摘要:

The Third International Conference onSPECIATION OF ELEMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ANDTOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCESThe Torresian Resort Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia, September 15-1 9, 1997INVITATION AND CALL FOR PAPERSThe Organising Committee extends an invitation to all individuals involved in element research or its applications. A majorgoal of the symposium is to facilitate interdisciplinary and intersector discussion about all aspects of elements requiring anunderstanding of speciation, including: analytical chemistry; geochemistry; biochemistry; environmental sciences; essentialityand nutrition; medical uses; occupational hygiene; human toxicology; and regulatory aspects. A small number of travelscholarships will be provided to encourage overseas graduate students to attend and participate.THE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMEThe symposium programme will comprise four days of oral presentations, posters and discussion.All presenters will be askedto focus on new developments in research. Oral presentations (invited or submitted) will be 20 or 30 mins in duration. As atprevious symposia (Loen, Norway, 1991 and 1994) posters will play a central role, after formal viewing each poster presenterwill be given five minutes to present the salient features of their work to a discussion group to encourage in depth feedback.SYMPOSIUM LOCATION AND DETAILSThe venue of the symposium, is The Torresian Resort of Port Douglas, Australia. This tropical Queensland location is situatednear Cairns, between the Great Barrier Reef and the Daintree Rainforest.A Symposium Package rate has been arranged: AUD$155(per person, per night, twin share) and AUD $225 (single occupancy) and includes accommodation (Garden View Room)all meals and morning and afternoon teas. A limited amount of less expensive accommodation (room and board) will beavailable. The scheduling of this conference will allow the participants to join the XXX Colloquium SpectroscopiumIn ternationale (2 1-26 Septern ber).CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGSAs with previous Speciation Symposia (see The Analyst 117; 549-691 and 120; 29-30N and 583-763) all papers presented asposters or lectures may be submitted as full papers for publication in a special issue of The Analyst, subject to the normalreview procedure of this journal.SOCIAL PROGRAMMEAll participants and accompanying persons are invited to the symposium reception on Monday evening, September 15, and thedinner on Friday evening, September 19.Because of the numerous attractions available (e.g., swimming, all other watersports,cruises, canoeing, hiking, horse riding etc.) no other formal social events are planned. However, please note that for each fullday of scientific sessions, the period 15.30 onwards will be set aside for the enjoyment of the mentioned activities by all. PortDouglas has a comfortable, year round, tropical climate. Day tours to the outer Barrier Reef are available.REGISTRATION FEEThe registration fee per delegate is AUD $480 (AUD $150 for students)and includes the cost of the symposium dinner.SECRETARIATLocal (Registration)Third Speciation Symposiumc/o Dr J. P. Matousek,Department of Analytical Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaTel :Fax :E-mail :+6123854713+ 61 2 4512322 (home)+6123856141J.Matousek@unsw .edu.auTHE SYMPOSIUM IS ORGANISED BY :The University of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia)The National Institute Of Occupational Health (Oslo, Norway)The Institute of Environment and Health (Universities of Toronto and McMaster, Canada)MAFF CSL Food Science Laboratory (Nonvich, UK)ORGANIZING COMMITTEESLocal ProgrammeGraeme Batley (CSIRO, Lucas Heights) Helen Crews (MAFF CSL, UK)Jarda P. Matousek (Sydney, NSW)Evert Nieboer (Hamilton, Canada)Yngvar Thomassen (Oslo, Norway)R. (Dick) Finlayson (Sydney, NSW)D. Brynn Hibbert (Sydney, NSW)Jarda P. Matousek (Sydney, NSW

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BP025

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621FX033

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BX035

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 (77R-83R) 77R Speciation Analysis of Some Organic Selenium Compounds A Review Krystyna Pyrzynska Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura I , 02-093 Warsaw, Poland Summary of Contents Introduction Sampling and Storage Sample Preparation Analytical Methods for Selenium Determination Total Selenium Selenium Speciation Chromatographic Separation and Determination of Organoselenium Species Gas Chromatography Liquid chromatography Electrophoretic techniques Conclusion References Keywords: Speciation analysis; organoselenium compounds; methylselenides; selenoamino acids; review species into volatile compounds such as dimethylselenide (DMSe) and dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe), which are exhaled and excreted through the skin. The trimethylselenonium ion (TMSe+), the major product of selenium metabolism, leaves the body of humans in urine.The biomethylation processes are considered to be detoxification steps, because DMSe and TMSe+ are less toxic than other selenium compounds. Several schematic biogeochemical cycles which link selenate and selenite with simple methylated and more complex organic selenium compounds have been proposed.17-20 Compared with the extensive investigations on total selenium or selenite and selenate determination, very little work has been carried out on organic selenium compounds. The organically bound selenium is an essential part of the natural selenium cycle and seems to be the most readily available for humans; hence, the study of organoselenium species is important.Introduction Selenium has been recognized as an essential nutrient for humans, based on its presence at the active sites of glutathione peroxidase. This enzyme protects membranes from damage caused by the peroxidation of lipids. 1 Selenium compounds also catalyse the reactions of intermediate metabolism and inhibit the toxic effects of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury.24 For human health, selenium is an essential trace elements at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 pmol l-1. At higher concentrations, selenium becomes toxic for man, animals and marine organisms. The toxic dose of selenium is very much dependent on its chemical form, with different toxicity for organic and inorganic compounds.6~7 In environmental and biological samples, selenium can exist in inorganic forms (as elemental selenium, metal selenides, and selenite and selenate ions) and as organic species with direct Se-C bonds (methylated compounds, selenoamino acids, sele- noproteins and their derivatives).Selenate (Se042-) and selenite (Se032-) appear to be the predominant species in natural waters. Hydrogen selenide is easily oxidized to non- toxic elemental red selenium, which is insoluble in water. Over the years, several organic selenium compounds have been identified in biological samples (Table 1). Selenoamino acids are the principal dietary forms of selenium; selenome- thionine is derived from plants8 and selenocysteine from animals.' Dietary selenium in the form of its amino acids is absorbed to a greater extent than inorganic species.However, selenium from selenite may be more rapidly incorporated into the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.10.11 In the aquatic envi- ronment, such as in marine bacteria and plankton, selenium is predominantly found in proteins as selenoamino acids. l2-I4 Selenomethionine has been isolated from the hydrophilic fulvate fraction of soil15 and from proteins of marine algae.16 A number of bacteria are able to transform inorganic selenium Sampling and Storage Various factors affect the losses of selenium or interconversion of one species into another during sampling and sample storage. The collection of samples for the determination of the alkylselenium species, such as DMSe and DMDSe, is a significant problem because of the volatility of these com- pounds. The common sampling procedure is based on scryo- genic trapping.The volatile selenides are removed from the sample by sucking with a pump (from air) or by helium gas stripping (water, soil and sediment) and swept into a cold trap. Various types of solid adsorbents such as activated carbon,21-23 glass W O O I ~ ~ , ~ ~ and GC stationary phases19,21,22,26,27 were found to be successful for trapping selenium species. The pre-column adsorption technique allows an accumulation of the selenides to levels suitable for detection. Selenium species are then thermally desorbedl9.27 or extracted from the adsorbent with Table 1 Organoselenium compounds found in living organisms Compound Formula Selenoc y steine Se-methylselenoc y steine Selenomethionine Se-methyiselenomethionine Selenocy stine Selenourea Selenoniocholine Selenobetaine Dimeth ylselenide Dimethyldiselenide Trimethylselenonium HSe-CH2CH(NH2)-COOH CH3Se-CH2CH(NH2)-COOH CH3Se-CH2CH2CH(NH2)-COOH ( CH2)2Se+-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)- HOOC-CH(NH2)CH2-Se-Se-CH2- Se=C(NH2)2 (CH3)2Se+CH2CH2-COOH (CH3)2Se+CH2-COOH CH3-Se-CH3 CH3-Se-Se-CH3 (CH3)3Se+ COOH CH(NH2)XOOH78R Analyst, August 1996, Vol.121 organic solvents23 prior to analysis by GC or AAS. However, when a high volume of air sample is used some losses of selenium may occur.28 C~tter2~ stated that the volatile methyl- ated selenium compounds should be frozen (with liquid nitrogen) because even in airtight containers they are com- pletely lost within a day. Several papers concerning the stability of inorganic selenium species have been published.During the storage of selenium solutions, adsorption, desorption, volatilization processes, etc., may occur, altering the original concentration. These processes depend on pH, storage medium, temperature, selenium concen- tration, container material and the ratio of surface area per unit v0Iume.~,~Y-3~ Significant SeIV losses were observed at pH 6 in PTFE containers.34 Selenium(v1) is more stable than Serv in aqueous solutions and less dependent on the acidic conditions of the sample. The optimum temperature at which there is no significant risk of inorganic selenium losses at 10 and 50 pg 1-1 concentration levels over the 12 months tested was -20 "C.34 Samples stored at this temperature need not be acidified, which is an advantage. Acidification can cause changes in selenium speciation, as well as causing hydride generation difficulties during analysis.The literature indicated that only a few storage experiments had been conducted with selenoamino acids.35>36 Campanella et al.35 investigated selenium losses from samples containing 100 vg 1-1 of selenourea stored in PTFE containers at 4 "C and at room temperature. In both instances, no loss of selenium was observed. There was also no significant influence of tem- perature, selenium concentration and container material on the stability of selenomethionine in a high ionic strength matrix over a 120 d period.36 A significant loss of this compound was found in low concentration (10 pg 1-1) solutions stored in borosilicate glass and polyethylene containers in a low ionic strength matrix.Sample Preparation Total selenium determination requires that its organic forms must be transformed into inorganic selenium. The decomposi- tion will also destroy organic matter that may interfere with the detection method. The most popular methods involve digestion with strong acids (HN03, HC104, H2S04)37-40 or UV irradiation after addition of hydrogen per0xide.3~7~~ Concentrated HC1 is avoided, since selenium forms volatile chloride adducts. The main difficulty with wet oxidation is preventing selenium from being volatilized. Lowering the digestion temperature is effective; however, it prolongs the time of digestion. Micro- wave heating was more effective for the drying and wet ashing (with HN03) of fish tissues when applied to selenium determination.42 Compared with thermal heating in an open vessel, much shorter digestion times and smaller amounts of chemicals were used.A comparison between six decomposition methods for various organoselenium compounds followed by their determination by HGAAS was presented by Ornemark et al.43 They found that the use of peroxodisulfate at pH 2 2 was the most efficient method. It decomposed all the species tested, including the very resistant TMSe+. This substance was not decomposed by permanganate or by oxidative UV irradiation. Selenomethionine from biological samples can only be con- verted into inorganic selenium after digestion with an HN03- H2S04-HC104 mixture at 310 0C.44 The efficiency of the mineralization of selenourea solutions was higher using UV photodegradation than with wet acid digestion.35 Moreover, the former method requires shorter operating times, viz., 2 h against However, the best digestion method for a particular purpose is not easy to define and no single procedure is suitable in all instances.The choice of acids and other reagents used for 8-9 h. oxidation should also take into consideration the instrumental technique used for detection. Some of the methods for the determination of selenium require the conversion of its species into SeIV because Sevl does not react with most of the complex-forming agents used for spectrophotometric detection. Moreover, the hydride generation process is most efficient when selenium occurs as SeIv. Hence, after decomposition of organoselenium species, HCI reduction to SeIV is mostly applied.It is recommended that this process be performed at high temperature (90-100 "C).24,45,46 However, if the sample is boiled for too long, reduction to elemental selenium may occur24 or selenium may be lost owing to the formation of volatile compounds.3 Recently, an on-line reduc- tion in a closed system at 140 OC47 and a microwave energy source with continuous sampling flow48 have been proposed. Automation of these systems has resulted in a shortening of the analysis time and has minimized the risk of losses. Despite the very sensitive analytical methods available for selenium, it is seldom possible to perform direct determinations at the concentration levels present in natural samples. The total selenium content in environmental samples ranges from 0.1 to 400 pg 1-1 in waters to about 1 ng 1-1 in atmospheric aerosols and 1-80 pg g-1 in soils, but, depending on geological factors, groundwater may contain much higher concentrations up to 6 mg 1-1.33334749 This means that the analyte has to be pre- concentrated.Moreover, this could also serve as a convenient method for the separation of selenium from the matrix. Several preconcentration-separation procedures for selenium have been described in the literature, including coprecipitation,5&52 derivatization followed by extraction into an organic sol- vent53-55 or application of solid sorbents.3.56-60 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is fast becoming an alternative technique to conventional extraction methods for solid samples.This technique is more effective, removing the need for toxic solvents and is very suitable for on-line automation.61 Although the growing list of SFE applications to environmental samples has been discussed,61,62 this technique does not yet appear to have been fully used for the speciation of selenium in soil and sediment samples.63 Hydride generation, coupled to AAS and ICP detectors, is the technique most commonly used for the separation of selenium from non-volatile matrix components. The enrichment of the hydrogen selenide generated can be achieved using a liquid nitrogen cold trap.24,44,64,65 Also, commercial graphite furnaces (in AAS methods) can be used as both the trapping medium and as the atomization cell.66367 Ethylation, using NaBEt, as reductant, is an alternative to the hydride generation method.68 This reaction does not allow the speciation of inorganic selenium species because a single derivative (Et2Se) is generated from both SeIv and Sevl.It has not yet been explored for organic selenium compounds. Chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques coupled with different detection systems have been extensively used for the separation and determination of all selenium species. The application of these methods to the speciation of organoselen- ium compounds and the sample characteristics required for a given separation technique will be discussed later. Analytical Methods for Selenium Determination Total Selenium Several analytical techniques have been applied to the determi- nation of total selenium content at trace levels in environmental and biological samples (Table 2).The determination is usually carried out after mineralization of the organic matrix and an appropriate derivatization process fhydride generation, ethyla- tion, complexation with an aromatic o-diamine). Methods for selenium determination have recently been reviewed. *8,33,79,80 The literature data also reviewed the quantification of seleniumAnalyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 79R in different matrices: ~ater,~~,"t81 urine,*9,82 blood,83,84 and environmenta16x.85 and biological ~ a m p l e s . 2 ~ ~ ~ " * ~ Selenium Speciation A sequential extraction procedure termed 'phase speciation'87 only provides information about the partitioning of selenium between exchangeable, carbonate, iron and manganese oxide, organic and resistant mineral fractions from the suspended particles and bottom sediments of natural waters.This informa- tion helps in the understanding of the processes of removal of selenium from the dissolved to the particulate state and the potential for its bioavailability. However, the problem with all sequential extraction procedures is that they cannot preserve the chemical forms of selenium because of the reagents and conditions employed.88 The identification and determination of definite selenium compounds requires more refined separation techniques. Most procedures involving selenium speciation distinguish between two main categories of species: (1) non-volatile, which includes inorganic species such as SelV and Sevl, elemental selenium and matrix-bound organic compounds; and (2) volatile organic selenides such as DMSe and DMDSe.Volatile selenium species are purged from the sample matrix and trapped either on a solid adsorbent or in a liquid nitrogen trap, followed by thermal desorption prior to GC analysis. 19,24,56,89 Non-volatile selenium species in four oxidation states (-11, 0, IV and VI) have been determined in natural ~ a t e r ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ , ~ ~ 9 ~ by analysing three separate sample aliquots: (1) with no further chemical treatment-determination of Se" using fluorimetry, HGAAS, HG-ICP or electrochemical methods; (2) after oxidation by UV irradiation or wet acid digestion-the sum of Se-I1 + SeO + Seiv; and ( 3 ) after reduction to selenite with hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid-all selenium species.The difference between total selenium and the sum of SelV and Sevl is attributed to organic selenium compounds and elemental selenium. The error for the species determined by difference is always much higher than for the species determined directly. Usually, a preconcentration step (solvent extraction, coprecipi- tation, sorption on solid sorbents) is required to achieve a sufficient concentration level for detection. The analytical methods proposed differ mainly in the way in which inorganic selenium species are converted into Se'" and in the methods used for preconcentration of selenium. Some workers have also studied a colloidal selenium fraction.35-88,92,96 Selenium speciation in plant and biological samples has focused on two fractions: (1) organic selenium and Se-'I; and (2) inorganic species, including Se'" and Sevl.The scheme determines the sum of the Se-I' and SeIV content after wet oxidation of the matrix. Total selenium is determined after Table 2 Analytical methods for the determination of selenium Technique Spectroscupy- UV-visible Fluorimetry X-ray fluorescence HGAAS ETAAS Mass spectrometry ICP-AES Detection Matrix limit Ref. Plants 80 mg I-' 69 Sediment 0.28 pg 1-1 70 Waters 60 ng 1-1 71 Tissues 20 ng 1-1 72 Urine 20ng I-' 73 Sediment 0.40 pg I-' 70 Waters 10 ng 1- 1 74 Electrochemical- Anodic stripping voltammetry Waters 80 mg 1-' 75 Cathodic stripping voltammetry Waters 2 ng 1-1 76 Neutron activation analysis Human diets 0.5 pg g- 1 1 78 Differential-pulse polarography Fish 5 ng 77 boiling the digested samples with concentrated HC1.Sel- enium(1v) is found by difference. This procedure has been used, with minor modifications to the oxidation step, for the speciation analysis of selenium in milk products,y7 body fluids98 and fish.">l00 The separation and determination of the dissolved organic selenide fraction can be achieved by using LC methods at atmospheric pressure.56J01-105 Organoselenium species (other than TMSe+) were separated from natural water samples by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-2 resin at pH 8 and 3, respectively.56 The species adsorbed at pH 8 were classified as neutral and basic forms, while those adsorbed at pH 3 as acidic. As the acidic forms dominated in lake water samples, it was concluded that most of these compounds were selenium- containing humic substances.Blocky et ul. developed a procedure for the determination of total selenoamino acids in urine. These compounds were derivatized with o-phthalal- dehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by their retention on an anion-exchange resin, Bio-Rad AG2-X8. Lithium hydroxide solution was used as the eluent, which, in addition to its elution characteristics, facilitated the continuous denaturating of urine. Dissolved organoselenium species (mainly the selenoamino acid fraction) were separated from inorganic selenium spe- cies103,1*4 or from their sulfur analogue105 using Amberlite XAD-8 resin. Sep-Pak C 18 cartridgesi9 and copper-treated Chelex-100 resinI01 were also applied for this purpose. Chromatographic Separation and Determination of Organoselenium Species Chromatographic methods are based on dynamic partitioning of analytes carried by a mobile phase through a stationary phase between these two phases.These techniques are at present virtually the only ones used in speciation analysis. The elution mode, apart from producing good separations, leaves the column in its original condition, ready for another sample. Gus chromatography Gas chromatography is the most frequently used technique for the determination of volatile selenium species, such as DMSe and DMDSe. These naturally occurring compounds are suffi- ciently volatile to be separated by packed'9~2-?~")6~107 or ~ a p i l l a r y ~ 7 , 1 0 ~ ~ ~ 0 " ~ ~ ~ columns. The packed columns can be conveniently cleaned and have a large sample capacity. In recent years there has been a trend towards capillary or open- tubular megabore columns with thin polymethoxysilane coat- ings, which provide higher resolution and sharper bands.However, their limited capacity is a disadvantage. The chromatographic columns are usually coupled to AAS detection methods which use flame atomization, a quartz tube (QT) or a graphite furance (GF). The sensitivity of GC-AAS is affected by the temperatures of the injector, detector and chromatograph. At low temperatures, the species tend to adsorb onto the injector. On the other hand, excessive temperatures lead to thermal decomposition of the compounds. Temperatures of 100 and I60 "C for the injector and detector, respectively, are satisfactory.1'0 The detection limits of GC-AAS approach 0.1 ng of selenium using a QT24 and 5 pg of selenium using a GF.I07 The successful speciation of volatile alkylselenides has also been carried out with other detection techniques, such as microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MIP-AES),I I I atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), l 2 and MSI"6 and with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD)? Selected GC applications for selenium speciation are presented in Table 3.Gas chromatography has also been applied to study the transformation of inorganic selenium species into methylated80R Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 compounds in laboratory experiments with animals.23.82 After administration of selenite and selenocystine in the drinking water of mice, DMSe was exhaled as the predominant species.When selenomethionine was administered, both DMSe and DMDSe were detected.' 10 These results represent a step forward in understanding the metabolism of these compounds. Similar experiments were performed to study the biomethyla- tion of inorganic selenium administered to fungal cultures.27 Both DMSe and DMDSe were separated and detected in the low picogram range by GC-SCD. Liquid chromatography The separation of selenium species by LC offers a number of potential benefits. These include minimal preparation of liquid samples and separation at ambient temperature, thus avoiding the risk of thermal decomposition of unstable compounds. Another advantage is that both the stationary and mobile phases can be varied simultaneously to achieve better separation.'8 This technique is mainly applied as HPLC, in which the size of the particles used for the stationary phase is very small to ensure good separation.HPLC provides, depending on the type of detector, low detection limits (in the pg 1-1 range) with fairly short chromatographic run-times. Current HPLC methodology for selenium employs conduc- tometric,79,' 13-1 14 UV"5 and fluorimetric22 detection. Nume- rous interferences, mainly ionic, from the sample and reagents constitute the major drawback of these detectors. The applica- tion of selenium-specific detectors, such as ETAAS,' '6 ICP- AES117 or ICP-MS,56,118 is very helpful for elimination of these interferences. ~~~ Table 3 Speciation analysis of volatile alkylselenides Species* Matrix Detectiont Ref. DMSe, DMDSe Surface water, groundwater AAS 19 DMSe Air exhaled by mice FID 23 DMSe, DMDSe Gases from biological samples SCD 27 DMSe, DMDSe Gas evolved from soil cultures MS 106 DMSe, DMDSe, DESe Gas evolved from soil ETAAS 107 DMSe, DMDSe Gas evolved from sediments FID 108 DMSe, DMDSe, Gases evolved from DESe sewage sludge and soils MIP 111 * DMSe = Dimethylselenide; DMDSe = dimethyldiselenide; DESe = diethylselenide.t FID = Flame ionization detector; SCD = sulfur chemiluminescence detector; MIP = microwave-induced plasma. A major concern in the development of HPLC coupled with spectroscopic detection has been the interface. Organic solvents can impair the performance because of the instability of the plasma to organic vapours and deposition of carbon on the sampling cone and torch.Improvements to the HPLC-ICP interface have involved a direct injection nebulizer118 and a thermospray vaporizer,'I7 which allow the use of a higher concentration of organic modifiers in the mobile phase. The addition of oxygen to the nebulizer gas flowt19 or nebulization of 2% nitric acid between chromatographic runs'20 can reduce some of these problems. Hill et a1.121 have reviewed the coupling of various chromatographic methods to both ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Blais et al. 122 developed a post-column thermochemical hydride generator (THG) as an interface for HPLC-AAS and optimized the determination of low nanogram amounts of selenoniocholine and TMSe+ in urine. The THG interface was also used for the determination of selenomethionine in complex matrices such as nutritional supplements and mixtures of free amino acids.123 Selenomethionine was first derivatized with 1 -fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and, after acidification, was ex- tracted with diethyl ether. The coupling of HPLC with ETAAS detection has the disadvantage of using discrete sample volumes and does not allow the continuous monitoring of the effluent from the chromatograph. A computerized system for the collection and treatment of data improves the quantification of the analy- tes.*z4 Several types of chromatographic mode, including normal- and reversed-phase partitioning, ion pairing and ion exchange, have been applied to the separation and determination of selenium species. The stationary phase is usually silica, bonded or coated. The mobile phase is aqueous, but contains a polar organic solvent (usually methanol or acetonitrile) in various proportions to overcome the instability of the analyte complexes in water.Trimethylselenonium, as a major metabolite of selenium, is mainly determined in urine and water samples (Table 4). Its concentration level in the urine of normal subjects is in the range 10-60 ng ml-1.102 Two studies have demonstrated the occur- rence of TMSe+ in lake water samples with a mean concentra- tion of 12 ng 1-l.53956 The information concerning the TMSe+ content is useful in predicting the intake of excess of selenium and the detoxification mechanism in living organisms. 130 However, the chemical forms of selenium in urine have m f yet been completely characterized. Other potential metabolites, such as selenoniocholine, may constitute a significant portion of total selenium.29~102~122 The high resolution obtained by HPLC permits a clear separation of selenoamino acids from other selenium species -- Table 4 Speciation of trimethylselenonium ion (TMSe+) Species Matrix Column and mobile phase Detection* TMSe+, Se'", Sev' Water Dowex 50W-X8; 4 moll-' HC1 TMSe+, Se'", SevL, total organic selenium Dowex 50W-X8; 5 mol 1-I HC1 TMSe+, Serv, total selenoamino acids Bio-Rad AG2-X8; 0.5 mol 1-1 LiOH Water Urine, serum ETAAS IDMS NAA TMSe+, Se'", Sev' Water Waters IC-PAK; ammonium citrate, pH 3.3 ICP-AES TMSef, selenoniocholine Urine Cyanopropyl-bonded silica; methanol with TMSe+, selenocysteine, selenomethionine Urine Nucleosil; gradient, 0.003-0.5 mol 1-1 TMSef, Se'", Sevr Urine Nucleosil 100-SB; ammonium citrate, pH 3 and 7 ETAAS TMSe+, Serv, Sevl Urine Hamilton PRP-1; methanol with TMSe+, Se'", SevL Water Hamilton PRP-X-100; phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 HGAAS * IDMS = Isotope dilution mass spectrometry; THGAAS = thermochemical hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.CH,COOH and triethylamine THGAAS (NH4)2P04 Radiometric tetrabut y lammonium ICP-MS Ref. 53 56 102 127 117 121 125 126 128 129Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 81R Table 5 Speciation of selenoamino acids Species Matrix Column and mobile phase Detection* Ref, Selenomethionine Food supplements Selenoc ysteine Water Selenomethionine Soil extract Selenocystine, selenomethionine Extract of white Selenocysteine, selenomethionine Extract from the clover liver of marine mammals Selenocy steine Spiked plasma Nucleosil; aqueous methanol with trietylamine THGAAS 123 VBondapak CI8; methanol-H20 (30 + 70) uv 134 Amberlite XAD-2; pH gradient MS 135 Hamilton PRP-1; aqueous acetonitrile with Et4NBr ETAAS 136 AminoPac PA1; gradient elution with NaOH, sodium borate and sodium acetate IPAD 137 CIS; methanol-H20 (20 + 80) Fluorimetry 138 * THGAAS = Thermochemical hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry; IPAD = integrated pulsed amperometric detection.and from other amino acids.102,121,12’,1”-13~ Several seleno- amino acids and related selenium compounds have been identified in biological tissues or protein fractions. The selenoamino acids isolated probably originate from several enzymic systems which require the participation of selenium- containing proteins.Selected analytical procedures for the determination of selenoamino acids are presented in Table 5. Several other organic selenium compounds, such as seleno- carbohydrates, I39 ~elenoproteins*~0,~~1 and selenonucleo- sides142 have been separated using LC. They were further characterized by gel chromatography or electrophoresis. Electrophoretic techniques These techniques are based on differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of ions and are realized in three basic modes: zone, isotachophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The electrophoretic mobility of an ion is largely determined by its mass-to-charge ratio, physical dimensions and interactions with buffer compo- nents. CZE is a relatively new technique that is potentially applicable to the separation of a range of species from small molecules and ions to large biomolecules.The wider use of this technique is hampered by the lack of a sensitive and specific detection system in the on-line mode. Work on interfacing CZE and ICP-MS is in progress,143 but this coupling has not yet been applied in selenium speciation analysis. Usually, UV detection has been used.5J4 CZE was applied to the separation of inorganic selenium forms from selenomethionine and selenocystines and dialkyl- selenium compounds, * 44 but applications to real samples were not reported. The electrokinetic potential was modified by the addition of a cationic surfactant. The identification of the analyte peak when complex matrices are analysed plays a major role, because the migration times of molecules present at low concentrations are influenced by closely migrating substances present at high concentrations.145 As a consequence, the migration time for a specific analyte in a real sample is different from that in a model or standard solution. Michalke 146 proposed a method for the identification and quantification of selenocystine, selenocystamine and sele- nomethionine in human milk samples despite the shift of migration times caused by the different ionic composition. Conclusion Selenium speciation studies have become increasingly impor- tant in recent years as more information is sought in order to gain a better understanding of the role of selenium in the environment and human health. The measurement of total selenium content at trace levels in water and biological samples can be reliably performed by several established techniques.The accurate determination of different selenium species, particularly organic compounds, is still a major challenge for the analyst. Many of the speciation procedures rely on the separation technique and there are still limitations with sample preparation. Various factors affect the sorption or loss of selenium, and the interconversion of one species into another during sampling, sample storage and analysis. The most efficient way for the quality control of analytical results is through the analysis of certified reference materials. Although several certified reference materials having different matrices are available,33 they are only certified for total selenium content.The methods developed for selenium specia- tion should be validated by using spiked samples. However, the compounds that are present naturally, particularly in solid samples, are generally more strongly bound to the matrices than the spiking c0mpounds.1~7 The best conditions under which spiking experiments should be carried out are still the subject of controversy and further studies are needed. References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rotruch, J . T., Pope, A. L., Ganther, H. E., Svanson, A. B., Hafeman, D. G., and Hoekstra, W. G., Science (Washington D.C., 1883-), 1973, 179, 588. Levander, 0. A., Curr. Top. Nutr. Dis., 1982, 66, 345. Stadtman, T. C., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1990, 585, 11 1. Pelletier, E., Mar.Environ. Res., 1985, 111, 185. Albert, M., Demesmay, C . , and Rocca, J. L., Fresenius’ J . Anal. Chem., 1995,351,426. Selenium, eds. Zingaro, R. A., and Cooper, W. C., VNR, New York, 1974, pp. 654-674. Forchhammer, K., and Bock, A., NaturwiJsenschaften, 1991, 78, 497. Olsen, 0. E., Novacek, E. J., Whitehead, E. I., and Palmer, I. S., Phytochemistry, 1970, 9, 1181. Hawkens, W. C., Wilhelmes, E. C., and Tapper, A. L., J. Inorg. Biochem., 1985, 23, 77. Moser-Veillon, P. B., Mangels, A. R., Patterson, K. V., and Veillon, C., Analyst, 1992, 117, 559. Hasunuma, R., Tsuda, M., Odawa, T., and Kawanishi, Y., Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1993, 51, 756. Wrench, J. J., Mar. Bid., 1978, 49, 231. Wrench, J. J., and Campbell, N. C., Chemosphere, 1981, 10, 1155. Foda, A., Van der Menlens, H., and Wrench, J.J., Can. J . Aquat. Sci., 1983, 40, 215. Abrams, M. M., and Buran, R. G., Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 1989, 20, 221. Bottino, N. R., Banks, C. H., Irgolic, K. J., Micks, P., Wheeler, A. E., and Zingaro, R. A., Phytochemistry, 1984, 23, 2445. Silverberg, B. A., Wong, P. T. S., and Chau, Y. K., Arch. Microbioi., 1976, 170, 1. Kolbl, G., Kalcher, K., Irgolic, K. J., and Magee, R. J., Appl. Organomet. Chem., 1993, 7, 443. Cooke, M., and Bruland, E., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1987, 21, 1214. Kolbl, G., Mar. Chem., 1995, 48, 185. Jiang, S. G., Chakraborti, D., and Adams, F., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1987, 196, 271. Karlson, U., and Frankenberger, W. T., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1988,52, 678.82R Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Oyamada.N., Kikuchi, M., and Ishizaki, M., Anal. Sci., 1987, 3, 373. Cutter. G. A., Anul. Chim. Arlu, 1978. 98, 59. Jiang, S. G., Robberecht, H.. and Adams, F., Appl. Organomet. Chem., 1989. 3, 99. Radziuk, B., and Van Loon, J., Sci. Total Environ., 1976, 6, 251. Chasten, T. G., Silver, M. G., Briks, J. W., and Fall, R., Cli~-oni~rtogr~c~pphicr, 1990, 30, 18 1. Shendrikar. A. D., and West, P. W., A n d . Chim. Actu, 1977, 89, 403. Robberecht, H., and Deelstra, H. A., Tulunra. 1984, 31, 497. Shendrikar, A. D., and West, P. W., Antil. Chim. Acta. 1975, 74, 189. Chcam, V.. and Agemian, H., Anul. Chim. Acta, 1977, 89, 403.Measures, C. 1.. and Burton, J. D., Anal. Chini. Actu. 1980, 120, 237. Olivas, R. M., Donard, 0. F.. Caniara, C., and Quevauviller, P., Anal. Chin?. Acta, 1994, 286. 357. Cobo, M. G., Palacios, M. A.. Camara, C., Reis, F., and Quevauviller, P., Anul. Chin?. Acrci, 1994, 286, 371. Campanella, L., Ferri, T., and Morabito. R.. Annlusis, 1989, 17, 507. Wiedmeyer, R. M., and May, T. W., Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1993, 25, 67. Henn, E. L., Anal. Chmi., 1975, 47, 428. Nygaard, D. D., and Lowry, J. M., Anal. Chem., 1982, 54, 803. Itoh, K., Chikuma, M., Nishimura, M., Tanaka, T., Tanaka, M., Nakamaya, M., and Tanaka, H., Fresenius’ Z. Anal. Chem., 1989, 333, 102. Goulden, P. D.. and Brooksbank, K., Anal. Chem., 1974, 46, 143. Batley, G. E., Anal. Chim. Arta, 1986, 187, 109.LamLeung, S. Y., Cheng, V. K. W.. and Lam, Y. W., Analyst, 1991, 116, 957. Ornemark, U.. F’etterson. J., and O h , A., Tulanta, 1992, 39, 1089. Welz, B.. and Melcher, M., Anal. Chim. A ( f a , 1984, 165, 13 1. Bye, R.. Tuluntu, 1983, 30, 993. Kunnath. K., Subramanian, S . , and Merangu. J. C., Anul. Chim. Acta, 1981, 124, 131. Cobo, M. G., Palacios, M. A., and Camara, C., A n d . Chim. Arta, 1993, 283, 386. Pitts, L., Worsfold, P. J., and Mill, S . J., Analyst, 1994, 119, 2785. Robberecht, H., and Van Grieken, R., Tulanta, 1982, 29, 823. Saisho, H.. and Fujimura, Y., Anal. Sci., 1990, 6, 61 19. Tao, G., and Hansen, E. H., Analyst, 1994, 119, 333. Adkins. R. L., Walsh, N., Edmunds, M., and Trafford, J. M., Analyst, 1995. 120, 1433. Oyamada, N.. and Ishizaki, M., Anal.Sci., 1986, 2, 365. Parsley, M., .I. Anal. At. S p e c m m . , 199 1, 6, 289. Barth, P.. Krivan, V., and Hausbeck, R., Anal. (’him. Acra, 1992,263, 1 11. Tanzer. D., and Heumann, G.. Anrrl. Chem.. 1991, 63, 1984. Omemark, U., and Olin, A,, Tulunta, 1994, 41, 67. Peranienii, S., and Ahlgren. M., And. Chim. Acta, 1995, 302, 89. Pyrzynska, K., Sohwit E.utr. Ion E.rch., 1995, 13, 369. Pyrzynska, K.. Anulysr, 1995, 120, 1933. Chester, T. L., Pinkston, J. D., and Raynie, D., Anal. Chem., 1994,66, 106R. Barnabas, I. J . , Dean, J. R., and Owen, S. P., Analyst, 1994, 119, 238 I . Wang, J., and Marshall, W. D., Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 3900. Vim. S. H., and Fry. R. C.. Anul. Chcm., 1988, 60. 465. Masscheleyn, P. H., Delaune, R. D., and Patrick, H. J., Jr., Spectrosc.Lett.. 1991, 24, 307. Sturgeon, R. E., Willie, S. N., and Berman, S. S., Fresenius’ Z. Anal. Chem., 1986, 323, 788. Dedina. J., Frech, W., Lundberg, E., and Cedergren, A., .I. Anal. At. Sperfimi., 1989, 4. 143. Clark, S.. and Craig, P. J., Mikrochim. Actu, 1992, 109, 141. Ramachandran, K., Kaweshvar, R., and Gupta, V. K., Talunta, 1993, 40, 78 I . Haygarth, P. M., Rowland, A. P., Sturup, S . . and Jones, K. C., Anulysi, 1993, 118, 1303. Niss, N. D., Schabron, J., and Brown, T., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1993, 27, 827. Mayer. D.. Haubenwallner, S., Kosmus, W., and Beyer, W., Anal. Chini. A(,tu, 1992, 268, 315. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 10s 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 z 18 119 120 121 N, Z.-m., He, B., Han, H.-b., J .Anal. At. Spectrom., 1993, 8, 995. Jang, S., Robberecht, H., Adams, F., and Van der Berghe, M., Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 1983, 6, 191. Aydin, H., and Yahaya, A. H., Analyst, 1992, 117, 43. Mattsson, G., Nyholm, L., O h , A., and Ornemark, U., Talanta, 1995, 42, 817. Lemly, A. D., Environ. Technol. Lett., 1982, 3, 497. El-Hallaq, Y. H., Gokmen, L. G., Aras, N. K., and Gokmen, A., Analyst, 1992, 117, 447. Dauchy, X., Potin-Gautier, M., Astruc, A., and Astruc, M., Fresenius’ .I. Anal. Chem., 1994, 348, 792. Pyrzynska, K., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 1995,40, 677. Atienza, J., Herrero, M. A., Maquieira, A., and Puchades, R., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1992, 23, 1. Lockitch, G., Crit. Lab. Sci., 1989, 27, 483. Robberecht, H., Biol. Trace Elem.Res., 1990, 25, 149. Bem, E. M., Environ. Healrh Perspect., 1981, 37, 183. Raptis, S., Kaiser, G., and Tolg, G., Fresenius’ Z. Anal. Chem.. 1983, 316, 105. Fishbein, L., Int. J . Environ. Anal. Chem., 1984, 17, 113. Tessier, A,, Campbell, P. G., and Bisson, M., Anal Chem., 1979,51, 844. Cutter, G. A., Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 2951. Tanzen, D., and Heumann, K. G., Int. .I. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1992, 48, 17. Uchida, H., Shimoishi, Y., and Toei, K., Environ. Sci. Tec hnol., 1980, 14, 541. Cutter, G. A., and Bruland, K. W., Linznol. Oceanogr., 1984, 29, 1179. Takayanagi, K., and Wong, G. T. F., Mar. Chem., 1984, 14, 141. Petterson, J., Hansson, L., and O h , A., Talanta, 1986, 33, 249. Kuldvere, A., Analyst, 1989, 114, 125. Takayanagi, K., Wong, G.T. F., and Filardo, M. J., J . Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn., 1989, 45, 129. Aono, T., Nakaguchi, Y., and Hiraki, K., Geochem. J . , 1991, 25, 45. Shimoishi, Y., Analyst, 1976, 101, 298. Kurahashi, K., Inuoue, S., Yonekura, S., Shimoishi, Y., and TGei, K., Analyst, 1980, 105, 690. Smith, J. C., and Cappon, C. J., J . Anal. Toxicol., 1982, 6, 10. Smith, J. C., and Cappon, C. J., J . Anal. Toxicol., 1982, 6, 181. Cutter, G. A., Science (Washington, D.C., 1883-1, 1982, 217, 829. Blocky, A., Ebrahim, A,, and Rack, E. P., Anal. Chem., 1988, 60, 2734. Leenher, J. A., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1981, 15, 578. Fio, J. L., and Fujii, R., Soil Sc i. Soc. Am. J . , 1990, 54, 363. Martin, J. L., and Gerlach, M. L., Anal Biochem., 1969, 29, 257. Karlson, U., and Frankenberger, W. T., Soil Sci.Soc. Am. J., 1988,52, 678. Jiang, G.-b., Ni, Z.-m., Zhang, Li., Li, A., Han, H.-b., and Shan, X.-q., J . Anal. At. Spertrom., 1992, 7, 447. Elaseer, A., and Nickless, G., J . Chromatogr., 1994, 664, 77. Tanzer, G., and Heumann, K. G., AtmoJ. Environ., 1990, 24A, 3099. Jiang, S., de Jong, W., and Adams, F., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1982, 136, 183. Reamer, D. C., and Zoeller, W. H., Science (Wmhington D.C., D’Ulivo, A., and Papoff, P., J . Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1, 479. Sarzanini, C., Abolino, O., Mentasti, E., and Porta, V., Chromatogra- phia, 1990, 30, 293. Mehra, S. L., and Naylor, D. V., J . Environ. Qual., 1992, 21, 68. Goyal, S. S., Hafez, A., and Rains, D. W., J. Chromatogr., 1991,537, 269. Kolbl. G., Kalcher, K., and Irgolic, K., Anal. Chim. Actu, 1993, 284, 301.Laborda, F., de Loos-Vollebregt, M. T. C., and de Galan, L., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1991, 46, 1089. La Freniere, K. E., Fassel, V. A., and Eckels, D. E., Anal Chem., 1987, 59, 879. Suyani, H., Creed, J., Davidson, T., and Caruso, J. A., J . Chromatogr. Sci., 1989, 27, 139. Heitkemper, D., Creed, J., Caruso, J. A., and Fricke, F. L., J . Anal. At. Spectrom., 1989, 4, 279. Hill, S. J., Bloxham, M. J., and Worsfold, P. J.,J. Anal. At. Spertrom., 1993, 8, 499. 1883-), 1980, 208, 500.Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 83R 122 123 124 I25 126 127 128 I29 130 131 132 133 134 Blais, J.S., Huyghues-Despointes, A., Monplaisir, G. M., and Marshall, W. D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1991, 6, 225. Matni, G., Azani, R., Van Calsteren, M. R., Bissonnette, M. C., and Blais, J. S., Analyst, 1995, 120, 395. Kolbl, G., Kalcher, K., and Irgolic, K., Autom. Chem., 1993, 15, 37. Kraus, R. J., Foster, S. J., and Ganther, H. E., Anal. Biochem., 1985, 147, 432. Laborda, F., Chakraborti, D., Mir, J. M., and Castillo, J. R., J . Anal. At. Spectl-om.. 1993, 8, 643. Blocky, A. J., Hansen, G. T., Borkar, N., Ebrahim, A., and Rack, E. P., Anal. Chem., 1987, 59, 2063. Yang, K. L., and Jiang, S. J., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 307, 109. Cobo-Fernandez, M. C., Palacios, M. A., Chakraborti, D., Quevau- viller, P., and Camara, C., Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem., 1995, 351, 438. Alaejos, M. S., and Romero, C. D., Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.), 1993, 39, 2040. Benson, J. W., and Patterson, J. A., Anal. Biochem., 1969, 29, 130. Kajander, E. O., Pajula, R. J., Harvima, R., and Eloranta, T. O., Anal. Biochem., 1989,179, 396. Wolf, R. W., Lacroix, D. E., and Slagt, M. E., Anal. Lett., 1992, 25, 2165. Ganther, H. E., Kraus, R. J., and Foster, S. J., Methods Enzymol., 1984, 107, 582. I35 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 Abrams, M. M., and Buran, R. G., Commun. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal., 1989, 20, 221. Potin-Gautier, M., Boucharat, C., Astruc, A., and Astruc, M., Appl. Orgmomet. Chem., 1993, 7, 593. Cavalii, S., and Cardellicchio, N., J . Chromatogr., 1995, 706, 429. Hawkes, W. C., and Kutniunk, M. A., J . Chromatogr., 1992, 576, 263. Bertelsen, F., Gissel-Nielsen, G., Kjaer, A., and Skrydstup, T., Phytochemistry, 1988, 27, 3743. Motchnik, P. A., and Tappel, A. L., J . Znorg. Biochem., 1990, 40, 265. Soerensen, M., and Bjerregaard, P., Mar. Biol., 1991, 108, 269. Stadtman, T. C., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1990, 59, 11 1. Tomlinson, M. J., Lin, L., and Caruso, J. A., Analysr, 1995, 120, 583. Ng, C. L., Lee, H. K., and Li, S. F. Y., J. Chromatogr., 1993, 652, 547. Schmutz, A., and Thormann, W., Electrophoresis, 1994, 15, 51. Michalke, B., Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem., 1995, 351, 670. Morabito, F., Fresenius’ J . Anal. Chem., 1995, 351, 378. Paper 51071 1 OK Received October 30, 1995 Accepted February 12, I996

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210077R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, Airgust 1996, Vol. I21 11SN Book Reviews Biosensor and Chemical Sensor Technology. Process Monitoring and Control Edited by Kim R. Rogers, Ashok Mulchandani and Weichang Zhou. ACS Symposium Series 613. Pp. xii + 188. ACS. 1995. Price $52.95. IBSN 0-841 2-3330-6. This book reflects the themes of two symposia sponsored by the Division of Biochemical Technology and the Biochemical Secretariat at the 209th National Meeting of the ACS in Anaheim on April 2-6, 1995. The main aim of this series is to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book format, and to provide a ‘snapshot in time’ of a particular theme of chemistry. This volume is divided into two main sections, the first dealing with biosensor methods, and the second with the associated theme of bioprocess monitoring and control.In the first section there are articles dealing both with the common transducers used in biosensing, i.e., electrochemical, spectro- scopic and acoustic wave devices, and the biological recogni- tion molecules which provide the selectivity for the biosensors, i.e., enzymes, antibodies and nucleic acids. Much of this section of the volume is well known in the literature, but it is interesting to note the current interest in sensing mechanisms based on self- assembled layers and intercalation of nucleic acids. ‘The second section of the volume is prob- ably the more interesting, with chapters concentrating more on the application of biosensors for bioprocess monitoring. ’ The second section of the volume is probably the more interesting, with chapters concentrating more on the application of biosensors for bioprocess monitoring.Most scientists working in biosensor research will know of biosensor applica- tions in clinical monitoring, but will not know quite as much about their potential for monitoring fermentation processes and mammalian cell cultures. The chapters in this section also demonstrate the need to couple biosensor technology with flow analysis and feedback control, so that the process control systems developed can be readily automated. This dictates the analytical characteristics and constraints which those involved in developing novel transducers need to take account of in their research. The volume is reasonably inexpensive, and 1 would recommend it for purchase as a reference text by those institutions where research is being carried out in the areas of chemical sensorsbiosensors and biotechnology.Malcolm R. Smyth 6/9O032 A Dublin City University Chromatographic Methods. Fifth Edition By A. Braithwaite and F. J. Smith. Pp. xiv + 516. Blackie. 1996. Price €32.50. ISBN 0-7514-01 58-7. Much has happened in the last ten years in the field of separation science and in this new edition Braithwaite and Smith have considerably revised and expanded their well established textbook. It reflects a situation in which most of the main techniques of HPLC and open-tubular GC are now well established and are widely used. The book is aimed primarily at a student audience and unlike texts on individual chromatographic techniques seeks to provide a ‘unified account’ of the different methods.After a general overview, the authors examine the theory of the chromatographic separation method. This section is much improved from the previous edition, which suffered from numerous typographical errors, and I was pleased to see that the authors had adopted the 1993 IUPAC Chromatography Nomen- clature recommendations, although on occasions the typesetter had failed to italicise terms. However, a suggestion, that ‘Coulomb’s law (like attracts like)’ (,sic*) is a good starting point for chromatographic methods, is at odds with the correct description three lines later that opposite charges attract (whereas like charges repel). The next chapter covers planar methods and is followed by liquid chromatography on open columns, ending with flash chromatography. Gas chromatography starts by repeating much of the earlier theory, a technique designed to make each chapter self-contained but which seems to result in an unnecessary duplication of text and diagrams.The longest chapter is devoted to HPLC, covering normal, reversed-phase, ion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography. This is followed by a chapter on coupled detectors, primarily MS, and one on data systems and integration. The last two chapters describe, firstly, a number of typical laboratory exercises demonstrating the different chro- matographic methods, which may provide lecturers with a useful resource of practical experiments, and then a chapter of worked exercises as illustrative problems. The book ends with a glossary of chromatographic terms.Generally the coverage in the book is comprehensive and describes all the available methods and equipment, such as different detectors, rather than giving a detailed description of the major features. Coverage is mainly up to 1993 with a few 1995 references. Parts of the book feel old and the author5 have not been sufficiently ruthless with obsolete or dying methods. Paper chromatography is discussed in detail and in the GLC section SCOT columns and jet separators for GC-MS still feature. Part of the computing chapter still worries about interfxing and 8 bit ADC integrators. The weakest points in the book are in the coverage of new areas. The page and a half on supercritical fluid chromatography is misleading and often incorrect. Capillary electrophoresis suffers from being a rapidly developing field and almost anything would have been rapidly outdated but the authors were right to include it because of its potential for the future.Roger M . Smith 61900050 Loughhoi-ortgh Uiiivci-sity Aerosol Science for Industrial Hygienists By James H. Vincent. Pp. xvii + 412. Pergamon. 1995. Price $99.00; f62.00. ISBN 0-08-042029-X. ~~ - ~ _ _ ~ Possibly the earliest recorded effects of aerosols on hurnan health were the occupational pneumoconioses that were mentioned in ancient Greek literature. The removal of duct by filtration dates back to the Roman era. However it is only relatively recently that the role of aerosols has become a major focus of industrial hygiene. This book is therefore a welcome addition to introductory texts on aerosol science. What makes this book different from the others is that worker exposure is taken as the central concept.This recognises the hct that an individual’s own work activities are often a major source of aerosol contamination. The early chapters give an introduction to aerosol science as it relates to industrial health and to occupational hygiene. Topics covered include the physical properties of gase5, aerosol generation in the workplace, the motion of airborne particles116N Analyst, August 1996, Vol. I21 and the optical properties of aerosols. The determination of the health consequences of exposure to an aerosol requires an analysis of the inhalation and deposition within the human respiratory system. This is covered in the core of the book along with a description of health-related standards for aerosols and workplace sampling.Air sampling equipment has evolved over the past several decades in the direction of miniaturization and automation although the basic principles remain the same. This has not been limited to personal sampling equipment and more recently portable real-time instruments have been developed. The final chapters describe such instruments. LThese equations and examples will cer- tainly help students new to the field to gain a basic understanding of aerosol science. Whereas the author’s previous book ‘Aerosol Sampling: Science and Practice’, an excellent text on sampling principles, was aimed at the established researcher, this new book is targetted at graduate students, primarily with a background in the physical and life sciences.Readers will find that equations are given without lengthy scientific derivations and numerous worked examples appear throughout the book. These equations and examples will certainly help students new to the field to gain a basic understanding of aerosol science. Overall I would recommend this book, not only to its targetted audience, but also to the experienced researcher who should find numerous areas of interest therein. Ian Colbeck 5/90 I02 B University of Essex Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceuti- cal Analysis By Sandor Gorog. Pp. 392. CRC Press. 1995. Price US $131.95 (USA); US $158.00 (Outside USA). ISBN 0-8493-869 1-8. The importance of UV/VIS spectrophotometry in pharmaceuti- cal analysis has diminished in recent years due to the increased emphasis on separative techniques, principally HPLC.The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated and this trend has been encouraged by the registration authorities. In Western Europe and the USA, UV is accepted as a niche technique suitable for tests such as in-process analysis, content uniformity. dissolution testing and (to an extent) the bulk assay for batch release of stable products. It has great importance as the detection method of choice for HPLC and an understanding of the technique is essential. This book is a partly updated English version of a Hungarian text published in 1994 and contains 10 chapters. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the current importance of the technique in general terms and mentions that many of the current applications are not nowadays published in Western analytical journals, which tend to favour more recent technol- ogy.Chapter 2 covers the theory of light absorption, the design of spectrophotometers and the measurement of spectra. Chapter 3 covers the relationship between structure and spectra, based on ‘rules of thumb’ for characteristic absorption wavelengths plus the effect of conjugation. Chapter 4 covers quantitative analysis, including methods to remove interferences or to determine analytes with overlapping spectra. The emphasis is on derivative UV and some of the older methods to remove interferences. There is a mention of regression techniques but not of the methods based on principal component analysis.Chapter 5 gives a brief description of spectrophotometry combined with chromatographic methods. Chapter 6 has general information on the development and validation of methods. Because of the date of publication it does not mention ICH guidelines for validation. Chapter 7 covers some of the principal reactions used in colorimetric determinations. Chapter 8 discusses difference methods where spectral shifts are induced by pH change or chemical reaction. LThis book contains much useful information but the content does not really have the correct balance to reflect the current role of U V / V I S spectrophotometry as practised in Western Europe. Chapter 9 discusses the manipulation of various matrices and the problems which they pose to the analyst.Within this chapter is a discussion on automation of methods, the major emphasis being given to Autoanalyzer methods though flow injection analysis is also discussed. Chapter 10 is an extensive (129 page) review of literature methods arranged by class of drug. There is a minor error in the classification of reactions with chloranil as charge transfer complexes but this does not detract from its value. This book contains much useful information but the content does not really have the correct balance to reflect the current role of UV/VIS spectrophotometry as practised in Western Europe. The most recent information is often given at the end of a section as an afterthought. A greater emphasis on UV coupled to separative techniques and on the more modern methods of data handling, both for stand-alone spectrophotometry and coupled techniques, would add to its value.This could usefully be at the expense of the information on colorimetric methods which would rarely be preferred to HPLC. In addition a better summary of the acceptability of the technique to regulatory authorities for different applications would help to set the context. R. Jones 61900251 Glum Wellcome Research and Development Dartford Chromatography for Inorganic Chemistry By Michael Lederer. Pp. 221. Wiley. 1994. Price f17.95. ISBN 0-471-94286-3 (paper). This book is to be highly recommended as an excellent introduction to inorganic chromatography. The style is lucid, it is eminently readable and the author’s enthusiasm permeates the material. Based on a practical lecture course of chromatography in inorganic chemistry, many carefully selected areas of aqueous inorganic interest are surveyed; the historical per- spective is indeed relevant as it guides the reader in directional developments.LThe style is lucid, it is eminently readable and the author’s enthusiasm permeates the material.’ Chapter 1 is a historical introduction of some ten pages and is adequately referenced. Chapter 2, dealing with solvent extrac- tion and the history of partition chromatography, contains thirteen relevant figures and four tables. Paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography are treated in Chapter 3. Quite extensive data of RF values of inorganic ions in butanol mixtures are provided. Interesting applications are detailed in the areas of geochemical prospecting, preparation of carrier-free tracers in radiochemistry , synthesis of coordination compounds and preparative separations.Chapter 4 (thirty pages) concerns electrophoresis in terms of low voltage paper, continuous, highAnalyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 117N voltage, cross, gel and in fused salts. Isoelectricfocussing, isotachophoresis, capillary zone and high performance paper electrophoresis are covered. In a brief Chapter 5, Gel Filtration, the biological implications of ingestion of saturated solutions of silicates is highlighted. Ion exchange is treated in Chapter 6 (thirty two pages), gas chromatography in Chapter 7 (seven pages) and separation of isotopes in Chapter 8 (seven pages). An important topical area, the separation of optical isomers, is discussed in Chapter 9 (eleven pages).Chapter 12 (fifty seven pages) targets selected elements and their chromatography and electrophoresis. A catholic selection is provided involving boron, condensed phosphates, sulfur compounds, halogen acids, rhenium and technetium, ruth- enium, rhodium, the rare earths, polonium and protactinium. An adequate index (three pages) is given. I feel that this scholarly volume cannot fail to stimulate the reader and is invaluable reading for postgraduate students. The essence is in the practicality and ‘real-time’ application. The last paragraph of this book is enigmatic! W. K. Glass 4190089H University College Dublin Ireland Focus on BiopesticidesPLUS, new for 1996, monitors the use of natural organisms, their genes and their secondary metabolites in crop protection.The newsletter is edited by Len Copping, who is well- known for his work in this area. Product, company and market news are brought together each month in an easy-to-read format with valuable analysis and comment. Focus on BiopesticidesPLUS will be essential reading for all those working in the sector. With Focus on BiopesticidesPLUS you can: scan ALL the relevant news in one place gain information vital to your business be alerted t o news you would otherwise miss keep up with legislation and environmental concerns read about forthcoming conferences and key events Subscribe to Focus on BiopesticidesPLUS and stay in touch with this developing sector! A FREE sample issue is available now. To claim your copy, simply complete and return the slip below.------------I-------______I_____________----- Please send me a FREE sample issue of Focus on BiopesticidesPLUS Name ....................................................................... Position .................................................................... Organ i zat ion ............................................................ Address ..................................................................... ................................................................................. THE ROYAL Return to: SOCIETY OF Alison Hey, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 4WF, U.K. Tel: +44 (0) 1223 420066 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 423429 TOLL FREE (US only): 1-800-473 9234 C W T w && Information ServicesROYAL AUSTRALIAN CHEMICAL INSTITUTE AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE v XXX COLLOQUIUM SPECTROSCOPICUM INTERNATIONALE World Congress Centre, Melbourne, Australia, September 21st126th, 1997 Participants are invited to submit contributions for presentation on the following topics; Theory, Techniques and Instrumentation of :- Atomic Spectroscopy (Emission, Absorption, Fluorescence) Computer Applications and Chemometrics Electron Spectroscopy Gamma Spectroscopy Laser Spectroscopy Luminescence Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry (Inorganic and Organic) Methods of Surface Analysis and Depth Profiling UVNisible Spectroscopy NIR Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy Mossbauer Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy X-Ray Spectroscopy Applications of Spectroscopy to the Analysis of :- Biological and Environmental Samples Food and Agricultural Products Metals, Alloys and Geological Materials Industrial Processes and Products Plenary and Invited Speakers To date the following eminent spectroscopists have accepted invitations to present keynote lectures; Freddy Adams Belgium Mike Adams UK Mike Blades Canada John Chalmers UK Bruce Chase USA Peter Fredericks Australia Manfred Grasserbauer Austria Mike Gross USA Mike Guilhaus Australia Peter Hannaford Australia Gary Hieftje USA Kazuhiro Imai Japan Hiroshi Masuhara Japan Andrew Zander Russell McLean Jean-Michel Mermet Caroline Mountford Nicolo Omenetto Mike Ramsey Alfred0 Sanz Medel Margaret S heil Heinz Siesler Richard Snook Yngvar Thomassen Bernhard Welz John Williams Barry Sharp USA Australia France Australia IdY USA Spain UK Australia Germany UK Norway Germany UK In connection with the XXX CSI a number of pre-symposia will be organised, the conference will feature an exhibition of the latest spectroscopic instrumentation and associated equipment.Social Programme The scientific programme will be punctuated with memorable social events and excursions of scientific, cultural and tourist interest. The social programme is open to all participants and accompanying persons. sponsors As at August 1995, the following companies have agreed to be major sponsors of XXX CSI 1997; GBC, Hewlett-Packard, Perkin Elmer and Varian For further information contact - Secretary Mr P.L. Larkins CSIRO Division of Materials Science & Technology Private Bag 33, Rosebank MDC, Clayton VIC 3169 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 3 95422003 Facsimile: +61 3 95441 128 E-mail: larkins@rivett.mst.csiro.au Conference Secretariat The Meeting Planners 108 Church Street, Hawthorn VIC 3122 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 3 98193700 Facsimile: +61 3 98195978 Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at : http://w w w.latro be. edu. au/CSIcon.XXXCSI. html QANTAS has been appointed the sole official carrier to the XXX CSI 1997. When making QANTAS reservations please quote JIF 734. The Analyst and JAAS have been appointed as the official journals for publications resulting from CSI ‘97. Authors are encouraged to bring their manuscripts to the conference.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210115N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 119N Conference Diary Date Conference 1996 September 1-7 1 -7 4-6 8-1 1 8-1 2 8-1 3 9-1 1 9-13 10-14 11-13 15-17 15-20 15-20 Cellular and Molecular Biology 2nd World Congress Euroanalysis IX Traceability and Comparability of 'Amount of Substance' Measurements 22nd Annual Meeting of the British Mass Spectrometry Society 110th AOAC International Annual Meeting and Exposition CLEO '96: European Conferences on Lasers and Electro-Optics Sixth International Symposium on Field Flow Fractionation PRAHA96: 14th International Conference on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy International Symposium and Exhibition on Biomedical Optics IV International Symposium on Biological Monitoring in Occupational and Environmental Health Third European Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences 21st International Symposium on Chromatography XV National Reunion of Spectroscopists Location Ottawa, Canada Bologna, Italy Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands Swansea, UK Orlando/ Kissimmee, FL, USA Hamburg, Germany Ferrera, Italy Prague, Czech Republic Graz, Austria Espoo, Finland Edinburgh, Scotland S tuttgart, Germany Oviedo, Spain Contact Congress Secretariat, Suite 353, 2660 Southvale Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIB 4W5 Tel: +1 613 247 1344.Fax: + I 613 247 2187/9317. E-mail: mhamelin@ottawa.net. Professor Luigia Sabbatini, Euroanalysis IX, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universiti di Bari, \ria Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy Tel: +39 80 544 2020. Fax: +39 80 544 2026. Linda Catterson, Workshop Secretary, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex, UK TW11 OLY Tel: +44 (0)181 943 7423. Fax: +44 (0)181 943 2767.E-mail: lc@lgc.co.uk. Dr. Fred Mellon, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK NR4 7UA Tel: +44 (0)1603 255299. Fax: +44 (0)1603 452578. E-mail: fred.mellon@bbsrc.ac.uk. Margreet Lauwaars, P.O. Box 153, 6720 AD Bennekom, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 318 418725; Fax: +31 318 418359; or Derek Abbott, 80 Chaffers Mead, Ashtead, Surrey, UK KT2 1NH Tel: +44 372 274856. Fax: +44 372 274856. CLEO/Europe '96, Institute of Physics, Meetings and Conferences Department, 47 Belgrave Square, London, UK SWlX SQX F. Dondi, Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 1-44100 Ferrara, Italy Tel: +39 532 291 154. Fax: +39 532 240709.Dr. Vladimir Spirko, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, The J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, CZ- 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic Fax: +42 2 858 2307. E-mail: praha96@ j h-ins t .cas. cz. or praha96@ wcpj .chemie. uni-wuppertal.de. Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-9 1403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr. Kristina Kulha, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliukenkatu 41 a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland Tel: +358 4747 551. Fax: +358 4747 548. E-mail: kku@occuphealth.fi; WWW: http://www .occuphealth.fi. 3rd EUFEPS Congress, Marshwood House, 52 Gresham Road, Staines, Middlesex, UK TW18 2AN Tel: +44 (0)1784 464106.Fax: +44 (0)1784 455078. GDCh-Geschaftstelle, Abt. Tagungen, Varrentrappestr. 40-42, Postfach 90 04 40, D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 90, Germany Tel: +49 69 791 7358. Fax: +49 69 791 7475. Conference Secretariat, XV Reuni6n Nacional de Espectroscopia, Grupo Espaiiol de Espectroscopia, C/Serrano 12 1, 28006 Madrid, Spain Fax: +34 (9)1645557.120N Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 Date 16-18 16-19 1620 16-20 17-20 20-24 23 24-26 26-27 29-04 Conference Location The Third International Conference on Applications of Magnetic Resonance in Food Science Nantes, France International Ion Chromatography Reading, Symposium UK 16th European Conference on Surface Science Genoa, (ECOSS 16) Italy 5th International Conference on Plasma Durham, Source Mass Spectrometry UK ITP '96, 10th International Symposium on Capillary Electrophoresis and Czech Republic Isotachophoresis Prague, 12th Asilomar Conference on Mass Spectrometry, Elemental Mass Spectrometry USA Pacific Grove, 12th ICP-MS Applications Meeting Julich, Germany Mass Spectrometry Processes for the Determination of Trace Elements Germany Jiilich, 4th International Symposium on Bucharest, Biotechnology Now & Tomorrow Romania 23rd Annual Conference of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy USA Societies (FACSS) Kansas City, October 2-4 Second Australian Conference on Vibrational Brisbane, Spectroscopy Australia 3-4 Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis Y ork, UK 14-15 Chiral Europe '96 Strasbourg, France 14-18 7th International Beijing Conference and Shanghai, Exhibition on Instrumental Analysis (BCEIA) China 20-23 International Symposium on Laboratory Boston, MA, Automation and Robotics USA Contact G.J. Martin or V. Foucault, Facult6 des Sciences, Laboratoire de Resonance Magnktique NuclCaire et Rkactivitk Chimique, U.R.A. - CNRS 472, 2 rue de la Houssinikre, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03, France Tel: +33 4037 3169. Fax: +33 4074 9806. Century International, P.O. Box 493, Medfield, MA 02052, USA. Tel: +I 508 359 8777; Fax: +1 508 359 8778. Phil Jones, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, UK PL4 8AA Tel: +44 (0)1752 233000. Fax: +44 (0)1752 233035. Professor U. Valbusa, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, Genoa 1614m, Italy Dr.Grenville Holland, Department of Geological Sciences, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham City, UK DHl 3LE Fax: +44 (Oj191 374 2510. Dr B. Gas, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic Tel: +42 2 2491 5472. Fax: +42 2 291 958. E-Mail: itp96@prfdec.natur.cuni.c~. ASMS, 1201 Don Diego Ave., Sante Fe, NM 87505, USA Tel: +I 505 989 4517. Fax: + I 505 989 1073. Dr. J. S. Becker, Forschungszentrum fur Chemische Analysen, D-52425 Jiilich, Germany Tel: +49 2461 612698. Fax: +49 2461 612560. Dr. J. S. Becker, Forschungszentrum fur Chemische Analysen, D-52425 Jiilich, Germany Tel: +49 2461 612698. Fax: +49 2461 612560. Ioana Spirescu, Romania Biotehnos S.A., Str. Dumbrava Roslo, nr. 18, Bucuresti 70254, Romania Tel: +40 I 210 20 15.Fax: +40 1 210 97 05. E-mail: dcornel@ cbb.bth.ro. FACSS, 201B Broadway Street, Frederick, MD Tel: +I 301 846 4797. 21701-6501 USA Peter Fredericks, School of Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology, P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 400 1, Australia Tel: +61 7 3864 2341. Fax: +61 7 3864 1804. E-mail: p.fredericks.@qut.edu.au. Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (Oj1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 4325 16 E-mail: js2@york.ac.uk. Spring Innovations Ltd,, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127. BCEIA '97 General Service Office, Room 585, Chinese Academy of Sciences Building, P.O. Box 2143, Beijing 100045, China Tel: +86 10 6851 1814.E-mail: bceia@ aphyOl .iphy.ac.cn. Christine O'Neil, ISLAR '96, Zymark Corp., Zymark Center, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA Tel: +1 508 435 9500 ext. 2224;. Fax: +1 508 435 3439. E-mail: isalr@zymark.ultranet.com.Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 121N Date 20-25 22-25 22-25 28-29 29-30 30-3 I Conference Location Expoquimia Equiplast Eurosurfas Barcelona, Spain Pollutec 96 LY on, France 8th Conference and Exhibition on Analytical Instrumentation Spain Barcelona, Monitor '96 Manchester, UK Third European Symposium on Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy. On-Line Use Kolding, Denmark International Workshop on Metallothioneins Geel, Belgium November 4-6 4-8 12-15 13 13-15 17-22 20-22 21 24-30 ISPPP '96: 16th International Symposium on the Separation and Analysis of Proteins, Peptides and Polynucleotides Luxembourg, International Symposium on the Industrial Application of the Mossbauer Effect Johannesburg, South Africa International Exhibition and Conference for Chemical Technology, Analytical Technology Switzerland and Biotechnology Capillary Electrophoresis Meeting Hertfordshire, Basel, UK 13th Montreux Symposium on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Montreux, S w i t zer 1 and 1996 Eastern Analytical Symposium Somerset, NJ, USA pTi4S '96, 2nd International Symposium on Micro Total Analysis Systems Switzerland Basel, Spectroscopic Detection in Process Analysis (11) UK Hull, 4th Rio Sgmposium on Atomic Spectrometry Buenos Aires, Argentina Contact Expoquimia Equiplas Eurosurfas, Fira de Barcelona, Avda.Reina Ma Cristina, E-08004, Barcelona, Spain Michele Jackson or Vinod Mahtani, Promosalons (UK) Ltd., 82 Bishops Bridge Road, London, UK W2 6BB Tel: +44 (0)171 221 3660. Fax: +44 (0)171 792 3525. 8as Jornadas de Analisis Instrumental (JAI) Expoquimia, Av. Reina Ma Christina-Palacio No. 1, 08004 Barcelona, Spain Tel: +93 233 20 00. Fax: +93 233 23 11, +93 423 63 48. Spring Innovations, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127. Biotechnological Institute, Holbergsvej 10, P.O. Box 8 18, DK-6000 Kolding, Denmark, Attn: Lone Vejgaard (Chairman) Tel: +45 75 52 04 33. Fax: +45 75 52 99 89. Dr Guy Bordin, European Commission-Joint Research Centre-IRMM, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Fax: +32 14 584 273.E-mail: bordin@irmm.jrc.be. Secretariat ISPPP '96, B.O. Conference Service, P.O. Box 100 78, S-750 10 Uppsala, Sweden Tel: +46 18 165 060. Fax: +46 18 304 074. E-mail: bengt.osterlund@seuppbt.pharmacia.se. Herman Pollak, Mossbauer Laboratory, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Tel: +27 11 716 4053/2526. Fax: +27 11 339 8262. E-mail: isiame@physnet.phys.wits.ac.za. L. E. Loew, ilmac96, Messe Bassel, CH-4021 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 686 2707. Fax: +41 61 686 2188. Mrs Gill Caminow, The Chromatographic Society, Suite 4, Clarendon Chambers, 32 Clarendon Street, Nottingham, UK NG1 5JD Tel: +44 (0) 1 15 950 0596. Fax: +44 (0) 1 15 950 0614. M. Frei-Hausler, Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschwil 2, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 481 2789.Fax: +41 61 482 0805. EAS, P.O. Box 633, Montchanin, DE 19710-0633, USA Tel: +1 302 738 6218. Fax: +1 302 738 5275. Secretariat, Mrs E. Miiller, Corporate Analytical Research, K- 127.1.54, Ciba Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 696 2571. Fax: +41 61 696 4504. Dr. J. S. Lancaster, BP Chemicals, Hull Research Centre, Saltend, Hull, UK HU12 8DS Tel: +44 (0)1482 894803. Fax: +44 (0)1482 892171. Osvaldo E. Troccoli, Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactasy Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel: +54 1 783 3025. Fax: +54 1 782 0441. E-mail: troccoli@trazas.uba.org or batiston@cena.edu.ar.122N Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 Date Conference Location Contact 26-28 7th National Symposium on Mass Gw alior , Dr.Suresh Aggarwal, Fuel Chemistry Division, Spectrometry India Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay 400 085, India E-mail: hejain@magnum.baretl.ernet.in or Dr. G. Sudhakar Reddy, The University of Michigan, OSEH, 1655 Dean Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA December 17-20 1st Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Hong Kong APCE '96, c/o Dr. Sam F. Y. Li, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 1 19260, Republic of Singapore Tel: +65 772 2681. Fax: +65 779 1691. E-mail: chmlifys@leonis.nus.sg. Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Techniques 1997 January 4-9 The Fourth International Symposium On: New Trends in Chemistry The Role of Analytical Chemistry in National Development International Conference on Flow Injection Analysis-ICFIA 97 12-16 12-17 1997 European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 20-24 First Asia-Pacific EPR/ESR Symposium 26-30 9th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Microscale Techniques Giza, Egypt Orlando, USA Gent, Belgium Hong Kong Anaheim, USA Professor Dr.M. M. Khater, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ICFIA 97, Sue Christian, P.O. Box 26, Medina, WA Fax: +1 206 454 9361. E-mail: sue@ flowinjection .corn. L. Moens, Secretariat, 1997 European Winter Conference, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000, Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 264 66 00. Fax: +32 9 264 66 99. E-mail: plasma97@rug.ac.be. Professor C.Rudowicz, Chairman, LOC & IOC, City University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Materials Science, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel: +852 2788 7787. Fax: +852 2788 7830. E-mail: 98039-0026, USA apsepr@cityu.edu.hk. Shirley Schlessinger, Symposium Manager, HPCE '97, 400 East Randolph Street, Suite 1015, Chicago, IL 60601, USA Tel: +1 312 527 2011. February 2-6 The Australian and New Zealand Society for Hobart, Tasmania, Mures Convention Management, Victoria Dock, Mass Spectrometry 16th Conference Australia Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia (ANZSMS 16) Tel: +61 002 312121. Fax: +61 002 344464. E-mail: mures@ hba. trumpt.com .au; WWW:http://www.csl.edu.au/ANZSMS/anzsmsl6.html. 18-19 Inbio '97 Industrial Biocatalysis: The Way Manchester, Spring Innovations Ltd., 185A Moss Lane, Ahead UK Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082.Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127. March 9-14 CANAS '97 Colloquium Analytische Freiberg/Sachsen, G. Werner, Universitat Leipzig, lnstitut fur Atomspektroskopie Germany Analytische Chemie, Linnestrasse 3, D-04 103 Leipzig, Germany Tel: +49 0341 973 6101. Fax: +49 0341 973 6115.Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 123N Date 16-21 April 13-17 14-19 21-25 28-29 May 4-8 11-15 12-1 3 12--16 27-28 Conference 48th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy 213th American Chemical Society National Meeting Genes and Gene Families in Medical, Agricultural and Biological Research: 9th International Congress on Isozymcs Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM-7) Computer & Process Validation in the Locat ion Contact Atlanta, GA, USA Linda Briggs, The Pittsburgh Conference, 300 Penn Center Blvd., Suite 332, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5503, USA Tel: +1 412 825 3220, +1 800 825 3221.Fax: +1 412 825 3224. San Francisco, CA, Department of Meetings, American Chemical USA Texas, USA Antwerp, Belgium Manches ter , Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemical Industries UK PBA '97, 8th International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis USA Orlando, FL, 5th European Workshop on Modern Torquay, Developments and Applications in Microbeam UK Analysis Chiral USA '97 B 0s ton, USA European Symposium on Photonics in Manufacturing 111 France Paris, PInd Miniaturisation in Liquid Ghent, C bromatography versus Capillary Belgium Electrophoresis Conference Society, 1155-16th St.NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA Tel: +I 202 872 4396. Fax: +1 202 872 6128. E-mail: natlmtgs@acs.org. Mrs. Janet Cunningham, Barr Enterprises, 101 20 Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793, USA Tel: +1 301 898 3772. Fax: +1 301 898 5596. J. Pauwels, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. Tel: +32 14 571 722; or Wayne Wolk, US Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Tel: +I 301 504 8927. Spring Innovations Ltd., 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127. Shirley E. Schlessinger (Symposium Manager), Suite 1015, 400 East Randolph Drive, Chicago, IL, 60601, USA EMAS Secretariat, University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Universiteitsplein 1, G-2610 Antwerp-Wilrijk, Belgium Fax: +32 3 820 2376. E-mail: vantdack@uia.ua.ac.be. Spring Innovations Ltd, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127 or Brandon Associates, PO Box 1244, Merrimach, NH 03054, USA. Tel: and Fax: +1 (630) 424 2035. Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-9 1403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr. Prof. Dr. Willy R. G. Baeyens, Chairman MINI-LC 11, University of Ghent, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Laboratory of Drug Quality Control, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 264 80 97. Fax: +32 9 264 81 96. E-mail: willy.baeyens@rug.ac.be June 3-5 LIMS 97 11th International LIMS The Hague, Conference Secretariat, LIMS 97, 45 Hilltop Conference and Exhibition Netherlands Avenue, Hullbridge, Hockley, Essex, UK SS5 6BL Tel: +44 (0)1702 231268. Fax: +44 (0)1702 230580. E-mail: 101 320.16 l7@compuserve.com.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210119N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

124N Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 Courses Date Conference 1996 September Location Contact HPLC Beginners Training Course 3-5 3-6 7 9-1 3 11-12 11-13 15-20 16-18 18-20 30 Macclesfield, UK Nikki Rathbone, HPLC Technology Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK SKI 1 6PJ Tel: 01625 613848. Fax: 01625 616916. Mrs. Hilary L. Thackray, Department of Continuing Professional Education, Continuing Education Building, Springfield Mount, Leeds, UK LS2 9NG Tel: +44 (0)113 233 3233. Fax: +44 (0)113 233 3240. F. Dondi, Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46,I-44100 Ferrara, Italy Tel: +39 532 291154. Fax: +39 532 240709. Dr. Hywel Evans, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK PL4 8AA May Husseyin, Training Department, The Fire Prevention Association, Melrose Avenue, Borehamwood, Herts., UK WD6 2BJ Tel: +44 (0)181 207 2345.Mrs. M. Frei-Hausler, IAEAC Secretariat, Postfdch 46, CH-4123 Allschwill 2, Switzerland Caroline Hutcheon, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, UK B58 1TS Tel: +44 (0)117 928 9000 or +44 (0)117 928 7658. Fax: +44 (0)117 925 7295. The Center for Professional Advancement, Oudezijds Voorburgwal 3 16A, 1012 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 638 28 06. Fax: +31 20 620 21 36. The Center for Professional Advancement, Oudezijds Voorburgwal 3 16A, 1012 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 638 28 06. Fax: +31 20 620 21 36. The Training Department, Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Glos., UK GL55 6LD Tel: +44 (0)1386 842104.Fax: +44 (0)1386 842100. Caroline Hutcheon, Bristol Chemometrics, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, UK BS8 1TS Tel: +44 (0)117 928 9000 ext. 4421. Fax: +44 (0)117 925 1295. Clinical Nutrition Leeds, UK Workshop in Field Flow Fractionation Ferrara, Italy MSc Credited Short Course on Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Plymouth, UK Explosions and Fires in Industry Southampton, UK 2nd Workshop on Biosensors and Biological Techniques in Environmental Analysis 1996 European Workshop in Chemometrics Lund, Sweden Bristol, UK Practical Problems Solving in Chemical Analysis Amsterdam, The Netherlands Near Infrared Spectroscopy Amsterdam, The Netherlands Pesticide Maximum Residue Levels Campden, UK 30-2/10 Experimental Design Bristol, UK October 3 4 Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis Y ork, UK Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of Youk, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0)1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 432516. E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk. The Center for Professional Advancement, Oudezijds Voorburgwal 3 16A, 10 12 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 638 28 06. Fax: +31 20 620 21 36. 7-9 High Performance Liquid Chromatography Amsterdam, The Netherlands Entries in the above listing are included at the discretion of the Editor and are free of charge. If you wish to publicize a forthcoming meeting please send full details to: The Analyst Editorial Office, Thomas Graham House, Sci;;ncc Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WF. Tel: +44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247. E-mail:Analyst@RSC:.ORG.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210124N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 125N RSC Sponsored Awards Three analytical chemists were among the thirteen or so recipients of awards presented by Professor Edward Abel, President of The Royal Society of Chemistry, at the Society’s headquarters in Burlington House in London. Professor Malcolm Smyth, Dean of the Faculty of Science and Paramedical Studies at Dublin City University, won the RSC award for Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation, sponsored by Perkin-Elmer Ltd. He was commended for his work in electroanalysis and separations, and their application to systems of biological and biomedical interest. Professor Smyth is, of course, one of the new group of Scientific Editors for the Analytical Journals and also serves on the Analytical Editorial Board. Professor Duncan Thorburn Burns, Queens University, Belfast, won the RSC award for Tertiary Education, sponsored by ICI plc, for advancing the standard of chemistry teaching in higher education in the UK.In the late 1960s, while at Loughborough University, Professor Thorburn Burns set up one of the first taught MSc courses for analytical chemistry in the UK, the syllabus for which has since served as a model for many other UK MSc courses. Professor Thorburn Burns has also played an active role in maintaining the high standard of science education in Northern Ireland for over twenty years. From 1977-92, he was a member of the Northern Ireland Department for Education’s Advisory Board for Postgraduate Awards, a body which, at that time, allocated research funding, controlled the number of available postgraduate places, and ensured the standards for taught Masters courses.The Royal Society of Chemistry plays an important role in shaping chemistry educational policy in the UK, and Professor Thorburn Burns has been active as a former Chairman and L to R: Peter Cobb (who also received an award for services to the Society), Professor Edward Abel (RSC President), Professor Malcolm Smyth and Professor Duncan Thorburn Burns. Secretary of the Education and Training Group of the Society’s Analytical Division. An expert in forensic analytical chemistry, Professor Thorburn Burns’ view of the scientific evidence in the ‘Maguire Seven’ case was a major factor in the quashing of their convictions in 1981 by the Court of Appeal. Professor Mike Blades of the University of British Columbia, Canada, was honoured with the Analytical Spectroscopy award, sponsored by AT1 Unicam, for his many contributions to spectroscopy, in particular his fundamental studies on and applications of several plasma sources for atomic emission spectrometry. Professor Blades is a member of the Advisory Board for the RSC’s Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS).

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210125N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

126N Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 Future Issues Will Include Biodegradation Studies of Selected Hydrocarbons from Diesel Oil-Hermina Leskovsek, Ester Sepic, Colin Trier Study of the Interaction of a Soil Fulvic Acid with U022+ by Self-modelling Mixture Analysis of Synchronous Molecular Fluorescence Spectra-J. C. G. Esteves Da Silva, Adelio A. S. C. Machado, Cesar J. S. Oliveira Investigation into the Impact of Introducing Workplace Aerosol Standards Based on the Inhalable Fraction-James H. Vincent, Mark A. Werner, Terry M. Spear On the Assessment of Particle Size Distribution in Workers' Aerosol Exposures-James H. Vincent, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, Mark A. Werner Procrustes Analysis for Determination of Number of Significant Masses in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-R. G.Brereton, Cevdet Demir, Peter Hindmarch Methods and Instrumentation for Workplace Aerosol Measure- ments-David Y. H. Pui Evaluation of Passive Methods for Measuring Ozone in the European Alps-H. Werner, Markus Hangartner, Manfred Kirchner Cross-sections of Spectrochromatograms for the Resolution of Pesticide Overlapping Peaks in Diode-array High-performance Liquid Chromatography- J. L. Martinez Vidal, P. Parrilla, M. Martinez Galera, A. Garrido Frenich A Study of the Relationship Between Structural Attributes and Observed Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Activity of Tertiary Amines, as Potential Analytes for the Tris(2,2'- bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Reaction-Andrew W. Knight, Gillian M. Greenway Direct Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Quadru- pole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry of Pesticides Adsorbed on Solid Phase Extraction Membranes-C.S. Creaser, Anthony W. T. Bristow, Sylvie Nelieu, Jacques Einhorn Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry of Selected Pesticides Extracted on C18 Silica Solid Phase Extraction Membranes-J. F. Muller, Christophe Masselon, Gabriel Krier, Sylvie Nelieu, Jacques Einhorn Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion Technique for the Determination of Moxidectin in Bovine Tissues-"". Alvinerie, J. F. Sutra, D. Capela, P. Galtier, A. Fernandez-Suarez, E. Horne, Michael O'Keeffe Evolution of a Specific Fluorogenic Dervatization of Ivermectin for Bioanalytical Applications-David W. Fink, Pierre de Montigny, Jung-Sook Kim Shim Photochemical-Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Two Pyrethroid Insecticides Using an Anionic Micellar Medium- Jean Jacques Aaron, Atanasse Coly Luminol Chemiluminescence Based Porphyrin Assays Without Hydrogen Peroxide: A Spectral Study of Mechanism and Enhancement-Carole Poupon-Fleuret, Jean-Paul Steghens, Jean-Claude Bernengo Slurry Preparation by High-pressure Homogenization for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Zoological/Botanical Stan- dard Reference Materials in Animal Foods by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-William D.Marshall, Yanxi Tan, Jean-Simon Blais Polymeric Membrane Salicylate-sensitive Electrodes Based on Organotin(1v) Carboxylates-Ru-Qin Y u, Dong Liu, Wen-Can Chen, Guo-Li Shen Determination of Formaldehyde in Air by Ion Exclusion and Ion Exchange Chromatography with Amperometric Detec- tion-Brian Johnson Does Sampling Contribute Significantly to Measurement Errors'? If So, What Can Be Done About It?-Erik Olsen Catalytic Determination of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Natural Waters by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry-Maria F.Gine, Nelson Maniasso, Sandra Sato, Antonio 0. Jacinth0 Rigid Carbon-Polymer Biocomposites for Electrochemical Sensing. A Review-Salvador Alegret Analytical Challenges in the Development of Modified-releasd Oral Solid Dosage Forms-Michael J. Bowker COPIES OF CITED ARTICLES The Royal Society of Chemistry Library can usually supply copies of cited articles. For further details contadt: The Library, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London WlV OBN, UK. Tel: +44 (0)171-437 8656. Fax: +44 (0)171-287 9798. Telecom Gold 84: BUR210. Electronic Mailbox (Internet) LIBRARY@RSC.ORG. If the material is not available from the Society's Library, the staff will be pleased to advise on its availability from other sources. Please note that copies are not available from the RSC at Thomas Graham House, Cambridge.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210126N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, August 1996, Vol. 121 127N Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms The presence of an abbreviation or acronym in this list should NOT be read as a recommendation for its use. However. those defined here need not be defined in the text of your manuscript. AAS ac A D ADC ANOVA AOAC ASTM bP BSA BSI CEN cPm CMOS c.m.c. CRM CVAAS CW CZE dc DRIFT DELFIA DNA EDTA ELISA emf ETAAS EXAFS EPA FAAS FAB dPm FAO-WHO FIR 1F-r FPLC FPD GC GLC HGAAS HPLC ICP id INAA IR ISFET iv im IGFET ISE LC LED LOD LOQ atomic absorption spectrometry alternating current analogue-to-digital analogue-to-digital converter analysis of variance Association of Official Analytical Chemists American Society for Testing and Materials boiling point bovine serum albumin British Standards Institution European Committee for Standardization counts per minute complementary metal oxide silicon critical micellization concentration certified reference material cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis direct current disintegrations per minute diffuse retlectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay deoxyribonucleic acid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid enzyme linked immunosorbent assay electromotive force electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy Environmental Protection Agency flame atomic absorption spectrometry fast atom bombardment Food and Agriculture Organization, far-infrared Fourier transform fast protein liquid chromatography flame photometric detector gas chromatography gas-liquid chromatography hydride generation atomic absorption high-performance liquid inductively coupled plasma internal diameter instrumental neutron activation infrared ion-selective effect transistor intravenous intramuscular insulated gate field effect transistor ion-selective electrode liquid chromatography light emitting diode limit determination limit of quantification World Health Organization spectroscopy chromatography analysis mP MRL mRNA MS NIR NMR NIST od OES PBS PCB PAH PGE PIXE PPt PPb PP" PTFE PVC PDVB QC QA REE If RIMS l T l S rpm RNA SCE SE SEM SIMS SIMCA S/N SRM STM STP TIMS TLC TOF TGA TMS tris TRIS UV UV/vIS VDU XRD XRF YAG Commonly Used Symbols M Mr r 7 U melting point maximum residue limit messenger ribonucleic acid mass spectrometry near-infrared nuclear magnetic resonance National Institute of Standards and Technology outer diameter optical emission spectrometry phosphate buffered saline polychlorinated biphenyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon platinum group element particle/proton-induced X-ray parts per trillion (1012; pg g-1) parts per billion ( lo9; ng g-I parts per million (106; pg g-1) poly (tetrafluoroethylene) poly(viny1 chloride) poly(diviny1 benzene) quality control quality assurance rare earth element radiofrequency resonance ionization mass spectrometry root mean square revolutions per minute ribonucleic acid saturated calomel (reference) electrode standard error scanninghurface (reflection) electron microscopy secondary-ion mass spectrometry soft independent modelling of class signal-to-noise ratio Standard Reference Material scanning tunnelling (electron) standard temperature and pressure thermal ionization mass spectrometry thin-layer chromatography time-of-flight thermogravimetric analysis trimethylsilane 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)- propane-l,3-diol (ligand) 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)- propane- 1,3-diol (reagent) ultraviolet ultraviolet-visible visual display unit X-ray diffraction X-ray fluorescence yttrium aluminium garnet emission analogy microscopy molecular mass relative molecular mass correlation coefficient standard deviation atomic mass

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210127N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC