (1996) Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of Metal Ions in the Presence of Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Polyethylene Glycols, 839 Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 Analytical Assessment of Two Sequential Extraction Schemes for Metal Partitioning in Sewage Sludges, 1479 Fate of Metals in the Combustion of Industrial Waste Oils, 1731 Interpretation of Speciation Measurements on Labile Metal- Macromolecular Systems by Voltammetric Techniques, 1855 METAL COMPLEXES Interpretation of Speciation Measurements on Labile Metal- Macromolecular Systems by Voltammetric Techniques, 1855 METHANOL Enzymic Method for the Determination of Ethanol and Methanol Mass Transport-controlled Steady-state Currents for Methanol in a METHANOL DEHYDROGENASE Ammonium Ion Requirement and Stability of Methanol METHOTREXATE Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Methotrexate With a METHYLENE BLUE Micro-optical Ring Electrode: Development of a Novel Electrode for METROLOGY Reliability Versus Uncertainty for Analytical Measurements, 1519 MICELLAR CATALYSIS Organic Microheterogeneous Systems in Kinetic Analysis.Self- MICELLE Selective Recovery of Uranium(v1) From Aqueous Acid Solutions Photochemical-Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Two MICROHETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS Organic Microheterogeneous Systems in Kinetic Analysis. Self- assembled Systems-A Review, 33R MICROSCOPY Flow Injection Microscopy: a Novel Tool for the Study of Cellular MICROWAVE DIGESTION Determination of Isotope Enrichments of Magnesium in Microwave- digested Biological Samples by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Loading Technique, 901 Determination of Total Arsenic in Soils by Differential-pulse Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1835 MICROWAVE EXTRACTION Extraction of Salinomycin From Finished Layers Ration by Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric with Spectrophotometric Detection of the Rate of the Process, 431 Flow Injection System, 1869 Dehydrogenase TTF’TCNQ Electrodes, 1711 Column-packed Oxidizing Agent, 183 Photoelectrochemistry, 1779 assembled Systems-A Review, 33R Using Micellar Ultrafiltration, 1401 Pyrethroid Insecticides Using an Anionic Micellar Medium, 1545 Response and Drug Discovery, 945 Microwave Solvent Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography, 803 Determination of Oil and Greases: Preliminary Microwave-assisted Extraction Studies, 1031 MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA Performance Improvements in the Determination of Mercury Species in Natural Gas Condensate Using an On-line Amalgamation Trap or Solid-phase Micro-extraction With Capillary Gas Chromatography-Microwave-induced Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 1055 Large-volume Injections in Capillary Gas Chromatography Using a Separately Heated Packed Pre-column: Application to Mercury Speciation in Natural Water, 1657 MIXTURE Resolution of Multicomponent Mixture Spectra in Mid-infrared Spectroscopy Using Spherical Projection Factor Analysis: Application to Real Data Including a Six-component Mixture Set, 44 1 MODELLING Influence of Selected Natural Complexants on the Mobilization and Purging of Copper From Aqueous Media Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, 289 Resolution of Multicomponent Mixture Spectra in Mid-infrared Spectroscopy Using Spherical Projection Factor Analysis: Application to Real Data Including a Six-component Mixture Set, 441 Study of the Interaction of a Soil Fulvic Acid With U022+ by Self-modelling Mixture Analysis of Synchronous Molecular Fluorescence Spectra, 1373 MONOMERS Determination of the Purity of Monomers by a Catalytic Bromination Method, 987 MULTI-COMPOUND ANALYSIS Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Calibration Method.Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel at Sub-ppm Levels, 1609 MULTIPLE COLLECTOR Lead Isotopic Analyses of NIST Standard Reference Materials Using Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled With a Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect, 1407 NAFION Differential-pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clenbuterol in Bovine Urine Using a Nafion-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 779 NAPROXEN Second-derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Salicylic Acid in Human Serum, 909 NATURAL GAS Performance Improvements in the Determination of Mercury Species in Natural Gas Condensate Using an On-line Amalgamation Trap or Solid-phase Micro-extraction With Capillary Gas Chromatography-Microwave-induced Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 1055 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Application of Near-infrared Reflectance Spectrometry to the Analytical Control of Pharmaceuticals: Ranitidine Hydrochloride Tablet Production, 219 End-point Determination On-line and Reaction Co-ordinate Modelling of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions in Principal Component Space Using Periodic Near-infrared Monitoring, 1003 Near-infrared Optical Detection of Acids in Atmospheric Air by Phthalocyanine Dyes in Polymer Films, 1115 NEURAL NETWORKS Artificial Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Pseudo-first-order With Respect to the Reagent Multicomponent Kinetic-spectrophotometric Determinations, 395 NICKEL Determination of Low Concentrations of Nickel and Aluminium in Membrane Electrolyser Liquors, 75 Transport of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron and Chromium to the Atom Cell During a Hydride Generation Process, 201 Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper, Nickel and Vanadium in Sea-water by High-performance Liquid Chromatography After Extraction and Back-extraction, 325 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Calibration Method.Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel at Sub-ppm Levels, 1609 NICKEL COMPLEXES Comparison of Indirect Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Methods Based on Accumulation of Mercury, Copper(1) and Nickel Salts or Complexes at a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode: Determination of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, 1877 NIGULDIPINE Determination of Trace Levels of Niguldipine in Urine and Blood by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode, 351 NINHYDRIN Study of the Chemiluminescent Characteristics of Ninhydrin and its NIOSH GUIDELINES Summary of the NIOSH Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical NITRATE Speciation of Nitrogen in Wastewater by Flow Injection, 13 Certified Reference Materials (CRMs 479 and 480) for the Quality Simultaneous Assay of Nitrite, Nitrate and Chloride in Meat Products NITRIC OXIDE Determination of Gas-phase Sidestream Cigarette Smoke NITRITE Speciation of Nitrogen in Wastewater by Flow Injection, 13 Sensitive Determination of Nitrite Using its Catalytic Effect on the Impedance Sensor for Dissolved Nitrogen Oxide Using a Series Simultaneous Assay of Nitrite, Nitrate and Chloride in Meat Products Optical Nitrite Sensor Based on a Potential-sensitive Dye and a NITROFURAN Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Foodstuffs Using Gel Permeation, Application, 37 Method Development and Evaluation, 1163 Control of Nitrate Determination in Freshwater, 83 by Flow Injection, 1393 Components Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 495 Bromate Oxidation of Prochlorperazine, 89 Piezoelectric Crystal Device, 883 by Flow Injection, 1393 Nitrite-selective Carrier.1489 229ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL. 121 (1996) 21 NITROGEN Speciation of Nitrogen in Wastewater by Flow Injection, 13 Chemical Composition of Pork Rind, 573 NITROGEN DIOXIDE Measurements of Indoor and Outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide NITROGEN FACTORS Nitrogen Factors for Sheepmeat Part 2. Lamb Meat, 889 NITROGEN OXIDE Impedance Sensor for Dissolved Nitrogen Oxide Using a Series NITROPRUSSIDE Electrochemistry of the Nitroprusside Ion. From Mechanistic Studies NOISE THRESHOLD Influence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Concentrations Using a Diffusive Sampler, 1261 Piezoelectric Crystal Device, 883 to Electrochemical Analysis, 1801 Wavelength Selection in Window Factor Analysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 585 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Determination of Hexamethylenetetramine in the Presence of Formaldehyde and Urine, 567 Observation of Albumin Resonances in Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Human Blood P1asma:N-Terminal Assignments Aided by Use of Modified Recombinant Albumin, 913 NUCLEIC ACID Microfabricated Thick-film Electrochemical Sensor for Nucleic Acid OIL Comparison of Chemical Modifiers for the Determination of Vanadium in Water and Oil Samples by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 11 1 Determination of 2-Furaldehyde in Transformer Oil Using Flow Injection With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 755 Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Oil and Greases: Preliminary Microwave-assisted Extraction Studies, 1031 Biodegradation Studies of Selected Hydrocarbons From Diesel Oil, 145 1 Fate of Metals in the Combustion of Industrial Waste Oils, 1731 OPEN FLOW SENSOR Stabilized Needle Electrode System for In Vivo Glucose Monitoring OPIATES Establishing the Cut-off Concentration for the Detection of Etrophine OPTICAL FIBRE Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using Micro-optical Ring Electrode: Development of a Novel Electrode for OPTICAL SENSOR Fluorescence Optical Sensor for Low Concentrations of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide, 339 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Based on Fluorescence Quenching of Oxygen-Sensitive Ruthenium Complexes Immobilized in Sol-Gel- derived Porous Silica Coatings, 785 Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 789 Cyclodextrin-based Optosensor for the Determination of Riboflavin in Pharmaceutical Preparations, 1119 Surface Plasmon Resonance of Self-assembled Phthalocyanine Monolayers: Possibilities for Optical Gas Sensing, 1501 OPTODE Potassium Ion-selective Optodes Based on the Calixlblarene Hexaester and Application in Human Serum Assay, 531 Optical Nitrite Sensor Based on a Potential-sensitive Dye and a Nitrite-selective Carrier, 1489 OPTODE MEMBRANE Potassium Ion-selective Optodes Based on the Calix[6]arene Hexaester and Application in Human Serum Assay, 531 ORE Electrochemical Trace Analysis of Gold in Ore, 79 ORGANIC ACID Expert System for Catalytic Titrimetry-Part 1.Determination of ORGANIC ACID ANHYDRIDE Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography. Part l-A Review, 1279 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography. Part 2.-Sampling and Determination of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Methylhexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and Octenylsuccinic Anhydride, 1285 Determination, 965 Based on Open Flow Microperfusion, 871 in Horse Urine, 67 Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 789 Photoelectrochemistry, 1779 Organic Acids, 401 ORGANIC BASE Automation of a System for Titrimetric Measurements.Catalytic ORGANOTIN COMPOUND Polymeric Membrane Salicylate-sensitive Electrodes Based on Direct Determination of Butyl- and Phenyltin Compounds as Thermometric Titrations of Organic Bases, 425 Organotin(1v) Carboxylates, 1495 Chlorides Using Gas Chromatography and Flame Photometric Detection, 1969 ORIENTATION Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies and Its Applications in OSCILLATING REACTION Determination of Trace Amounts of Reduced Glutathione by a OXALIC ACID Influence of Selected Natural Complexants on the Mobilization and Purging of Copper From Aqueous Media Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, 289 Immunoassays and Immunosensors, 29R Chemical Oscillating Reaction, 563 OXIDATION Enhancement bv Cvcloalkanes of the Chemiluminescent Oxidation of _ .* Sulfite, 831 OXYGEN Characterization of Carbon Paste Electrodes In V i m for Simultaneous Amperometric Measurement of Changes in Oxygen and Ascorbic Acid Concentrations In Vivo, 761 Oxygen-Sensitive Ruthenium Complexes Immobilized in Sol-Gel- derived Porous Silica Coatings, 785 OZONE Evaluation of Passive Methods for Measuring Ozone in the European Continuous Monitoring of Ozone in Air by Reflectiometry, 1939 PARACETAMOL Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceuticals, 635 PARAFORMALDEHY DE Paraformaldehyde as an End-point Indicator in Hydrolytic Thermometric Titration of Metal Ions and Iodine, 559 PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Model.Determination of Copper and Zinc in Serum and Metal Alloys, 169 Artificial Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Pseudo-first-order With Respect to the Reagent Multicomponent Kinetic-spectrophotometric Determinations, 395 Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of o-, m- and p-Aminophenol Using Partial Least Squares Calibration, 407 Comparative Study of the Ratio Spectra Derivative and Partial Least Squares Methods Applied to the Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine and Ametryn in Ground Waters, 459 Polarographic Behaviour of Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine and Their Mixtures. Use of Partial Least Squares in the Resolution of the Non-additive Signals of These Compounds, 547 Application of Partial Least Squares Calibration to Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles, 575 Multivariate Calibration of Chlorophyll a Using Partial Least Squares and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy, 581 Chemometric Techniques in Multivariate Statisticat Modelling of Process Plant, 749 Analysis of Ageing and Typification of Vintage Ports by Partial Least Squares and Soft Independent Modelling Class Analogy, 1009 Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Five Phenolic Compounds by Reaction with p - Aminophenol , Using PLS Data Treatment, 1321 Feature Selection for the Discrimination Between Pollution Types With Partial Least Squares Modelling, 1603 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Calibration Method.Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel at Sub-ppm Levels, 1609 Simultaneous Stopped-flow Determination of Paracetamol, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry With Partial Least- squares Data Treatment, 1935 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Based on Fluorescence Quenching of Alps, 1269 PARTICULATES Elemental Carbon-based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues, 1183 Assessment of Particle Size Distributions in Workers’ Aerosol Exposures, 1225 PATTERN RECOGNITION Interpreting Signals From an Array of Non-specific Piezoelectric Chemical Sensors, 743 PENICILLAMINE Chemiluminescence Determination of Penicillamine via Flow Injection Applying a Quinine-Cerium(1v) System, 156922 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) PERMEABILITY Behaviour of the Current in a Membrane-covered Disc Microelectrode Under Steady-state Conditions, 1863 PERSPECTIVE Sense and Traceability, 285 Impact of Key New Regulations on Analytical Chemistry, 691 Traceability of Measurements in Chemistry, 1137 Reliability Versus Uncertainty for Analytical Measurements, 15 19 PESTICIDE Influence of Pesticide-Soil Interactions on the Recovery of Pesticides Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 465 Conditions for Solid-phase Extraction of Agricultural Chemicals in Waters by Using n-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients, 469 Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 789 Development and Evaluation of a Dipstick Immunoassay Format for the Determination of Atrazine Residues On-site, 863 Simultaneous Determination of 60 Pesticides in Water Using Solid- phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 929 On-line Solid-phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Particle Beam Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Carbamate Pesticides, 1327 Cross-sections of Spectrochromatograms for the Resolution of Folpet , Procymidone and Triazophos Pesticides in High- performance Liquid Chromatography With Diode-array Detection, 1367 Pesticides by Solid-phase Microextraction. Results of a Round Robin Test, 1381 Direct Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry of Pesticides Adsorbed on Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1425 Analytical Performance Testing of an Atrazine Immunoassay System, 1485 Compounds of Agricultural Significance Using Environmental Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction-A Review, 11R PHARMACEUTICAL Gas Phase Detection of Cocaine by Means of Immunoanalysis, 119 Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Methotrexate With a Column-packed Oxidizing Agent, 183 Application of Near-infrared Reflectance Spectrometry to the Analytical Control of Pharmaceuticals: Ranitidine Hydrochloride Tablet Production, 219 Formulation Optimization of Novel Multicomponent Photoprotective Liposomes by Using Response Surface Methodology, 279 Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Aluminium With Salicylaldehyde Salicyloylhydrazone, 317 Determination of Trace Levels of Niguldipine in Urine and Blood by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode, 35 1 Indicator Reaction for Sensitive Kinetic Micro-determination of Cysteine and Cystine in a Mixture Without Prior Separation, 413 Polarographic Behaviour of Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine and Their Mixtures.Use of Partial Least Squares in the Resolution of the Non-additive Signals of These Compounds, 547 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Determination of Hexamethylenetetramine in the Presence of Formaldehyde and Urine, 567 Flow Injection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceuticals, 635 Two Selective Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Amoxicillin and Cefadroxil, 641 Electrochemical Reduction at a Mercury Electrode and Differential- pulse Polarographic Determination of Dibucaine in Pharmaceutical Ointments, 681 Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples, 857 Flow Injection-Fluorimetric Method for the Determination of Ranitidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using o-Phthalaldehyde, 1043 Cyclodextrin-based Optosensor for the Determination of Riboflavin in Pharmaceutical Preparations, 1119 Turbidimetric Flow Method for the Enantiomeric Discrimination of L- and D-Aspartic Acid, 1397 Analysis of Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Their Related Substances in Capsules, Syrups and Suspensions by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 1473 Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin for Bioanalytical Applications-A Review, 1533 Effects of pH and Solvent on the Fluorescence Properties of Biomedically Important Benzamides.Application to Determination in Drugs and in Human Urine, 1551 Chemiluminescence Determination of Penicillamine via Flow Injection Applying a Quinine-Cerium(rv) System, 1569 Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Reserpine by Oxidation With Cerium(rv) Sulfate, 1581 Sensitive Determination of Digoxin in Tablets by Flow Injection With Fluorescence Detection, 1613 Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Samples and Fruit Juices, 1653 Performance of Micellar Mobile Phases in Reversed-phase Chromatography for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Containing P-Blockers and Other Antihypertensive Drugs, 1674 Enzymic Determinations With Rotating Bioreactors and Continuous- flow-Stopped-flow Processing.Determination of Choline Esters in Pharmaceuticals, 1695 Determination of Copper(i1) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Flow-through System, 1903 Simultaneous Stopped-flow Determination of Paracetamol, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry With Partial Least- squares Data Treatment, 1935 Analytical Challenges in the Development of Modified-release Oral Solid Dosage Forms-A Review, 91R PHENOL Continuous-flow Method for the Determination of Phenols at Low Levels in Water and Soil Leachates Using Solid-phase Extraction for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Separation, 1 Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Five Phenolic Compounds by Reaction with p - Aminophenol, Using Partial Least Squares Data Treatment, 1321 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenols Using a Tyrosinase-based Amperometric Biosensor Detection System, 1885 PHENOTHIAZINE Direct Determination of Some Phenothiazine Sedatives in PHENYLUREA Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Greyhound Urine by Fluoroimmunoassay , 955 Determination of the Phenylurea Herbicide Chlortoluron in Water and Biological Fluids, 1699 PHOSPHATE Determination of Phosphate as Aggregates of Ion Associates by Light-scattering Detection and Application to Flow Injection, 1085 Separation and Detection of Condensed Phosphates in Waste Waters by Ion Chromatography Coupled With Flow Injection, 1089 PHOSPHOLIPID Sensitivity Densitometry for the Determination of Platelet-activating PHOSPHORESCENCE From Erlangen to Moscow: Minor Redirections, 381 PHOSPHORUS Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric Factor and Other Phospholipids in Human Tears, 1943 Determination of Gallium, Phosphorus and Other Oxo-anion Forming Elements in Geological Materials, 825 PHOTO-OXIDATION Speciation of Nitrogen in Wastewater by Flow Injection, 13 PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY Inverse Scattering Theory of Fourier Transform Infrared PHOTODEGRADATION Formulation Optimization of Novel Multicomponent Photoprotective PHOTODIODE ARRAY DETECTION Some Comments on the Determination of Microcystin Toxins in Waters by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 233 PHOTOELECTROCHEMISTRY Micro-optical Ring Electrode: Development of a Novel Electrode for Photoelectrochemistry, 1779 PHTHALALDEHYDE Flow Injection-Fluorimetric Method for the Determination of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 451 Liposomes by Using Response Surface Methodology, 279 Ranitidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using o-Phthalaldehyde, 1043 PHTHALOCYANINES Near-infrared Optical Detection of Acids in Atmospheric Air by PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR Piezoelectric Crystal Sensor With a Plasticized Poly(Viny1 Chloride) Coating for Determination of Trace Amounts of Ethanol Vapour, 259 Interpreting Signals From an Array of Non-specific Piezoelectric Chemical Sensors, 743 Impedance Sensor for Dissolved Nitrogen Oxide Using a Series Piezoelectric Crystal Device, 883 Detection of Organic Solvent Vapours and Studies of Thermodynamic Parameters Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors Modified With Siloxane Polymers, 1721 Phthalocyanine Dyes in Polymer Films, 11 15 PIEZOELECTRICITY Polymer Agglutination-based Piezoelectric Immunoassay for the Determination of Complement 111, 1689ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 23 PIG Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sulfamethazine in Animal Tissues using a MethyUTrimethylsilyl Derivative, 1457 Analysis of Protein-bound Metabolites of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Pig Liver by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1463 PKA Existence of Two Basic Sites in Triazolo-l,4-diazepines: Determination of Two pK, Values for a Model Compound in Water, 43 PLATINUM Determination of Trace Amounts of Reduced Glutathione by a PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT Recent Developments in the Determination of Precious Metals-A Extraction-Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method for the Chemical Oscillating Reaction, 563 Review, 139 Determination of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Copper-Nickel Ores Using an Autoclave Sample Decomposition Technique, 489 POLAROGRAPHY Existence of Two Basic Sites in Triazolo-l,4-diazepines: Determination of Two pK, Values for a Model Compound in Water, 43 POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of Metal Ions in the Presence of Polyethylene Glycols, 839 Determination of Poly(ethy1ene G1ycol)s in Environmental Samples by the Indirect Tensammetric Method, 1897 POLY(PARAPHENYLENE) In Situ External Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study on the Structure of the Conducting Polymer Poly- (paraphenylene), 1881 POLY(V1NYL CHLORIDE) Piezoelectric Crystal Sensor With a Plasticized Poly(Viny1 Chloride) Coating for Determination of Trace Amounts of Ethanol Vapour, 259 Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON Application of Partial Least Squares Calibration to Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles, 575 Comparative Study of an Inhalable and a Total Dust Sampler for Personal Sampling of Dust and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gas and Particulate Phase, 1191 Particle Size-dependent Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 1301 Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Environmental Matrices: Practical Considerations for Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 85R POLYETHER CRYPTAND 22 Bifunctional Cryptand Modifier for Capillary Electrophoresis in Separations of Inorganic/Organic Anions and Inorganic Cations, 1107 POLYETHER-ETHER SULFONE Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 POLYMER Reference Electrode for Potentiometric Analyses in Corrosive Media, 363 Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 Polymer Analysis by Column Liquid Chromatography Coupled Semi-on-line With Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 1069 Near-infrared Optical Detection of Acids in Atmospheric Air by Phthalocyanine Dyes in Polymer Films, 1115 High Sensitivity Conducting Polymer Sensors, 1355 POLYMER MEMBRANE Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 POLYPHENOL Development of a Rotatory and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction Technique for Phenolic Compounds in Wine, 297 POLYPYRROLE Preparation of Polypyrrole Composites and the Effect of Volatile Amines on Their Electrical Properties, 793 POLYSULFONE Poly( vinyl chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 521 POLYURETHANE Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 2.Toluene Diisocyanate and Aminoisocyanate and Toluenediamine After Thermal Degradation of a Toluene Diisocyanate-Polyurethane, 1101 PORPHYRIN Luminol Chemiluminescence-based Porphyrin Assays Without Hydrogen Peroxide: a Spectral Study of Mechanism and Enhancement, 1539 POTASSIUM Potassium Ion-selective Optodes Based on the Calix[b]arene Hexaester and Application in Human Serum Assay, 531 Effect of Different Experimental Parameters on the Potentiometric Evaluation of Blood Electrolytes Using K+ as a Test Cation, 1907 POTENTIAL-SENSITIVE DYE Optical Nitrite Sensor Based on a Potential-sensitive Dye and a POTENTIOMETRY Caesium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Crowned Benzoquinones, Pyrite as Sensor for Potentiometric Precipitation Titrations, 255 Reference Electrode for Potentiometric Analyses in Corrosive Media, 363 Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Arsenic(m) at Trace Levels in Alkaline Media, 1387 Construction and Response Characteristics of a Sulfite/ Hydrogensulfite-selective All-solid-state Contact Electrode Based on the 4-Methylpiperidinedithiocarbamate Complex of Mercury- (II), 1873 Effect of Different Experimental Parameters on the Potentiometric Evaluation of Blood Electrolytes Using K+ as a Test Cation, 1907 PRECONCENTRATION Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium in a Nitrite-selective Carrier, 1489 127 Hydrometallurgical Zinc Refining Process Stream by a Flow- injection Method With On-line Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Detection, 7 Solvent Extraction-Sequential Injection Without Segmentation and Phase Separation Based on the Wetting Film Formed on a Teflon Tube Wall, 601 Dithizone-anchored Poly(viny1pyridine) as a Chelating Resin for the Preconcentration and Se aration of Gold(Ir1) From Platinum(rv), Copper( 11) and Mercury&), 807 Determination of (U1tra)trace Amounts of Antimony(n1) in Water by Flow Injection On-line Sorption Preconcentration in a Knotted Reactor Coupled With Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1061 Application to Trace Metals Enrichment by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1633 Technique and Support for Microorganism Immobilization.PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS Selective Detection of Aroma Components By Acoustic Wave Sensors Coated with Conducting Polymer Films, 671 Chemometric Techniques in Multivariate Statistical Modelling of Process Plant, 749 End-point Determination On-line and Reaction Co-ordinate Modelling of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions in Principal Component Space Using Periodic Near-infrared Monitoring, 1003 Masses in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1443 Procrustes Analysis for the Determination of Number of Significant PROCESS ANALYSIS Chemometric Techniques in Multivariate Statistical Modelling of Process Plant, 749 Novel Techniques for the Off-line Analysis of Liquid Process Streams by Mass Spectrometry, 1435 PROCHLOPERAZINE Sensitive Determination of Nitrite Using its Catalytic Effect on the PROFICIENCY TEST Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories- Part 1.Ranking of Participants on Scores is Misleading, 1589 Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories- Part 2. Testing for Sufficient Homogeneity, 1593 Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories- Part 3. Confirmatory Statistical Tests for Scheme Organisers, 1597 PROPANEDIOL Retention Properties of a Spacer-bonded Propanediol Sorbent for Bromate Oxidation of Prochlorperazine , 89 Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography and Solid-phase Extraction, 511 PROTEIN Synthesis, Lipophilic Derivatization and Interaction with Liposomes of HAV-VP3 (102-121) Sequence by Using Spectroscopic Techniques, 1583 PSILOCIN Sensitive Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Determination of Psychotropic Tndole Derivatives, 4924 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) PULSE PERTURBATION Determination of Trace Amounts of Reduced Glutathione by a PYRETHROID Microbore Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry PYRITE Pyrite as Sensor for Potentiometric Precipitation Titrations, 255 PYROHYDROLYSIS Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 PYROLYSIS Discriminative Analysis of Zooplankton Individuals by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Combined With On-line Methylation, 853 QUADRUPOLE ION TRAP Direct Matrix-assisted Laser DesorptiodIonization-Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry of Pesticides Adsorbed on Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1425 Chemical Oscillating Reaction, 563 of Selected Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides, 55 QUALITY ASSURANCE What Exactly is Fitness for Purpose in Analytical Measurement?, 275 Harmonization of Air Quality Measurements at European Union QUALITY CONTROL Certified Reference Materials (CRMs 479 and 480) for the Quality Control of Nitrate Determination in Freshwater, 83 QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE Detection of Organic Solvent Vapours and Studies of Thermodynamic Parameters Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors Modified With Siloxane Polymers, 1721 Level, 1247 QUININE Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 65 1 RADIOCHEMISTRY Rapid Determination of Strontium-90 in Environmental Samples by Single Cerenkov Counting Using Two Different Colour Quench Curves, 1737 RADIOIMMUNO ASS AY Establishing the Cut-off Concentration for the Detection of Etrophine Methods for the Determination of P-Agonists in Biological RAMAN SCATTERING In Situ Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Analysis of a RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Raman Spectroscopic Determination of Thymidine Nucleoside Time-resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, 107R RANITIDINE Flow Injection-Fluorimetric Method for the Determination of in Horse Urine, 67 Matrices-A Review, 1R Reactive Dye Covalently Bound to Cotton, 835 Structures in Nucleotides, 105 Ranitidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using o-Phthalaldehyde, 1043 RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Application of Near-infrared Reflectance Spectrometry to the Analytical Control of Pharmaceuticals: Ranitidine Hydrochloride Tablet Production, 219 RARE EARTH ELEMENT Improved Extraction-Separation of Alkaline Earths and Lanthanides With the Aid of an Ion Size-selective Masking Reagent, 1051 Selective Determination of Holmium in Rare Earth Mixtures by Second-derivative Spectrophotometry With Benzoylindan- 1,3- dione and Cetylpyridinium Chloride, 1317 REFERENCE MATERIAL Trace Elements in a Commercial Freeze-dried Human Urine Reference Material, 983 Certification of Reference Materials Related to the Monitoring of Aldehydes in Air by Derivatization with 2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine, 1273 Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 REGULATIONS Impact of Key New Regulations on Analytical Chemistry, 691 RESIDUE Extraction of Salinomycin From Finished Layers Ration by Microwave Solvent Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography, 803 Development and Evaluation of a Dipstick Immunoassay Format for the Determination of Atrazine Residues On-site, 863 Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sulfamethazine in Animal Tissues using a Methyl/Trimethylsilyl Derivative, 1457 Analysis of Protein-bound Metabolites of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Pig Liver by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1463 Moxidectin in Bovine Tissues, 1469 Matrices-A Review, 1R Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Technique for the Determination of Methods for the Determination of P-Agonists in Biological RESIN Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlorophenolic, Resin and Fatty Acids in Chlorination and Caustic Extraction Stage Effluent From Kahi-grass, 1963 REVIEW Recent Developments in the Determination of Precious Metals-A Conducting Polymers and the Bioanalytical Sciences: New Tools for Developments in Workplace Aerosol Sampling-A Review, 1233 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin for Review, 139 Biomolecular Communications-A Review, 699 Chromatography.Part l-A Review, 1279 Bioanalytical Applications-A Review, 1533 Rigid Carbon-Polimer Biocomposites for Electrochemical Sensing- A Review, 1751 Recent Evolution of Luminescent Photoinduced Electron Transfer Sensors-A Review, 1759 Sensing of Transition Metals Through Fluorescence Quenching or Enhancement-A Review, 1763 Methods for the Determination of 8-Agonists in Biological Matrices-A Review, 1R Compounds of Agricultural Significance Using Environmental Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction-A Review, 11R Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies and Its Applications in Immunoassays and Immunosensors, 29R Organic Microheterogeneous Systems in Kinetic Analysis.Self- assembled Systems-A Review, 33R Capillary Electrophoresis With Wavelength-resolved Fluorescence Detection, 45R Silicones and Their Determination in Biological Matrices -A Review, 53R Future Prospects for the Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Using Micro-column Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65R Speciation Analysis of Some Organic Selenium Compounds -A Review, 77R Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Environmental Matrices: Practical Considerations for Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 85R Analytical Challenges in the Development of Modified-release Oral Solid Dosage Forms-A Review, 91R Relationship Between Structural Attributes and Observed Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Activity of Tertiary Amines as Potential Analytes for the Tris(2,2-Bipyridine)- Ruthenium(I1) ECL Reaction-A Review, lOlR Time-resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, 107R RIBOFLAVIN Cyclodextrin-based Optosensor for the Determination of Riboflavin Method for the Extraction of Riboflavin for High-performance Liquid RISK EVALUATION Measurement Methods and Strategies for Non-infectious Microbial SALBUTAMOL Deconvolution and Spectral Clean-up of Two-component Mixtures by in Pharmaceutical Preparations, 1119 Chromatography and Application to Casein, 1671 Components in Bioaerosols at the Workplace, 1197 Factor Analysis of Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Data, 993 SALICYLATE Polymeric Membrane Salicylate-sensitive Electrodes Based on SALICYLIC ACID Second-derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Salicylic Acid in Human Serum, 909 SAMPLE HANDLING Use of Poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) Plastic Bottles for the Sampling, Transportation and Storage of Potable Water Prior to Mercury Determination, 173 Development of a Rotatory and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction Technique for Phenolic Compounds in Wine, 297 Multi-element, Multi-media Method for the Determination of Airborne Elemental Emissions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 309 Gas Chromatographic Determination and Negative-ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of 4,4’- Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) in Urine via Thin-layer Chromatographic Separation, 321 Organotin( rv) Carboxylates, 1495ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 25 Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper, Nickel and Vanadium in Sea-water by High-performance Liquid Chromatography After Extraction and Back-extraction, 325 Conditions for Solid-phase Extraction of Agricultural Chemicals in Waters by Using n-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients, 469 Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for Cadmium, Copper and Lead Determination in Cervine Liver and Kidney by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 483 Determination of Impurity Elements in Graphite by Acid Decomposition-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 623 Dithizone-anchored Poly(viny1pyridine) as a Chelating Resin for the Prcconcentration and Separation of G.old(m) From Platinum(iv), Copper(i1) and Mercury(ii), 807 Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation Sources, 1923 Rapid and Accurate Determination of Manganese in Washing Powders Using Alkali Fusion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques, 1929 SAMPLE PREPARATION Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Detcrmination o f Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 Determination of Halogens, With Special Reference to Iodine, in Geological and Biological Samples Using Pyrohydrolysis for Preparation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography for Measurement, 1627 SAMPLER Validation of a Diffusive Sampler for the Determination of Acetaldehyde in Air.1177 Annular Aspiration Slot Entry Efficiency of the CIP-10 Aerosol Sampler, 1257 Determination of Gasoline Oxygenates in Air Using a Diffusive Sampler, 1265 Evaluation of Passive Methods for Measuring Ozone in the European Alps, 1269 SAMPLING Rcccnt Developments in the Determination of Precious Metals-A Review, 139 Combined Benedetti-Pichler/Stange-Poole Sampling Equation for Two-component Particulate Mixtures, 163 Use o f Poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) Plastic Bottles for the Sampling, 'Transportation and Storage of Potable Water Prior to Mercury Determination, 173 What Exactly is Fitness for Purpose in Analytical Measurement?, 275 Evaluation of Anasorb CMS and Comparison With Tenax TA for the Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Outdoor Air by Breakthrough Measurements, 303 Detcrmination of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamp Cullet by Slurry Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 897 Effect of Sampling on Measurement Errors, 1155 Summary of the NIOSH Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical Method Development and Evaluation, 1163 What is the Best Sorbent for Pumped Sampling-Thermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds? Experience with the EC Sorbents Project, I171 Invcsiigation into the Impact of Introducing Workplace Aerosol Standards Based on the Inhalable Fraction, 1207 Electret-based Passive Dust Sampler: Sampling of Organic Dusts, 1231 Intcrcomparison of Tube-type Diffusive Sampling for the Determination of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air, 1249 Evaluation of Passive Methods for Measuring Ozone in the European Alps, 1269 Determination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography.Part 2.-Sampling and Determination of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Methylhexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and Octenylsuccinic Anhydride, 1285 Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Using a Dchumidified and Ventilated Diffusive Sampler, Thermal I>esorption and Gas Chromatography With Flame Ionization Detection . 1 95 5 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Effcct of Kedox State on the Response of Poly-N-(2-cyanoethyl)- pyrrole Coated Thickness-shear Mode Acoustic Wave Sensors to Organic Vapours, 1341 SEA-WATER Simultaneous Dctcrmination of Trace Amounts of Copper, Nickel and Vanadium in Sea-water by High-performance Liquid Chromatography After Extraction and Back-extraction, 325 Dual-detector System for the Shipboard Analysis of Halocarbons in Sca-water and Air for Oceanographic Tracer Studies, 505 Shipboard Determination of Dissolved Cobalt in Sea-water Using Flow Injection with Catalytic Spectrophotometric Detection, 1037 Adsorption of Trace Metals from Sea-water onto Solid Surfaces: Analvsis by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1127 SELENIUM Determination of Ultra-trace Amounts of Selenium(1v) by Flow Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with On-line Preconcentration by Co-precipitation with Lanthanum Hydroxide.Part 11. On-line Addition of Co-precipitating Agent, 31 Distribution of Selenium in Human Blood Plasma and Serum, 189 Anion Mobilization From Aqueous Media by Ion Associate Extraction Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide With On-line Detection by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 817 Improved Molecular Fluorescence Method for the Determination of Selenium in Biological Samples, 1641 Speciation Analysis of Some Organic Selenium Compounds -A Review, 77R SELENOPROTEIN Distribution of Selenium in Human Blood Plasma and Serum, 189 SENSOR Colloidal Gold Supported Onto Glassy Carbon Substrates as an Amperometric Sensor for Carbohydrates in Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography, 249 Pyrite as Sensor for Potentiometric Precipitation Titrations, 255 Piezoelectric Crystal Sensor With a Plasticized Poly(Viny1 Chloride) Coating for Determination of Trace Amounts of Ethanol Vapour, 259 Fluorescence Optical Sensor for Low Concentrations of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide, 339 Electrochemical Activation of Screen-printed Carbon Strips, 345 Poly(viny1 chloride), Polysulfone and Sulfonated Polyether-ether Sulfone Composite Membranes for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Perm-selectivity in Amperometric Biosensors, 52 1 Filled Fluorosilicone as Matrix Material for Ion-Selective Membranes, 527 Potassium Ion-selective Optodes Based on the Calix[6]arene Hexaester and Application in Human Serum Assay, 531 Selective Detection of Aroma Components By Acoustic Wave Sensors Coated with Conducting Polymer Films, 671 Conducting Polymers and the Bioanalytical Sciences: New Tools for Biomolecular Communications-A Review, 699 Surface Modification of Thin Film Gold Electrodes for Improved In Vivo Performance, 705 Moisture-activated, Electrically Conducting Bioadhesive Interfaces for Biomedical Sensor Applications, 71 1 Reaction/Diffusion with Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Electroactive Polymer Film.Part 1. The Steady-state Amperometric Response, 7 15 Kinetic Separation of Amperometric Sensor Responses, 733 Interpreting Signals From an Array of Non-specific Piezoelectric Chemical Sensors, 743 Determination of 2-Furaldehyde in Transformer Oil Using Flow Injection With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 755 Bispecific Multivalent Antibody Studied by Real-time Interaction Analysis for the Development of an Antigen-inhibition Enzyme- linked Immunosorbent Assay, 767 Strategies for Decreasing Ascorbate Interference at Glucose Oxidase- modified Poly(o-pheny1enediamine)-coated Electrodes, 773 Differential-pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clenbuterol in Bovine Urine Using a Nafion-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 779 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Based on Fluorescence Quenching of Oxygen-Sensitive Ruthenium Complexes Immobilized in Sol-Gel- derived Porous Silica Coatings, 785 Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 789 Preparation of Polypyrrole Composites and the Effect of Volatile Amines on Their Electrical Properties, 793 Stabilized Needle Electrode System for In Vivo Glucose Monitoring Based on Open Flow Microperfusion, 871 Development of Ultraviolet-polymerizable Enzyme Pastes: Bioprocess Applications of Screen-printed L-Lactate Sensors, 877 Impedance Sensor for Dissolved Nitrogen Oxide Using a Series Piezoelectric Crystal Device, 883 Microfabricated Thick-film Electrochemical Sensor for Nucleic Acid Determination, 965 Electrochemical Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Enzyme Electrode by Immobilizing Glucose Oxidase in Electropolymerized Poly(3,3'-diaminobenzidine) Film on Palladinized Glassy Carbon Electrode, 971 Near-infrared Optical Detection of Acids in Atmospheric Air by Phthalocyanine Dyes in Polymer Films, 11 15 Acetylcholinesterase Amperometric Detection System Based on a Cobalt(i1) Tetraphenylporphyrin-Modified Electrode, 1123 Effect of Redox State on the Response of Poly-N-(2-cyanoethyl)- pyrrole Coated Thickness-shear Mode Acoustic Wave Sensors to Organic Vapours, 1341 High Sensitivity Conducting Polymer Sensors.135.5 Optical Nitrite Sensor Based on a Potential-sensitive Dye and a Nitrite-selective Carrier, 1489 Polymeric Membrane Salicylate-sensitive Electrodes Based on Organotin(1v) Carboxylates, 149526 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL. 121 (1996) Surface Plasmon Resonance of Self-assembled Phthalocyanine Monolayers: Possibilities for Optical Gas Sensing, 1501 Ammonium Ion Requirement and Stability of Methanol Dehydrogenase TTF'TCNQ Electrodes, 171 1 Detection of Organic Solvent Vapours and Studies of Thermodynamic Parameters Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors Modified With Siloxane Polymers, 1721 Rigid Carbon-Polymer Biocomposites for Electrochemical Sensing- A Review, 1751 Recent Evolution of Luminescent Photoinduced Electron Transfer Sensors-A Review, 1759 Sensing of Transition Metals Through Fluorescence Quenching or Enhancement-A Review, 1763 Direct Monitoring of Formaldehyde Vapour and Detection of Ethanol Vapour Using Dehydrogenase-based Biosensors, 1769 Sensitive and Specific Electrochemical Sensors for Charge-diffuse Cations: Use of Lipophilic Cyclodextrins and an Enzyme Relay for the Determination of Acetylcholine, 1829 Calcium Biosensing With a Sol-Gel Immobilized Photoprotein, 1975 Amperometric Biosensor for Tyrosinase Inhibitors in a Pure Organic Phase, 1979 Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies and Its Applications in Immunoassays and Immunosensors, 29R SEQUENTIAL INJECTION Solvent Extraction-Sequential Injection Without Segmentation and Phase Separation Based on the Wetting Film Formed on a Teflon Tube Wall, 601 Use of a Sequential Injection Technique for Mechanistic Studies and Kinetic Determination of Bromazepam Complexed With Iron(i1) in Hydrochloric Acid, 617 SERUM Observations on the Behaviour of Some Trifluoroacetophenone Derivatives as Neutral Carriers for Carbonate Ion-selective Electrodes, 133 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Model.Determination of Copper and Zinc in Serum and Metal Alloys, 169 Distribution of Selenium in Human Blood Plasma and Serum, 189 Potassium Ion-selective Optodes Based on the Calix[6]arene Hexaester and Application in Human Serum Assay, 531 Second-derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Salicylic Acid in Human Serum, 909 Polymer Agglutination-based Piezoelectric Immunoassay for the Determination of Complement 111, 1689 SEWAGE Analytical Assessment of Two Sequential Extraction Schemes for SHEEPMEAT Nitrogen Factors for Sheepmeat Part 2.Lamb Meat, 889 SHELLFISH High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for SIGNAL PROCESSING Spline Wavelet Multi-resolution Analysis for High-noise Digital Resolution of Partially Overlapped Signals by Fourier Analysis. SIGNAL RATIO RESOLUTION Determination of Small Amounts of Analytes in the Presence of a Metal Partitioning in Sewage Sludges, 1479 Determination of Marine Biotoxins, 1665 Signal Processing in Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry , 1019 Application to Differential-pulse Polarographic Responses, 1359 Large Excess of One Analyte From Multi-analyte Global Signals of Differential-pulse Voltammetry and Related Techniques With the Signal Ratio Resolution Method, 1845 SILICON OXIDES Lucigenin Immobilized on Silicon Oxides as a Solid-phase SILICONE Near-infrared Optical Detection of Acids in Atmospheric Air by Silicones and Their Determination in Biological Matrices -A SILVER Recent Developments in the Determination of Precious Metals-A SIMCA Analysis of Ageing and Typification of Vintage Ports by Partial Least Squares and Soft Independent Modelling Class Analogy, 1009 Chemiluminescent Reagent, 501 Phthalocyanine Dyes in Polymer Films, 1115 Review, 53R Review, 139 SODIUM Sodium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on Silicone-rubber Membranes Covalently Incorporating Neutral Carriers, 1705 SOIL Continuous-flow Method for the Determination of Phenols at Low Levels in Water and Soil Leachates Using Solid-phase Extraction for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Separation, 1 Influence of Pesticide-Soil Interactions on the Recovery of Pesticides Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 465 Speciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation- exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 627 Study of the Interaction of a Soil Fulvic Acid With U02*+ by Self-modelling Mixture Analysis of Synchronous Molecular Fluorescence Spectra, 1373 Determination of Lead in Soil Samples by In-valve Solid-Phase Extraction-Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1413 Determination of Total Arsenic in Soils by Differential-pulse Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1835 SOLID ADSORBENTS Evaluation of Anasorb CMS and Comparison With Tenax TA for the Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Outdoor Air by Breakthrough Measurements, 303 SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION Continuous-flow Method for the Determination of Phenols at Low Levels in Water and Soil Leachates Using Solid-phase Extraction for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Separation, 1 Some Comments on the Determination of Microcystin Toxins in Waters by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 233 Conditions for Solid-phase Extraction of Agricultural Chemicals in Waters by Using n-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients, 469 Retention Properties of a Spacer-bonded Propanediol Sorbent for Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography and Solid-phase Extraction, 511 Solid-phase Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions on a High Surface Area Titanium Dioxide (Anatase), 607 Simultaneous Determination of 60 Pesticides in Water Using Solid- phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 929 Performance Improvements in the Determination of Mercury Species in Natural Gas Condensate Using an On-line Amalgamation Trap or Solid-phase Micro-extraction With Capillary Gas Chromatography-Microwave-induced Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 1055 On-line Solid-phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Particle Beam Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Carbamate Pesticides, 1327 Pesticides by Solid-phase Microextraction.Results of a Round Robin Test, 1381 Determination of Lead in Soil Samples by In-valve Solid-Phase Extraction-Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 14 13 Direct Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry of Pesticides Adsorbed on Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1425 Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry of Selected Pesticides Extracted on CI8 Silica Solid-phase Extraction Membranes, 1429 Ion-pair Solid-phase Extraction With Membranes: Group Contributions and Steric Effects of Ions on the Extraction Behaviour, 1621 Solid-phase Extraction Coupled With Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of the Herbicide Bromofenoxim in Water Samples at Low- and Sub-pg 1-1 Levels, 1839 Methods for the Determination of 0-Agonists in Biological Matrices-A Review, 1R SOLVENT EXTRACTION Extraction-Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method for the Determination of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Copper-Nickel Ores Using an Autoclave Sample Decomposition Technique, 489 Solvent Extraction-Sequential Injection Without Segmentation and Phase Separation Based on the Wetting Film Formed on a Teflon Tube Wall, 601 Improved Extraction-Separation of Alkaline Earths and Lanthanides With the Aid of an Ion Size-selective Masking Reagent, 1051 SOOT Elemental Carbon-based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues, 1183 SORBENT Retention Properties of a Spacer-bonded Propanediol Sorbent for Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography and Solid-phase Extraction, 511 What is the Best Sorbent for Pumped Sampling-Thermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds? Experience with the EC Sorbents Project, 1171 SPARK SOURCE Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation Sources, 1923 SPECIATION Speciation of Nitrogen in Wastewater by Flow Injection, 13 Speciation of Aluminium in Soil Extracts by Employing Cation- exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, 627ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 27 Simple Flow Injection Spectrofluorimetric Method for Speciation of Thallium, 813 Large-volume Injections in Capillary Gas Chromatography Using a Separately Heated Packed Pre-column: Application to Mercury Speciation in Natural Water, 1657 Interpretation of Speciation Measurements on Labile Metal- Macromolecular Systems by Voltammetric Techniques, 1855 Speciation Analysis of Some Organic Selenium Compounds -A Review, 77R SPECIMEN BANKING Electroanalysis for the Purpose of Environmental Monitoring and SPECTROFLUORIMETER Kinetic Fluorimetric Determination of Gliadins in Foods, 1133 SPECTROFLUORIMETRY Flow Injection Method for the Determination of Methotrexate With a Column-packed Oxidizing Agent, 183 Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Aluminium With Salicylaldehyde Salicyloylhydrazone, 317 Flow injection Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Fluoride or Phosphate Based on Their Inhibitory Effect on the Photo-oxidation of Acridine Catalysed by lron(Irr), 477 Cyclodextrin-based Optosensor for the Determination of Riboflavin in Pharmaceutical Preparations, 1119 Photochemical-Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Two Pyrethroid Insecticides Using an Anionic Micellar Medium, 1545 Effects of pH and Solvent on the Fluorescence Properties of Biomedically Important Benzamides.Application to Determination in Drugs and in Human Urine, 1551 Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Reserpine by Oxidation With Cerium(1v) Sulfate, 1581 Sensitive Determination of Digoxin in Tablets by Flow Injection With Fluorescence Detection, 1613 Method for the Extraction of Riboflavin for High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Application to Casein, 1671 SPECTROMETRY Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Specimen Banking: Is There a Future?, 1917 Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological and Botanical Certified Reference Materials and Animal Feeds by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1419 Impedance Spectroscopic Study on Single-piece All-solid-state Calcium-selective Electrode Based on Polyaniline, 1823 SF'ECTROPHOTOMETRY Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium in a Hydrometallurgical Zinc Refining Process Stream by a Flow- injection Method With On-line Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Detection, 7 Existence of Two Basic Sites in Triazolo-1,4-diazepines: Determination of Two pK, Values for a Model Compound in Water, 43 Sensitive Determination of Nitrite Using its Catalytic Effect on the Bromate Oxidation of Prochlorperazine, 89 Carbon Dioxide-enhanced Luminol Chemiluminescence in the Absence of Added Oxidant, 211 Formulation Optimization of Novel Multicomponent Photoprotective Liposomes by Using Response Surface Methodology, 279 Artificial Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Pseudo-first-order With Respect to the Reagent Multicomponent Kinetic-spectrophotometric Determinations, 39.5 Simultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of o-, rn- and p-Aminophenol Using Partial Least Squares Calibration, 407 Indicator Reaction for Sensitive Kinetic Micro-determination of Cysteine and Cystine in a Mixture Without Prior Separation, 413 Enzymic Method for the Determination of Ethanol and Methanol with Spectrophotometric Detection of the Rate of the Process, 431 Comparative Study of the Ratio Spectra Derivative and Partial Least Squares Methods Applied to the Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine and Ametryn in Ground Waters, 459 Flow Dissolution of 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide for the Determination of Chromium(vi), 613 Use of a Sequential Injection Technique for Mechanistic Studies and Kinetic Determination of Bromazepam Complexed With Iron(ii) in Hydrochloric Acid, 617 Two Selective Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Amoxicillin and Cefadroxil, 641 Method For Sampling and Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide, 647 Shipboard Determination of Dissolved Cobalt in Sea-water Using Flow Injection with Catalytic Spectrophotometric Detection, 1037 Spectrophotometic Flow Injection Determination of Lead in Port Wine Using In-line Ion-exchange Concentration, 1047 5-Chlorosalicylic Acid Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Titanium and Simultaneous Determination of Titanium(1v) Oxide and Iron(m) Oxide Content of Portland Cement.1079 Effect on the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 3-Methyl-2- benzothiazolinone Hydrazone With N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3- sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline, 15 15 Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper( 11) by Its Catalytic Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Calibration Method. Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel at Sub-ppm Levels, 1609 Catalytic Determination of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Natural Waters by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry , 1617 Ion-pair Solid-phase Extraction With Membranes: Group Contributions and Steric Effects of Ions on the Extraction Behaviour, 1621 Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Samples and Fruit Juices, 1653 STANDARDS Investigation into the Impact of Introducing Workplace Aerosol STATISTICS Combined Benedetti-PichlerEtange-Poole Sampling Equation for Two-component Particulate Mixtures, 163 Preparation of Microelectrodes: Comparison of Polishing Procedures by Statistical Analysis of Voltammetric Data, 357 Application of Partial Least Squares Calibration to Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles, 575 Probabilistic Approach to Confidence Intervals of Linear Calibration, 591 Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories Part 1 .-Ranking of Participants on Scores is Misleading, 1589 Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories- Part 2.Testing for Sufficient Homogeneity, 1593 Statistical Aspects of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Laboratories- Part 3. Confirmatory Statistical Tests for Scheme Organisers, 1597 STEEL Simultaneous Determination of Urinary Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Standards Based on the Inhalable Fraction, 1207 Copper Concentrations in Steel Production Workers by Differential-pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 151 1 STEROID HORMONES Strategy for Fractionating High-affinity Antibodies to Steroid STRANGEPOOLE EQUATION Combined Benedetti-PichlerBtange-Poole Sampling Equation for STRIPPING POTENTIOMETRY Wall-jet Flow Cell for Stripping Potentiometry, 1851 STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY Perspective-Electroanalysis for the Purpose of Environmental Monitoring and Specimen Banking: Is There a Future?, 1917 Hormones by Affinity Chromatography, 939 Two-component Particulate Mixtures, 163 STRONTIUM-90 Rapid Determination of Strontium-90 in Environmental Samples by Single Cerenkov Counting Using Two Different Colour Quench Curves, 1737 SULFIDE Formation of Thiocyanate During Removal of Sulfide as Lead Sulfide S U L F I T E Enhancement by Cycloalkanes of the Chemiluminescent Oxidation of Sulfite, 831 SULFONAMIDE Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Foodstuffs Using Gel Permeation, 229 Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sulfamethazine in Animal Tissues using a Methyl/Trimethylsilyl Derivative, 1457 SUNSCREEN AGENT Formulation Optimization of Novel Multicomponent Photoprotective Liposomes by Using Response Surface Methodology, 279 SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE Anion Mobilization From Aqueous Media by Ion Associate Prior to Cyanide Determination, 799 Extraction Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide With On-line Detection by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 817 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION Influence of Selected Natural Complexants on the Mobilization and Purging of Copper From Aqueous Media Into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, 289 Influence of Pesticide-Soil Interactions on the Recovery of Pesticides Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 46.5 Compounds of Agricultural Significance Using Environmental Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction-A Review, 11R Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Environmental Matrices: Practical Considerations for Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 85R In Situ Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Analysis of a SURFACTANT Determination of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Non-ionic Surfactants in Determination of Poly(ethy1ene Glyco1)s in Environmental Samples SURFACE-ENHANCED RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Reactive Dye Covalently Bound to Cotton, 835 Trade Effluents by Sublation and High- performance Liquid Chromatography, 239 by the Indirect Tensammetric Method, 189728 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) Influence of Surface-active Compounds on the Response and Sensitivity of Cholinesterase Biosensors for Inhibitor Determination, 1911 TENS AMMETRY Determination of Poly(ethy1ene Glyco1)s in Environmental Samples THALLIUM Simple Flow Injection Spectrofluorimetric Method for Speciation of THERMAL DEGRADATION Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and by the Indirect Tensammetric Method, 1897 Thallium, 813 Amines-Part 2. Toluene Diisocyanate and Aminoisocyanate and Toluenediamine After Thermal Degradation of a Toluene Diisocyanate-Polyurethane, 1101 THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY Determination of Isotope Enrichments of Magnesium in Microwave- digested Biological Samples by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Loading Technique, 901 THERMAL-OPTICAL ANALYSIS Elemental Carbon-based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues, 1183 THERMODYNAMICS Detection of Organic Solvent Vapours and Studies of Thermodynamic Parameters Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors Modified With Siloxane Polymers, 1721 THERMOMETRIC TITRIMETRY Paraformaldehyde as an End-point Indicator in Hydrolytic Thermometric Titration of Metal Ions and Iodine, 559 THERMOMETRY Thermometric Determination of Copper(I1) Using Acid Urease, 1717 Microfabricated Thick-film Electrochemical Sensor for Nucleic Acid THICK-FILM SENSOR Determination, 965 THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY Gas Chromatographic Determination and Negative-ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of 4,4'- Methylencbis(2-chloroaniline) in Urine via Thin-layer Chromatographic Separation, 321 Factor and Other Phospholipids in Human Tears, 1943 Sensitivity Densitometry for the Determination of Platelet-activating THIOSULFATE Titrations With Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of THYMIDINE NUCLEOSIDE Raman Spectroscopic Determination of Thymidine Nucleoside THYMIDINE NUCLEOTIDE Raman Spectroscopic Determination of Thymidine Nucleoside TIT AN I U M 5-Chlorosalicylic Acid Spectrophotometric Method for the an Interdigitated Microelectrode Array, 1795 Structures in Nucleotides, 105 Structures in Nucleotides, 105 Determination of Titanium and Simultaneous Determination of Titanium(1v) Oxide and Iron(Ir1) Oxide Content of Portland Cement, 1079 TITANIUM CHLORIDE Determination of the Purity of Monomers by a Catalytic Bromination TITANIUM DIOXIDE Solid-phase Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions on a High Surface Area TITANIUM OXIDE 5-Chlorosalicylic Acid Spectrophotometric Method for the Method, 987 Titanium Dioxide (Anatase), 607 Determination of Titanium and Simultaneous Determination of Titanium(1v) Oxide and Iron(iir) Oxide Content of Portland Cement, 1079 TITRIMETRY Pyrite as Sensor for Potentiometric Precipitation Titrations, 255 Expert System for Catalytic Titrimetry-Part 1.Determination of Organic Acids, 401 Automation of a System for Titrimetric Measurements. Catalytic Thermometric Titrations of Organic Bases, 425 Paraformaldehyde as an End-point Indicator in Hydrolytic Thermometric Titration of Metal Ions and Iodine, 559 Titrations With Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of an Interdigitated Microelectrode Array, 1795 TOLUENE ISOCYANATES Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 2.Toluene Diisocyanate and Aminoisocyanate and Toluenediamine After Thermal Degradation of a Toluene Diisocyanate-Polyurethane, 1101 TOLUENEDIAMINE Determination of Toluenediamines in Urine of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Isocyanates by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 663 Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 2. Toluene Diisocyanate and Aminoisocyanate and Toluenediamine After Thermal Degradation of a Toluene Diisocyanate-Polyurethane.1101 TOXICOLOGY Some Comments on the Determination of Microcystin Toxins in Waters by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 233 Volatile Organic Metabolites Associated With Some Toxic Fungi and Their Mycotoxins, 1949 TRACE ANALYSIS Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium in a Hydrometallurgical Zinc Refining Process Stream by a Flow- injection Method With On-line Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Detection, 7 Electrochemical Trace Analysis of Gold in Ore, 79 Autocatalytic Decomposition of Cobalt Complexes as an Indicator System for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Cobalt and Effectors, 391 Trace Elements in a Commercial Freeze-dried Human Urine Reference Material, 983 Determination of (Ultra)trace Amounts of Antimony(n1) in Water by Flow Injection On-line Sorption Preconcentration in a Knotted Reactor Coupled With Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1061 Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Coppcr(u) by Its Catalytic Effect on the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 3-Methyl-2- benzothiazolinone Hydrazone With N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3- sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline, 151.5 Determination of Trace Amounts of Antimony(rr~) by Differential- pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Phenylfluorone-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 1983 Silicones and Their Determination in Biological Matrices -A Review, 53R TRACE ENRICHMENT Determination of Lithium as a Chemical Tracer and Its Application to TRACE METALS High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Array Flow Rate Measurements, 1311 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for the Separation and Simultaneous Detection of Metal and Non-metal Species in Soybean Flour, 845 Analysis by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 1127 Application to Trace Metals Enrichment by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1633 Adsorption of Trace Metals from Sea-water onto Solid Surfaces: Technique and Support for Microorganism Immobilization.TRACEABILITY Sense and Traceability, 285 Traceability of Measurements in Chemistry, 1137 TRANSFORMER OIL Determination of 2-Furaldehyde in Transformer Oil Using Flow TRAPPING DEVICE Method For Sampling and Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide, 647 Existence of Two Basic Sites in Triazolo-l,4-diazepines: Injection With Pulsed Amperometric Detection, 755 TRIAZOI~O-1,4-THIENODIAZEPINE Determination of Two pK, Values for a Model Compound in Water, 43 TRLFLUOROACETOPHENONE Observations on the Behaviour of Some Trifluoroacetophenone Derivatives as Neutral Carriers for Carbonate Ion-selective Electrodes, 133 TURBIDIMETRY Turbidimetric Flow Method for the Enantiomeric Discrimination of L- TYROSINASE High-performance liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenols Using a Tyrosinase-based Amperomctric Biosensor Detection System, 1885 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Photolytic Spectroscopic Quantification of Residual Chlorine in Potable Waters, 1075 Flow Injection Methods for Determination of L-Glutamate Using Glutamate Decarboxylase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reactors With Spectrophotometric Detection, 13 11 and D-Aspartic Acid, 1397 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of o-Cresol and rn-Cresol in Urine by Use of the Kinetic Wavelength-pair Method, 1647 ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Spline Wavelet Multi-resolution Analysis for High-noise Digital UNCERTAINTY Reliability Versus Uncertainty for Analytical Measurements, 1519 URANIUM Sclective Recovery of Uranium(vi) From Aqueous Acid Solutions Signal Processing in Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry , 1019 Using Micellar Ultrafiltration, 1401ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) 29 URANYL Uranyl Photophysics on Colloidal Silica: an Alternative Luminescence-enhancing Medium for Uranyl Assay, 905 Study of the Interaction of a Soil Fulvic Acid With U0z2+ by Self-modelling Mixture Analysis of Synchronous Molecular Fluorescence Spectra, 1373 UREA Validation of an Automatic Urea Analyser Used in the Continuous UREASE Thcrmornetric Determination of Copper( 11) Using Acid Urease? 1717 URINE Establishing the Cut-off Concentration for the Detection of Etrophine in Horse Urine.67 Development of a Stand-alone Affinity Clean-up for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Urine, 177 Direct Determination of 7-Hydroxycoumarin and 7-Hydroxycoumarin-glucuronide in Urine by Using Capillary Electrophoresis, 243 Determination of Cinnamic Acid in Human Urine by Differential- pulse Polarography, 263 Gas Chromatographic Determination and Negative-ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of 4,4‘- Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) in Urine via Thin-layer Chromatographic Separation, 321 Microtitre-plate Enzyme-linked Ligand-Sorbent Assay of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) in Human Plasma and Urine, 333 Dctcrmination of Trace Levels of Niguldipine in Urine and Blood by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode, 351 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Determination of Hexamethylenetetramine in the Presence of Formaldehyde and Urine, 567 Detection of Quinine and Its Metabolites in Horse Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.651 Determination of Toluenediamines in Urine of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Isocyanates by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 663 Differential-pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clenbuterol in Bovine Urine Using a Nafion-modified Carbon Paste Electrode, 779 Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Routine Detection of N-Desmethylzopiclone in Urine Samples, 857 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Bcnzodiazepines in Urine, 951 Direct Determination of Some Phenothiazine Sedatives in Greyhound Urine by Fluoroimmunoassay, 955 Trace Elements in a Commercial Freeze-dried Human Urine Referencc Material, 983 Development of a Tube Enzyme Immunoassay for ‘On-site’ Screening of Urine Samples in the Presence o f (3-Agonists, 1111 Simultaneous Determination of Urinary Zinc, Cadmium. Lead and Copper Concentrations in Steel Production Workers by Differential-pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, 15 11 Effects of pH and Solvent on the Fluorescence Properties of Biomedically Important Benzamides.Application to Determination in Drugs and in Human Urine, 1551 Improved Molecular Fluorescence Method for the Determination of Selenium in Biological Samples, 1641 Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of o-Cresol and In-Cresol i n Urine by Use of the Kinetic Wavelength-pair Method, 1647 Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of the Phenylurea Herbicide Chlortoluron in Water and Biological Fluids, 1699 Monitoring of Hemodialysis Parameters, 959 VALIDATION Validation of an Automatic Urea Analyser Used in the Continuous Monitoring of Hemodialysis Parameters, 959 Use o f Proficiency Tests to Assess the Comparative Performance of Analytical Methods: the Determination of Fat in Foodstuffs, 977 Traceability of Measurements in Chemistry, 1137 VANADIUM Comparison of Chemical Modifiers for the Determination of Vanadium in Water and Oil Samples by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 11 1 Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper, Nickel and Vanadium in Sea-water by High-performance Liquid Chromatography After Extraction and Back-extraction, 325 Lucigenin Immobilized on Silicon Oxides as a Solid-phase Chemiluminescent Reagent, 501 VAPOUR GENERATION Vapour Gencration-Fourier Transform Infrared Direct VEGETABLE Amperometric Determination of L-Malic Acid in a Flow Injection Analysis Manifold Using Packed-bed Enzyme Reactors, 435 Determination of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages, 923 VETERINARY Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Foodstuffs Using Gel Permeation, Polarographic Behaviour of Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, 229 Sulfamethazine and Their Mixtures.Use of Partial Least Squares in the Resolution of the Non-additive Signals of These Compounds, 547 Development of a Tube Enzyme Immunoassay for ‘On-site’ Screening of Urine Samples in the Presence of P-Agonists, 1111 Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sulfamethazine in Animal Tissues using a Methyl/Trimethylsilyl Derivative, 1457 Analysis of Protein-bound Metabolites of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Pig Liver by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 1463 Moxidectin in Bovine Tissues, 1469 Bioanalytical Applications-A Review, 1533 Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Technique for the Determination of Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Derivatization of Ivermectin for VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY Time-resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, 107R Microtitre-plate Enzyme-linked Ligand-Sorbent Assay of Riboflavin VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Evaluation of Anasorb CMS and Comparison With Tenax TA for the Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Outdoor Air by Breakthrough Measurements, 303 What is the Best Sorbent for Pumped Sampling-Thermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds? Experience with the EC Sorbents Project, 1171 Intercomparison of Tube-type Diffusive Sampling for the Determination of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air, 1249 VOLTAMMETRY Determination of Low Concentrations of Nickel and Aluminium in Preparation of Microelectrodes: Comparison of Polishing Procedures Determination of Ethanol in Beer by Flow Injection Dual-pulse Characterization of Carbon Paste Electrodes In Vitro for VITAMIN Bz (Vitamin B,) in Human Plasma and Urine, 333 Membrane Electrolyser Liquors, 75 by Statistical Analysis of Voltammetric Data, 357 Staircase Voltammetric Detection, 369 Simultaneous Amperometric Measurement of Changes in Oxygen and Ascorbic Acid Concentrations In Vivo, 761 Deconvolution of Analytical Peaks by Means of the Fast Hartley Transform, 1015 Electrochemistry of the Nitroprusside Ion.From Mechanistic Studies to Electrochemical Analysis, 1801 Hot-wire Electrodes: Voltammetry Above the Boiling Point, 1805 Over-oxidized Polypyrrole-modified Carbon Fibre Ultramicroelectrode With an Integrated Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrode for the Selective Voltammetric Measurement of Dopamine in Extremely Small Sample Volumes, 1817 Solid-phase Extraction Coupled With Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of the Herbicide Bromofenoxim in Water Samples at Low- and Sub-pg 1-1 Levels, 1839 Interpretation of Speciation Measurements on Labile Metal- Macromolecular Systems by Voltammetric Techniques, 1855 WALL-JET CELL Wall-jet Flow Cell for Stripping Potentiometry, 1851 WATER Continuous-flow Method for the Determination of Phenols at Low Levels in Water and Soil Leachates Using Solid-phase Extraction for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Separation, 1 Existence of Two Basic Sites in Triazolo-l,4-diazepines: Determination of Two pK, Values for a Model Compound in Water, 43 Certified Reference Materials (CRMs 479 and 480) for the Quality Control of Nitrate Determination in Freshwater, 83 Sensitive Determination of Nitrite Using its Catalytic Effect on the Bromate Oxidation of Prochlorperazine, 89 Comparison of Chemical Modifiers for the Determination of Vanadium in Water and Oil Samples by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 11 1 Use of Poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) Plastic Bottles for the Sampling, Transportation and Storage of Potable Water Prior to Mercury Determination, 173 Some Comments on the Determination of Microcystin Toxins in Waters by High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 233 Comparative Study of the Ratio Spectra Derivative and Partial Least Squares Methods Applied to the Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine and Ametryn in Ground Waters, 459 Conditions for Solid-phase Extraction of Agricultural Chemicals in Waters by Using n-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients, 469 Sensing of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Water Using Polymer Coated Mid-infrared Optical Fibres, 78930 ANALYST SUBJECT INDEX VOL.121 (1996) Simultaneous Determination of 60 Pesticides in Water Using Solid- phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 929 Determination of (U1tra)trace Amounts of Antimony(ii1) in Water by Flow Injection On-line Sorption Preconcentration in a Knotted Reactor Coupled With Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 1061 Photolytic Spectroscopic Quantification of Residual Chlorine in Potable Waters, 1075 Separation and Detection of Condensed Phosphates in Waste Waters by Ion Chromatography Coupled With Flow Injection, 1089 Development of a Gas Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid in Natural Waters, 1335 Cross-sections of Spectrochromatograms for the Resolution of Folpet , Procymidone and Triazophos Pesticides in High- performance Liquid Chromatography With Diode-array Detection, 1367 Analytical Performance Testing of an Atrazine Immunoassay System, 1485 Optical Nitrite Sensor Based on a Potential-sensitive Dye and a Nitrite-selective Carrier, 1489 Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(i1) by Its Catalytic Effect on the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 3-Methyl-2- benzothiazolinone Hydrazone With N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3- sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline, 1515 Photochemical-Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Two Pyrethroid Insecticides Using an Anionic Micellar Medium, 1545 Catalytic Determination of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Natural Waters by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry, 1617 Large-volume Injections in Capillary Gas Chromatography Using a Separately Heated Packed Pre-column: Application to Mercury Speciation in Natural Water, 1657 Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of the Phenylurea Herbicide Chlortoluron in Water and Biological Fluids, 1699 Solid-phase Extraction Coupled With Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of the Herbicide Bromofenoxim in Water Samples at Low- and Sub-pg 1-1 Levels, 1839 Determination of Poly(ethy1ene Glyco1)s in Environmental Samples by the Indirect Tensammetric Method, 1897 Determination of Copper(I1) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Flow-through System, 1903 WINDOW FACTOR ANALYSIS Influence of the Method of Calculation of Noise Thresholds on Wavelength Selection in Window Factor Analysis of Diode Array High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 585 WINE Development of a Rotatory and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction Technique for Phenolic Compounds in Wine, 297 Analysis of Ageing and Typification of Vintage Ports by Partial Least Squares and Soft Independent Modelling Class Analogy, 1009 Spectrophotometic Flow Injection Determination of Lead in Port Wine Using In-line Ion-exchange Concentration, 1047 WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines-Part 1.Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection of Monomeric and Polymeric Isocyanates as Their Dibutylamine Derivatives, 1095 Validation of a Diffusive Sampler for the Determination of Acetaldehyde in Air, 1177 Comparative Study of an Inhalable and a Total Dust Sampler for Personal Sampling of Dust and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gas and Particulate Phase, 1191 Measurement Methods and Strategies for Non-infectious Microbial Components in Bioaerosols at the Workplace, 1197 Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds-What Substances Can Be Found in Sick Buildings?, 1203 Investigation into the Impact of Introducing Workplace Aerosol Standards Based on the Inhalable Fraction, 1207 Direct-reading Instrumentation for Workplace Aerosol Measurements-A Review, 1215 Assessment of Particle Size Distributions in Workers’ Aerosol Exposures, 1225 Developments in Workplace Aerosol Sampling-A Review, 1233 Electret-based Passive Dust Sampler: Sampling of Organic Dusts, 1241 Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Use as a Gas Analyser in Industrial Hygiene, 1253 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY Towards the Characterization of Bitumen-Mineral Interactions in a Natural Asphalt, 373 X-RAY MICROANALYSIS Mediaeval Stained Glasses of Pisa Cathedral (Italy): Their Fate of Metals in the Combustion of Industrial Waste Oils, 1731 ZINC Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium in a Composition and Alteration Products, 553 Hydrometallurgical Zinc Refining Process Stream by a Flow- injection Method With On-line Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Detection, 7 Multicomponent Analysis by Flow Injection Using a Partial Least- squares Model.Determination of Copper and Zinc in Serum and Metal Alloys, 169 Electrochemical Studies of Zinc in Zinc-Insulin Solution, 1789 ZIRCONIUM Flow System for Liquid Sample Introduction in Arc/Spark Excitation Sources, 1923 ZOOPLANKTON Discriminative Analysis of Zooplankton Individuals by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Combined With On-line Methylation, 853ANALYST BOOK REVIEW INDEX VOL. 121 (1 996) 3 1 BOOK REVIEWS, 1996 Ackermann, P., Jagerstad, M. and Ohlsson. T. Foods and Packaging Adamovics, J. A. Analysis of Addictive and Misused Drugs, 94N Adams, R. N. see Boulton, A. A., Baker, G. B. and Adams, R.N. Altria, K. D. Capillary Electrophoresis Guidebook. Principles, Ash, I. see Ash, M. and Ash, I. Ash, M. and Ash, I. Handbook of Food Additives + Demodisk, 59N Aylward, G. and Findlay, T. SI Chemical Data. 3rd Edition, 17N Baker, G. B. see Boulton, A. A., Baker, G. B. and Adams, R. N. Bell, A. T. and Pines, A. NMR Techniques in Catalysis, 14SN Belton, P. S., Delgadillo, I., Gil, A. M. and Webb, G. A. Magnetic Berger, T. A. Packed Column SFC, 98N Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C., Smith, H. and Watkins, J. Protozoan Parasites and Water, 74N Boulos, M. I., Fauchais, P. and Pfender, E. Thermal Plasmas. Fundamentals and Applications. Volume 1, 5N Boulton, A. A., Baker, G. B. and Adams, R. N. Voltammetric Methods in Brain Systems, 60N Braithwaite, A. and Smith, F.J. Chromatographic Methods. Fifth Edition, 11SN British Pharmacopoeia Commission, British Approved Names. 1994. A Dictionary of Drug Names for Regulatory Use in the UK, 58N Volume 36, 146N Supercritical Fluids and the Application to Separation Processes, S7N Budevski, E., Staikov, G. and Lorenz, W. J. Electrochemical Phase Formation and Growth. An Introduction to the Initial Stages of Metal Deposition, 169N Burgess, C. and Jones, D. G. Spectrophotometry, Luminescence and Colour: Science and Compliance, 97N Burlingame, A. L. and Carr, S. A. Mass Spectrometry in the Biological Sciences, 130N Campbell, A. K., Kricka, L. J. and Stanley, P. E. Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. Fundamentals and Applied Aspects, 17N Campbell, J. L. see Johansson, S. A.W., Campbell, J. L. and Malmqvist, K. G. Canet, D. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Concepts and Methods, I69N Carr, S. A. see Burlingame, A. L. and Carr, S. A. Caruso, J. A. see Evans, E. H., Giglio, J. J., Castillano, T. M. and Casemoroe, D. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C., Smith, Castillano, T. M. see Evans, E. H., Giglio, J. J., Castillano, T. M. Cognitive Solutions Ltd. AAS Softbook, 143N Cognitive Solutions Ltd. GC Softbook, 73N Cognitive Solutions Ltd. HPLC Softbook, 57N Cognitive Solutions Ltd. ICP Softbook, 73N Crosby, N. T. and Patel, I. General Principles of Good Sampling Crow, D. R. Principles and Applications of Electrochemistry, 17N Dammann, V. see Funk, W., Dammann, V. and Donnevert, G. Delgadillo, I. see Belton, P. S., Delgadillo, I., Gil, A.M. and Webb, Dickinson, E. New Physico-Chemical Techniques for the Donnevert, G. see Funk, W., Dammann, V. and Donnevert, G. Einax, J. Chemometrics in Environmental Chemistry. Applications, Evans, E. H., Giglio, J. J., Castillano, T. M. and Caruso, J. A. Materials-Chemical Interactions, 6 1 N Operation, and Applications, 75N Resonance in Food Science, 97N Brown, P. R. and Grushka, E. Advances in Chromatography. Brunner, G. Gas Extraction. An Introduction to Fundamentals of Caruso, J. A. H. and Watkins, J. and Caruso, J. A. Practice, 73N G. A. Characterization of Complex Food Systems, 27N 76N Inductively Coupled and Microwave Induced Plasma Sources for Mass Spectrometry, 93N Fang, Z. Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 98N Farago, M. E. Plants and the Chemical Elements, 5N Fauchais, P.see Boulos, M. I., Fauchais, P. and Pfender, E. Findlay, T. see Aylward, G. and Findlay, T. Foster, N. R. see Hutchenson, K. W. and Foster, N. R. Fricker, C. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C., Smith, H. Funk, W., Dammann, V. and Donnevert, G. Quality Assurance in George, W. 0. and Steele, D. Computing Applications in Molecular Gerischer, H. and Tobias, C. W. Advances in Electrochemical Giglio, J. J. see Evans, E. H., Giglio, J. J., Castillano, T. M. and Gil, A. M. see Belton, P. S., Delgadillo, I., Gil, A. M. and Webb, G. A. Gilmore, G. and Hemingway, J. Practical Gamma-ray Spectrometry, Gordon, M. H. see Tyman, J. H. P. and Gordon, M. H. Gorog, S. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Gower, D.B. see Makin, H. L. J., Gower, D. B. and Kirk, D. N. Grant, D. M. and Harris, R. K. Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Volume 1. Historical Perspectives, 146N Grob, K. Split and Splitless Injection in Capillary GC, 6N Grob, R. L. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography. Third Edition, Grushka, E. see Brown, P. R. and Grushka, E. Harris, R. K. see Grant, D. M. and Harris, R. K. Hawthorne, J. N. see Hemming, F. W. and Hawthorne, J. N. Heaton, A. An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry. Third Edition, Heineman, W. R. see Kissinger, P. T. and Heineman, W. R. Hemingway, J. see Gilmore, G. and Hemingway, J. Hemming, F. W. and Hawthorne, J. N. Lipid Analysis, 131N Hollas, J. M. and Phillips, D. Jet Spectroscopy and Molecular Humecki, H. J. Practical Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy, 41 N Hutchenson, K. W.and Foster, N. R. Innovations in Supercritical IAEA, Nuclear Techniques in Soil-Plant Studies for Sustainable ICUMSA, International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Iwayanagi, T. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Jagerstad, M. see Ackermann, P., Jagerstad, M. and Ohlsson, T. Johansson, S. A. E., Campbell, J. L. and Malmqvist, K. G. Particle-Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE), 9SN Jones, D. G. see Burgess C. and Jones, D. G. Kaye, B. H. Science and the Detective, SN Kirk, D. N. see Makin, H. L. J., Gower, D. B. and Kirk, D. N. Kissinger, P. T. and Heineman, W. R. Laboratory Techniques in Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thompson, D. T. Universities Kouimitzis, T. and Samara, C.Airborne Particulate Matter, 74N Kowalski, B. R. see McLennan, F. and Kowalski, B. R. Kricka, L. J. see Campbell, A. K., Kricka, L. J. and Stanley, P. E. Kurtz, D. A., Skerritt, J. H. and Stanker, L. H. New Frontiers in Lederer, M. Chromatography for Inorganic Chemistry, 1 16N Leigh, I. E. see Pesek, J. J. and Leigh, I. E. Lewi, P. J. see Massart, D. L. and Lewi, P. J. Lorenz, W. J. see Budevski, E., Staikov, G. and Lorenz, W. J. Lough, W. J. see Wainer, I. W. and Lough, W. J. MacDonald, S. A. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K.. MacDonald, S. A., and Watkins, J. Analytical Chemistry, 42N Spectroscopy, 95N Science and Engineering. Volume 4, 76N Caruso, J. A. 144N Analysis, 116N 169N 97N Dynamics, S8N Fluids: Science and Technology, 1S5N Agriculture and Environmental Preservation, 27N Analysis, 14SN Iwayanagi, T.and Nishikubo, T. Electroanalytical Chemistry. Second Edition, 96N and Industrial Research, 60N Agrochemical Immunoassay , 1 SSN Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T.32 ANALYST BOOK REVIEW INDEX VOL. 12 I (1 996) Makin, H. L. J., Gower, D. B. and Kirk, D. N. Steroid Analysis, Malmqvist K. G. see Johansson, S. A. E., Campbell, J. L. and Manz, J. and Woste, L. Femtosecond Chemistry. Volumes 1 and 2, Marcus, Y. see Marinsky, J. A. and Marcus, Y. Marinsky, J. A. and Marcus, Y. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, 25N Massart, D. L. and Lewi, P. J. Principal Components Video Course, 129N McLennan, F. and Kowalski, B. R. Process Analytical Chemistry, 59N Michl, J. and Thulstrup, E. W. Spectroscopy with Polarized Light. Solute Alignment by Photoselection in Liquid Crystals, Polymers and Membranes, 13 1 N 99N Malmqvist, K.G. 44N Morgan, E. Chemometrics: Experimental Design, 75N Mulchandai, A. see Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W. Nishikubo, T. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Ober, C. K. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Ohlsson, T. see Ackermann, P., Jagerstad, M. and Ohlsson, T. Patel, I. see Crosby, N. T. and Patel, I. Paulik, F. Special Trends in Thermal Analysis, 157N Perkampus, H. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy, 28N Pesek, J. J. and Leigh, I. E. Chemically Modified Surfaces, 43N Pfender, E. see Boulos, M. I., Fauchais, P. and Pfender, E. Phillips, D. see Hollas, J. M. and Phillips, D. Pines, A. see Bell, A. T. and Pines, A. Prichard, E.Quality in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, 4 I N Purchase, R. The Laboratory Environment, 45N Quinn, C. P. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thompson, D. T. Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Microelectronics Technology. Polymers for Advanced Imaging and Packaging, 170N Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W. Biosensor and Chemical Sensor Technology. Process Monitoring and Control, 1 1SN Rood, D. A Practical Guide to the Care, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting of Capillary Gas Chromatographic Systems. Second Edition, 57N Rothe, G. M. Electrophoresis of Enzymes: Laboratory Methods, 26N Sachs, K. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thompson, D. T. Samara, C. see Kouimtzis, T. and Samara, C. Iwayanagi, T.and Nishikubo, T. Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Schrader, B. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. Methods and Scott, R. P. W. Techniques and Practice of Chromatography, 42N Seivers, R. E. Selective Detectors. Environmental, Industrial, and Skerritt, J. H. see Kurtz, D. A., Skerritt. J. H. and Stanker, L. H. Smith, F. J. see Braithwaite, A. and Smith, F. J. Smith, H. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C., Smith, H. and Southgate, D. A. T. Dietary Fibre Analysis, 130N Staikov, G. see Budevski, E., Staikov, G. and Lorenz, W. J. Stanker, L. H. see Kurtz, D. A., Skerritt, J. H. and Stanker, L. H. Stanley, P. E. see Campbell, A. K., Kricka, L. J. and Stanley, P. E. Steele, D. see George, W. 0. and Steele, D. Stuart, B. Modern Infrared Spectroscopy, 144N Subramanian, G.A Practical Approach to Chiral Separations by Svehla, G. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. Seventh Edition, Taylor, L. T. Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 155N Thompson, D. T. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thulstrup, E. W. see Michl, J. and Thulstrup, E. W. Tobias, C. W. see Gerischer, H. and Tobias, C. W. Tsuda, T. Electric Field Applications in Chromatography, Industrial Tyman, J. H. P. and Gordon, M. H. Developments in the Analysis of Vincent, J. H. Aerosol Science for Industrial Hygienists, 115N Wainer, I. W. and Lough, W. J. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Fundamental Principles and Practice, 129N Wampler, T. P. Applied Pyrolysis Handbook, 43N Watkins, J. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C . , Smith, H. and Watson, C. Official and Standardized Methods of Analysis.Third Webb, G. A. see Belton, P. S., Delgadillo, I., Gil, A. M. and Webb, G. Weinberg, S. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Second Edition, Woste, L. see Manz, J. and Woste, L. Wu, C. Handbook of Size Exclusion Chromatography, 7SN York University I. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry; 11. Thermogravimetric Analysis and Evolved Gas Analysis; 111. Thermochemical Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. Thermal Analysis Video Series, 93N Applications, 26N Biomedical Applications, 143N Watkins, J. Liquid Chromatography, 156N 96N Thompson, D. T. and Chemical Processes, 156N Lipids, 28N Watkins, J. Edition, 44N A. 94N Zhou, W. see Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W.32 ANALYST BOOK REVIEW INDEX VOL. 12 I (1 996) Makin, H. L. J., Gower, D. B. and Kirk, D. N. Steroid Analysis, Malmqvist K. G. see Johansson, S. A. E., Campbell, J. L. and Manz, J. and Woste, L. Femtosecond Chemistry. Volumes 1 and 2, Marcus, Y. see Marinsky, J. A. and Marcus, Y. Marinsky, J. A. and Marcus, Y. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, 25N Massart, D. L. and Lewi, P. J. Principal Components Video Course, 129N McLennan, F. and Kowalski, B. R. Process Analytical Chemistry, 59N Michl, J. and Thulstrup, E. W. Spectroscopy with Polarized Light. Solute Alignment by Photoselection in Liquid Crystals, Polymers and Membranes, 13 1 N 99N Malmqvist, K. G. 44N Morgan, E. Chemometrics: Experimental Design, 75N Mulchandai, A. see Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W. Nishikubo, T. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Ober, C. K. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Ohlsson, T. see Ackermann, P., Jagerstad, M. and Ohlsson, T. Patel, I. see Crosby, N. T. and Patel, I. Paulik, F. Special Trends in Thermal Analysis, 157N Perkampus, H. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy, 28N Pesek, J. J. and Leigh, I. E. Chemically Modified Surfaces, 43N Pfender, E. see Boulos, M. I., Fauchais, P. and Pfender, E. Phillips, D. see Hollas, J. M. and Phillips, D. Pines, A. see Bell, A. T. and Pines, A. Prichard, E. Quality in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, 4 I N Purchase, R. The Laboratory Environment, 45N Quinn, C. P. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thompson, D. T. Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Microelectronics Technology. Polymers for Advanced Imaging and Packaging, 170N Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W. Biosensor and Chemical Sensor Technology. Process Monitoring and Control, 1 1SN Rood, D. A Practical Guide to the Care, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting of Capillary Gas Chromatographic Systems. Second Edition, 57N Rothe, G. M. Electrophoresis of Enzymes: Laboratory Methods, 26N Sachs, K. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thompson, D. T. Samara, C. see Kouimtzis, T. and Samara, C. Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Schrader, B. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. Methods and Scott, R. P. W. Techniques and Practice of Chromatography, 42N Seivers, R. E. Selective Detectors. Environmental, Industrial, and Skerritt, J. H. see Kurtz, D. A., Skerritt. J. H. and Stanker, L. H. Smith, F. J. see Braithwaite, A. and Smith, F. J. Smith, H. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C., Smith, H. and Southgate, D. A. T. Dietary Fibre Analysis, 130N Staikov, G. see Budevski, E., Staikov, G. and Lorenz, W. J. Stanker, L. H. see Kurtz, D. A., Skerritt, J. H. and Stanker, L. H. Stanley, P. E. see Campbell, A. K., Kricka, L. J. and Stanley, P. E. Steele, D. see George, W. 0. and Steele, D. Stuart, B. Modern Infrared Spectroscopy, 144N Subramanian, G. A Practical Approach to Chiral Separations by Svehla, G. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. Seventh Edition, Taylor, L. T. Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 155N Thompson, D. T. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thulstrup, E. W. see Michl, J. and Thulstrup, E. W. Tobias, C. W. see Gerischer, H. and Tobias, C. W. Tsuda, T. Electric Field Applications in Chromatography, Industrial Tyman, J. H. P. and Gordon, M. H. Developments in the Analysis of Vincent, J. H. Aerosol Science for Industrial Hygienists, 115N Wainer, I. W. and Lough, W. J. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Fundamental Principles and Practice, 129N Wampler, T. P. Applied Pyrolysis Handbook, 43N Watkins, J. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C . , Smith, H. and Watson, C. Official and Standardized Methods of Analysis. Third Webb, G. A. see Belton, P. S., Delgadillo, I., Gil, A. M. and Webb, G. Weinberg, S. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Second Edition, Woste, L. see Manz, J. and Woste, L. Wu, C. Handbook of Size Exclusion Chromatography, 7SN York University I. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry; 11. Thermogravimetric Analysis and Evolved Gas Analysis; 111. Thermochemical Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. Thermal Analysis Video Series, 93N Applications, 26N Biomedical Applications, 143N Watkins, J. Liquid Chromatography, 156N 96N Thompson, D. T. and Chemical Processes, 156N Lipids, 28N Watkins, J. Edition, 44N A. 94N Zhou, W. see Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W.32 ANALYST BOOK REVIEW INDEX VOL. 12 I (1 996) Makin, H. L. J., Gower, D. B. and Kirk, D. N. Steroid Analysis, Malmqvist K. G. see Johansson, S. A. E., Campbell, J. L. and Manz, J. and Woste, L. Femtosecond Chemistry. Volumes 1 and 2, Marcus, Y. see Marinsky, J. A. and Marcus, Y. Marinsky, J. A. and Marcus, Y. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, 25N Massart, D. L. and Lewi, P. J. Principal Components Video Course, 129N McLennan, F. and Kowalski, B. R. Process Analytical Chemistry, 59N Michl, J. and Thulstrup, E. W. Spectroscopy with Polarized Light. Solute Alignment by Photoselection in Liquid Crystals, Polymers and Membranes, 13 1 N 99N Malmqvist, K. G. 44N Morgan, E. Chemometrics: Experimental Design, 75N Mulchandai, A. see Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W. Nishikubo, T. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Ober, C. K. see Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Ohlsson, T. see Ackermann, P., Jagerstad, M. and Ohlsson, T. Patel, I. see Crosby, N. T. and Patel, I. Paulik, F. Special Trends in Thermal Analysis, 157N Perkampus, H. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy, 28N Pesek, J. J. and Leigh, I. E. Chemically Modified Surfaces, 43N Pfender, E. see Boulos, M. I., Fauchais, P. and Pfender, E. Phillips, D. see Hollas, J. M. and Phillips, D. Pines, A. see Bell, A. T. and Pines, A. Prichard, E. Quality in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, 4 I N Purchase, R. The Laboratory Environment, 45N Quinn, C. P. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thompson, D. T. Reichmanis, E., Ober, C. K., MacDonald, S. A., Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Microelectronics Technology. Polymers for Advanced Imaging and Packaging, 170N Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W. Biosensor and Chemical Sensor Technology. Process Monitoring and Control, 1 1SN Rood, D. A Practical Guide to the Care, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting of Capillary Gas Chromatographic Systems. Second Edition, 57N Rothe, G. M. Electrophoresis of Enzymes: Laboratory Methods, 26N Sachs, K. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thompson, D. T. Samara, C. see Kouimtzis, T. and Samara, C. Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Iwayanagi, T. and Nishikubo, T. Schrader, B. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. Methods and Scott, R. P. W. Techniques and Practice of Chromatography, 42N Seivers, R. E. Selective Detectors. Environmental, Industrial, and Skerritt, J. H. see Kurtz, D. A., Skerritt. J. H. and Stanker, L. H. Smith, F. J. see Braithwaite, A. and Smith, F. J. Smith, H. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C., Smith, H. and Southgate, D. A. T. Dietary Fibre Analysis, 130N Staikov, G. see Budevski, E., Staikov, G. and Lorenz, W. J. Stanker, L. H. see Kurtz, D. A., Skerritt, J. H. and Stanker, L. H. Stanley, P. E. see Campbell, A. K., Kricka, L. J. and Stanley, P. E. Steele, D. see George, W. 0. and Steele, D. Stuart, B. Modern Infrared Spectroscopy, 144N Subramanian, G. A Practical Approach to Chiral Separations by Svehla, G. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. Seventh Edition, Taylor, L. T. Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 155N Thompson, D. T. see Konecny, E., Quinn, C. P., Sachs, K. and Thulstrup, E. W. see Michl, J. and Thulstrup, E. W. Tobias, C. W. see Gerischer, H. and Tobias, C. W. Tsuda, T. Electric Field Applications in Chromatography, Industrial Tyman, J. H. P. and Gordon, M. H. Developments in the Analysis of Vincent, J. H. Aerosol Science for Industrial Hygienists, 115N Wainer, I. W. and Lough, W. J. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Fundamental Principles and Practice, 129N Wampler, T. P. Applied Pyrolysis Handbook, 43N Watkins, J. see Betts, W. B., Casemoroe, D., Fricker, C . , Smith, H. and Watson, C. Official and Standardized Methods of Analysis. Third Webb, G. A. see Belton, P. S., Delgadillo, I., Gil, A. M. and Webb, G. Weinberg, S. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Second Edition, Woste, L. see Manz, J. and Woste, L. Wu, C. Handbook of Size Exclusion Chromatography, 7SN York University I. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry; 11. Thermogravimetric Analysis and Evolved Gas Analysis; 111. Thermochemical Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. Thermal Analysis Video Series, 93N Applications, 26N Biomedical Applications, 143N Watkins, J. Liquid Chromatography, 156N 96N Thompson, D. T. and Chemical Processes, 156N Lipids, 28N Watkins, J. Edition, 44N A. 94N Zhou, W. see Rogers, K. R., Mulchandai, A. and Zhou, W.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BA001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BP019

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621FX025

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

GEOANALYSIS 97 3rd International Conference on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials 1-5 June 1997 Vail Cascade Hotel & Club, Vail, Colorado USA The 3rd International Symposium on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials will be held in the Colorado Rockies. The meeting provides an opportunity for analytical chemists, spectroscopists, and hydrologists working in the geosciences to: (1) share specifics of their analytical techniques with others in their field, (2) explore measurement problems that currently limit usehlness of their data in specific studies, and (3) learn more about the geoscience research applications of their data. topical geoscience investigations that make use of the analytical data rather than around individual analytical techniques.The focus of contributed papers should be the analytical methods themselves, any measurement problems that recently have been or still need to be solved to make the data most suitable for use, and procedures used to assure data quality. of analytical chemistry: Most sessions are being organized around the Contributed papers include the following areas Technical Sessions Poster Sessions Analyses supporting: > Geostandards > Climate Change Studies P Quality Assurance/ > Environmental Monitoring Quality Control + Mine-site Reclamation > Sampling > Mineral Exploration *Analyses using: > Ore Genesis NAA + Geochronology ICP-MS P Petrogenesis XRF > Elemental Speciation ICP-AES + Aqueous Geochemistry Microprobe Specialty Methods For information, please contact the General Chair: Belinda Arbogast, U.S.Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 e-mail: geo97@helios.cr.usgs.gov Tel.: 303-236-2495 Fax: 303-236-3200 Participation in the symposium is open to analysts and laboratory managers in all fields of the geosciences, and to other interested scientists who use analytical laboratory data routinelyin perfbrmingtheirown investigations.Theq$tmtio~ fee will cover the Ml cost of attendance, including sessions and special events, coffee breaks, meals and l+ng, Book o Abstracts, and the symposium proceedings volume to be published as a special issue of TheAnalyst. Response Card Please send me hture announcements and informa- tion about the GEOANALYSIS 97 Symposium. Name: 0 rgan iza t io n : Address: Postal Country: Code: Tel.: Fax: k-mail: +ti+ Current Sponsors +t+ Sustaining Sponsor: Contributors: ACTLABS, INC.ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ASSOCIATES GEOANALYSIS 94 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Organized and Cosponsored by the United States Geological SurveyGEOANALYSIS 97 3rd International Conference on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials 1-5 June 1997 Vail Cascade Hotel & Club, Vail, Colorado USA The 3rd International Symposium on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials will be held in the Colorado Rockies. The meeting provides an opportunity for analytical chemists, spectroscopists, and hydrologists working in the geosciences to: (1) share specifics of their analytical techniques with others in their field, (2) explore measurement problems that currently limit usehlness of their data in specific studies, and (3) learn more about the geoscience research applications of their data.topical geoscience investigations that make use of the analytical data rather than around individual analytical techniques. The focus of contributed papers should be the analytical methods themselves, any measurement problems that recently have been or still need to be solved to make the data most suitable for use, and procedures used to assure data quality. of analytical chemistry: Most sessions are being organized around the Contributed papers include the following areas Technical Sessions Poster Sessions Analyses supporting: > Geostandards > Climate Change Studies P Quality Assurance/ > Environmental Monitoring Quality Control + Mine-site Reclamation > Sampling > Mineral Exploration *Analyses using: > Ore Genesis NAA + Geochronology ICP-MS P Petrogenesis XRF > Elemental Speciation ICP-AES + Aqueous Geochemistry Microprobe Specialty Methods For information, please contact the General Chair: Belinda Arbogast, U.S.Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 e-mail: geo97@helios.cr.usgs.gov Tel.: 303-236-2495 Fax: 303-236-3200 Participation in the symposium is open to analysts and laboratory managers in all fields of the geosciences, and to other interested scientists who use analytical laboratory data routinelyin perfbrmingtheirown investigations.Theq$tmtio~ fee will cover the Ml cost of attendance, including sessions and special events, coffee breaks, meals and l+ng, Book o Abstracts, and the symposium proceedings volume to be published as a special issue of TheAnalyst.Response Card Please send me hture announcements and informa- tion about the GEOANALYSIS 97 Symposium. Name: 0 rgan iza t io n : Address: Postal Country: Code: Tel.: Fax: k-mail: +ti+ Current Sponsors +t+ Sustaining Sponsor: Contributors: ACTLABS, INC. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ASSOCIATES GEOANALYSIS 94 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Organized and Cosponsored by the United States Geological SurveyGEOANALYSIS 97 3rd International Conference on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials 1-5 June 1997 Vail Cascade Hotel & Club, Vail, Colorado USA The 3rd International Symposium on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials will be held in the Colorado Rockies.The meeting provides an opportunity for analytical chemists, spectroscopists, and hydrologists working in the geosciences to: (1) share specifics of their analytical techniques with others in their field, (2) explore measurement problems that currently limit usehlness of their data in specific studies, and (3) learn more about the geoscience research applications of their data. topical geoscience investigations that make use of the analytical data rather than around individual analytical techniques. The focus of contributed papers should be the analytical methods themselves, any measurement problems that recently have been or still need to be solved to make the data most suitable for use, and procedures used to assure data quality.of analytical chemistry: Most sessions are being organized around the Contributed papers include the following areas Technical Sessions Poster Sessions Analyses supporting: > Geostandards > Climate Change Studies P Quality Assurance/ > Environmental Monitoring Quality Control + Mine-site Reclamation > Sampling > Mineral Exploration *Analyses using: > Ore Genesis NAA + Geochronology ICP-MS P Petrogenesis XRF > Elemental Speciation ICP-AES + Aqueous Geochemistry Microprobe Specialty Methods For information, please contact the General Chair: Belinda Arbogast, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 e-mail: geo97@helios.cr.usgs.gov Tel.: 303-236-2495 Fax: 303-236-3200 Participation in the symposium is open to analysts and laboratory managers in all fields of the geosciences, and to other interested scientists who use analytical laboratory data routinelyin perfbrmingtheirown investigations.Theq$tmtio~ fee will cover the Ml cost of attendance, including sessions and special events, coffee breaks, meals and l+ng, Book o Abstracts, and the symposium proceedings volume to be published as a special issue of TheAnalyst.Response Card Please send me hture announcements and informa- tion about the GEOANALYSIS 97 Symposium. Name: 0 rgan iza t io n : Address: Postal Country: Code: Tel.: Fax: k-mail: +ti+ Current Sponsors +t+ Sustaining Sponsor: Contributors: ACTLABS, INC. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ASSOCIATES GEOANALYSIS 94 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Organized and Cosponsored by the United States Geological SurveyGEOANALYSIS 97 3rd International Conference on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials 1-5 June 1997 Vail Cascade Hotel & Club, Vail, Colorado USA The 3rd International Symposium on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials will be held in the Colorado Rockies.The meeting provides an opportunity for analytical chemists, spectroscopists, and hydrologists working in the geosciences to: (1) share specifics of their analytical techniques with others in their field, (2) explore measurement problems that currently limit usehlness of their data in specific studies, and (3) learn more about the geoscience research applications of their data.topical geoscience investigations that make use of the analytical data rather than around individual analytical techniques. The focus of contributed papers should be the analytical methods themselves, any measurement problems that recently have been or still need to be solved to make the data most suitable for use, and procedures used to assure data quality. of analytical chemistry: Most sessions are being organized around the Contributed papers include the following areas Technical Sessions Poster Sessions Analyses supporting: > Geostandards > Climate Change Studies P Quality Assurance/ > Environmental Monitoring Quality Control + Mine-site Reclamation > Sampling > Mineral Exploration *Analyses using: > Ore Genesis NAA + Geochronology ICP-MS P Petrogenesis XRF > Elemental Speciation ICP-AES + Aqueous Geochemistry Microprobe Specialty Methods For information, please contact the General Chair: Belinda Arbogast, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 e-mail: geo97@helios.cr.usgs.gov Tel.: 303-236-2495 Fax: 303-236-3200 Participation in the symposium is open to analysts and laboratory managers in all fields of the geosciences, and to other interested scientists who use analytical laboratory data routinelyin perfbrmingtheirown investigations.Theq$tmtio~ fee will cover the Ml cost of attendance, including sessions and special events, coffee breaks, meals and l+ng, Book o Abstracts, and the symposium proceedings volume to be published as a special issue of TheAnalyst. Response Card Please send me hture announcements and informa- tion about the GEOANALYSIS 97 Symposium. Name: 0 rgan iza t io n : Address: Postal Country: Code: Tel.: Fax: k-mail: +ti+ Current Sponsors +t+ Sustaining Sponsor: Contributors: ACTLABS, INC. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ASSOCIATES GEOANALYSIS 94 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Organized and Cosponsored by the United States Geological Survey

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210X027

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BX031

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 (65R-76R) 6SR Tutorial Review Future Prospects for the Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Using Micro-column L i q u id C h r o mat o g rap h y- E I ec t r 0s p ray Ta n d e m Mass Spectrometry John R. Yates, 111, Ashley L. McCormack, Andrew J. Link, David Schieltz, Jimmy Eng and Lara Hays Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7730, USA. E-mail: jyates@u.washington.edu An overview is provided of methods for the study of complex biological processes by using micro-column liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Procedures discussed include electrospray ionization, micro-column liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectra data interpretation for peptides, and database searching with mass spectral data.Several problems in immunology are discussed to illustrate this approach. Keywords: Tandem mass spectrometry; database; peptide; protein; electrospray; review Introduction Recent advances in MS have created new technological capabilities with application to the study of peptides and proteins involved in biological processes. These advances have allowed new approaches to be created for the study of complex biological processes such as antigen presentation in cells of the immune system. The study of these processes by MS is greatly facilitated by the information produced through whole genome sequence analysis and large-scale DNA sequencing. Complete genomic analysis of organisms is creating sequence infra- structures that make the study of biochemical and physiological processes more straightforward.In the near future the sequence for the human genome2 and for several complex model organisms (C. elegans, D. melanogaster, S . cerevisiae, E. coli, etc.) will be available. In fact, a large number of partial gene sequences (EST) are already available.3-6 Complete genome sequences for the bacteria, Haemophilus injluenzae and Myco- plasma genitalium, have recently been completed.7.8 These model organisms will serve as experimental systems to study prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell biology, cell differentiation and developmental biology. The information derived from genome sequences will not alter the need for protein biochemistry and analysis, but shift the emphasis from the arduous task of primary sequence determination to identifying the functions, structure and regulation of each gene product.Whole genome sequencing efforts will have a major impact on our under- standing of biology and physiology and will increase the importance of protein analytical chemistry. Protein Structure The synthesis of proteins in organisms starts by transcription of the DNA sequences to messenger RNA (mRNA). In eukaryotic organisms mRNA is processed to remove introns and is then translated on the ribosomal complex to synthesize the protein. Proteins consist of various numbers of some 20 different amino acids covalently linked by amide bonds to form linear heteropolymers. The polypeptide backbone has a repeating mass of 56 u with the side chains of each amino acids contributing masses from 1 to 130 u (Table 1).A variety of molecular entries constitute the side chain groups and each contribute to the rich chemical diversity inherent in protein structure. After translation, proteins can undergo a wide variety of modifications ranging from proteolytic processing to cova- lent modification before becoming functional.9 An active enzyme may consist of multiple sub-units derived from different genes or be derived from one gene with subsequent processing into two or more protein sub-units. Key elements of control and regulation of biological processes are post- translational covalent modifications. Which amino acid resi- dues in a protein sequence are actually modified is not directly encoded in the genome.Furthermore, it is estimated that at least 1000 kinases exist in the human genome, indicating phosphor- ylation, one form of covalent modification that is a common mechanism for the transmission of signals and control of enzyme activation. 10 In a biological study the goal is to identify the functional elements involved in a process. In the near future this will involve correlating the sequence of proteins observed in a process to genomic sequence information contained in the databases. Following identification, the covalent modifications involved in regulation of the pathway would be determined. Mass spectrometry is poised to play a large role in both the identification of gene products and covalent modifications. Quadrupole MS One of the most common types of mass spectrometer is based on the quadrupole mass filter.Mass separation is achieved by establishing an electric field in which ions of a certain mass-to- charge ratio (mlz) have stable trajectories through the field. The electric fields are created by placing a dc voltage and an oscillating voltage (ac voltage at rf frequencies) on the four metal quadrupole rods with adjacent rods having opposite polarity. Ions introduced into the mass analyser spiral down the66R Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 centre of the quadrupoles. By increasing the magnitude of the dc and rf voltages while maintaining an appropriate dc-to-rf ratio, stable trajectories are created for ions of increasing m/z. Mass resolution is dependent on the number of rf cycles an ion spends in the field.The more cycles an ion undergoes, however, the lower the ion transmission and the greater the loss of ions at the selected m/z. The mass filtering effect of quadrupoles can be viewed as a separation process. By coupling quadrupole mass filters together, a powerful approach for structural analysis can be created. By placing a reaction region such as a collision cell filled with a neutral, inert gas between the two quadrupoles ions can be dissociated to obtain structural information. Typically, an enclosed quadrupole mass filter operated with a dc voltage on the rods functions as a collision cell. Under these conditions all ions above a set mass value are focused through the collision cell. By raising the gas pressure to a level that permits multiple ~ ~~~ Table 1 Single and three-letter designations are given for amino acid residues along with the average chemical and monoisotopic mass.The sites of cleavage along the peptide backbone to form b- and y-type ions are given at the bottom of the table Single Amino acid letter Alanine A Serine S Proline P Valine V Threonine T Leucine L Isoleucine I Glycine G Cysteine C Asparagine N Aspartic acid D Glutamine Q Lysine K Glutamic acid E Methionine M Histidine H Phenylalanine F Arginine R Tyrosine Y Tryptophan W Carboxymethyl cystine C Three- letter code Ala Ser Pro V a1 Thr Leu Ile Asn ASP Gln LYS Glu Met His Phe Cmc GlY CYS Arg TYr Trp Average mass 57.05 1 7 1.078 87.078 97.116 99.133 10 1.105 103.139 113.159 113.159 114.147 115.089 128.131 128.174 129.116 131.193 137.141 147.177 156.188 161.176 163.176 186.2 13 Mono- isotopic mass 57.021 7 1.037 87.032 97.052 99.068 101.048 103.009 1 13.084 1 13.084 114.079 115.027 128.059 128.095 129.043 131.041 137.059 147.068 156.101 161.015 163.063 186.079 ,“Hn+ Sheath Liquid collisions in the Ela,, range of 10-40 eV, ions undergo many low-energy collisions in a short time-frame and become sufficiently activated to fragment.The principle benefit of a quadrupole collision cell is the ability to re-focus ions scattered by collision with the neutral gas. The m/z values of dissociation products are then measured in the second mass analyser. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments allow the structure of ions to be determined by fragmenting bonds within the ion. For the study of peptides, the CID process cleaves primarily at amide bonds to produce sequence-specific frag- mentation.1 LC Electrospray Ionization and Micro-column LC-MS Mass spectrometers measure m/z values of ions. For this process to occur molecules must be ionized and in the gas phase. The creation of gas phase ions from polar or charged solution phase molecules such as peptides and proteins requires overcoming significant energy barriers without fragmentation or pyrolysis of the ions. A significant advance in MS has been the development of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques (APT, e.g., electrospray, ion spray, pneumatically assisted electrospray) to create gas phase ions from biomolecules. More importantly, the work of Wong et al.12 showed that the ions produced in the electrospray process were multiply charged.A practical consequence of multiple charging is the ability to measure the m/z values of large ions using mass spectrometers of limited mass range making the technique well suited for the analysis of peptides and proteins. Studies employing peptides and proteins sparked immediate interest in the technique leading to the development of new approaches for the analysis of biomolecules. Excellent reviews on the subject of electrospray ionization and its use for the analysis of peptides and proteins have appeared. 13-16 Electrospray ionization results when a potential is applied to a liquid flowing from a sample capillary. Shown in Fig. 1 is a generalized apparatus for electrospray ionization. As the liquid leaves the sample capillary, a fine mist of small droplets containing the analyte is created.The droplets migrate towards an opening in the mass spectrometer where they must be desolvated to produce ions for mass analysis. This desolvation process usually requires some form of heat or energy. In Fig. 1 the entrance to the mass spectrometer is a heated capillary that desolvates ions as they traverse the length of the capillary ( = 10 cm). As the ions exit the heated capillary into a lower pressure region they are focused by a tube lens to a skimmer and then into the mass analyser. Refinement of the electrospray process achieved the long sought after goal of a robust integration of LC with MS making possible the use of chromatographic columns of many different diameters, and thus flow rates.17 For most studies of peptides and proteins the low flow rates produced by using smaller diameter columns ( < 1 mm) offer the best sensitivity of analysis.Low flow rates decrease the elution volume of the peptides and hence increase the concentration of Sheath Gas Fig. 1 Generalized apparatus €or electrospray ionization. A fused silica micro-column or transfer line is inserted into the central tube to deliver the analyte to the tip of the apparatus. Sheath liquid, when required, flows around the fused silica column. The sheath gas flows concentrically around the exit tube and can be used to stabilize and direct the electrospray.Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 67R the analyte exiting the column to the detector. Griffin and co- workers18.19 and Wahl et a1.20 noted an increase in sensitivity associated with a decrease in flow rate with separations on small diameter columns.Fig. 2 shows the analysis of 10 fmol of rat cytochrome c on a 50 pm packed capillary column at a flow rate of approximately 50 nl min-1. Infusion experiments can also benefit from a decrease in flow rate, but can suffer from A. Base Peak Protein \ I 6. 400 600 Scan Number 200 '0°1 1 1 0 0 0 7 > 5 0 0 12000 1 2 6 0 0 40 20 600 800 1000 m/= 1200 1 4 0 0 Fig. 2 A, Reconstructed total ion chromatogram showing the ion current intensity of the most abundant ion at each scan for reversed-phase, packed, micro-column chromatography with a 50 pm X 15 cm column. The peak marked protein in the figure represents the signal obtained from 10 fmol of cytochrome c.B, Mass spectrum for the 10 fmol of cytochrome c. Inset is the mass calculated by deconvolution of the multiply charged mass spectrum. dynamic range limitations in the acquisition of full scan mass spectra particularly if numerous components are present at different am0unts.~1-~~ Thus, for complex mixtures of mole- cules fractionation of the mixture is desirable. In order to achieve the low rates that produce the best sensitivity of analysis, micro-column LC offers a favourable trade-off between performance, flow rate and ease of column construc- tion. Micro-columns can be easily prepared from fused-silica capillary tubing in the id range of 50-320 pm. Methods for the construction of micro-columns are described by Shelley et ~ 1 . ~ 5 and Kennedy and Jorgenson.26 Interfacing micro-column LC to electrospray ionization is straightforward. The column is directly inserted into the metal electrospray needle (Fig.1). For low flow rate chromatography a sheath liquid is used to stabilize the electrospray over the course of the LC solvent gradient and to make electrical contact with the liquid exiting the non-conducting fused-silica column. A voltage of 2-4.5 kV is placed on the electrospray needle. A lower voltage is required for lower flow rates and the needle is positioned closer to the entrance to the mass spectrometer which also serves as a ground (0.5-1.5 cm). A sheath gas is also used to stabilize both the electrospray and the formation of ions producing a stable ion current in the mass spectrometer.Electrospray ionization is compatible with 0.1 % trifluoroacetate buffers, the most commonly used reversed-phase HPLC gradient, but better sensitivities are observed with peptides by utilizing solvents containing 0.5% acetic acid. Typically, peptides are eluted from the reversed-phase column by using a linear gradient of 5 to 90% solvent B (80 + 20 acetonitrile-0.5% acetic acid) over a 30-50 min period. In order to achieve a flow rate suitable for micro-column LC, the solvent from the HPLC pumps is split pre-column to produce a final flow rate through the column of 0.3-2 pl min-1. When working with small bore columns and small amounts of peptide, conventional sample injection loops can lead to unacceptable losses. In order to circumvent this problem, samples can be pneumatically injected directly onto the column by using a high-pressure device (Fig.3). By collecting the effluent displaced from the column with a 5 pl graduated glass capillary, the amount of solution injected onto the column is measured. These methods for HPLC are relatively generic and provide a basis for tailoring methods to specific biological problems. For example, some biological studies may require collection of a portion of material separated on the HPLC column for other analyses apart from MS. A method developed by Cox et ~ 1 . ~ 7 allows the correlation of peptide m/z values with activity in biological assays during low +==: Micro-capillary column f Pressure Vessel Helium - Vial of Sample Solution Electrospray Ionization Source Fig. 3 High-pressure apparatus for packing micro-columns. The progress of packing can be observed by placing the column under the microscope during the packing process.68R Analyst, July 1996, Vol.121 flow rate micro-column LC-MS. As shown in Fig. 4 a microsplitter is used to divert nanolitre volumes of the column effluent to a microtitre plate and the remaining sample to the mass spectrometer. A balance between the sensitivity of the biological assay and the mass spectrometer is achieved by adjusting the split ratio. By depositing aliquots from the split into wells at specific time intervals the biological activity can be correlated with m/z value. In the experiments of Cox et al. the ability of the peptides present in each well to cause lysis of T-2 cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes was determined by measuring the release of "Cr.By calibrating the time difference when a peptide appears in the microtitre plate to when it enters the mass spectrometer, accurate correlation of m / z values with activity can be achieved. This method has been effective for the identification of peptides bound to class I major histocompat- ibility molecules (MHC) with specific antigenic activity such as tumour antigens.27 LC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) permits the selection of ions for CID experiments to generate structurally important fragment ions. An approach based on this method has been developed for the sequence analysis of peptides. In conjunc- tion with LC, mixtures of molecules can be separated and then one or many components characterized on-line by MS-MS .2S Two approaches are typically used to acquire tandem mass spectra of peptides.The first involves pre-measurement of the nz/z values for all the components in a mixture. These data are then analysed to identify candidates for MS-MS. A list is made of these values and the order in which they elute from the chromatographic column. The instrument is then configured to select each m/z value in the first mass analyser as it comes off the column. After a signal has been recorded for a particular nz/z value, the MS-MS parameters are then changed for the next ion. The disadvantage to this approach is that the ions are expected in some order; if this changes or an ion fails to elute, this may confuse the order and all other ions could be missed.Secondly, the ability to acquire tandem mass spectra for large numbers of nz/z values is limited by the ability to change the MS-MS parameters manually. If changes in parameters are dependent on the operator entering these into the computer during the analysis, this limits the ability to acquire tandem mass spectra on closely eluting peaks. A second method, made possible by computer control of the instrument, allows both MS and MS- MS data to be acquired in a single analysis. Automated LC-MS-MS Mass spectrometers can be operated through instrument control languages, similar in concept to programming languages, that allow precise and rapid control of the instrument. By combining computer control with feedback from data acquisition, com- mands can be combined in a computer program to control the acquisition of data and the response of the instrument to various conditions.29-31 This improves the flexibility and efficiency of data acquisition allowing large numbers of tandem mass spectra to be acquired, for example.A typical computer program for the acquisition of tandem mass spectra would perform the follow- ing. Step 1 : a scan of mass analyser two to record the m/z values of all ions. Step 2: search the mass spectrum for an m/z value using some criteria (e.g., the most abundant ion, second most abundant ion, m/z value present in a pre-defined list, m/z value not present in a pre-defined list, etc.) Step 3: MS-MS conditions for acquisition are set based on m/z value selected in step 2 (collision energy, mass range of second mass analyser, etc.).The instrument switches to the precursor ion MS-MS mode of scanning setting the m/z value to pass through the first mass aiialyser and calculating the collision energy. Any other tune parameters that need to be changed would be done so at this point. Step 4: four or five product ion MS-MS scans are acquired. Step 5: the instrument is reset to scan the second mass analyser to record nz/z values. A tandem mass spectrum will be acquired whenever an ion meeting the criteria of step 2 is identified and is above a preset threshold. The collision cell is filled with gas during the entire analysis to minimize the time needed to fill and evacuate the cell when the instrument switches between modes. This results in a slight decrease in the ion current recorded for peptides transmitted through the collision cell, but does not result in any undue fragmentation since the collision energy is low.This method allows MS-MS data to be acquired at a faster rate and permits more efficient analysis of complex mixtures. Fragmentation of Peptides in Low Energy CID Processes CID of peptides using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer has been studied extensively. 1 1 Under multiple, low energy collision conditions (10-50 eV), peptides fragment primarily at the amide bonds to produce a ladder of sequence ions." Depending on the gas-phase basicity of the amino acids within the sequence, the charge can be retained on the amino terminus of the ion to form an acylium ion (type b-ion, NH2-CHR1- CO...NHCHR,,CO+) or, by H-rearrangement, on the carboxy Syringe pump Sheath Gas Nitrogen Fig.4 splitter to transfer a portion of the material to a 96-well microtitre plate is shown in the inset. Micro-column HPLC using a micro-splitter to correlate biological activity with mlz information. A blow up of the conceptual depiction of a micro-Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 69R terminus (type y-ion, NH2-CHR,,-C0..-NHCHR1-C02H + H+) of the ion (Table 1). The value of R depends on the amino acid and ranges from 1 to 131 u for Gly and Trp, respectively. A complete series of one type of fragment ion, or a complete series made of ions from both ion types, allows the amino acid sequence to be determined by subtraction of the masses of adjacent sequence ions. The major fragment ions likely to be produced in the collision activation process can be predicted for a known amino acid ~ e q u e n c e .~ ~ - ~ ~ Data Interpretation Peptides created by trypsin proteolysis and ionized by electro- spray generally form ions that are doubly charged. This stems from the presence of basic sites at the N-terminus, the a-amino group, and the basic amino acids at the C-terminus, Lys or Arg. Most of the fragment ions produced by CID of doubly charged ions are singly charged. In general, a ladder of sequence ions is produced where the difference between consecutive ions indicates the mass of the amino acid at that position in the sequence. However, a variety of ion types can be produced in the fragmentation process such that ions that retain charge on the C-terminus represent a different portion of the amino acid sequence than ions which retain the charge on the N-terminus.Neutral losses (-H20, -NH3) from fragment ions result in lower intensity ions that accompany the major fragment ions. Successful interpretation involves determining which ions originate from the N- or C-terminus so that mass differences between consecutive ions of the same type can be calculated. Thus, a set of sequence ions, from low to high mass will define the amino acid sequence from the C- to the N-terminus. As an example of the approach used to obtain sequence information using MS-MS, interpretation of a tandem mass spectrum obtained from a tryptic digest of the immunoaffinity isolated Ras protein from S. cerevisiae will be illustrated.Fig. 5 shows the tandem mass spectrum for the peptide and the sequence deduced from the spectrum. The precursor ion at m/z 813.9 is assumed to be a doubly charged ion because the peptide is derived from a tryptic digest and the observation of a fragment ion in the spectrum 9 u (M + 2H - H20)2+ below the precursor ion. On the basis of this information the (M + H)+ value is calculated to be 1626.8. MS-MS analyses of peptides derived from a tryptic digest of proteins generally present a prominent y-type ion series in the high mass end of the spectrum and Lys or Arg as the C-terminal amino acid. These amino acids can be recognized by yl-type ions at m/z 147 or 175. An ion at m/z 175 is observed in this tandem mass spectrum. Subtraction of 174 from the (M + H)+ ion, 1626.8, leaves a value of 1452.8.A very weak ion is observed at this m/z value and this constitutes the highest b-ion value. The adjacent m/z value in the spectrum is 1426. The mass difference between this ion and the ion at nz/z 1452 is too small (Am = 26 u) to be associated with the b-ion series. A logical assumption is that the ion at nz/z 1426 derives from the y-ion series. By calculating Am for all the abundant m/z values in the high mass end of the spectrum a sequence of Lxx-Asn-Val can be determined. Two ions are observed at m/z 986 and 971 and both have mass differences corresponding to amino acids (Asn and Glu, respectively) when subtracted from the ion at m/z 1100. The correct choice can be determined by considering extension of both sequences to the next possible sequence ion, the ion at m/z 843 (Fig.6A). Subtraction of 843 from 986 produces a difference of 143 (see Table 1) while the difference between 843 and 97 1 corresponds to Glu (A 129). A sequence of Lxx-Asn-Val-Glu-Glu can now be deduced. The next frag- ment ion at m/z 77 1 gives an amino acid Ala. Another cluster of ions exists at m/z 624, 639 and 652 (Fig. 6B). Subtraction of each of these ions produces values of 147, 132 and 119. A difference of 147 corresponds to Phe and extends the sequence to Lxx-Asn-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Phe. In this low m/z region of the tandem mass spectrum the number of ions present increases and the clarity of the sequence ion series can be clouded. The next likely sequence ion exists in a set of ions beginning at m/z 525 and ending at m/z 460.Subtraction of the ions at m/z 525, 5 10 and 460 from 624 produces mass differences of 99, 114 and 163 (Fig. 6B). All of these differences correspond to masses of amino acids. In order to determine the correct sequence, all of these possibilities should be considered and carried through until a sequence is found that matches the observed relative molecular mass of the peptide. In order to simplify the process, the ion at m/z 460, corresponding to Tyr, will be used to extend the sequence. The next ion must exist in a window of m/z values from 403 to 274 [differences for Gly (57) to Trp (186)]. In this window there are numerous possibilities and each should be considered. The ion at m/z 359 corresponds to a difference of 1291 200-2 3134 4275 5266 6 E 7 7848 8553 10031 11663 12674 13805 1451 6 16078 Gln Ala Ile Asn Val Glu Glu Ala Phe Tyr Thr Leu Ala Arg 1625.8 14972 14266 1313.5 1193.4 1100.2 971 1 I 1x5 62 4 1 0.3 20 842.0 7709 63.7 4606 K59.4 2463 1752 %5 1 1 0 0 .7 1317.5 S 7 1 .O I , 1200.0 I m/z Fig. 5 Collision-induced dissociation mass spectrum recorded on the (M + 2H)2+ ions at m/z 813.9 of a peptide derived from the Ras protein of S. cerevisiae. Fragment ions of type b and y, having the general formulae H(NHCHRCO),?+ and H2(NHCHRCO),,0H+, respectively, are shown above and below the amino acid sequence.70R Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 101 or Thr and leaves a difference of 184 when the C-terminal fragment ion of 175 is subtracted. This corresponds to several amino acid combinations, and ions for the sequence Lxx-Ala are observed in the tandem mass spectrum. The sequence of Lxx-Asn-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Phe-Tyr-Thr-Leu-Ala-Arg has an (M + H)+ value of 1426 and this leaves a difference of 200 u from the observed (M + H)+ value.Of the amino acid possibilities that add to 200 none can be unambiguously assigned to ions remaining in the spectrum. Several methods are often used to finish or confirm the unknown sequence of a peptide.l1,35,36 One technique is to derivatize the peptide and obtain a tandem mass spectrum of the derivatized peptide. For a given amino acid sequence, the shift in m/z value for the precursor ion as well as the fragment ions should be predictable. In addition, a shift in the mass of an ion or a series of ions due to derivatization can provide information about whether an ion or ions originate from the N- or C- terminus.This can assist in the interpretation process since the m/z values should shift in a predictable manner if the amino acid assignments are correct. Two convenient methods are esterifica- tion of carboxylic acids and N-acetylation of amines. Methyl esterification adds 14 u to every carboxylic acid in the peptide. If there are no acidic amino acids in the sequence the peptide m/z value should shift by 14 u, corresponding to esterification of the C-terminal carboxylic acid. Because of this shift in mass at the C-terminus all the y-type ions will also shift by 14 u. Additional 14 u increases in mass indicate the presence of the amino acids containing Glu, Asp or S-carboxymethyl Cys. Acetylation of an unblocked N-terminus shifts the m/z values of the peptide and the b-ion series by 42 u.Any additional 42 u increments indicate the presence of Lys in the peptide. If the sequence assignments still contain ambiguities a cycle of mlz 509.9 B. Fig. 6 A, Expansion of the mlz region from 750-1500 of the collision- induced dissociation mass spectrum recorded on the (M + 2H)2+ ions at mlz 813.9 of a peptide derived from the Ras protein of S. cerevisiae. B, Expansion of the mlz region from 75-675. The amino acids represented by mass differences between ions are shown in the figure. The correct series of amino acids are shown in bold face type. subtractive Edman degradation can be performed to determine the N-terminal amino acid residue. String searches or basic local alignment searches of proteins in databases can also assist in the interpretation of tandem mass spectra by aligning the sequence with known sequences. The missing sequence can sometimes be assigned by correspondence to a similar sequence if it is conserved in the missing region.Alternatively, if the peptide possesses biological activity, the different possibilities can be synthesized and the activity tested. The last two amino acids in this peptide were assigned by correspondence to the sequence of the Ras protein from S. cerevisiae. Analysis of MS Data by Using Known Sequences Sequencing of the human genome and the genomes of various organisms is proceeding at a rapid rate.37-42 As the collection of data continues to grow it is increasingly important to screen new data through the database to prevent duplication of sequence analysis efforts. In addition, the sequence of a protein may have been previously determined, but the experimental context in which the information is re-discovered may be relevant to the biological process under The growing sequence infrastructure also provides a convenient resource to analyse or interpret MS data.Two different types of MS information can be correlated to sequence databases to assist in protein identification and spectral interpretation. Correlation by Peptide Mass Maps From Proteins The DNA sequencing methods of Sanger et al.43 and Maxam and Gilbert44 quickly supplanted protein sequencing as the principal method for the determination of protein sequences. By sequencing the gene for a protein and translating the nucleotide sequence, a putative sequence for a protein can be obtained.Frequently, the gene product undergoes processing and mod- ification before becoming fully active, Early efforts at gene sequencing were often accompanied by characterization of the protein, usually by MS.45746 By digesting the protein with site- specific enzymes the calculated masses of the predicted products from the gene sequence can be compared with the observed ma~ses.453~6 Modified peptides and sequence or translation errors can be located with this method. This method of peptide mass mapping was later extended to create an approach for the identification of ‘unknown’ pr0teim~7-5~ Mass values obtained from a digested ‘unknown’ protein can be used to find other protein sequences that would produce the same set of masses under the same digestion conditions. Matching the peptide map from a protein of ‘unknown’ amino acid sequence to a known protein sequence can indicate a high probability of protein identification. Computer programs designed to perform searches of data- bases using peptide mass data generated by electrospray ionization MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) have been described.48-52 Accurate protein identifications can be made using mass tolerances as large as 5 u and as little as 7% of the total protein mass.48 The sensitivity of this technique is sufficient to distinguish among members of highly similar protein families, such as cytochrome c, where small differences in amino acid sequences e ~ i s t .~ 8 The peptide (M + H)+ values observed for cytochrome c proteins derived from different species are shown in Table 2. Inspection of the values shows the diversity of these values even though these proteins have highly similar sequences. The presence of post-translational modifica- tions changes the mass of only those peptides containing modifications. Henzel et al.49 combined peptide mapping and database searching for the identification of proteins isolated from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. If no match or a poor match is found, additional sequencing experiments must beAnalyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 71R performed to characterize the peptides more fully. This approach is restricted to the digestion products of a fairly homogeneous protein sample and cannot be readily used with the mass generated by a single peptide without additional sequence information.Correlation With MS-MS Data From Peptides Just as a mass map produces a fingerprint for an amino acid sequence of a protein a tandem mass spectrum produces a highly specific representation of a peptide’s amino acid sequen~e.3~,533~~ As observed above, the complexity of a tandem mass spectrum can make interpretation a time- consuming process. Eng et al.53 have developed an approach to search sequence databases directly by using tandem mass spectra of peptides. This method is based on the predictable nature of peptide fragmentation under CID conditions and takes the form of a pseudo-mass spectral library search (Fig.7). A search can be performed by considering all sequences, or just sequences defined by other constraints such as the proteolytic specificity of an enzyme, or a partial amino acid sequence or composition. The fragment ions for sequences fitting the above criteria are then predicted and compared with those present in the tandem mass spectrum. A preliminary score is generated for each sequence and the top 500 candidate peptide sequences are ranked and stored. A final analysis of the 500 amino acid sequences is performed using a correlation function. Using this function a reconstructed tandem mass spectrum for each candidate amino acid sequence is compared with the modified experiment tandem mass spectrum. The final results are ranked on the basis of a normalized correlation coefficient. No interaction is required with this software; thus analyses can be fully automated. A search of a database with roughly 100000 protein sequences requires approximately 2-3 min per spectrum on a DecStation 3000/900 computer.De novo Computer Interpretation of Low Energy CID Spectra The enormous throughput of tandem mass spectrometers can create a huge data interpretation backlog. By searching databases with tandem mass spectra these data can be compared with all known sequences and if the sequence is found no further effort is required. If a similar sequence exists in the database, then that sequence could be used as a guide for interpretation. Those tandem mass spectra that do not match can be interrogated manually or with de novo computer interpretation algorithms. Many of the de novo interpretation algorithms utilize a combinatorial approach to analyse the fragmentation patterns Table 2 The (M + H)+ values predicted for trypsin digestion for cytochrome c proteins from 12 different species.The number in the table headings indicate the residue numbers for each of the tryptic peptides Species 9-13 14-22 28-38 40-53 56-72 92-99 Arabian camel Chimpanzee Gray whale Hippopotamus Honey bee Pacific lamprey House mouse Ostrich Domestic rabbit Spider monkey Skipjack tuna Dog 634 1019 1169 1459 2011 651 1035 1169 1429 2009 634 1019 1169 1457 2011 634 1019 1169 1459 2011 634 1019 1169 1473 2011 634 1234 1195 1473 1383 620 1035 1119 1457 2051 634 1019 1169 1431 1997 634 1035 1147 1489 1997 634 1019 1169 1459 1997 651 1035 1169 1475 2009 622 1247 1216 1505 2051 907 808 907 907 907 322 836 907 907 907 907 950 contained in a tandem mass spectrum.The first algorithms designed for de novo interpretation were written to analyse fast atom bombardment mass spectral data.55 These mass spectra usually contain low abundance fragment ions. An approach considering all possible sequences that match the fragmentation pattern was used. The total number of possibilities is delimited by stepping through the spectra one or two amino acids at a time. Starting at the C-terminus, amino acid masses are subtracted from the (M + H)+ ion to calculate the y- and b-type ion that should be present if that amino acid exists at that position in the sequence.A score is calculated based, in part, on the abundances of sequence ions corresponding to the presence of that amino acid. After the first cycle a ranked list of 20 amino acids will be obtained. After a second iteration, where each amino acid in the list is extended by an additional amino acid, the fragment ions calculated and the mass spectrum searched, a list of 400 partial sequences is obtained. This list can be ranked and only those sequences with a non-zero score or some other cut-off criteria can be used in the next iteration. The final sequences must match the measured (M + H)+ value and good mass accuracy helps to limit the number of final possibilities. This approach has been extended to CID spectra produced under high and low energy conditions and can be useful with high quality data.56-58 Applications of LC-MS-MS Sequencing to Mixtures of Proteins and Peptides The ability to acquire and then analyse large numbers of tandem mass spectra rapidly by using the growing sequence databases allows the analysis of increasingly complex problems.Combin- ing a chromatographic separation with MS creates a highly HPLC BuPferA G r B I Automated LC/MS/MS 3 I L Protein Nucleotide .I Predicted Tandem Mass Spectra Cross-Correlation Comparison I \ Tandem Mass Spectra 1 Endase EEALDLIVDAIK 2 PyrUvate kinas8 NPNNELTTEK 3. kXdcinaW IEODPFVFLEDTODIFQK 4. Hwusine APEGELGDSLQTAFDEGK 5. HMH1 0 OAFDDAIAELDTLSEESYK * 0 Fig. 7 A depiction of automated tandem mass spectrometry in conjunction with computer antomated searches of sequence databases.Tandem mass spectra are predicted from the sequences retrieved from the database and compared with the observed tandem mass spectrum by using a cross- correlation analysis.72R Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 resolving analytical method for complex mixtures of molecules. This allows consecutive separations based first on chemical properties and second by m/z. Additionally, if the analysis is performed on a tandem mass spectrometer, then structural information can be obtained on components without the necessity of purifying each individually. By using automated MS-MS a large number of spectra can be efficiently acquired providing a more complete analysis of the components in the mixture. If the mixture consists of proteolytically digested proteins, the identities of the components can be determined by comparing tandem mass spectra with sequences in the database and identifying the proteins from which the amino acid sequences originated. Furthermore, the separation and mass measurement process produces a highly specific fingerprint for the mixture of molecules.Thus, complex mixtures can be compared to identify differences. As the limit of detection improves in mass spectrometers, increasingly smaller amounts of peptides and proteins can be used. Currently, reports of sample amounts used to obtain sequence information on peptides by using MS-MS (5-30 fmol) are well below those reported for conventional sequenc- ing methods such as Edman degradation (0.5-10 pmol)? As the amount of sample is decreased, methods for manipulating the material have become inadequate resulting in losses of sample to nonspecific interactions with plastic and metal surfaces.Rather than attempting to improve sample handling for small amounts of purified peptides or proteins, analysing mixtures enriched for a common property may increase the chances of acquiring sequence information. By directly analys- ing complex mixtures employing LC-MS and LC-MS-MS, the number of sample handling and manipulation steps is reduced. All sample transfers or manipulations are performed at stages where losses may be minimal because the large amount of peptide present acts as a carrier. The examples described below illustrate applications of this approach. Sequence Analysis of Complex Mixtures of Peptides Sequences of peptides hound to class II MHC molecules associated with rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the bone joints.One current model of etiology for the disease presupposes exposure of a genetically susceptible individual to an environmental stimulus that results in an unregulated autoimmune response to tissue in the joints. A genetic linkage is believed since many individuals with the disease have inherited certain MHC class I1 DR4 alleles, notably HLA DRBl"0401 and HLA DRBl"0404. The two gene products differ by a conservative substitution of K to R at position 71 which is located in the binding groove of the MHC molecule. Although binding motifs have not been fully defined for all class I1 alleles each appears to have a specific core structural motif.By sequencing the naturally bound peptides to these different alleles, information about the unique sequence motifs involved in allele-specific binding is obtained. The MHC molecules can be isolated by using immunoaffinity chromatography with antibodies reactive against the sequence of the MHC molecule. During this process antigenic peptides remain bound in the binding cleft of the MHC molecules. As a consequence, the antigenic peptides are enriched relative to the other components of the cell. Cells containing HLA-DRB"0401 or HLA-DRB"O404 alleles were prepared and treated as described by Yates et ~ 1 . 6 0 Peptides were collected from the isolated MHC molecules and fractionated by subjecting the mixture to reversed-phase HPLC. Fractions were then analysed by LC-MS-MS as previously described.60 Mass spectrometric analysis of the peptides contained in the HPLC fractions revealed that there were as many as 10-50 peptides present in some of the fractions.Many of the peptides exist as nested sequences around a core structure. Thus, purification of each peptide to homogeneity would be difficult and would lead to substantial losses of material. Shown in Fig. 8A and B are the LC-MS trace and mass spectrum for one of the reversed-phase HPLC fractions. MS-MS was then used to obtain sequence information from peptides present in the mixture without subsequent isolation. Sequences for some of the peptides represented in the tandem mass spectra were determined by using the database searching algorithm of Eng et al.s3 A listing of the peptide sequences identified from two different cell lines is shown in Table 3.Most of the peptides identified from HLA DRB"0404 and HLA DRB*O401 are nested sets of similar endogenous peptides originating from Class I HLA A and B alleles. Not all searches of the protein database have led to successful matches. The tandem mass spectrum generated from an (M + 2H)2- ion at m/z 817 (Fig. 9) was used to search the Owl non-redundant protein database. No acceptable sequence was found. A search of nucleotide databases using the approach described by Yates et al.54 yielded a match to a translation of a nucleotide sequence, labelled human mRNA from ORF (open reading frame), whose gene product has not been isolated or characterized. An important point is that a large percentage of new sequences are being generated by DNA sequencing, particularly of expressed genes, and there may be a lag in the time between when the nucleotide sequence is deposited in the database and when a translation appears in a protein database.Thus, it is necessary to search all the possible sequence information before attempting to interpret 1 5 7 0 5 Scan Number 705.7 B. I + ~ ~ ~ > ~ ~ ~ 1 0 0 W 3 622.5 0 Fig. 8 A, Reconstructed total ion chromatogram showing the ion current intensity of the most abundant ion at each scan for a micro-column LC-MS analysis of class I1 MHC peptides obtained from a single peak by analytical reversed-phase HPLC. B, A mass spectrum created by adding scans between 540 and 560. Approximately 30 peptide ions are observed in this mass spectrum.Analyst, July 1996, Vol.121 73R a tandem mass spectrum manually. A second point is that by employing LC-MS-MS in conjunction with database searching a large number of sequences can be quickly identified, a feature that is particularly powerful for the analysis of peptides bound to class 11 MHC molecules. Comparative Analysis of Complex Mixtures of Peptides MHC class II antigen presentation mutants Studies of pathways are complicated by a large number of participants and an often complex series of events. The Table 3 Peptides identified by micro-column LC-MS-MS isolated from human class I1 DR4 molecules Allele DRB 1 *040 1 DRB 1*0404 Sequence DTQFVRFDSFAASQRMEP DTQFVRFDSFAASQRM*EP DDTQFVRFDSFAASQRM*EPR VDDTQFVRFDSFAASQRMEPR VDDTQFVRFDSFAASQRM*EPR DXRS WTAADTAAQXTQ DXRS WTAADTAAQXTQR DXRS WTAADTAAQXSQ DXRS WTAADTAAQXSQR LPSYEEALSLPSKTP LPSYEEALSLPSKTPE VLPSYEEALSLPSKTPE SHSMRYFHTAMSRP SHSMRYFHTAMSRPG GSHSMRYFHTAMSRPG GSHSMYYFHTAMSRPGRG SHSMRYFYTAVSRP SHSMRYFYTAVSRPG SHSMRYFYTAVSRPGRG GSHSMRYFYTAVSRPG SHSMRYFYTAVSRPGRG Protein MHC class I (HLA-A) MHC class I (HLA-B) MHC class I (HLA-B) Human mRNA for ORF MHC class I (HLA-B) MHC class I (HLA-B) 98.1 185.2 348.4 477.5 606.6 677.7 790.8 processing of class I and class I1 antigens for display on the cell surface proceeds through two separate pathways.Detailed knowledge of these processing pathways would help better the understanding of the response to antigens as well as the prerequisites for antigenicity. The class I1 antigen processing pathway can be divided into separate processes.The first is the proteolytic degradation of the antigen to the appropriate size and the second is loading of the antigen into the MHC molecule and transportation to the cell surface. Conventional approaches to the study of processing pathways often involve perturbing the pathway by mutation to disrupt normal processing.61 The resulting phenotype can derive from a gross functional change or something more subtle. Mass spectrometry can then be used to examine the molecular implications of mutation rigorously. In order to study the presentation of class I1 MHC peptides, mutations have been created in B lymphoblastoid cells displaying class I1 DR3 molecules to find new phenotypes.62363 One in particular exhibits reduced binding to exogenously provided peptides and complete dissociation of dimers in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).62 This phenotype is derived from a single point mutation in the HLA-DMB gene, that maps within the MHC class I1 region, and disrupts the formation of class 11-peptide complexes.Cells containing this mutation exhibit DR3 mole- cules complexed primarily with peptides from invariant chains rather than a mixture of peptides derived from many pr0teins.6~ This phenotype can be corrected by incubating cells at low pH with cognate peptide. By comparing cells with perturbations of the normal processing mechanism and characterizing the antigens presented on the cell surface, information relative to the steps and requirements for processing can be obtained.These studies benefit from rapid methods to survey populations of antigen at various stages of the processing pathway as well as from methods for the rapid interpretation of the data. By using micro-column LC-MS-MS, peptides isolated from two presen- tation mutants have been sequenced.62 Normal cells exhibiting DR3 molecules were incubated at pH 7.4 and 4. Peptides were eluted from the isolated DR3 molecules and analysed by LC-MS. The distribution of m/z values of the observed peptides from these cells was consistent with a complex mixture of numerous low abundance peptides, the normal phenotype (Fig. 10A and B). When mutant cells are incubated at pH 7.4 and 4 a different set of peptide nz/z values 98.1 185.2 313.4 414.5 877.9 991.1 1088.2 1175.3 1303.5 1404.6 b,Yn-iO"s ~ ~ 114.2 211 3 461.5 590.7 719.8 790.8 804.0 991.1 1104.2 1201.4 l a 4 1416.6 U 7 b-ions LQ&*+iii&&&*&~&j&O 1519.6 1422.6 1335.5 1172.31043.2 914.1 843.0 729.9 642.6 529.6 432.5 345.4 217.2 116.1 pions x7 ' O 0 1 ' '4 Xl 0 I 11+2H)2+ 20 b14 I 500 mlr 1000 1500 Fig.9 Collision-induced dissociation mass spectrum recorded on the (M + 2H)2+ ions at m/z 817 of a peptide presented by class I1 major histocompatibility molecules on the surface of EBV cells homozygous for HLA-DRB*0401. Fragment ions of type b and y, having the general formulae H(NHCHRCO),+ and H2(NHCHRCO),0H+, respectively, are shown above and below the amino acid sequence at the top of each figure. Fragment ions of the type b,y,, are labelled with an asterisk.Ions observed in the spectrum are underlined. Leu and Ile were assigned by correspondence to the sequence derived from the database.74R Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 is observed. The peptides obtained from the cells incubated at pH 7.4 present only a few very abundant peptides (Fig. lOC). These peptides were sequenced by MS-MS and found to be a nested set of sequences from residues 82-104 of the invariant chain. Mutant cells incubated at pH 4 presented DR3 molecules with virtually empty binding pockets (Fig. lOD). The role of the invariant chain is to prevent binding of endogenous peptides to class I1 molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum and to guide the MHC class I1 molecules to the endocytic pathway for complexation with peptides.These data suggest that the defective DMB-gene product is unable to remove invariant chain peptides from the DR3 molecules, and as a consequence does not produce binding sites on the DR3 molecules for antigenic peptides leading to unstable DR3 dimers. Enrichment and Analysis of Components in Sub-cellular Vesicles Peptides isolated from sub-cellular fractions of the class 11 antigen processing pathway The dissection of cellular events frequently requires localization of proteins to sub-cellular compartments. By characterizing or Scans summed 25&575 Scans summed 250-575 60 40 20 .- ; a, 400 600 800 1000 1200 14 - c 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 al .- E+07 6.40 .- 3 Scans summed 535-725 Scans summed 535-725 , - rr" 100 1 '; 1 l O O l RIC 1 1 :p( ' E+08 loo jx3A 1001 RIC(x28) ffi 40 40 20 20 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 m/z Fig.10 Micro-column liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of peptides isolated from DR3 molecules. A, Mass spectrum (scans 250-575 summed) and reconstructed ion chromatogram (inset) of peptide mixture eluted from DR molecules of pH 7.4 treated 8.1.6 cells. B, Mass spectrum (scans 250-575 summed) and reconstructed ion chromatogram (inset) of peptide mixture eluted from DR molecules of pH 4 treated 8.1.6 cells. C, Mass spectrum (scans 535-725 summed) and reconstructed ion chromatogram (inset) of peptide mixture eluted from DR molecules of pH 7.4 treated 9.5.3 cells. Ions correspond to +3 and +4 charge states of the following invariant chain fragments, KPPKPVSKMRMATPLLMQALP, PKPPKPVSKMRMATPLLMQALP, PKPPKPVSKMRMATPLLMQALPM.D, Mass spectrum (scans 535-725 summed) and reconstructed ion chromatogram (inset) of peptide mixture eluted from DR molecules of pH 4 treated 9.5.3 cells. LC-MS was performed using a 1.0 and a 1.5 p1 aliquot of material from 8.1.6 cells and 9.5.3 cells, respectively. The peptides were eluted using a linear gradient from &90% B over 30 min. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 62. Copyright 1994 The American Association of Immunologists. All rights reserved.) identifying the components within these sub-cellular compart- ments, information concerning the biochemical events occur- ring within the compartments can be discovered. For example, class I1 antigen processing occurs in vesicles within antigen presenting cells.The processes that exist within these vesicles can be dissected by enrichment of the vesicles and character- izing the components. Other sub-cellular compartments exist within cells, and proteins present in these compartments can be identified with a variation on these approaches. In order to study the events occurring in the processing of class I1 antigens, Rudensky et al.65 have developed procedures to isolate sub-cellular components of the antigen processing pathway. Previous research has suggested that MHC class I1 molecules move from the golgi complex to late endosomes where proteolytic dissociation of the invariant chain takes place.66 The class I1 molecules accumulate in a dense endosomal compartment, positioned between late endosomes and dense lysozomes, termed MIIC.Endogenous peptides bind to class I1 molecules in MIIC compartments.66 Finally, the complex moves through the endosomal pathway to the cell surface. Exogenous peptides have also been found to accumu- late in MIIC vesicles, where binding to class I1 molecules may occur.66 In order to understand better the events occurring in each of these vesicles, studies have focused on characterizing the peptide components in sub-cellular fractions. By deter- mining the relative molecular masses of polypeptides and peptides in the various fractions, the level of processing at each stage of the pathway can be determined. In addition, MS-MS experiments on peptides in conjunction with database searching can help determine the protein origins of the peptides as well as the cleavage sites in the protein and thus the putative proteases involved in the processing.The vesicles of the antigen processing pathway can be fractionated by density on a sucrose gradient.65 By using protein marker assays, fractions from the sucrose gradient can be pooled by type of vesicle. Vesicles are then ruptured under acidic conditions and the contents fraction- ated by using a 10 000 Da cut-off membrane filter. An aliquot of this material was then subjected to LC-MS-MS analysis and database searching. Complex mixtures of peptides were found in all fractions, except those enriched in plasma membrane. A broad range of relative molecular masses was observed in both the late endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum fraction and the MIIC, late endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum fraction.Poly- peptides were present in the range 800-11 700 Da. Fig. 11 shows a mass spectrum for one of the polypeptides in the mass range 6500 Da. An additional fractionation step was then included to separate the peptides into two populations. By filtering through a 3000 Da cut-off membrane, the 1,ow relative molecular mass peptides were collected and analy sed by LC- MS-MS. Results from database searches with tandem mass spectra obtained from the late endosome fraction are shown in Table 4a. Additionally, 30 tandem mass spectra of peptides were obtained from the fraction containing late endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, and the fraction containing MIIC, late endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. Seven of the tandem mass spectra gave high scoring matches to sequences in a Mus musculus sub-set of the Owl protein database (Table 4b).By searching the database without regard to the proteolytic specificity that may have been used to create the peptides, it is possible to obtain information about how the identified peptides were formed. The cleavage sites of the peptides identified in these experiments are consistent with an acid protease such as cathepsin D or E. Peptides from protein contaminants, common in samples handled by humans, were also found. The processing of these contaminants is consistent with those of the endoge- nous proteins. The direct analysis of the peptides contained in the sub-celiular vesicles by MS-MS revealed information relevant to the processing environment.This was accomplishedAnalyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 80- m C 3 $60- ,g 40- 75R ly7.3 with a minimal amount of fractionation of the peptides, thus circumventing sample losses that may have occurred and greatly decreasing analysis time. Conclusion and Perspective Biological experimentation can be crudely divided into three activities: experiment (activation/pertubation/discovery), mea- surement and data analysis. In general, rigorous measurement of the experimental outcome at the molecular level or molecular discovery can be a time-consuming process. For example, amino acid sequence analysis of a large collection of peptides A. '9 932.0 I 1304.2 I I 1200 1400 400 600 B. '7 5980.0 1 6736 5000 6500 700 Fig. 11 A, Mass spectrum showing m/z values of the higher relative molecular mass peptides derived from sub-cellular vesicles of the class I1 MHC antigen processing pathway.B, The derived relative molecular masses for the polypeptides following deconvolution of the mass spectrum are shown. Table 4 Peptides identified by micro-column LC-MS-MS of murine sub- cellular fractions containing: (a) late endosomes; (b) MIIC vesicles, late endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Sequence Protein (a) Late endosomes: WQVKSGTIFDNF Calreticulin precursor LGLLPHTFTPTTQL ATP synthase A chain FDITADDEPLGRVSFEL Peptidyl-pro1 yl cis-trans-isomerase AGFGGGFAGGDGLL Human keratin (b) MIIC vesicles, late endosomes, ER: TLDDTWAKAHFAIMF MTFFPQHFLGL WQVKSGTIFDNF Calreticulin precursor AVLGLDL Calreticulin precursor LGLLPHTFTPTTQL ATP synthase A chain FDITADDEPLGRVSFEL Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase VVENLQDDFDFN MMU06922 NCBI gi: 458706 Cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide I Cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide I residing in a sub-cellular vescicle could require months of effort to purify and sequence each individual peptide by conventional peptide analytical methods such as Edman degradation.For this reason the enormous throughput potential of MS-MS has always presented an attractive alternative to more conventional methods of peptide and protein sequence analysis. 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ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210065R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 93N Book and Video Reviews Inductively Coupled and Microwave Induced Plasma Sources for Mass Spectrometry By E. HyweI Evans, Jeffrey J. Giglio, Theresa M. Castillano and Joseph A. Caruso. RSC Analytical Spec- troscopy Monographs. Series Editor Neil W. Barnett. Pp. viii + 108. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. Price f32.50. ISBN 0-85404-560-0. The monograph sets out to present an overview of the current state-of-the-art with respect to ICP-microwave induced plasma (M1P)-MS. The book is directed at the new researcher in the field and as such the material is presented clearly and lucidly and without over-complication. New students are rapidly brought into the topic of ICP-MS at a reasonable level. However, there is a lack of depth about the work and my suspicion is that the longer-term usefulness of this book will be very limited.The work is set out in two distinct parts, one section dealing with ICP work and a second dealing with MIP research. Both sections are kept separate and no attempt is made to compare and contrast the techniques. One of the major criticisms which this reviewer has of the work is that it is almost entirely drawn from the authors’ own laboratory researches. Whilst it is clear that the laboratories at the University of Cincinnati and at Plymouth are arguably the leaders in the field of MIP-MS work, there are several important contributions by other workers which have been neglected (see later). Hence, the authors’ personal opinions are often projected without presenting a balanced view.For a monograph directed at first-time re- searchers this is a serious criticism. For example, the cost disadvantages of the He ICP source as well as the severe problems of secondary discharges are played down to the point of a triviality. Also, the text, whilst being set out in a simple manner, is flawed by a lack of attention to detail at the proofing stage. Examples can be found where: ( a ) units are inconsistent in the text; (6) there are errors in diagrams, e.g., erroneous pressure rkgimes in Fig. 1, the basis for ICP-quadrupole MS instrumentation, and; (c) statements are made in several parts of the book which are either just not fact or are unsubstantiated. On this latter point, the authors state that with high-resolution (HR) analysers, resolutions of up to 30000 are achievable.This is misleading as no ICP-HR-MS has so far demonstrated such performance, although some of the analysers may achieve it with other ion sources. Similarly, statements made about the applicability of FIA to remove spectral interferences are just not fact. It does seem that the authors have gathered together much technical material and included it in the book without first critiquing it. ‘Overall, a clear text but flawed by lack of attention to detail. ’ The section on MIP-MS follows a similar trend of over- simplicity and lack of attention to detail. For example, Fig. 5, Chapter 4, claims an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity for organotin compounds when a Ta injector is used, yet the diagrams indicate only a factor of 2.The MIP text also omits to mention the work of Liezers and Fecher on MIP-MS where aerosol was introduced into an anular MIP with no desolvation. This work, more than any other current work, resurrected interest in the analytical potential of the MIP source, yet is ignored totally in this monograph; a serious omission in the opinion of this reviewer. In terms of readability, whilst the material is concisely put together, the text would be more useful were the references to be grouped in numerical order at the end of the book. This would avoid undue duplication of references and would be easier for the reader. Also, a summary section at the end would be useful, perhaps stating future directions for the techniques and perhaps comparing and contrasting. Overall, a clear text but flawed by lack of attention to detail and too much ‘not invented here’ syndrome.A pity, because there is a need for a simple monograph which can help new researchers entering this increasingly busy field. R. C. Hutton 51901 041 CETAC Crewe 1. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry; II. Thermogravimetric Analysis and Evolved Gas Analysis; 111. Thermochemical Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. Thermal Analysis Video Series. University of York. 1994. Running time (per video) 25 min approx. Price f95 (+ VAT in the UK) + p & p. The suggested uses for these videos are: for scientific and technical staff development programmes, University or College courses in Analytical Chemistry, or for the purpose of individual or group instruction.All three videos aim to provide the appropriate theory behind each technique, with an indication of the range of instruments available. The other topics covered vary from video to video, and so will be dealt with sep- arately. The production devoted to differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC j discusses the practical aspects of instrument calibration and the choice of suitable experimental conditions. It concludes with a wide view of the applications of the techniques, both as a scientific discipline and in an industrial context. The aims stated are achieved, in the main, with the exception of the use of the techniques for the study of the kinetics of solid-state processes. This topic is only briefly mentioned.The second video concentrates on approaches that need to be made to couple thermogravimetric analysers with other instru- ments, such as mass or FTIR spectrometers, to pursue evolved gas analysis (EGAj. Some discussion is also included of couplings to other thermoanalytical methods. All these topics are covered adequately and several examples of the use of thermogravimetry (TG) in industry are provided; disappoint- ingly, only one example of TG-EGA is covered. ‘The tapes can be recommended as a very suitable introduction to the techniques described.’ The final coverage, of thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) first looks at the probes available to proliferate the applications of these techniques to a wide variety of circumstances.The major emphasis comes in their wide use in the study, and character- ization, of polymers and polymer composites. The many different modes that these techniques can be used in are very clearly presented, and the use of animation within these videos is at its best when used in this context. The broad applications to solids, liquids, polymers as sheets, fibres, and surface films are related well to industrial needs with the provision of topical examples.94N Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 The tapes can be recommended as a very suitable introduc- tion to the techniques described, and one can imagine the value of them with, say, a person coming to the techniques for the first time but with the intention of developing an expertise in them. Such a person would be able to identify quickly those areas in which he, or she, will need to develop a deeper under- standing.It is difficult to imagine this material as a primary teaching aid at university level. The rate of delivery of information is fast, and a student would need to freeze the frame constantly to make sensible notes. The format of presentation largely avoids summaries. In addition, the lettering used is blurred, and sometimes too small. Again, one can see them being used as a valuable introduction to a series of lectures, with the intention of providing the students with an overview of topics to be expanded on later. Obviously, the graphics help this, together with furnishing some appreciation of the features in instrument design. This reviewer would fully recommend their use in this way, with a loan facility available for further study.A . Dyer 5190091 C University of Salford Analysis of Addictive and Misused Drugs Edited by John A. Adamovics. Pp. viii + 672. Marcel Dekker. 1995. Price $195.00. ISBN-0-8247-9238-6. This book is addressed to all ‘involved in forensic drug analysis, therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical toxicology and athletic drug testing’. Does it meet this courageous target? It is a book of’ two halves: in the first 350 pages, ten specialist chapters comprehensively review key aspects. The principles of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and applications to US workplace screening for drugs are briefly but adequately explained, although the definition of ‘cut-off’ concentration notes, but does not clearly distinguish between, ‘limit of detection’ and ‘limit of quantitation’. There are useful summaries of operation and interpretation of the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay tech- nique (EMIT) and of two non-instrumental EIA systems.Development of selective and sensitive biosensors is discussed with some useful tables of amperometric and potentiometric immobilised systems. This is followed by a succinct account of experience with two schemes in the commercial Toxi-Lab screening kit. The major r61e of HPLC deservedly receives two chapters. One, the longest in the book, presenting for popular reversed phase systems the rationale underpinning choice of column, mobile phase and detector, is well exemplified and extensively tabulated. Then a much shorter chapter rehearses recent experience with a hybrid technique, using polar solvents on unmodified silica.Reflecting the current excitement of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in pharmaceutical analysis, there is an enthusiastic account of its basis and potential, offering more flexibility and smaller scale than HPLC. Appropriate references are made to a clutch of recent textbooks on CE, including Rogan and Altria’s recent book on chiral aspects. Two Finnish authors extensively discuss the flexibility of modern TLC screening and supply a helpful table of mobile phase and chromogen for each of over 300 individual or classes of drugs. They recommend GC-MS for independent confirmation. Robotic systems in the forensic laboratory are well illustrated but I found this the least readable chapter.There is also a directory of US suppliers of suitable cartridges. Two Canadian hospital analysts present an informative review of the physi- ology. sampling and analysis of drugs in testing of specimens from athletes, with emphasis on the International Olympic Committee (IOC) interest. These various topics are presented largely from a North American standpoint, although the final chapter specifically reviews the scope and experience of drug analysis in the Buenos Aires National Laboratory. In terms of contemporary usage the balance between eight short chapters, and the length afforded to reversed phase HPLC (80 pp.) and CE (60 pp.), is justified. The remaining 3 10 pp. constitute an ‘appendix’ tabulating published systems for separation of drug from relevant matrices and subsequent chromatographic examination for some 400 drugs indicted by the US Drug Enforcement Agency and/or the IOC medical commission, listed in alphabetic order of non- proprietary name (npn).It does not, nor does it try to, rival the exhaustive compilation of spectral, chromatographic and other physical-chemical data published in Clarke,’ or Mills.2 The appendix has some curious anomalies: thus, different systems are recommended for the same drug when it is entered under its alternative npn (e.g., amobarbital and amobarbitone entries, and amfepramone and diethylpropion); and it provides extensive advice for ten plasma substrates of amitriptyline, whereas most drugs rate only a bulk and one or two matrix entries, e.g., one entry for (bulk) diamorphine and, alphabetically separately, one (detailed) entry for ‘heroin’ in urine.‘techniques selected are well described but the book lacks wider coverage’ On balance, the techniques selected are well described but the book lacks the wider coverage of Clarke’ or Gough,3 and the broad international authorship of the latter. The substantial ‘appendix’ is (admittedly) less comprehensive than Clarke or the five volumes of Mills,2 but it should be commended in that the 1141 citations are mostly very recent, whereas the 1986 edition of Clarke, as its editor has publicly recognised, is becoming a little dated. Clarke’s Isolation & Identification of Drugs, ed. A. C . Moffat, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2nd edn., 1986. lnstrumentul Data for Drug Analysis, ed.T. M. Mills et ul., Elsevier, Amsterdam. The Analysis of Drugs of Abuse, ed. T. A. Gough, Wiley, New York, 1991. GeoBrey Phillips 5190063H Glasgow Caledonian Universiv 1 2 3 Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Second Edition, Revised and Expanded Edited by Sandy Weinberg. Drugs and the Pharmaceut- ical Sciences. Volume 69. Pp. x + 294. Marcel Dekker. 1995. Price $125.00. ISBN 0-8247-9377-3. The core of this book is a reproduction, with Commentary, of the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) as applied to toxicity studies. There is some discussion of the FDA regulations on other matters (e.g., manufacturing and quality control) and of the requirements of other American and foreign agencies (e.g., The Environment Protection Agency, the Japanese and European agencies and the International Standards Organisation).How- ever, the details of these regulations are probably insufficient to make the book of much use to anyone outside the pharmaceut- ical industry. ‘useful to those who are deterred by the legal wording of the regulations’ The commentary on the FDA regulations introduces nothing new and has no authoritative status (it is not written by an agency representative). It will, however, be useful to those who are deterred by the legal wording of the regulations and gives some indications of what has been found to be ‘adequate’ inAnalyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 95N contexts such as ‘adequate calibration’. It is a good readable summary of what is now the generally accepted interpretation of the regulations. This section should be useful background reading for anyone concerned in GLP studies and a good introduction to their duties for those embarking on the management of laboratories involved in such work.For those already familiar with GLP the most useful articles are likely to be the two chapters (about a quarter of the book) on the problems of designing and validating automated and computerised systems so as to comply with the regulations. These, however, describe only their authors’ approaches and are not the authoritative reviews that might be expected in a book of this kind. This field is still developing and the reader should not be misled into believing that the methods described here are the only ones that are acceptable.In particular, the elaborate nomenclature defined in the article on automation has no general acceptance. Another interesting chapter outlines a possible way of setting up a laboratory required to comply both with specific regulations applying to some work and with more general standards of good practice in other cases. Again, however, the description is of one particular approach and has no general or exclusive authority. Andrew Coutts 5190076J Dagenham Research Centre Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Particle-induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) Edited by Sven A. E. Johansson, John L. Campbell and Klas G. Malmqvist. Volume 133 in Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and its Applications. Series Editor J. D. Winefordner. Pp. xxiii + 452.Wiley. 1995. Price f70.00. ISBN 0-471-58944-6. The aim of this book has been to provide the analytical community with an overview of the current state of PIXE, its applications and its future developments. The text consists of contributions from several recognized experts in the field and begins with a historical introduction to the technique before moving on to aspects such as instrumentation and fundamental principles and then discussing its applications in biomedicine, atmospheric sciences, geological sciences and archaeology. The work offers a thorough treatment of macrobeam as well as microbeam PIXE applications. Examples of how PIXE can be employed in an external beam mode are also given. ‘This book is an authoritative treatment of the subject and will serve as an invaluable reference source, not only for the experi- enced PIXE analyst, but also for those con- templating the use of this powerful analyt- ical technique.’ In each of the chapters the reader is guided through the physical principles underpinning the technique and its applica- tions and is provided with a comprehensive list of original and current references which are necessary to obtain more detailed information.In addition to the theoretical principles, in-depth experimental details are given throughout the book on setting- up and improving PIXE systems. In many cases practical advice is given on various aspects, such as sampling, detection systems, data analysis and even vacuum systems, which will be of immense value both to currently active and to future PIXE analysts .It would be an impossible task to incorporate all aspects of the fields in which PIXE has been applied in one single book. The editors have, however, paid much attention in choosing the most important application areas and each chapter that deals with a specific field is, on the whole, complete and should not require recourse to other chapters. Although this has lead to some overlap, and this has been recognized by the editors, it is particularly advantageous for readers who have interests in only one or two areas and thus may only wish to refer to the most appropriate chapters. This book, in my view, is an authoritative treatment of the subject and will serve as an invaluable reference source, not only for the experienced PIXE analyst, but also for those contemplating the use of this powerful analytical technique.Ranjeet S. Sokhi 51900991 University of Hertfordshire Computing Applications in Molecular Spectroscopy Edited by W. 0. George and D. Steele. Pp. xi + 242. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. Price f39.50. ISBN 0-85404-51 9-8. Rumour has it that once upon a time a spectroscopist had his publication rejected by a reputable journal because he had ‘manipulated’ his spectra using a computer. The enraged spectroscopist was so incensed that he formed his own journal dedicated to computerized spectroscopy. I do not know if this rumour is true but times had to change and now computing applications in molecular spectroscopy are central to un- ravelling information from spectra. At times the operator becomes a by-stander while the optical device and the computer call all the shots bringing real concern that the editor of that journal may have had a point! ‘This book is excellent value for users like me who find it increasingly difficult to keep up to date with the rapid pace of chemo- metrics and computer applications in spec- troscopy., Computing Applications in Molecular Spectroscopy ( 1995) edited by W. 0. George and D. Steele is an update of an earlier volume produced only in 1990-such is the pace of develop- ments. In this 235 page monograph of 10 chapters, European experts bring together data manipulation, databases, network- ing, spectral interpretation, FTIR, NIR, Raman and vapour phase molecular spectroscopy. The monograph bridges the gap between pure and applied spectroscopy so as to keep the applied spectroscopist informed and the purist made aware of the possibilities of using quite empirical approaches to solving complex and sophisticated problems.As we become increas- ingly dependent on software packages we are apt to lose sight of how the raw data is handled by the instrument manufacturer and by the external computer. Much of the data handling is common to diverse techniques and the first five chapters are suitable tuition to all readers who wish to keep abreast of data handling in the broadest sense. The power of the PC has provided access to multivariate methods which could only be achieved on main frame computers until recently. If you want to know more about spectral subtraction, boxcar smoothing, SNR, AOTF, IT, A1 and expert systems, apodization, automated spectral inter- pretation supervised or unsupervised, then this monograph will provide a readable source book which brings together many such topics scattered in the journals. The last three chapters describe industrial applications of vibrational spectroscopy, Raman microline focus spectroscopy and finally NIR spec- troscopy. This book is excellent value for users like me who find it increasingly difficult to keep up to date with the rapid pace of96N Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 chemometrics and computer applications in spectroscopy.Incidentally the book is dedicated to the late Harry Willis who may have been the spectroscopist subject of the rumour who dared to connect up a spectrometer to a computer once upon a time! I .Murray 51 90089A SAC Aberdeen Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry. Second Edition, Revised and Expanded Edited by Peter T. Kissinger and William R. Heineman. Pp. xvii + 986. Marcel Dekker. 1996. Price $79.75. ISBN 0-8247-9445- 1. This book ought to have a subtitle to show that the main focus is on dynamic techniques, i.e., of systems disturbed from equilibrium by excitation signals according to various con- trolled potential and controlled current programmes. Potentio- metry is intentionally omitted, although in the opening overview Kissinger acknowledges that pH and pM measure- ments are of great practical importance. In this last regard it has to be recognised that significant new areas of practical application have emerged, particularly for ion sensors as routine tools in clinical chemistry and medicine. With the opening chapter having stressed the undesirability of the continued use of polarography as a general appellation for all faradaic electrochemistry, the book goes on in Chapters 2-5, to deal with broad fundamental points followed by the underlying principles of those aspects of electrochemistry perceived by the editors to be the most promising and commonly used.These are the techniques of large- and small- amplitude controlled-potential and large-amplitude controlled- current. By skirting mathematical rigour, this early part of a 29 chapter work constitutes very readable text and is, in the editors’ words ‘suitable for use in graduate-level introductory courses in elec troanal ytical chemistry’.The instructional approach continues into the instrumental chapters, starting in the analog instrumentation of Chapter 6 with the basic two-electrode controlled-potential apparatus, leading on to operational amplifier and microprocessor based systems, and followed by the description in Chapter 7 of ‘fine tuning’ for overcoming solution resistance. The surprise change of tack in Chapter 8 by considering conductivity and con- ductometry is merited by a reawakening of interest, particularly for following reactions and in chromatographic detection. The systematic lay-out of the book continues with significant practical points concerning electrochemical cells (Chapter 9), especially regarding experimental goals and appropriate tech- niques relating thereto.Then come Chapters 10-14 on elec- trodes, devoted respectively, to carbon, film, micro, chemically modified and mercury types. Chapter 15 gives details of solvents and supporting electrolytes. All are important and contribute to the prospect of extracting proper electroanalytical information. Attention is also given to less ordinary conditions and substrates, such as electroanalysis at reduced temperature (Chapter 16), molten salts (Chapter 17), and vacuum-line (Chapter 18) and dry-box (Chapter 19) techniques. The remaining ten chapters are rather special, and in some cases individualist. It will be for readers to determine whether they have ‘stiff problems’ for digital simulation (Chapter 20), or whether they would wish to evaluate organic reaction mecha- nisms (Chapter 21). Indeed, these two chapters although interesting, are rather far removed from conventional analysis, as are those on synthesis (Chapter 22), electrode mechanisms of transition metal complexes (Chapter 23), photonic electro- chemistry (i.e., intimate interaction of light with electrochem- ical processes; Chapter 28), and magnetic resonance in electrochemical studies (Chapter 29).‘It will encourage readers in their research and more general interests. More pertinent for analytical scientists are the chapters on electrochemical preconcentration (by stripping voltammetry, Chapter 24), controlled current coulometry for reagent genera- tion (Chapter 25), pharmaceutical analysis (Chapter 26), chromatographic detection (including pulsed amperometric detection) and electrophoresis (Chapter 27).The last two demonstrate the useful new role that electroanalysis can have; indeed, they might even encourage those of antithetic inclina- tion. The editors have done well to combine the writings of 42 authors (40 from the USA and just 2 from Europe) into an impressive easy to read and well illustrated work. It will encourage readers in their research and more general interests. Furthermore, by being fairly moderately priced, it earns the potential of being in personal libraries and laboratories, rather than just gracing those shelves of institutional libraries that many books these days find it increasingly hard to reach. J . D. R . Thomas 6l9001 I I Gresford Vogel‘s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis.Seventh Edition Revised by G. Svehla. Pp. xi + 348. Longman. 1996. Price f35.00. ISBN 0-582-21866-7. Vogel’s practical chemistry books have been aimed mainly at the undergraduate market but many people retain them throughout their professional life as useful guides. This is still true of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis (first published in 1937), even though instrumental methods have predominated for the last 25 or more years, because it contains easily accessible details of simple reactions which are difficult to find in many inorganic text books. The bulk of its 350 pages are made up of five chapters: experimental techniques, reactions of common cations, reactions of common anions, systematic separations and special tests and reactions of less common ions.The idea behind the book is that students should get a feel for the chemistry of common cations and anions by practising many of the identification reactions on a semi-micro scale and then separating and identifying a limited number of mixtures. This is much better than plunging directly into weeks of sample identifications as used to be the case in the university attended by this reviewer. ‘aimed mainly at the undergraduate market The 7th edition is the third to be updated by Dr. Svehla. It has been given margin notes which are very helpful in finding quickly the correct place in the text after using the excellent index. Details of the use of flame atomic emission and absorption spectrophotometry in qualitative analysis have been added because the equipment is available for general use in many undergraduate laboratories.As anyone who was an undergraduate at Woolwich in Vogel’s time will tell you the students tried out all the experiments to make sure they worked before he included them in his books. The tradition has been continued by Dr. Svehla, the atomic spectrophotometry being tried out by the students at Cork. Safety notes have also been added, a must in today’s world. This edition is ideally suited to an undergraduate course.Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 97N The place of such a course in educating tomorrow’s chemists is, however, open to question. What is not in doubt is that graduates should know the basic chemistry, including the aqueous chemistry, of a large number of the elements and that knowledge should be founded on practical experience.The course given in Vogel is an inexpensive way of letting the student perform many reactions. It also teaches a systematic approach to problem solving and adds the challenge of correctly identifying the samples. However, in many years in analytical chemistry, during which inorganic substances were frequently identified, it has not been necessary for this reviewer to do more than a few simple preliminary tests and separations, modern instrumental methods completed the identification usually at least semi-quantitatively. But a basic knowledge of inorganic reactions, often applied to the source of the sample, was vital in reaching the result quickly. A study of qualitative analysis could still be the most efficient way of obtaining this practical knowledge but one cannot help thinking that a similar course based on everyday uses of inorganic chemistry should replace what is now an artificial exercise.D. Mealor 6190007K Walton-on-Thames Surrey An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry. Third Edition Edited by Alan Heaton. Pp. xxii + 414. Blackie. 1995. Price f 19.99. ISBN 0-7514-0272-9. It is difficult to imagine how a volume of this size could deal with all aspects of industrial chemistry and it was therefore with some relief that this reviewer observed that a companion book, The Chemical Industry, was also available. The present volume is a softback with a coloured, illustrated cover. Most of the contributors have at one time worked in the chemicals industry, although not all are employed currently in industry and some have retired.While it would be invidious to select any particular contributor above another, the petroleum industry is fairly well covered and environmental aspects have not been forgotten. It would seem that the book is intended for undergraduate students of chemistry and chemical engineering, although it is suggested that graduates entering industry will find it a good introduction. While one agrees with this it is a very considerable task to do more than outline all the facets of industrial chemistry. The text comprises a total of 12 chapters by 9 different authors. After an introductory chapter described as an ‘over- view’ of the chemical industry there are chapters about the sources of chemicals, research and development, the leading chemical industries, organizational structures, technological economics, engineering, energy aspects, environmental effects, chlor-alkali products, catalysis, and petrochemicals. The chapter about chlor-alkali products was of particular interest and is clearly written by an author who has obviously had considerable practical experience in the field.Most chapters are concluded with most helpful short bibliographies-a total of some 200 to 250 references in all. The index is reasonably good, which is of particular importance with a book of this kind. This volume may be useful for a newcomer entering the industry, and its price should place it within the reach of many students. D. Simpson 61900081 Analysis For Industry Thorpe-le-Soken Essex Magnetic Resonance in Food Science Edited by P.S. Belton, I. Delgadillo, A. M. Gil and G. A. Webb. Pp. x + 292. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. Price f55.00. ISBN 0-85404-725-5. This book represents the proceedings of the Second Inter- national Conference on Applications of Magnetic Resonance in Food Science held in Aveiro, Portugal in September 1994. Anyone doubting the pervasiveness of NMR techniques in almost any field of chemical or biochemical research should read it. The conference was arranged as four symposia, and the book follows this layout, with its four sections devoted respectively to Applications of Magnetic Resonance: the Developing Scene (eight chapters), Analysis and Authentication (six chapters), Magnetic Resonance and Nutrition (four chapters) and Mag- netic Resonance in the Study of Biopolymers and Complex Systems (five chapters).The book begins with a very compressed summary by Sutcliffe of basic principles of magnetic resonance with a useful set of references for newcomers to the field. EMR as well as NMR is covered, but the former is the subject of only two chapters, in which its use is described as a tool for probing molecular mobility and glass transitions in food products and model systems. ‘highly recommended to food/beverage scientists and NMR practitioners alike’ In a brief review it is not possible to do justice to the many absorbing papers in this book, which can be highly recom- mended to foodbeverage scientists and NMR practitioners alike. It is invidious to mention some but not others; however a few areas which particularly interested the reviewer are mentioned below.170-NMR is used in a study (Lavoie and Chinachoti) of water availability and microbial growth in growth media. Germina- tion time of Aspergillus niger was found to correlate much better with NMR-active moisture than with water activity. The technique may afford better control of foodstuffs, reducing spoilage levels and potential food poisoning from low and intermediate moisture foods. In the realm of authentication, there is a paper (Martin) on principles of SNIF-NMR applied to food products, and another (Holland et al.) on the monitoring of wines from different European countries and grape varieties through the 13C-NMR analysis of their amino acid compositions. A second paper related to wine used NMR to demonstrate the formation of erythritol in the anaerobic fermentation of glucose by L.oenos, responsible for the malolactic fermentation in wines (Santos). Finally, those interested in NMR and complex or hetero- geneous systems such as body fluids, the metabolism of the brain, gels, cakes and doughs, are all well catered for. This is a well produced volume which should be of great value to many in academia and industry. Its editors are to be congratulated. P. C. Bevan 5190031 J Southampton _____.__________ Spectrophotometry, Luminescence and Colour: Science and Compliance Edited by C. Burgess and D. G. Jones. Analytical Spec- troscopy Library. Volume 6. Pp. viii + 440. Elsevier. 1995. Price Df1425.00; US$250.00. ISBN 0-444-81718-2. This book contains 29 of the presentations given to the second joint meeting of the UV Spectrometry Group of the UK and the98N Analyst, July 1996, Vol.121 Council for Optical Radiation Measurements of the USA, held at the Franklin Pierce College, New Hampshire, in 1994. The book opens with the interesting and thought-provoking keynote lecture by Professor Duncan Thorburn Bums on the work of Robert Boyle in luminescence. The remainder of the contents are concerned with good modern analytical science which naturally includes quality compliance activities, as can be seen from the sections into which it is divided: Compliance and Validation in Spectrophotometry; Advances in Spectrophoto- metric Measurements; Instrument Manufacturers’ Approaches to Compliance; Advances in Fluorescence Techniques; and Advances in Spectrophotometry.This publication was of considerable interest to the reviewer whose experience of spectrophotometry can be traced back to the earliest spectrophotometers made in the USA and then the UK. Considerable emphasis is placed on quality assurance with many papers dealing with subjects such as, standards, reference measurements, calibration, traceability and harmonization, and the validation of the whole analytical system. The articles concerned with these topics will be particularly useful to those spectroscopists involved with Valid Analytical Measurement, GLP or NAMAS. However, there are also some excellent papers concerned with applications of luminescence and spectrophotometry and rather less directed towards compliance topics.‘All the contributions are made by experts in their fields and are both significant in content and a pleasure to read2 All the contributions are made by experts in their fields and are both significant in content and a pleasure to read. The editors are to be congratulated on the consistent and error-free standard of the papers, including the tables and diagrams. The quality of the publication is high, being well printed and bound. This is an important addition to the Analytical Spectroscopy Library. It will no doubt be read by all spectrophotometry and luminescence practitioners and deserves a place on the bookshelves of any analytical laboratory. Unfortunately, the relatively high price of the book will inhibit many private purchases. E . J . Newman 5/90057C Wimborne Dorset Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry By Zhaolun Fang.Pp. xiii + 306. Wiley. 1995. Price f60.00. ISBN 0-47 1-9533 1-8. This book forms a useful record of the current state-of-the-art in FI-AAS and would be an ideal starting point for a researcher just embarking on a programme of work in this field. Unfortunately whilst this book deals with the combination of FI with FAAS, VGAAS, ETAAS and even AFS the author specifically excludes plasma based systems. This is, possibly, an opportunity lost. The text starts with an informative historical coverage of the development of the technique. This introductory chapter then goes on to discuss the fundamentals of FI, and, in particular, the theory of dispersion. This is dealt with in a thorough yet economical way.‘a refreshing level of detail and much practical advice The next chapter deals with general instrumentation, giving a refreshing level of detail and much practical advice clearly resulting from the personal experiences of the author. ~ ~ ~~ Chapter 3 deals with sample introduction techniques for FI- AAS using flame based atom cells. Again an appropriate coverage of the theory is balanced by a thorough coverage of a variety of sampling systems. The chapter concludes with sections that cover applications to samples containing highly dissolved solids and to slurries, and finally the interfacing of FI with some less common nebulization systems is introduced. Chapter 4, which covers dilution systems and Chapter 10, which deals with calibration methods using FI, are perhaps the least valuable of the chapters in this book.They present little that has not been thoroughly covered in other publications but their inclusion is probably justified by the need to present a self- contained text. A very brief chapter on sensitivity enhancement techniques for FAAS deals with those sensitivity improvements not involving enrichment of the analyte. This chapter might have been more useful had the author dealt more clearly with the way sensitivity and precision interact to affect limits of detection. Chapter 6 deals with vapour generation techniques in some detail, including, despite the book’s title, a brief reference to AFS . The chapters on indirect methods using FAAS and on-line analyte enrichment methods provide an excellent basis for the understanding of the applications covered later.These chapters are followed by one on FI-ETAAS but whilst this is an interesting and informative coverage it does tend to stray into areas that cannot be described as FI. The author does acknowledge this fact both in relation to this chapter and to Chapter 11 which is a short chapter on sample digestion systems. The final chapter in this book covers a range of selected applications illustrating the techniques covered earlier. A good selection of environmental applications and a smaller selection of clinical, pharmaceutical, geological and metallurgical ex- amples are presented. The References and Bibliography section contains a listing of over 700 articles and books. The only criticism here is that the references are presented without titles.This book is described on its cover as ‘a unique merging of reference source and laboratory handbook, which will give the reader both the necessary theoretical background and practical knowledge needed to utilize this powerful combination success- fully’. It is certainly clear that the book does fulfil both its stated roles in a way that will encourage the reader who is relatively new to the subject to wish to see what the technique can actually achieve and at the same time will act as a useful reference source for those who are already involved in the subject. Alan P. Newman 5190094H School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Coventry University Packed Column SFC By T. A. Berger. RSC Chromatography Monographs.Series editor: Roger M. Smith. Pp. xiv + 252. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. Price €45.00. ISBN: 0-85404-500-7. I suspect that scientific books are seldom read at a single sitting, but I found this book quite impossible to put down. It simply gives a completely new view of supercritical fluid chromato- graphy (SFC) in a thoroughly readable and entertaining way. ‘a completely new view of supercritical fluid chromatographyy Supercritical fluids have properties which in principle make them ideal mobile phases for chromatography, and manyAnalyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 99N analysts enthusiastically (some would say too enthusiastically!) embraced SFC when it emerged in the early 1980s. In 1995, however, it has to be said that SFC has not realised its early potential.At least part of the reason lies in the perceived lack of robustness of capillary SFC; problems associated with working with very small diameter (50 pm) columns and long analysis times have severely restricted its use in industrial laboratories to a number of niche, if still important, applications. The concomitant increase in the availability of capillary columns for high temperature gas chromatography (GC) has also cut in on the application area of SFC. This controversy has severely overshadowed the very definite opportunities for SFC on packed columns, where there are often clear advantages over normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) especially in efficiency and selectivity (use of coupled column sets is possible because of the lower pressure drops in SFC), and in speed of analysis (resulting from faster diffusion).The author, who was himself responsible for the development of new, user-friendly in- strumentation for packed-column SFC now puts the record straight in this important and welcome book which redresses the balance, and presents a clear message; SFC can still be vitally useful in analytical separation science. The book has twelve chapters dealing with theoretical and practical aspects, and with application areas. An introductory chapter (‘Putting SFC into perspective’) provides background to both chromatographic methods generally, and the place of SFC among them; later chapters discuss the physical chemistry of both mobile and stationary phases and the effect of instrumental parameters on resolution, all in a straightforward fashion and with a minimum of equations; particularly good use is made of graphical illustration of the various concepts.Practical aspects are addressed through an account of the hardware: fluid supply, pumps, pressure control, including all- important restriction considerations, injection, and detection using both GC and HPLC detectors. The superiority of instruments with independent control of pressure and flow is rightly stressed. There are also practical guides to mobile phase selection through discussions of polarity scales and other factors affecting retention, and to systematic method development with emphasis on resolution and speed of analysis. The book is completed by chapters on application areas, where pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and petroleum products predominate; chiral analysis is likely to be a major future strength of packed column SFC.So don’t write off SFC; instead, read this informative book to find out how it can help the analytical chemist in all kinds of ways! Keith D. Bartle 51901 05G University of Leeds Steroid Analysis Edited by H. L. J. Makin, D. B. Gower and D. N. Kirk, Pp. xviii + 718. Blackie Academic & Professional. 1995. Price f145.00. ISBN 0-7514-0128-5. ~ __ There are few up-to-date reference books that adequately cover the challenge of steroid analysis in a modern laboratory. This gap has been filled by this book which provides a wealth of information on a broad range of aspects concerning the analysis of steroids. This book, dedicated to the memory of Professor David N.Kirk, has been well thought through, from its conception to its publication, resulting in a volume that is essential reading for everyone involved in steroid analysis. The book is a collection of chapters written by eminent steroid chemists, covering such areas as structure and nomen- clature (Kirk, Marples), spectroscopic methods (Kirk, Gaskell, Marples), quality assessment (Middle) and general methods including both chromatographic techniques (Makin, Honour, Shakleton) and immunoassays (Barnard, Read, Collins). It includes a number of chapters relating to the analysis of specific groups of steroids including corticosteroids (James, Honour, Fraser), androgens (Gower), progestagens (Read, Barnard, Collins), estrogens (Oakey, Holder), bile acids (Murphy, Maghsoudloo, Qureshi), Vitamin D and its analogues (Makin, Jones, Calverley), phytosteroids (Zeelen) and a chapter relating to the use of steroids in sports (Gower, Houghton, Kicman).Each chapter is a stand-alone in its own right giving the reader sufficient background to appreciate the challenges faced in the given area. This has however, led to some repetition occurring through the book, although with the different styles being used this is not annoying. ‘a volume that is essential reading for everyone involved in steroid analysis’ The first chapter of the book covers every aspect of the structure of steroids-from the simplest structure of estrane, through conformation of steroids, to how to name a steroid. In the second chapter spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry, are described in detail using steroids as examples to illustrate the techniques. The third chapter, in two parts, familiarizes the reader with the principles of steroid analysis.The first part describes sample preparation and chromatographic techniques interfaced to a range of detection systems whilst the second introduces immunoassays including both RIA and ELISA techniques. In the first part, the principles and pitfalls are discussed with emphasis given to practical considerations such as the binding of steroid to glass and their possible destruction when evaporating to dryness. The importance of validation for each application is emphasized. Through the remaining chapters, these themes are developed with much more detail for specific groups of steroids.For example in the chapter on progestagens, the development of techniques from early bioassays to modern instrumental techniques are discussed, with particular emphasis on screening assays for progesterone. There are, perhaps, a few areas in which this book could have benefited from further editing-such as the promotion of the use of benzene as an extraction solvent (p. 121) whilst in other areas successful alternatives to benzene are suggested (p. 410). The index, at first glance, appears comprehensive, but the listing for trenbolone lacks in detail. The emphasis of the book towards clinical applications of steroid analysis has led to the omission of a chapter on the use of steroids in animal production, although there are a few citations in the text from this area.Perhaps a brief section on uses of steroids (i.e., why are we interested in analysing steroids?) would have completed the book. In some sections there is little consideration given to applications outside of the authors’ area of speciality, whilst in others contributors have tried to include both diverse and topical examples. In summary, the book is intended for both specialists and newcomers to the field of steroid analysis in clinical chemistry. However, it also provides an extremely useful reference text to analysts in periphery areas of steroid analysis. The authors have successfully filled a gap in this area-this is an excellent, comprehensive book and can be highly recommended to those who want an up-to-date reference on steroid analysis.S . Porter 5190071 I Central Veterinary Laboratory, WeyhridgeInternational Conference on Analytical Chemistry June 15-21, 1997 Moscow University, Moscow, Russia Analytical chemistry: Philosophical aspect Chemometrics Chromatography (GC, HPLC, TLC, IC etc.) and related techniques (CE) Molecular spectroscopy (IR, Raman) Nuclear methods Kinetic methods Bioanalytical chemistry Analysis of new materials I Preconcentration (including solid phase extraction) I I I (including high-purity materials) ORGANISING COMMITTEE AIMS The objective of the conference is to highlight the most recent developments in the field of analytical science, specifically in the subject areas identified below. Presentations will be given in the form of plenary and contributed lectures as well as poster sessions. It is hoped that the poster sessions will be used to encourage scientists of different generations to exchange ideas and share experiences in their respective fields. SCOPE The following major topics will be discussed at the conference: Sampling and sample treatment Organic analytical reagents Quality assurance/quality control Atomic spectroscopy (absorption emission, Mass spectrometry Electroanalytical methods Express test methods Analysis of raw materials Analysis of food and agricultural products CI inical analysis fluorescence, XRF, lasers) Chairperson, Yu A. Zolotov Vice-chairmen, B.F. Myasoedova, V.A. Davankov and V.G. Koloshnikov General secretary, L.N. Kolomiets Yu A. Karpov, I.N. Kiseleva, P.N. Nesterenko, G.I. Ramendik, O.A. Shpigun, S.I. Sinkov, 1.1. Smirenkina, B.Ya. Spivakov, M.M. Zaletina INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Chairman, Yu A. Zolotov F. Adams, Belgium R. Barnes, USA M. Novotny, USA H. Englehardt, Germany T. Fujinaga, Japan M. Grasserbauer, Austria B. Welz, Germany A. Hulanicki, Poland B. Welz, Germany E. Mentasti, Italy B. F. Myasoedov, Russia V . A. Davankov , Russia H. Frieser, USA E. Pungor, Hungary I. Havesov , Bulgaria J . F . K . Huber , Austria T Yotsuyanagi, Japan M.I. Karayannis, Greece H. Akaiwa, Japan C. Boutron, France H. Pardue, USA K. Niemax, Germany P.G. Zambonin, Italy I.Kuselman, Isruel S. Tsuge, Japan V.G. Koloshnikov, Russia G. Werner, Germany J.G.H. du Preez, South Africa J.A. Perez-Bustamente, Spain L. Sommer, Czech Republic W. Lindner, Austria F. Macasek, Slovakia M. Valiente, Spain H.M. (Skip) Kingston, USA M. Widmer, Switzerland Yu. A. Karpov, Russia CONFERENCE SECRETARIAT For further information please contact : Dr L. N. Kolomiets, Scientific Council on Chromatography RAS, Leninsky Prospect 3 1, 117915 Moscow, Russia. E-mail : Iarionov@lmm.phyche.msk.su Tel: 7 (095) 952 0065; 7 (095) 955 4685 Fax: 7 (095) 952 0065; 7 (095) 952 5308

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210093N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 lOlN Conference Diary Date Conference 1996 August 4-9 10-13 11-15 11-16 11-16 20-23 21-23 25-29 25-30 Location Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation USA Denver, CO, 42nd International Conference on Analytical London, Science and Spectroscopy Canada Microscopy and Microanalysis '96 Minneapolis, MN, USA Gordon Research Conference on Plasma New Hampton, USA Processing Science NH, ICORS '96: XV International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy USA 7th International Symposium on Osaka, Pharmaceutical an<; Biomedical Analysis Japan (PBAT '96) Pittsburgh, Fourth International Symposium on Capillary York, Electrophoresis 212th American Chemical Society National Meeting XXIII EUCMOS September 1-7 Cellular and Molecular Biology 2nd World Congress 1-7 Euroanalysis IX 4-6 Traceability and Comparability of 'Amount of Substance' Measurements 8-1 1 22nd Annual Meeting of the British Mass Spectrometry Society UK Orlando, FL, USA Balatonfured, Hungary Ottawa, Canada Bologna, Italy Noordw ijkerhout, The Netherlands Swansea, UK Contact SPIE, C/O HIB-INFONET, P.O.BOX 4463, N-5028 Bergen, Norway Tel: +1 47 55 54 37 84. Fax: +I 47 55 96 21. E-mail: spie@hibinc.no Martin Stillman, University of Eastern Ontario, Department of Chemistry, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada Tel: +1 519 661 3821. Fax: +1 519 661 3022. E-mail: stillman@uwo.ca Microscopy and Microanalysis '96,4 Barlow Landing Road, Suite 8, Pocasset, MA 02559, USA Tel: +1 508 563 1155. Fax: +1 508 563 1211. E-mail: businessoffice@msa.microscopy.com; WWW: http://www.msa.microscopy.com S.L. Girschick, University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 11 1 Church St. S., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Tel: +1 612 625 5315. Fax: +1 612 624 1398. E-mail: sig.@maroon. tc .umn.edu Professor S. Asher, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA Professor Susumu Honda, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi Osaka 577, Japan Fax: +81 6 721 2353 Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0)1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 4325 16 E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk Department of Meetings, American Chemical Society, 1155-15th NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA Tel: +1 202 872 4396. Fax: +1 202 872 6128. E-mail: natlmtgs@acs.org Professor Dr.J. Mink, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of VeszprCm, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 VeszprCm, Hungary Congress Secretariat, Sutie 353, 2660 Southvale Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1B 4W5 Tel: +I 613 247 1344. Fax: +1 613 247 2187/9317. E-mail: mhamelin@ottawa.net Professor Luigia Sabbatini, Euroanalysis IX, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy Tel: +39 80 544 2020. Fax: +39 80 544 2026 Linda Catterson, Workshop Secretary, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW 11 OLY, UK Tel: +44 (0)181 943 7423. Fax: +44 (0)181 943 2767. E-mail: lc@lgc.co.uk Dr. Fred Mellon, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK NR4 7UA Tel: +44 (0)1603 255299.Fax: +44 (0)1603 452578 E-mail: fred.mellon@bbsrc.ac.uk102N Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 Date 8-1 2 8-12 8-1 3 9-1 1 9-1 3 10-14 11-13 15-17 15-20 15-20 15-20 16-18 16-19 16-20 Conference Location 110th AOAC International Annual Meeting and Exposition Kissimmee, FL, Orlando/ USA 4th International Conference on Nanometer Scale Science and Technology China Beijing, CLEO '96: European Conferences on Lasers Hamburg, and Electro-Optics Germany Sixth International Symposium on Field Flow Ferrara, Fractionation Italy PRAHA96: 14th International Conference on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy Prague, Czech Republic International Symposium and Exhibition on Biomedical Optics IV Austria Graz, International Symposium on Biological Espoo, Monitoring in Occupational and Finland Environmental Health Third European Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences Scotland Edinbrugh, 21st International Symposium on Stuttgart, Chromatography Germany 1996 European Workshop in Chemometrics Bristol, UK XV National Reunion of Spectroscopists Oviedo, Spain The Third International Conference on Applications of Magnetic Resonance in Food Science Nantes, France International Ion Chromatography Reading, Symposium UK 5th International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry UK Durham, Contact Margreet Lauwaars, P.O.Box 153, 6720 AD Bennekom, The Netherlands. Tel: +3 1 3 18 4 18725; Fax: +31 318 418359; or Derek Abbott, 80 Chaffers Mead, Ashtead, Surrey KT2 lNH, UK Tel: +44 372 274856.Fax: +44 372 274856 Shijin Pang, Beijing Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2724, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China Tel: +86 10 256 8306. Fax: +86 10 255 6598. E-mail: pang@image.blem.ac.cn CLEO/Europe '96, Institute of Physics, Meetings and Conferences Department, 47 Belgrave Square, London, UK SWlX 8QX F. Dondi, Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 1-44100 Ferrara, Italy Tel: +39 532 291 154. Fax: +39 532 240709 Dr. Vladimir Spirko, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, The J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, CZ- 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic Fax: +42 2 858 2307. E-mail: praha9mjh-inst.cas.cz. or praha96@ wcpj.chemie.uni-wuppertal.de Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B .P.147-9 1403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr Kristiina Kulha, Finish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliukenkatu 41 a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland Tel: +358 4747 551. Fax: +358 4747 548. E-mail: kku@occuphealth.fi; WWW: http://www .occuphealth.fi 3rd EUFEPS Congress, Marshwood House, 52 Gresham Road, Staines, Middlesex, TW18 2AN, UK Tel: +44 (0)1784 464106. Fax: +44 (0)1784 455078 GDCh-Geschaftsstelle, Abt. Tagungen, Varrentrappestr. 40-42, Postfach 90 04 40, D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 90, Germany Tel: +49 69 791 7358. Fax: +49 69 791 7475 Caroline Hutcheon, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol B58 lTS, UK Tel: +44 (0)117 928 9000 or +44 (0)117 928 7658. Fax: +44 (0)117 925 7295 Conference Secretariat,, XV Reunih Nacional de Espectroscopia, Grupo Espaiiol de Espectroscopia, C/Serrano 121,28006 Madrid, Spain Fax: +34 (9)1645557 G.J. Martin or V. Foucault, Facultt des Sciences, Laboratoire de RCsonance Magnttique Nuclkaire et Reactivitik Chimique, U.R.A. - CNRS 472, 2 rue de la Houssinikre, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03, France Tel: +33 4037 3169. Fax: +33 4074 9806 Century International, P.O. Box 493, Medfield, MA 02052, USA. Tel: +1 508 359 8777; Fax: +1 508 359 8778. Phil Jones, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK Tel: +44 (0)1752 233000. Fax: +44 (0)1752 233035 Dr. Grenville Holland, Department of Geological Sciences, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham City, UK DH1 3LE Fax: +44 (0)191 374 2510Analyst, July 1996, Vol.121 103N Date Conference Location 23 12th ICP-MS Applications Meeting Julich, Germany 24-26 Mass Spectrometry Processes for the Julich, Determination of Trace Elements Germany 26-27 4th International Symposium on Bucharest, Biotechnology Now & Tomorrow Romania 29-04 23rd Annual Conference of the Federation of Kansas City, Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy USA Societies (FACSS) October 2-4 3 3 14-1 8 20-25 22-25 22-25 28-29 29-30 30-3 1 Second Australian Conference on Vibrational Brisbane, Spectroscopy Australia Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis York, UK 7th International Beijing Conference and Shanghai, Exhibition on Instrumental Analysis (BCEIA) China Expoquimia Equiplast Eurosurfas Barcelona, Spain Pollutec 96 8th Conference and Exhibition on Analytical Instrumentation Spain Barcelona, Monitor '96 Manchester, UK Third European Symposium on Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy.On-Line Use Kolding, Denmark International Workshop on Metallothioneins Geel, Belgium November 4-8 International Symposium on the Industrial Johannesburg, Application of the Mossbauer Effect South Africa Contact Dr. J. S. Becker, Forschungszentrum fur Chemische Analysen, D-52425 Julich, Germany Tel: +49 2461 612698. Fax: +49 2461 612560 Dr. J. S. Becker, Forschungszentrum fur Chemische Analysen, D-52425 Jiilich, Germany Tel: +49 2461 612698. Fax: +49 2461 612560 Ioana Spirescu, Romania Biotehnos S.A., Str. Dumbrava Roslo, nr.18, Bucuresti 70254, Romania Tel: +40 1 210 20 15. Fax: +40 1 210 97 05. E-mail: dcornel@ cbb.bth .ro FACSS, 201B Broadway Street, Frederick, MD Tel: +1 301 846 4797. 21701-6501 USA Peter Fredericks, School of Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology, P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001 , Australia Tel: +61 7 3864 2341. Fax: +61 7 3864 1804. E-mail: p.fredericks.@qut.edu.au Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0)1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 432516 E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk BCEIA '97 General Service Office, Room 585, Chinese Academy of Sciences Building, P.O. Box 2143, Beijing 100045, China Tel: +86 10 685 11814. Fax: E-mail: bceia@ aphyOl .iphy .ac.cn Expoquimia Equiplas Eurosurfas, Fira de Barcelona, Avda.Reina Ma Cristina, E-08004, Barcelona, Spain Michele Jackson or Vinod Mahtani, Promosalons (UK) Ltd., 82 Bishops Bridge Road, London W2 6BB, UK Tel: +44 (0)171 221 3660. Fax: +44 (0)171 792 3525 8as Jornadas de Analisis Instrumental (JAI) Expoquimia, Av. Reina Ma Christina-Palacio No. 1, 08004 Barcelona, Spain Tel: +93 233 20 00. Fax: +93 233 23 11, +93 423 63 48 Spring Innovations, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127 Biotechnological Institute, Holbergsvej 10, P.O. Box 8 18, DK-6000 Kolding, Denmark, Attn: Lone Vejgaard (Chairman) Tel: +45 75 52 04 33. Fax: 4 5 75 52 99 89 Dr Guy Bordin, European Commission-Joint Research Centre-IRMM, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Fax: +32 14 584 273.E-mail: bordin@irmm.jrc.be Herman Pollak, Mossbauer Laboratory, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Tel: +27 11 716 4053/2526. Fax: +27 11 339 8262. E-mail: isiame@physnet.phys.wits.ac.za104N Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 Date 12-15 13 13-15 17-22 21 24-30 Conference Location International Exhibition and Conference for Chemical Technology, Analytical Technology Switzerland and Biotechnology Capillary Electrophoresis Meeting Hertfordshire, Basel, UK 13th Montreux Symposium on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Switzerland Montreux, 1996 Eastern Analytical Symposium Somerset, NJ, USA Spectroscopic Detection in Process Analysis (11) UK Hull, 4th Rio Symposium on Atomic Spectrometry Buenos Aires, Argentina 1997 January 4-9 The Fourth International Symposium On: Giza, New Trends in Chemistry The Role of Egypt Analytical Chemistry in National Development Analysis-ICFIA 97 USA 12-1 6 International Conference on Flow Injection Orlando, 12-17 1997 European Winter Conference on Plasma Gent, Spectrochemistry 20-24 First Asia-Pacific EPR/ESR Symposium 26-30 9th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Microscale Techniques March 9-14 CANAS '97 Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie 16-21 48th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Belgium Hong Kong Anaheim, USA Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany Atlanta, GA, USA Contact I,.E. Loew, ilmac96, Messe Bassel, CH-4021 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 686 2707.Fax: +41 61 686 2188 Mrs Gill Caminow, The Chromatographic Society, Suite 4, Clarendon Chambers, 32 Clarendon Street, Nottingham NGI 5JD, UK Tel: +44 (0)115 950 0596. Fax: +44 (0)115 950 0614 M. Frei-Hausler, Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschwil 2, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 481 2789. Fax: +41 61 482 0805 EAS, P.O. Box 633, Montchanin, DE 19710-0633, USA Tel: +I 302 738 6218. Fax: +1 302 738 5275 Dr. J. S. Lancaster, BP Chemicals, Hull Research Centre, Saltend, Hull, UK HU12 8DS Tel: +44 (0)1482 894803. Fax: +44 (0)1482 892171 Osvaldo E. Troccoli, Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactasy Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel: +54 1 783 3025. Fax: +54 1 782 0441. E-mail: troccoli@ trazas.uba.org or batiston@cena.edu.ar Professor Dr.M. M. Khater, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ICFIA 97, Sue Christian, P.O. Box 26, Medina, WA Fax: +I 206 454 9361. E-mail: sue@flowinjection.com L. Moens, Secretariat, 1997 European Winter Conference, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000, Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 264 66 00. Fax: +32 9 264 66 99 E-mail: plasma97@rug.ac. be Professor C. Rudowicz, Chairman, LOC & lOC, City University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Materials Science, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel: +852 2788 7787. Fax: +852 2788 7830. E-mail: apsepm cityu.edu .hk Shirley Schlessinger, Symposium Manager, HPCE '97, 400 East Randolph Street, Suite 1015, Chicago, IL 60601, USA Tel: + I 312 527 2011.98039-0026, USA G. Werner, Universitat Leipzig, Institut fur Analytische Chemie, Linnestrasse 3, D-04 103 Leipzig, Germany Tel: +49 0341 973 6101. Fax: +49 0341 973 6115 Linda Briggs, The Pittsburgh Conference, 300 Penn Center Blvd., Suite 332, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5503, USA Tel: +1 412 825 3220, +I 800 825 3221. Fax: +1 412 825 3224Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 105N Date Conference April 13-17 213th American Chemical Society National Meeting 14-19 Genes and Gene Families in Medical, Agricultural and Biological Research: 9th International Congress on Isozymcs 21-25 Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM-7) May 12-16 European Symposium on Photonics in Manufacturing I11 June 3-5 15-2 1 1 5-2 1 16-20 30-3/7 LIMS 97 11th International LIMS Conference and Exhibition International Conference on Analytical Chemistry International Conference on Analytical Chemistry European Symposium on Environmental and Public Safety I1 6th European ISSX Meeting Location San Francisco, CA, USA Texas, USA Antwerp, Belgium Paris, France The Hague, Netherlands Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia Munich, Germany Gothenburg, Sweden Contact Department of Meetings, American Chemical Society, 1155-16th St.NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA Tel: +I 202 872 4396. Fax: +1 202 872 6128. E-mail: natlmtgs@acs.org Mrs. Janet Cunningham, Barr Enterprises. 10120 Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793, USA Tel: +1 301 898 3772. Fax: +I 301 898 5596 J. Pauwels, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.Tel: +32 14 571 722; or Wayne Wolk, US Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Tel: +1 301 504 8927. Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-91403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr Conference Secretariat, LIMS 97, 45 Hilltop Avenue, Hullbridge, Hockley, Essex, SS5 6BL, UK Tel: +44 (0)1702 23 1268. Fax: +44 (0) 1702 230580. E-mail: 10 1320.16 17@compuserve.com Dr. L. N. Kolomiets, Scientific Council on Chromatography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 3 1, 1 17915 Moscow, Russia Fax: +7 095 952 0065 Scientific Council on Chromatography RAS,, Leninsky Prospect 3 1, 1 179 15 Moscow, Russia Tel: +7 95 952 0065. Fax: +7 95 952 0065. Email: larionov@lmm.phyche, msk.su Francoise Chavel, Executive, Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-9 1403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr Meeting Secretariat, 6th European ISSX Meeting, c/o The Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 1136, S-1 1 1 81 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 723 5000. Fax: +46 8 20 551 1 August 10-15 11th International Conference on Fourier Athens, GA, James A. de Haseth, Department of Chemistry, Transform Spectroscopy USA University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA Tel: +I 706 542 1968. Fax: +1 706 542 9454. E-mail: dehaseth@dehrsv.chem.uga.edu Postal 96, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Tel: +55 194 335122. Fax: +55 194 228339. E-mail: flow97@aguia.cena.usp.br 25-28 VII Flow Conference Aguas de Sao Henrique Bergamin Filho, CENA-USP, Caixa Pedro-Piracicaba, Brazil

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210101N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

106N Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 Courses Date Conference Locat ion Contact 1996 July 1-2 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Manchester, Dr. N. H. P. Smith, Chemistry Department, UMIST, UK P.O. Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester, UK M60 1QD Tel: +44 (0)161 200 4491. Fax: +44 (0)161 236 7677 August 1 9-2 1 22-23 Aerosol and Particle Measurement Air and Gas Filtration September 3-5 HPLC Beginners Training Course 3-6 Clinical Nutrition 7 9-13 11-12 11-13 30 Workshop in Field Flow Fractionation MSc Credited Short Course on Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Explosions and Fires in Industry 2nd Workshop on Biosensors and Biological Techniques in Environmental Analysis Pesticide Maximum Residue Levels October 3-4 Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis 22-23 HPLC Troubleshooting Courses -- Minneapolis, USA Minneapolis, USA Macclesfield, UK Leeds, UK Ferrara, Italy Plymouth, UK Southampton, UK Lund, Sweden Campden, UK York, UK Macclesfield, UK Registrar, Professional Development and Conference Services, University of Minnesota, 235 Nolte Center, 315 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN Fax: +1 612 626 1632 Registrar, Professional Development and Conference Services, University of Minnesota, 235 Nolte Center, 315 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN Fax: + I 612 626 1632 55455-0139 55455-0 139 Nikki Rathbone, HPLC Technology Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK SKI 1 6PJ Tel: 01625 613848. Fax: 01625 616916 Mrs.Hilary L. Thackray, Department of Continuing Professional Education, Continuing Education Building, Springfield Mount, Leeds, UK LS2 9NG Tel: +44 (0)113 233 3233.Fax: +44 (0)113 233 3240 F. Dondi, Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrdra, Via L. Borsari, 46, 1-44100 Ferrara, Italy Tel: +39 532 291154. Fax: +39 532 240709 Dr. Hywel Evans, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 SAA, UK May Husseyin, Training Department, The Fire Prevention Association, Melrose Avenue, Borehamwood, Herts., WD6 2BJ, UK Tel: +44 (0)181 207 2345. Mrs. M. Frei-Hausler, IAEAC Secretariat, Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschwill 2, Switzerland The Training Department, Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Glos. GL55 6LD, UK Tel: +44 (0)1386 842104. Fax: +44 (0)1386 842100 Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0)1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 432516. E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk Nikki Rathbone, HPLC Technology Ltd, macclesfield, Cheshire, UK SKI 1 6PJ Tel: +44 (0)1625 613848. Fax: +44 (0)1625 616916 Entries in the above listing are included at the discretion of the Editor and are free of charge. If you wish to publicize a forthcoming meeting please send full details to: The Analyst Editorial Office, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WF. Tel: +44 (0)1223 420066. Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247. E-mail:Analyst@RSC.ORG.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210106N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, July 1996, Vol. 121 107N Interview With Jaromir Ruzicka The James L. Waters Annual Symposium at Pittcon serves to recognize pioneers in the development of analytical instrumentation. Professor Jaromir Ruzicka, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Washington, was one of the four distinguished scientists invited by the Organising Committee to speak this year at Pittcon 96, where the seventh Waters Symposium traced the development of ion-selective electrodes. At Pittcon 96 Sarah Williams, Deputy Editor of The Analyst, met up with Professor Ruzicka, a good friend and active Advisory Board member of The Analyst, to talk about his background, current and past research interests and the role of flow injection (FI) in carrying us through into the next century. SW: Could you tell us a little about yourself: your educational background and how you came to be an analytical chemist? JR: sw: JR: sw: JR: SW: JR: sw: It was purely a romantic notion, a bit like being a detective with a case to solve. I was always interested in chemistry, as a boy I made the usual explosions. If a child did similar things today it would probably result in the fire brigade being called out and a story on the national news, but back then nobody paid any attention.It was actually a great thing to do to ride into a park downtown in Prague: there was a nice fountain into which you threw a half pound of potassium metal and made spectacular effects. From then on I became interested in finding out what was in things and then later on in instrumentation.At Charles’ University in Prague, where I studied, there was an excellent school of Analytical Chemistry and also Physical Chemistry, led by Professor Heyrovsky, who was the only person from Czechoslovakia to receive the Nobel Prize for science. I actually went to class with this son, Michael. They all wanted to study physical chemistry and asked me why I didn’t. They thought analytical chemistry was a ‘lower’ science. I replied that I thought I would be a poor physical chemist, but I would be a good analytical chemist. Unfortunately, in sixty-eight, the Russians invaded Czechoslovakia. I took my family and fled to Denmark and I lived there for eighteen years; for about ten years I was Professor at the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby. I often came to America for Pittcon meetings and to give seminars.On one trip to Seattle I met Gary Christian and was made an offer by the University of Washington that I couldn’t refuse. Tell us about your recent research activities and current interests. Well, primarily microscopy and flow cytometry. I am very blessed. I have a good research team, and a very good colleague, Gary Christian. We have been very fortunate and successful. Our last NIH grant was nearly one million dollars. Of course that sounds like a lot of money, but the difference between the American and European System means that I have to pay all of my students and the university gets 30% overheads, so it’s still a nice net sum but it’s not as much as it sounds. But I am grateful that we received this grant; we published a lot of papers, and worked very hard with a number of biologists and immunologists.Basically, the work is FI coupled with fluorescence microscopy and FI coupled to flow cytometry, and very, very recently we have worked on FI on suspended matter. We use beads (chromatographic materials) which we use as carriers for reagents and it’s a very, very exciting area. Your presentation at Pittcon 96 relates to your work on ion-selective electrodes. Why did you move on from this field? Did you think that there was no future for these devices or that the field had matured? Oh it’s a nostalgic thing. First of all I must say that it’s a great honour. I think that one thing that should come out of this interview is that it’s my first American award. I have received awards from other countries but this is my first American one and I’m very glad that I got it.It’s nice to get things in perspective actually. Why I left the area-I’ll tell you tomorrow in my lecture. Actually, I left the field within a day. This is true but not well known. We discovered FI (with Elo Hansen) by trying to study the dynamic response of an electrode which we had created. We were very frustrated by not being able to find out how fast this device was responding and so I lost my patience and did it very quickly by injecting something onto the electrode and the device responded not only very rapidly but with surprising reproducibility. It was my last electrochemical experiment. So it was altogether an accidental discovery? Well yes it was and it wasn’t.I had worked with something called an AutoAnalyzer for eight years. That particular electrode was part of an AutoAnalyzer system and at that time everybody believed that you had to have these bubbles to segment the stream and prevent comixing of samples. And in that experiment we first removed the bubbles to get everything going faster and the samples did not comix! That was really revealing. I actually learned to use the AutoAnalyzer in Surrey. This American Company (Technicon) had a training centre in Surrey during 1965 or thereabouts. At that time the AutoAnalyzer was a highly successful system for the automation of reagent-based chemistries. You have been dubbed as the ‘father offlow injection’. How do you feel about this title? Wouldn’t you prefer to be receiving an award for your pioneering work in this field?108N Analyst, July 1996, Vol.121 JR: s w : JR: sw: JR: sw: JR: s w : JR: s w : JR: sw: JR: sw: JR: Being European, this should imply no criticism of my American colleagues, I would never nominate myself for anything. Any award should come as a surprise and it should come to those people who deserve it. And often people who deserve awards don’t receive them; for example, a person who could be called the father of the ISE, James Ross, who was co-founder of Orion, never received an award. I think that’s very sad. Who else do you consider to be the main innovators in this (FI) field? Well I think they’re already recognized in the literature. We did it with Elo Hansen. It all depends on how you view ‘invention’.Is it the moment of taking the needle and shooting the solution at the electrode, or is it the subsequent work that you do for the number of years after? It’s hard to tell and it’s not for me to judge. If I were to turn it into a joke I should say, as the Romans said, I won’t tell you in Latin although I do know it, it goes along the lines of ‘the father is always uncertain, only the mother is certain’. Flow injection can be interfaced to an ever-growing amount of existing instrumental analytical techniques, and as such seems boundary-less. What in you opinion, does the future hold for flow injection? I think it started as a tool for serial assays and we, ourselves, were not aware of its potential for some time. It also changed itself, you know. It started as a continuous flow method but it’s not any longer. We now look at the third generation where we see piston pumps, where we actually digitalize the flow.The flow no longer only goes forward; it now goes in reverse, and we now come to a technique which will not be time-based but volume-based. That makes FI exquisitely reproducible. We now also study live cells. It has become more of a tool for solution handling which goes beyond analytical chemistry to measurement of stability constants or binding of bioligands. I think it will be here for a long, long time. Are the innovations in its being coupled to yet another technique rather than in the flow injection itself? For a very long time, FI was continuous flow and worked very much like chromatography: when you flow something happens, when you don’t flow nothing happens. That is no longer true in FI.You can stop the flow, you can manipulate the flow, so there is an extra dimension. Computerization and the availability of very precise pumps driven by stepper motors transform the technique in itself. As does miniaturization. And external factors also exist like pollution prevention, where you don’t want to create hazardous waste. Flow injection miniaturizes it. After a day’s work this is about the volume of waste you generate (holds up a half-fll glass of Cola). It eliminates the problem of treating hazardous chemicals. We will never be able to eliminate all chemicals from chemical work but if we can contain them and reduce the volumes we use we’ve ‘made it’. Its adaptability is another thing.A colleague of mine, Art Janata, works at Hanford at a plutonium laboratory, where they have to assay a large variety of radioactive isotopes. Now they use FI to automate whole radiochemical operations, so when they deal with these radioactive samples the workers don’t have to come in contact with them: they’re automatically separated and counted. Again small volumes. It is the adaptability of FI which makes it so universal. Of course, we never knew what we were up to when we started-we only wanted to make a better electrode! But, of course, we stuck with it. The discovery was one thing but its development is another . . . inspiration is 1% the other 99% is certainly perspiration! If, as the title of your Pittcon presentation states, the Seventies were the ‘Golden Age of Ion-selective Electrodes’, what do you consider the Nineties to be the ‘Golden Age’ of3 Analytical techniques used as tools in the life sciences, towards the pharmaceutical industry, toxicology, study of live cells; of course I’m biased.As far as instrumental techniques are concerned I think microscopy is fascinating. The microscope has been used by analytical hands as something to observe processes on the micro-scale. Yet it has tremendous spectroscopic powers. It’s a fantastic instrument in terms of measuring small volumes, these days very precisely. The next move will be imaging: there are now software programs for imaging which allow you to look at defined areas, areas defined by size or by shape, and measure those areas spectroscopically. These programs have been developed mainly for biology and medicine. It’s astonishing what you can do.Do you think microscopy is a neglected area as far as the analytical sciences are concerned? It’s a neglected area as an instrumental technique for continuous monitoring of fluorescence, for colour, for FTIR, on liquid streams of particles. Biologists mainly use it but analytical chemists use it for recognition of fibres, for instance, but not as a sophisticated flow-through cell, for example, with very small volumes. What do you see as the main differences between American and European analytical research? When I accepted the job here in America nine years ago I said ‘yes’ but I didn’t actually know what I was letting myself in for. I had very good colleagues who helped me but the system of grants and of funding research is so fundamentally different to that in Europe, As far as ‘bridging the gap’ goes, I think a meeting like this is very good.I spoke to the Program Chairman yesterday and suggested that they send a delegation to ACS meetings, for example, and that they also send somebody, as observers, to Sweden. Every three years there is a meeting organized by the Swedish Chemical Society, called ‘Analytical Days’, and it will take place in Stockholm this coming June. It is an excellent meeting and I think that it is very important that people who organize meetings like Pittcon should go and visit other international meetings. Maybe science journals could facilitate this by setting up a committee of people (Americans included), select say three meetings at the beginning of the year, and say right we’ll meet there.Pittcon, of course, is not a typical meeting, it is an extraordinarily big meeting. At the other end of the scale are more intimate, specialized, smaller conferences in the countryside, like the Gordon Conferences in the US, but these are more often seen in Europe. Over-all, where, in your opinion, do you think the most interesting and exciting analytical science is happening? The interesting question I think is ‘what drives science?’. Especially applied science like analytical chemistry. I think it’s need. Electrodes for example, ISEs, pH electrode, C02 electrode-they were all driven by a clinical need. It was obvious thatAnalyst, July 1996, Vol.121 109N you needed to measure the components of blood. And there was an industry who wished to sell it. It has always been a battle between intellectual challenge and need. I lived on the other side of the Iron Curtain and had many Russian colleagues. There the science was not driven by a need. The same was true in Czechoslovakia. In these countries it was driven by politics. You published something intellectual but whether it was to be produced or used was another thing. This could be viewed as a very positive thing from an ideological viewpoint. The science was funded by state support but now this has vanished. Everybody now goes to business, sells something, and the science is suffering, Analytical Chemistry is in a lucky position because there is always a need to analyse something.It is not a ‘high science’ like physical chemistry and I agree that it is important to want to ‘better yourself‘ intellectually, but I have never yet had a student who hasn’t found a job later. If you want to make a living, there has to be a practical foundation to what you do. In the old days it was very unfashionable to mix academia with industry. I don’t know if I should put this on record but I am on the Board of a biotechnology company in Denmark, Novo-Nordisk Company, which employs 14000 people worldwide. I’ve been on it for eight years and so all of a sudden I’ve been in the business world and its all very, very interesting. There’s a tremendous amount of analytical chemistry involved in every part of every day, and that’s a viewpoint you don’t get as an academic scientist. So I’ve been very fortunate to get the opportunity to see the ‘other side of the coin’.SW: JR: What do you think about the ‘new look’ Analyst. How can we make it more appealing to our readers? I’ve always liked The Analyst. It is the prestige of the Society behind the journal which makes a lot of difference. It’s not that I have anything against commercial publishing. I like the idea of the ‘Personal Rates’ that The Analyst has recently introduced. The high cost of some publications can kill the journal. Analytica Chimica Acta, for instance, is about to be eliminated from our library for this very reason. I know that journals publishing is a commercial enterprise but in order of importance I would say content is number one, readability number two and price number three.You may end up one day with all journals on CD- ROM but I don’t think the printed word will disappear; once you print the text out it’s easlier to go through. I think the changes that you’ve made are very important and have resulted in your moving up to second place in ranking.’ I also think that the Tutorial Reviews which regularly appear in The Analyst are valuable for teaching. This type of article also makes the journal known to the younger generation as an accessible and useful reference. I think it’s important to attract young readers to the Journal; they will become the serious scientists of the future. Jarda, thank you very much for agreeing to be interviewed and for your time. SW: ‘The latest IS1 impact factors for the general analytical science journals show The Analyst to have the second largest impact factor for this group: Anal.Chem., 4.609; Analyst 1.816; Anal. Chim. Acta 1.696; Talanta 1.167; Fresenius’ J . Anal. Chem. 0.975.>.( ROYAL AUSTRALIAN CHEMICAL INSTITUTE AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE v XXX COLLOQUIUM SPECTROSCOPICUM INTERNATIONALE World Congress Centre, Melbourne, Australia, September 2lst-26th, 1997 Participants are invited to submit contributions for presentation on the following topics; Theory, Techniques and Instrumentation of :- Atomic Spectroscopy (Emission, Absorption, Fluorescence) Computer Applications and Chemometrics Electron Spectroscopy Gamma Spectroscopy Laser Spectroscopy Luminescence Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry (Inorganic and Organic) Methods of Surface Analysis and Depth Profiling UVNisible Spectroscopy NIR Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy Mossbauer Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry Photoacous tic and Photothermal Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy X-Ray Spectroscopy Applications of Spectroscopy to the Analysis of :- Biological and Environmental Samples Food and Agricultural Products Metals, Alloys and Geological Materials Industrial Processes and Products Plenary and Invited Speakers To date the following eminent spectroscopists have accepted invitations to present keynote lectures; Freddy Adams Belgium Mike Adams UK Mike Blades Canada John Chalmers UK Bruce Chase USA Peter Fredericks Australia Manfred Grasserbauer Austria Mike Gross USA Mike Guilhaus Australia Peter Hannaford Australia Gary Hieftje USA Kazuhiro Imai Japan Hiroshi Masuhara Japan Andrew Zander Russell McLean Jean-Michel Mermet Caroline Mountford Nicolo Omenetto Mike Ramsey Alfred0 Sanz Medel Barry Sharp Margaret Sheil Heinz Siesler Richard Snook Yngvar Thomassen Bernhard Welz John Williams USA Australia France Australia IdY USA Spain UK Australia Germany UK Norway Germany UK In connection with the XXX CSI a number of pre-symposia will be organised, the conference will feature an exhibition of the latest spectroscopic instrumentation and associated equipment.Social Programme The scientific programme will be punctuated with memorable social events and excursions of scientific, cultural and tourist interest. The social programme is open to all participants and accompanying persons. sponsors As at August 1995, the following companies have agreed to be major sponsors of XXX CSI 1997; GBC, Hewlett-Packard, Perkin Elmer and Varian For further information contact - Secretary Mr P.L. Larkins CSIRO Division of Materials Science & Technology Private Bag 33, Rosebank MDC, Clayton VIC 3169 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 3 95422003 Facsimile: +61 3 95441 128 E-mail: larkins @rivett.mst.csiro.au Conference Secretariat The Meeting Planners 108 Church Street, Hawthorn VIC 3122 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 3 98193700 Facsimile: +61 3 98195978 Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at : http://www.latrobe. edu.au/CSIconf/XXXCSI. html QANTAS has been appointed the sole official carrier to the XXX CSI 1997. When making QANTAS reservations please quote JIF 73Q. The Analyst and JAAS have been appointed as the official journals for publications resulting from CSI '97. Authors are encouraged to bring their manuscripts to the conference.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210107N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC