摘要:

International Conference on Analytical ChemistryJune 15-21, 1997Moscow University, Moscow, RussiaAIMSThe objective of the conference is to highlight the most recent developments in the field of analytical science, specifically in thesubject areas identified below. Presentations will be given in the form of plenary and contributed lectures as well as postersessions. It is hoped that the poster sessions will be used to encourage scientists of different generations to exchange ideas andshare experiences in their respective fields.SCOPEThe following major topics will be discussed at the conference:Analytical chemistry: Philosophical aspectPreconcentration (including solid phase extraction)C hemometr icsChromatography (GC, HPLC, TLC, IC etc.)and related techniques (CE)Molecular spectroscopy (IR, Raman)Nuclear methodsKinetic methodsBioanalytical chemistryAnalysis of new materials(including high-purity materials)Sampling and sample treatmentOrganic analytical reagentsQuality assurance/quality controlAtomic spectroscopy (absorption emission,Mass spectrometryElectroanalytical methodsExpress test methodsAnalysis of raw materialsAnalysis of food and agricultural productsClinical analysisfluorescence, XRF, lasers)ORGANIS ING COMMITTEEChairperson, Yu A.ZolotovVice-chairmen, B.F. Myasoedova, V.A. Davankov and V.G. KoloshnikovGeneral secretary, L.N. KolomietsYu A. Karpov, I.N. Kiseleva, P.N. Nesterenko, G.I. Ramendik, O.A. Shpigun, S.I. Sinkov, 1.1. Smirenkina,B.Ya. Spivakov, M.M. ZaletinaINTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEChairman, Yu A.ZolotovF . Adams , BelgiumR. Barnes, USAM. Novotny, USAH. Englehardt, GermanyT. Fujinaga, JapanM. Grasserbauer, AustriaB. Welz, GermanyA. Hulanicki, PolandE. Mentasti, ItalyB . F . Myasoedov , RussiaV .A. Davankov , RussiaH. Frieser, USAE. Pungor, HungaryI. Havesov , BulgariaJ . F . K . Huber , AustriaT Yotsuyanagi, JapanM.I. Karayannis, GreeceH. Akaiwa, JapanC. Boutron, FranceH. Pardue, USAK. Niemax, GermanyP.G. Zambonin, ItalyI.Kuselman, IsraelS . Tsuge , JapanV. G . Koloshnikov, RussiaG. Werner, GermanyJ.G.H. du Preez, South AfricaJ .A. Perez-Bustamente, SpainL. Sommer, Czech RepublicW. Lindner, AustriaF. Macasek, SlovakiaM. Valiente, SpainH.M. (Skip) Kingston, USAM.W idmer , SwitzerlandYu. A. Karpov, RussiaCONFERENCE SECRETAR IATFor further information please contact :Dr L. N. Kolomiets,Scientific Council on Chromatography RAS, Leninsky Prospect 31, 117915 Moscow, Russia.E-mail : Iarionov@lmm. phyche.msk.suTel: 7 (095) 952 0065; 7 (095) 955 4685 Fax: 7 (095) 952 0065; 7 (095) 952 530CSI XXX PRE-SY MYOSIUMThe Third International Conference onSPECIATION OF ELEMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ANDTOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCESThe Torresian Resort Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia, September 15-1 9, 1997INVI'I A'I'lO% AND CL\LL FOR PAPERSThe Organising Committee extends an invitation to all individuals involved in element research or its applications. A majorgoal of the symposium is to facilitate interdisciplinary and inter-sector discussion about all aspects of elements requiring anunderstanding of speciation, the five main themes of this symposium being :A, Speciation of Elements in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine;B, Speciution of Elements in Nutrition;C, Speciation of Elements in Environmental Toxicology;D, Surfacri and Purticle Characterisation; andE, New Developments in MethoddTechniques of Species Determinulion.A small number of travel scholarships will be provided to encourage overseas graduate students to attend and participate.TH E S( 'I ENT I FI<' P ROC.Rti M M E'The symposium programme will comprise four days of oral presentations, posters and discussion. All presenters will be askedto focus on new developments in research.Oral presentations (invited or submitted) will be 20 or 30 mins in duration. As atprevious symposia (Loen, Norway, 1991 and 1994) posters will play a central role, after formal viewing each poster presenterwill be given five minutes to present the salient features of their work to a discussion group to encourage in-depth feedback.SYhlPOSlliXI LOCATION AND DETAILSThe venue for the symposium, is The Torresian Resort of Port Douglas, Australia. This tropical Queensland location is situatednear Cairns, between the Great Barrier Reef and the Daintree Rainforest. A Symposium Package rate has been arranged: AUD$1 55(per person, per night, twin share) and AUD $225 (single occupancy) and includes accommodation (Garden View Room)all meals and morning and afternoon teas.A limited amount of less expensive accommodation (room and board) will beavailable. This conference (as a pre-symposium to CSI XXX) i s scheduled to allow the participants to join the XXXColloquium Spectroscopicum lnternationale (21-26 September) in Melbourne.CON F E REN <' E P ROC E ED ING SAs with previous Speciation Symposia (see The Analyst 1 17; 549-691 and 120; 29-30N and 583-763) all papers presented asposters or lectures may be submitted as full papers for publication in a special issue of The Analyst, subject to the normalreview procedure of this journal.SOC 1 A I , PROGRAMMEAll participants and accompanying persons are invited to the symposium reception on Monday evening, September 15, and thedinner on Friday evening, September 19.Because of the numerous attractions available (e.g., swimming, all other watersports,cruises, canoeing, hiking, horse riding etc.) no other formal social events are planned. However, please note that for each fullday pf scientific sessions, the period 15.30 onwards will be set aside for the enjoyment of the mentioned activities by all. PortDouglas has a comfortable, year round, tropical climate. Day tours to the outer Barrier Reef are available.REGISI'RAI'ION FEEThe registration fee per delegate is AlJD $480 (AUD $1 50 for students)and includes the cost of the symposium dinner.S E <' 13 E Ti4 RIA TLocal (Registration)Third Speciation Symposiumc/o Dr 3. P. Matousek,Department of Analytical Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaTel : + 61 2 3854713 or + 61 2 4512322 (home)Fax : + 61 2 3856141E-mail : Matousek@unsw .edu .auI I I K S\'hlPOSIIIRI IS ORGANISED BY :The University of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia)The National Institute Of Occupational Health (Oslo, Norway)The Institute of Environment and Health (Universities of Toronto and McMuster, Canada)MAFF CSL Food Science Laboratory (Norwich, UK)ORGANIZING COMMITTEESLocal ProgrammeGraeme Batley (CSIRU, Lucus Heights)R. (Dick) Finlayson (Sydney, NSWJD. Brynn Hibbert (Sydney, NSfi')Jarda P. Matousek (s?/dney, NSW)Helen Crews (MAFF CSL, L'K)Jarda P. Matousek (Sydney, NSW)Evert Nieboer (Humilton. Canada)Yngvar Thomassen (Oslo, NorwayROYAL AUSTRALIAN CHEMICAL INSTITUTE AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE vXXX COLLOQUIUM SPECTROSCOPICUM INTERNATIONALEWorld Congress Centre, Melbourne, Australia, September 21st-26th, 1997Participants are invited to submit contributions for presentation on the following topics;Theory, Techniques and Instrumentation of :-Atomic Spectroscopy (Emission, Absorption, Fluorescence)Computer Applications and ChemometricsElectron SpectroscopyGamma SpectroscopyLaser SpectroscopyLuminescence SpectroscopyMass Spectrometry (Inorganic and Organic)Methods of Surface Analysis and Depth ProfilingUVNisible SpectroscopyNIR SpectroscopyIR SpectroscopyMossbauer SpectroscopyNuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectrometryPhotoacoustic and Photothermal SpectroscopyRaman SpectroscopyX-Ray SpectroscopyApplications of Spectroscopy to the Analysis of :-Biological and Environmental SamplesFood and Agricultural ProductsMetals, Alloys and Geological MaterialsIndustrial Processes and ProductsPlenary and Invited SpeakersTo date the following eminent spectroscopists have accepted invitations to present keynote lectures;Freddy AdamsMike AdamsMike BladesJohn ChalmersBruce ChasePeter FredericksManfred GrasserbauerMike GrossMike GuilhausPeter HannafordGary HieftjeKazuhiro ImaiHiroshi MasuharaBelgiumUKCanadaUKUSAAustraliaAustriaUSAAustraliaAustraliaUSAJapanJapanAndrew ZanderRussell McLeanJean-Michel MermetCaroline MountfordNicolo OmenettoMike RamseyAlfred0 Sanz MedelMargaret S hei 1Heinz SieslerRichard SnookYngvar ThomassenBernhard WeIzJohn WilliamsBarry SharpUSAAustraliaFranceAustraliaIdYUSASpainUKAustraliaGermanyUKNorwayGermanyUKIn connection with the XXX CSI a number of pre-symposia will be organised, the conference will feature an exhibition ofthe latest spectroscopic instrumentation and associated equipment.Social ProgrammeThe scientific programme will be punctuated with memorable social events and excursions of scientific, cultural and touristinterest.The social programme is open to all participants and accompanying persons.sponsorsAs at August 1995, the following companies have agreed to be major sponsors of XXX CSI 1997;GBC, Hewlett-Packard, Perkin Elmer and VarianFor further information contact -SecretaryMr P.L. LarkinsCSIRO Division of Materials Science & TechnologyPrivate Bag 33, Rosebank MDC, Clayton VIC 3169AUSTRALIATelephone: +61 3 95422003Facsimile: +61 3 95441 128E-mail: larkins @rivett.mst.csiro.auConference SecretariatThe Meeting Planners108 Church Street,Hawthorn VIC 3 122AUSTRALIATelephone: +61 3 98193700Facsimile: +61 3 98195978Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at :http://w w w. latrobe. edu.au/CSIcon f/XXXCSI. htmlQANTAS has been appointed the sole official carrier to the XXX CSI 1997. When making QANTAS reservations please quote JIF 734.The Analyst and JAAS have been appointed as the official journals for publications resulting from CSI ‘97. Authors are encouragedto bring their manuscripts to the conference

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BP030

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

" "Ana I y s tThe Analytical Journal Of The Royal Society Of ChemistryAssociate Scientific Editors*Chairman: Professor James N. Miller(Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University of Technology, UK)Dr Yngvar Thomassen (Arbeidsmiljo lnstituttet,Os;o, Norway)Professor Colin S. Creaser (Department ofChemistry and Physics, Nottingham TrentUniversity, UK)Professor Pankaj Vadgama (Department ofMedicine, University of Manchester, UK)Professor Malcolm R. Smyth (Department ofChemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Eire)*All ASEs are also members of the Analytical Editorial Board.US ASSOCIATE EDITOR, Julian F. TysonDepartment of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Box 3451 0 Amherst, MA 01 003-451 0, USATelephone: +1 413 545 0195; Fax: +1 413 545 4846; E-mail: TYSON@CHEM.UMASS.EDUAnalytical Editorial BoardChairman: Professor J.N. Miller (Loughborough, UK)A. G. Davies (London, UK)A. G. Fogg (Loughborough, UK)S. J. Hill (Plymouth, UK)A. Manz (London, UK)R. M. Miller (Gouda, The Netherlands)H. S. Minhas (Cambridge, UK)B. L. Sharp (Loughborough, UK)N. W. Barnett (Victoria, Australia)K. D. Bartle (Leeds, UK)A. M. Bond (Victoria, Australia)R. G. Brereton (Bristol, UK)U. A. Th. Brinkman (Amsterdam, TheA. C. Calokerinos (Athens, Greece)P. Camilleri (Harlow, UK)P. R. Coulet (Lyon, France)D. Diamond (Dublin, fire)L. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK)H. Emons (Julich, Germany)J. P. Foley (Villanova, PA, USA)M. F. Gine (Sao Paulo, Brazil)L. Gorton (Lund, Sweden)S. J. Haswell (Hull, UK)Advisory BoardA.Hulanicki (Warsaw, Poland)S. Lunte (Lawrence, KS, USA)F. Palmisano (Bari, /ta/y)J. Pawliszyn (Ontario, Canada)T. B. Pierce (Harwell, UK)J. ROfiCka (Seattle, WA, USA)I. L. Shuttler (Uberlingen, Germany)K. Stulik (Prague, Czech Republic)J. D. R. Thomas (Wrexham, UK)K. C. Thompson (Rotherham, UK)M. Thompson (Toronto, Canada)M. Valcarcel (Cordoba, Spain)C. M. G. van den Berg (Liverpool, UK)J. Wang (Las Cruces, NM, USA)I. D. Wilson (Macclesfield, UK)Netherlands)Publishing Division, AnalyticalManaging Editor, Harpal S. MinhasDeputy Editor, Sarah J. R. Williams Editorial Secretaries: Maureen Dixon; Claire HarrisTelephone: +44(0)1223 420066; Fax: +44(0)1223 420247; E-mail: ANALYST@RSC.ORGProduction Division, AnalyticalProduction Manager, Janice M.GordonProduction Editor, Caroline Seeley Technical Editors: Judith Frazier, Ziva Whitelock, Roger A. YoungSecretary: Lesley TurneyTelephone: +44(0) 1223 420066; Fax: +44(0) 1223 423429; E-mail: ANALPROD@RSC.ORGFor enquiries relating to manuscripts from receipt to acceptance, contact the Publishing Division, andfor enquiries relating to manuscripts post-acceptance contact the Production Division, Royal Society ofChemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WFAdvertisements: Advertisement Department, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House,Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WF.Telephone +44(0)1223 432243. Fax +44(0)1223 42601 7.Information for AuthorsFull details of how to submit material for publicationin The Analyst are given in the Instructions toAuthors in the January issue.Separate copies areavailable on request.The Analyst publishes original research papers,critical reviews, tutorial reviews, perspectives,news articles, book reviews and a conferencediary.Original research papers. The Analystpublishes full papers on all aspects of the theoryand practice of analytical chemistry, fundamentaland applied, inorganic. and organic, includingchemical, physical, biochemical, clinical,pharmaceutical, biological, environmental,automatic and computer-based methods. Paperson new approaches to existing methods, newtechniques and instrumentation, detectors andsensors, and new areas of application with dueattention to overcoming limitations and tounderlying principles are all equally welcome.Full critical reviews.These must be a criticalevaluation of the existing state of knowledge on aparticular facet of analytical chemistry.Tutorial reviews. These should be informallywritten although they should still be a criticalevaluation of a specific topic area. Some historyand possible future developments should be given.Potential authors should contact the Editor beforewriting reviews.Perspectives. These articles should provideeither a personal view or a philosophical look at atopic relevant to analytical science. Alternatively,they may be relevant historical articles.Perspectives are included at the discretion of theEditor.Particular attention should be paid to the use ofstandard methods of literature citation, includingthe journal abbreviations defined in ChemicalAbstracts Service Source Index.Whereverpossible, the nomenclature employed should followIUPAC recommendations, and units and symbolsshould be those associated with SI.Every paper will be submitted to at least tworeferees, by whose advice the Editorial Board ofThe Analyst will be guided as to its acceptance orrejection. Papers that are accepted must not bepublished elsewhere except by permission.Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as anundertaking that the same material is not beingconsidered for publication by another journal.Associate Scientific Editors. For the benefit ofall potential contributors wishing to discuss thescientific content of their paper(s) a Group ofAssociate Scientific Editors exists.Requests forhelp or advice on scientific matters can be directedto the appropriate member of the Group (accordingto discipline). Currently serving Associate ScientificEditors are listed in each issue of The Analyst (andAnalytical Communications).Manuscripts (four copies typed in double spacing)should be addressed to:H. S. Minhas, Managing Editor, orJ. F. Tyson, US Associate EditorAll queries relating to the presentation andsubmission of papers, should be addressed to thePublishing Division and any correspondenceregarding accepted papers and proofs, should bedirected to the Production Division for The Analyst.Members of the Analytical Editorial Board (whomay be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office)would also welcome comments, suggestions andadvice on general policy matters concerning TheAnalyst.There is no page charge.Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge.The Analyst (ISSN 0003-2654) is published monthly by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,UK CB4 4WF.All orders, accompanied with payment by cheque in sterling, payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank, shouldbe sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Turpin Distribution Services Ltd., Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts, UK SG6 1 HN. Turpin Distribution ServicesLtd., is wholly owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry. 1996 Annual subscription rate EC f487.00, USA $923.00, Rest of World €499.00. Purchased with AnalyticalAbstracts EC f951 .OO, USA $1 804.00, Rest of World f975.00.Purchased with Analytical Abstracts plus Analytical Communications EC f 1 123.00, USA $21 29.00,Rest of World f 1 151 .OO. Purchased with Analytical Communications EC €61 0.00, USA $1 156.00, Rest of World f625.00. Air freight and mailing in the USA byPublications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 1 1003.USA Postmaster: Send address changes to: The Analyst, Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11 003. Periodicals postage paid atJamaica, NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe, Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK.0 The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1996. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form,or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621FX037

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ANALAO 121 (9) 85R-90R, 1 151-1 358, 129N-142N (1 996) SEPTEMBER 1996I'""An al y s tllThe analytical journal of The Royal Society of ChemistryCONTENTSTUTORIAL REVIEWCONFERENCE PAPERSFOREWORDEDITORIALORAL PRESENTATIONSPOSTER PRESENTATIONS85R115111531155116311711177118311911197120312071215122512331241124712491253125712611265Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Environmental Matrices: Practical Considerations forSupercritical Fluid Extraction -J. R. DeanAIRMON '96, The Second International Symposium on Modern Principles of Air Monitoring-Jan-OlofLevin, Yngvar ThomassenHarp MinhasEffect of Sampling on Measurement Errors-Erik OlsenSummary of the NIOSH Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical Method Development andEvaluation-Eugene R.Kennedy, Thomas J. Fischbach, Ruiguang Song, Peter M. Eller, Stanley A.ShulmanWhat is the Best Sorbent for Pumped Sampling-Thermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds?Experience With the EC Sorbents Project-R. H. BrownValidation of a Diffusive Sampler for the Determination of Acetaldehyde in Air-Roger Lindahl, Jan-OlofLevin, Maud MsrtenssonElemental Carbon-based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodologyand Exposure Issues-M. Eileen Birch, Robert A. CaryComparative Study of an lnhalable and a Total Dust Sampler for Personal Sampling of Dust and PolycyclicAromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gas and Particulate Phase-Hilde Not0, Kristin Halgard, Hanne Line Daae,Ragne K.Bentsen, Wijnand EduardMeasurement Methods and Strategies for Non-infectious Microbial Components in Bioaerosols at theWorkplace-Wijnand EduardMicrobial Volatile Organic Compounds-What Substances can be Found in Sick Buildings?-BengtWessen, Karl-Olof SchoepsInvestigation Into the Impact of Introducing Workplace Aerosol Standards Based on the lnhalableFraction-Mark A. Werner, Terry M. Spear, James H. VincentDirect-reading Instrumentation for Workplace Aerosol Measurements-A Review-David Y. H. PuiAssessment of Particle Size Distributions in Workers' Aerosol Exposures-Gurumurthy Ramachandran,Mark A. Werner, James H. VincentDevelopments in Workplace Aerosol Sampling-A Review -Lee C. KennyElectret-based Passive Dust Sampler: Sampling of Organic Dusts-Richard C.Brown, Michael AHemingway, Derrick Wake, Andrew ThorpeHarmonization of Air Quality Measurements at European Union Level-Annette Borowiak, Emile DeSaegerIntercomparison of Tube-type Diffusive Sampling for the Determination of Volatile Hydrocarbons in AmbientAir-The0 L. Hafkenscheid, Jacques MowrerPortable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Use as a Gas Analyser in Industrial Hygiene-llpoAhonen, Hannu Riipinen, Aappo RoosAnnular Aspiration Slot Entry Efficiency of the CIP-10 Aerosol Sampler-Peter Gorner, Olivier Witschger,Jean-FranGois FabriesMeasurements of Indoor and Outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations Using a Diffusive Sampler-AnnikaHagenbjork-Gustafsson, Bertil Forsberg, Gete Hestvik, Doris Karlsson, Sonny Wahlberg, ThomasSandstromDetermination of Gasoline Oxygenates in Air Using a Diffusive Sampler-Martin Harper, Christina O'Lear,Amy A.FioreCHEMISTRYInformationServices Cambridge, EnglandTypeset and printed by Black Bear Press Limited,Continued on inside back cover-0003-2654C199619:l-1269127312791285Evaluation of Passive Methods for Measuring Ozone in the European Alps-Markus Hangartner, ManfredKirchner, Herbert WernerCertification of Reference Materials Related to the Monitoring of Aldehydes in Air by Derivatization With2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine-Jan-Olof Levin, Roger Lindahl, Carola E. M. Heeremans, Koos van OostenDetermination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography. Part 1. A Review-6. A.G. Jonsson, H. Welinder, P. PfaffliDetermination of Cyclic Organic Acid Anhydrides in Air Using Gas Chromatography. Part 2. Sampling andDetermination of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride, Methylhexahydrophthalic Anhydride, TetrahydrophthalicAnhydride and Octenylsuccinic Anhydride-6. A. G. Jonsson, C. H. Lindh, C. A. Gustavsson, H. Welinder,P. PfaffliRound Robin Experiments for Comparison and Evaluation of Analytical Methods for the Determination ofEmissions From High-power Laser Material Processing-Olle Nygren, Heinz Haferkamp, Dirk Seebaurn,Thomas Puster, Erik Beck HansenDiffusive Monitoring of C,-C, Hydrocarbons in Urban Air in Sweden-Jacques Mowrer, Per-ArneSvanberg, Annika Potter, Anne LindskogParticle Size-dependent Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Jurgen Schnelle, KathrinWolf, Gerhard Frank, Bernhard Hietel, lstvan Gebefugi, Antonius Kettrup129112951301SAMPLE HANDLING1305131 1MOLECULARSPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY13171321SEPARATION SCIENCE13271335SENSORS134113491355Flow Injection Methods for Determination of L-Glutamate Using Glutamate Decarboxylase and GlutamateDehydrogenase Reactors With Spectrophotometric Detection-Renbing Shi, Kathrin SteinDetermination of Lithium as a Chemical Tracer and Its Application to Flow Rate Measurements-ChangJ.ParkSelective Determination of Holmium in Rare Earth Mixtures by Second-derivative Spectrophotometry WithBenzoylindan-l,3-dione and Cetylpyridinium Chloride-Nai-Xing Wang, Zhi-Kun Si, Wei Jiang,Zhong-Cheng QiSimultaneous Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Five Phenolic Compounds by Reaction withpAminophenol, Using Partial Least Squares Data Treatment-M.de la Guardia, K. D. Khalaf, 6. A.Hasan, A. Morales-Rubio, J. J. Arias, J. M. Garcia-Fraga, A. I. Jimenez, F. Jimenez'On-line Solid-phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Particle Beam Mass Spectrometry and GasChromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Carbamate Pesticides-Jaroslav Slobodnik, Sacha J. F.Hoekstra-Oussoren, Maria E. Jager, Maarten Honing, Ben L. M. van Baar, Udo A. Th. BrinkmanDevelopment of a Gas Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts ofEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid in Natural Waters -JaanaSorvari, Mika Sillanpaa, Marja-Liisa SihvonenEffect of Redox State on the Response of Poly-N-(2-cyanoethyl)pyrrole Coated Thickness-shear ModeAcoustic Wave Sensors to Organic Vapours-Zhiping Deng, David C. Stone, Michael ThompsonHigh Sensitivity Conducting Polymer Sensors-A. C. Partridge, P. Harris, M. K. AndrewsCUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEXNEWS AND VIEWS 129N Book and Video Reviews133N Conference Report-Roger M. Smith135N Conference Diary140N Courses141 N Papers in Future Issues142N Technical Abbreviations and AcronymsCover picture: Skidoo excursion, AIRMON '96, Salen. Also shown the Dala horse, a traditional symbol ofthe region. Photograph kindly supplied by Margaret Rhen, Arbetslivsinstitutet, Urne5, Sweden

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99621BX039

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 (85R-89R) 85R Tutorial Review Extract ion of Pol ycycl ic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Environmental Matrices: Practical Considerations for Supercritical Fluid Extraction J. R. Dean Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, University of Northumbria al Newcastle, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NEl 8ST This paper reviews the important practical considerations necessary for the development of successful supercritical fluid extraction using selected examples from the published literature. In particular, the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental matrices are evaluated. Finally, recommendations are suggested for the implementation of quantitative supercritical fluid extraction. Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; environmental; selection of operating conditions; review Introduction PAHs are organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only, and consisting of fused benzene rings.Their widespread occurrence is due largely to the incomplete combustion of wood, petrol, oil and coal. As we live in a modern society that is continually burning such commodities it is not surprising to find that PAHs are relatively widespread. Recent studies have shown the prevalence of PAHs in the environment,' in urban air,2 in agricultural soils3 and The utilization of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as a suitable technique for the extraction of analytes from environ- mental matrices has been reviewed by several groups.5-9 The most common supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.However, the lack of a dipole moment often precludes its use for the extraction of compounds of even moderate polarity. It is common practice, to discover in the literature therefore, that the addition of a polar modifier (or entrainer) is required; methanol is probably the single most common modifier used. The wealth of literature suggests that SFE should be a suitable replacement for more traditional methods of sample preparation, e.g., liquid- solid, Soxhlet, Soxtec or sonication. However, the uptake of SFE in terms of commercial useage, establishment of robust standard methods and proliferation of instrumentation is relatively slow. In this review the practical issues that are important for the quantitative extraction of PAHs have been reviewed and future recommendations made.No description of the instrumentation required is given in this paper, but can be obtained from any of the reviews mentioned above. Use of Alternatives to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide While supercritical C02 has been the most often applied of supercritical fluids in spite of its limited ability to solubilize moderately polar and polar analytes it is still the most popular. The alteration of polarity, to a more polar supercritical fluid mixture, is often accomplished by the addition of an organic modifier, e.g., methanol. However, a number of groups have approached the limited polarity of supercritical C02 from an alternative approach, by utilizing other supercritical fluids. One of the earliest publications on the extraction of PAHs from river sediment, fly ash and a certified reference sample of urban dust was that of Hawthorne and Miller.lO In this paper, supercritical ethane and nitrous oxide were compared with carbon dioxide.[CAUTION]: The use of nitrous oxide in the presence of organic matter can lead to explosions. In addition, the use of 5% methanol-modified nitrous oxide was also compared to 5% methanol-modified carbon dioxide. The extraction conditions chosen (300 atm; 45 "C for pure solvents and 65 "C for modified solvents) were known to produce less than quantitative recoveries of the PAHs. This allowed direct comparisons between the solvation properties of each supercritical fluid or mixture thereof. Of the pure supercritical solvents, nitrous oxide was the most effective presumably due to its slightly higher dipole moment (0.2 D compared to 0.0 D for C02).However, the addition, of methanol-modifier was the most significant, in that, in each case greater recoveries were obtained. The most effective combination was found to be 5 % methanol-modified nitrous oxide. It was also noted that higher relative molecular mass PAHs were extracted with lower efficiency than lower relative molecular mass PAHs from the same matrix. By increasing the pressure to 350 atm quantitative recoveries could be obtained from the urban dust matrix using 5% methanol- modified supercritical nitrous oxide. In order to achieve good recoveries for the higher relative molecular mass PAHs investigated it was necessary to extract the certified reference urban dust sample for 60 min.However, this produced seemingly higher extraction efficiencies for the lower relative molecular mass PAHs. It should be borne in mind, however, that the certified reference sample values were obtained using Soxhlet extraction using both dichloromethane and 1 -t 1 benzene-methanol, as solvents. Quantitative recoveries were obtained from the river sediment sample but not the fly ash, with the exception of phenanthrene dlo, which was added as a spike. This would suggest that the fly ash was a potentially more polar matrix than the river sediment. Further work was suggested to optimize the extraction cell geometry and extraction conditions (pressure, temperature, supercritical fluid and modifier addi- tion). The same group" later investigated the extraction of PAHs from a petroleum waste sludge and a railroad bed soil using supercritical CHCIF2, N20 and C02.It was reported that the86R Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 more polar fluid, CHCIFz (dipole moment 1.4 D) consistently gave higher recoveries than C02 or N20, and similar or greater recoveries to those obtained using an 18 h dichloromethane sonication. It was suggested that CHC1F2 can efficiently remove matrix water from wet samples thus exposing the target analytes for extraction. The only limitation noted was the potential mechanical breakdown of the fused silica restrictors used in this work, which required replacement on a fairly frequent basis. CHF3 and CHClF2 were evaluated as suitable supercritical fluids for the extraction of PAHs from sodium montmorillonite clay by Howard et a1.12 The higher dipole moments of the two fluorocarbons, as compared to C02, was suggested as the important criteria that should lead to higher extraction recov- eries.In practice, however, this was not the case. Under equivalent extraction conditions the recoveries obtained were as follows: CHCIF? > C02 > CHF3, with CHC1F2 providing similar extraction recoveries to those obtained using a 12 h dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction. It is perhaps unfortunate therefore that the use of CHClF2 has not been investigated further. The reasons for this limited applicability of CHClF2 are significant, however; its high toxicity, ozone depleting proper- ties and high cost, thus negating its future useage as an 'environmentally friendly' solvent.An interesting approach was that reported by Hawthorne et ~ 1 . ~ 3 , who utilized sub- and supercritical water to extract PAHs from contaminated soils. They were able to demonstrate that increasing the temperature (at 350 bar) of the water (sub- critical) provided more efficient recoveries of the PAHs. No additional increase in recoveries was obtained above a tem- perature of 250 "C, even though 300 and 400 "C (supercritical state) were evaluated. In fact it was observed that slightly lower recoveries were obtained using supercritical water, this was explained by the poorer collection efficiencies in the chloroform trap. It should be noted from a safety viewpoint, that supercritical water that has not been purged to remove oxygen may be corrosive to stainless-steel vessels.The effect of pressure at 250 "C was also evaluated. However, changing the pressure from 5, 50 to 650 bar had little impact on extraction recovery. Using optimal conditions (250 OC, 50 bar and a 1 ml min-l flow rate) as determined for the contaminated soil, the conditions (using a 15 min extraction time) were applied to the extraction of PAHs from air particulate matter (a sample containing lower concentrations of the PAHs). A comparison, with the certificate values, obtained on the basis of a 48 h Soxhlet extraction, was in good agreement except for the higher relative molecular mass components. In order to investigate the poorer extraction of the higher relative molecular mass components (indeno [ 1,2,3 -cd] p yrene and benzo [ gh i] perylene) a 14 h sonication was performed in chloroform.No additional material was extracted. Similar lower recoveries were obtained for the same components using supercritical C02 (200 "C and 659 bar) and 10% toluene modified supercritical C02 (80 "C and 405 bar). Upon completion of this recovery data, the time of extraction was then evaluated. No additional components were extracted even after 90 min. Additionally, the potential for selective extraction was discussed. It was shown that water can extract more polar organics in preference to the less polar organics. However, it was also suggested that normal organic liquid extractions are typically non-selective. This is surely absurd, in that the choice of organic solvents is not as restricted as the choice of supercritical fluid.Therefore, for liquid extractions, it is possible to use a non-polar organic solvent, e.g., hexane, through to a polar organic solvent, e.g., methanol, with a whole range of polarities being achievable in between by the use of single or mixed organic solvents for liquid extractions. The benefits of supercritical fluids are surely related to the use of more environmentally friendly solvents with associated lower costs for disposal. Use of Alternative Organic Modifiers to Methanol for Improved Extraction Efficiency The most frequently encountered organic modifier in the literature for supercritical carbon dioxide is methanol. As the purpose is to increase the polarity of the supercritical mixture the choice of methanol is perhaps not a surprise.So, the reader will often find that the use of methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide will lead to more efficient recovery of environmental analytes, e.g., PAHs from soils. The actual percentage of modifier chosen, is often open to debate, with most commonly 10% being used. No particularly scientific approach has led to this conclusion, other than it is effective. However, some workers have focused particularly on the role and purpose of the organic modifier in more detail. Therefore, Hills and Hi1114 evaluated the role of a reactive solvent modifier in supercritical C02 to extract PAHs from two certified reference samples, a harbour sediment, HS-3 and an urban dust, SRM 1649. The reactive modifier used was hexamethyldisilane and trimethylchlorosilane in a 2 + 1 mixture.This reactive modifier mixture was found to be six times more efficient than supercritical C02 only and two times more efficient than 10% methanol-modified supercritical CO2. It was suggested that the derivatizing agent mixture displaces the analytes from the sample matrix. Results using the reactive modifier were in agreement with those obtained using Soxhlet extraction. The use of mixed modifiers may well hold advantages for the extraction of analytes from environmental samples. Tt has previously been reported's that the use of a mixed modifier may well lead to quantitative recoveries from montmorillonite clay. In this situation, it was suggested that the presence of water will act to swell the clay, while the addition of methanol, as a modifier, will desorb the target analytes.Lee et al. l6 have shown that the use of a mixed modifier, dichloromethane and methanol (1 + 4), together with a wet sample (50% moisture content) can lead to efficient recovery of PAHs from certified reference sediment samples (EC-1 and HS-3) and other contaminated sediment samples. In each case the use of a wet sample, together with the mixed modifier, resulted in compar- able results to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The SFE conditions were 120 "C and 36 MPa. The use of a second pump for modifier addition was considered to be essential. Dankers et a1.17 reported the use of dichloromethane as an effective modifier for the extraction of PAHs from soils. Tn this situation, the modifier (2 ml) was added as a spot spike to the chemically dried and cryogenically ground soil sample prior to commencement of extraction.Comparable results were ob- tained between this method and liquid-liquid extraction using 2 X 100 ml of light petroleum. It was suggested that the use of a static modifier would allow penetration within the soil matrix. A range of spiked and contaminated soils were evaluated. The lightest PAH, naphthalene, was found to give greater recoveries using SFE than the liquid-liquid extraction method. It was reported that evaporation after liquid-liquid extraction is known to lead to loss of naphthalene. A systematic study of the influence of modifiers on the SFE of PAHs from spiked and native contaminated soils has been reported by Tena et ~ 1 .1 8 In this paper, the modifiers were chosen to reflect their potential influence on analyte/matrix interactions. The following modifiers were evaluated: hexane (non-polar); dichloromethane (polar, but with no hydrogen bonding); acetone (hydrogen bonding acceptor); methanol (hydrogen bonding acceptor and donor, miscible with super- critical C02); and, water (scarcely soluble in supercritical CO2). Each modifier was added as a spot spike (0-400 pl) to the sample (0.2-1.0 g) and allowed to interact for up to 15 h. No effect on the extraction recovery was noted by the addition of hexane or dichloromethane to the supercri tical C02, whereas the positive influence of acetone was unclear due to the highAnalyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 87R RSD values reported.Significant improvements (in relation to the pure supercritical fluid) in extraction efficiency were noted for water and methanol. The use of a modifier was found to be essential for the quantitative extraction of native analytes. The reduction in particle size of the soil resulted in greater extraction efficiency. Methods to Prevent Restrictor Plugging A particular problem when using linear restrictors (silica or stainless-steel) is the occurrence of a reduced flow due to temporary plugging (may also be permanent requiring physical or chemical removal of the material) caused by sample matrices that contain large quantities of extractable material or water. While considerable effort in terms of resources have gone into preventing this problem it does not seem to be possible to invent a restrictor that does not block.Our experience is not quite the same as that reported in the literature. Using the Jasco back- pressure regulator and Hewlett-Packard nozzle, blockage problems are rarely encountered using the equipment, as purchased without any additional modification. In this labo- ratory, the free-standing back-pressure regulator has more commonly been used. It is always dangerous to say that we have never experienced blockages and indeed it would be untrue, but the phrase infrequent blockage problems or with minimal intervention would seem to be more appropriate. Recently, another manufacturer has produced a 'regulator' that should be more robust in terms of operation, compared to fixed silica restrictors. A novel approach to restrictor plugging when extracting analytes from soils was proposed by Pyle and Setty.19 In this work the addition of a copper scavenger removed any potential interference from soils with a high sulfur content, presumably forming copper sulfide.While this original paper proposed the addition of the copper scavenger in the form of a column subsequent more routine applications of the method have featured incorporation of the copper in the extraction cell itself. For the linear capillary flow restrictor, heating has been suggested as a method to prevent the frequently encountered intermittent or irreversible plugging.20 However, heating the entire restrictor to 50 "C resulted in poor collection efficiencies (30-6596) for PAHs. An improvement was made by nebulizing an organic solvent with the restrictor effluent.The collection efficiency improved to 80-90%. A simpler method, was to heat (50-200 "C depending on the sample matrix) all but the final 3 cm of the restrictor and depressurize directly into the collection solvent resulting in quantitative collection efficiencies (90- 100%). Collection of Analytes After Supercritical Fluid Depressurization The rapid adiabatic expansion that occurs upon depressurization of the supercritical fluid results in the production of a sample containing aerosol that must be efficiently trapped for quantita- tive recovery of analytes. In order to do this various potential methods are available and include the use of various collection solvents, solid phase traps, a combination of both or solventless collection.Langenfeld et af.21 have evaluated a range of collection solvents for the efficient collection of a range of compounds including PAHs. They concluded that the most important parameters for the collection solvent after depressur- ization were solvent polarity and temperature rather than solvent volume and height. Efficient trapping of most analytes could be achieved by maintaining the collection solvent at 5 "C. The same group22 evaluated solventless collection after static SFE for the extraction of PAHs from spiked sand. In this case, however, non-quantitative extraction of chrysene and benzo- [blfluoroanthene resulted. They concluded that the higher relative molecular mass PAHs required more supercritical C02 or a longer static extraction period for quantitative extraction.As this work was performed on spiked sand it has no relationship to native, contaminated soils. Meyer and Kleibohmer23 have investigated the role of liquid- solid sorbent trapping as a method for efficient collection of PAHs from a hydrochloric acid treated marine sediment. They found that 10% toluene-modified supercritical carbon dioxide at 140 "C and 400 atm resulted in efficient extraction of PAHs. Quantitative recovery was established using liquid-solid traps to minimize analyte losses during depressurization of the supercritical fluid. Higher recoveries were obtained using this method rather than the previously employed organic solvent collection solvent. The solid sorbents evaluated for sample retention and in situ cleanup were silica gel, Florisil and silica gel/alumina.In each case, quantitative recoveries were obtained for all the heavier PAHs with the exception of the lighter ones (naphthalene, acenaphthalene, acenaphthene and fluorene). Optimization of Operating Conditions One of the first reported papers on the investigation of operating conditions for the extraction of PAHs from a contaminated soil (SRS 103-100) was that reported by Lopez-Avila et aZ.24 In the paper seven variables were considered: pressure (150 and 300 atm), temperature (50 and 70 "C), percentage moisture of the soil (0 and lo%), cell volume (2.0 and 4.7 ml), sample size (1 .O and 2.5 g), extraction time (30 and 60 min) and modifier spike volume (50 and 250 pl). Owing to the limited number of experiments carried out (eight experiments), only main effects could be evaluated.The results showed that the recovery of PAHs was most affected by the time of extraction with pressure and percentage moisture, being second and third most im- portant, respectively. Quantitative recovery, relative to the certified values, was not obtained in most cases. A univariate approach to method optimization was performed by Levy et al.25 for the extraction of PAHs from soils and sediments. The variables investigated were pressure, temper- ature and flow rate. Using a fixed temperature of 75 "C for 40 min, it was found that the highest pressure investigated 450 atm gave acceptable results, as compared to the EPA method 8270, from the contaminated soil. Then, extraction temperature was investigated at a fixed pressure of 475 atm for 55 min from a river sediment.The highest temperature investigated, 150 "C, gave the closest values to the Soxhlet method values. Increasing the restrictor flow from 2.6 to 4.7 ml min-1 also provided concurrent recoveries of the PAHs studied, but in a shorter time period, 25 min, instead of 55 min. A more comprehensive study of temperature and pressure on the extraction of PAHs from an urban particulate matter and a highly contaminated soil was reported by Langenfeld et ~ 1 . 2 6 At 50 "C increasing the pressure from 350 to 650 atm has no effect on extraction efficiencies. High recoveries were obtained from the contaminated soil using a 40 min extraction period irrespective of the temperature. However, extraction from the urban particulate matter required both a high temperature (200 "C) and pressure (650 atm). It would appear therefore that extraction temperature is a more important variable than pressure for ensuring high extraction efficiencies.A further univariate study of the variables that affect extraction efficiency was undertaken by Reindl and Hofler.27 In this work extraction pressure, temperature, amount of C02, cell volume, collection solvent, collection solvent temperature, restrictor temperature, flow rate and addition of cosolvent were evaluated from soils spiked with PAHs. It was found that the optimum parameters were: 40 MPa, 80 "C, 31 1 (gas), 10 ml, 15 ml of acetone, 5 "C, 200 "C, 500 ml min-l (gaseous C02) and 5% methanol, respectively. The experimental conditions were88R Analyst, September 1996, Vol.121 then evaluated with respect to the extraction of PAHs from a real world loam soil sample and compared to an 8 h acetone Soxhlet extraction. However, prior to extraction various other modifications/alterations were made. The soil was mixed with a drying agent (pure magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate) prior to placing in the extraction cell. In addition, 0.5 g of magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate and copper granules were placed between the sample and the restrictor to eliminate any residual water or sulfur present in the soil, respectively. The results showed a decrease in percentage recovery for the heavier PAHs which was remedied by increasing the modifier content to 8%. In this situation, greater recoveries were noted for the lighter PAHs; this was explained by the losses that may occur in the preconcentration step that follows Soxhlet extraction.A combined temperature/modifier effects study on the recovery of PAHs from marine sediment, diesel soot and air particulate matter was reported by Yang et a1.28 In this work the pressure was fixed at 400 atm while the temperature was varied from 80 to 200 "C and the type of modifier varied (methanol, diethylamine or toluene) while being maintained at 10%. Temperature was found to be significant, in all cases and for all sample types studied, leading to improved recoveries when raised to 200 "C. The nature of the modifier was dependent upon type and the matrix. Perhaps surprisingly, methanol was found to have the least effect.Diethylamine was found to be the best giving increased recoveries for all sample types. The results obtained using 10% diethylamine-modified supercritical C02 compared favourably with those obtained using 14-48 h Soxhlet extractions. An experimental design approach for the extraction of PAHs from contaminated soil was done by Barnabas et al.29 In this paper the following variables were investigated using a central composite design: pressure (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg cm-2), temperature (40, 55, 70, 85 and 100 "C), extraction time (10, 22.5, 35, 47.5 and 60 min) and percentage methanol (0,5, 10, 15 and 20%). Statistical treatment of the data identified extraction time and percentage modifier as the significant variables. Using the maximum values of these two variables and the midpoint values for pressure (200 kg cm-2) and temperature (70 "C) gave values which agreed with extraction recoveries using microwave-assisted extraction using acetone as the solvent, but considerably greater than those obtained using a 6 h Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane.The use of an experimental design approach allows a rapid approach to method development. Spiking Versus native PAH extraction The effectiveness of SFE is often judged by its reproducibility and repeatability. However, all too often data is reported that indicates the superiority of a particular extraction technique or solvent system above another using data based on spiked recoveries of analytes from Celite, sand or soil. This is unfortunate as spiked samples do not reflect the potential of the extraction technique or solvent system to extract analytes from 'real' matrices.For example, Tena et a1.18 reported that the use of a modifier was essential for quantitative PAH extraction from a native soil, but was unnecessary for extraction from silica. There is also a potential problem, in the use of 'real' samples for comparison purposes, because the actual levels of the PAHs in the sample are unknown. The nature of the comparison means that a particular extraction system is being compared with SFE. Frequently this comparison is being done against an approved method, such as, the EPA method for Soxhlet extraction using a particular solvent system. However, while every attempt is made to optimize the SFE procedure, in terms of collection efficiency and operating conditions, no attempt is usually made to optimize the conditions, e.g., choice of solvent and extraction time, for Soxhlet extraction.So, it is possible to observe widely different recoveries for SFE.16927>28,30 For example, recoveries of PAHs from marine sediment (SRM 1941), diesel soot and air particulate matter (SRM 1649) were compared recently by SFE and either certificate values (based on 16 or 48 h Soxhlet extractions) and 14 h Soxhlet extraction.28 The recoveries for the lighter PAHs, e.g., fluoranthene, ranged from 59 to 121% while a heavier PAH, e.g., indeno[ 1,2,3-cd]pyrene, ranged from 10 to 90%. Indeno[1,2,3-cdjpyrene was not determined in the diesel soot. In these siutations, it is perhaps acceptable to use spiked samples to aid method development.However, the nature of the spiking process is important with slurry spiking being the preferred option (as compared to spot spiking).3' In slurry spiking, PAHs are added to a known mass of the sample in excess solvent. During evaporation of the solvent, the PAHs can migrate and interact not only with the sample surface but also within the sample matrix itself. Therefore, specific analyte- matrix interactions may occur allowing some degree of adsorption. Additionally, the sample may be aged by storage under suitable conditions (e.g., 4 "C and in the dark). This approach may be more appropriate for a direct comparison of extraction techniques. Recommendations for Quantitative SFE of PAHs From Environmental Matrices For the quantitative SFE of PAHs from environmental matrices it is therefore necessary to consider both instrumental parame- ters and the nature of the sample.The following points are suggested for practical guidance, with respect to instrumental parameters, most appropriate for quantitative SFE. (i) Use an SFE system with two pumps. (ii) Consider the use of more polar supercritical fluids other (iii) Choose the most appropriate modifier, combined (iv) Smaller particle size important for increasing recovery. (v) Pack the extraction cell appropriately, i.e., use drying (vi) Use a variable restrictor, not a fixed linear restrictor. (vii) Choose an appropriate collection system, i.e., liquid- (viii) Maintain collection solvent at 5 "C. (ix) Extraction time an important variable.(x) Extraction temperature (200 "C) an important variable. (xi) Consider the use of experimental design/chemometrics than COZ. modifier mixture or reactive modifier. agents and copper (for soils with high sulfur content). solid trap and/or collection solvent. for method development. References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Wild, S. R., and Jones, K. C., Environ. Pollut., 1995, 88, 91. Halsall, C. J., Coleman, P. J., Davis, B. J., Burnett, V., Waterhouse, K. S., Harding-Jones, P., and Jones, K. C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1994,28, 2380. Wild, S. R., and Jones, K. C., Waste Manag. Res., 1994, 12, 49. Dennis, A. J., Massey, R. C., McWeeny, D. J., and Watson, D. H., Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Seventh International Sympo- sium on Formation, Metabolism and Measurement, ed.Cooke, M. W., and Dennis, A. J., Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 1982. Bowadt, S., and Hawthome, S. B., J. Chromatogr., 1995, 703, 549. Barnabas, I. J., Dean, J. R., and Owen, S. P., Analyst, 1994, 119, 238 1. Janda, V., Bartle, K. D., and Clifford, A. A., J . Chromatogr., 1993, 642, 283. Greibrokk, T., J. Chromatogr., 1995, 703, 523. Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Analysis, ed. Dean, J. R., Blackie, Glasgow, 1993. Hawthorne, S. B., and Miller, D. J., Anal. Chem., 1987, 59, 1705. Hawthorne, S. B., Langenfeld, J. J., Miller, D. J., and Burford, M. D., Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 1614.Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 89R 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Howard, A. L., Yoo, W. J., Taylor, L. T., Schweighardt, F. K., Emery, A. P., Chester, S. N., and MacCrehan, W. A., J . Chromatogr. Sci., 1993, 31, 401. Hawthorne, S. B., Yang, Y., and Miller, D. J., Anal. Chem., 1994,66, 2912. Hills, J. W., and Hill, H. H., J . Chromatogr. Sci., 1993, 31, 6. Fahmy, T. M., Paulaitis, M. E., Johnson, D. M., and McNally, M. E. P., Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 1462. Lee, H. B., Peart, T. E., Hong-You, R. L., and Gere, D. R., J . Chromatogr., 1993, 653, 83. Dankers, J., Groenenboom, M., Scholtis, L. H. A., and van der Heiden, C., J . Chromatogr., 1993, 641, 357. Tena, M. T., Luque de Castro, M. D., and Valcarcel, M., Chromatographia, 1994, 38,43 I . Pyle, S. M., and Setty, M. M., Talanta, 1991, 38, 1125. Burford, M. D., Hawthorne, S.B., Miller, D. J., and Braggins, T., J . Chromatogr., 1992, 609, 321. Langenfeld, J. J., Burford, M. D., Hawthorne, S. B., and Miller, D. J., J . Chromatogr., 1992, 594, 297. Miller, D. J. Hawthorne, S. B., and McNally, M. E. P., Anal. Chern., 1993, 65, 1038. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Meyer, A., and Kleibohmer, W., J. Chromatogr., 1993, 657, 327. Lopez-Avila, V., Dodhiwaia, N. S., and Beckert, W. F., J . Chromatogr. Sci., 1990, 28, 468. Levy, J. M., Dolata, L. A., and Ravey, R. M., J . Chromatogr. Sci., 1993, 31, 349. Langenfeld, J. J., Hawthorne, S. B., Miller, D. J., and Pawliszyn, J., Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 338. Reindl, S., and Hofler, F., Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 1808. Yang, Y., Gharaibeh, A., Hawthorne, S. B., and Miller, D. J., Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 641. Barnabas, I. J., Dean, J. R., Tomlinson, W. R., and Owen, S. P., Anal. Chem., 1995,67, 2064. Dean, J. R., Barnabas, I. J., and Fowlis, I. A., Anal. Proc., 1995, 32, 305. Camel, V., Claude, M., and Tambute, A., J . Chromatogr. Sci., 1995, 33, 123. Paper 6103477B Accepted May 20,1996

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210085R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 129N Book and Video Reviews Principal Components Video Course: A, Principal Com- ponents as Display Method; B, Display Variables and Relationships Between Variables and Objects; C, Sin- gular Value Decomposition, Eigenvalues, Evolving Fac- tor Analysis, Software and Exercises; D, The Display of Latent Variables in Tabulated Data (Complete Set VHS PAL). By D. L. Massart and P. J. Lewi. Elsevier. 1994. Total running time 233 min. Price Dfl1750.00; US$lOOO.OO. ISBN 0-444-81622-4. This course comes in the form of four videos, each approxi- mately one hour in length, a manual to accompany the videos and software, a tutorial version of the package Spectramap and a Matlab program for principal-components analysis (PCA). The-videos consist primarily of a series of slides (presumably developed over the years for use in a number of lecture courses), together with a slide by slide commentary by the two authors and a third narrator.Occasional soft music is played in the background, and there are some very short clips of the two authors in a library making comments at the beginning, and occasionally in the middle, of each video. The manual is primarily a list of slides, with selected diagrams from the slides and selected text from the commentary. The appendix to the manual describes some Spectramap examples and the Matlab PCA program. Video A begins with a descriptive introduction to PCA. An uninitiated user may gain some misapprehensions from this part, especially the implication that the number of variables is less than the number of objects, matrices being long thin matrices; in many areas of chemometrics, quite the reverse situation is encountered.The second part of this video is a list of examples where PCA has been applied. Although many of them are interesting, they are presented in a very descriptive manner, with little extra insight. Several of the original references are to journals that are not easily accessible; although this is perfectly acceptable in research, for tutorial material, the source refer- ences of the case studies should be very easy to find. Part B concentrates primarily on loading plots. Some dangerous oversimplifications are presented. For example, the statement that PC 1 is an indicator of size and PC2 of contrast only applies to a very specific type of problem.Assumptions that column centring is routine may mislead the listener. Some statisticians invent names such as SMA (spectral map analysis) and CFA (correspondence factor analysis) for PCA on preprocessed data, whereas others simply use the generic term PCA and report the method of preprocessing (this is very common in the chemical literature when uncentred PCA is used; this approach really looks for very different patterns in data from column centred PCA but has not been given a special name). The idea of a vector is introduced about a third of the way through this tape, perhaps rather late in the series. According to the introduction, tape C is primarily about mixture analysis. Many analytical chemists will be disappointed by the scope which is restricted to one variant of EFA (evolving factor analysis) and the two component problem of detection of a small impurity.Some rather unusual assumptions, that data is normally centred down the columns, the number of columns is larger than the number of rows, eigenvalues measure variance (only true if the columns are not centred), that the number of significant PCs in EFA should equal the number of significant compounds in a mixture (not true if there are stereoisomers with identical spectra) and that the scores should be computed in the direction of elution time (this can result in serious problems if data are centred) are introduced. Although this is supposed to be a tutorial and not a research video, very detailed, and excellent, discussion of the influence of data scaling and preprocessing is introduced in other contexts, so it is a pity that this important aspect is not also described in the tape on EFA.This section concludes with some useful mathematical descriptions, but one overall difficulty is a difference in notation in different parts of the videocourse, leading to ambiguities, such as the use of h for wavelength and eigenvalue, and different notations for load- ings. This aspect could easily have been edited out. The final tape is a very detailed analysis of a clinical case study. A weakness of the video is that the two very eminent chemometricians are primarily interested in pharmaceutical chemistry and perhaps assume that the audience will have an equally detailed interest; perhaps if a non-pharmacist had joined the team a better perspective may have been gained.Hence, for the general user of the course, the lengthy pharmaceutical discussion at the beginning may lose attention. Most of this tape consists of a detailed interpretation of various graphs obtained from a number of clinical and pharmacological tests on a series of drugs. There is a strong emphasis on biplots. At the end, partial least squares (PLS) is introduced. The emphasis is on PLS2. Although extremely interesting to the researcher (this case study must be one of the very best in existence), the novice will emerge with the impression that PLS is primarily a method for graphical comparison of two sets of data. There is no discussion of quantitative aspects of PLS, of errors of prediction and of comparison with univariate calibration. I think that this part of the video is far too brief and perhaps should have been omitted.The overall emphasis on the qualitative and graphically descriptive uses of PCA-based methods virtually ignores the importance of quantitation and measurement common in analytical chemistry. In my opinion, the presentation is not very high in quality for such a highly priced video. For example, several of the red slides have a dirty background; in the library, figures uncon- nected with the video sometimes move past in the background; the DOS based Spectramap is rather limited in capacity; slides are numbered in tapes A to C but not in tape D; voices are very flat and expressionless. ‘a valuable teaching aid which could use- fully be distributed more widely’ However, the authors are certainly extremely well known in the field, and the slides are a valuable teaching aid which could usefully be distributed more widely; there is a major shortage of public domain tutorial material in chemometrics.The price of the video will reduce rather than increase the audience for this work, and a more modern solution might be to make the slides, together optionally with audio commentary, available on the Internet. Alternatively, a cheaper solution for a publisher would be to produce all the slides in manual format together with simple audio cassettes. Richard G. Brereton 5190090E University of Bristol High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Fundamental Principles and Practice Edited by W. J. Lough and I.W. Wainer. Pp. xii + 276. Blackie. 1955. Price f22.50. ISBN 0-7514-0076-9. This text is edited by John Lough and Irving Wainer with contributions from nine other authors. These two editors are well known in chromatography circles and the contributing130N Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 authors have wide experience in HPLC. The major target audience for this book is those undergraduates undertaking courses in analytical chemistry although the editors have indicated other students who might benefit from the material. The early chapters, concerned with definitions, modes of chromatography, solvents, stationary phases and instrumenta- tion, seek to detail the essentials required for a basic understanding of HPLC. I was impressed with these sections, particularly the chapter on support materials and solvents.The details concerned with the preparation of silica and the production of chemically-bonded stationary phases were lu- cidly presented and, in my opinion, emphasize several of the most important aspects of stationary phase development and usage to those new to HPLC. Following the introductory material, there are two chapters concerned with sample preparation and method development, the latter containing a useful introduction to validation methods. The final chapters are concerned with applications of HPLC and should prove earemely valuable to the intended audience. The first two chapters in this part of the book (polymer analysis and biomedical and forensic analysis) introduce the important concept of defining the analytical problem before embarking on the development of an assay.Each of the chapters concerned with applications provide useful examples of the differing problems to be overcome in the utilisation of HPLC in the various areas. The wide variety of applications presented should enable undergraduate students to obtain a thorough grounding in HPLC techniques and the related methodologies. This book is a useful introduction to HPLC and as such fulfils the objectives laid down in the introduction. The text has a sensible balance between the theoretical basis, equipment design and practical applications of this important analytical technique. I found few typographical errors in the book, the majority of chapters were easy to read and a useful index is included.My only (minor) criticism is concerned with the bibliographies. Some chapters have no bibliography at all and in others the majority of references are pre 1990 (admittedly, given the objectives of this book, it is easy to appreciate the reasons for including many of the ‘classic’ early references). I believe this text to be a valuable addition to the range of books available to undergraduate students studying this analytical technique. .I. S . Millership 61900096 Queen’s University of Belfast Dietary Fibre Analysis By D. A. T. Southgate. RSC Food Analysis Monographs. Series editor P. S. Belton. Pp. ix + 174. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. Price f37.50. ISBN 0-85404-556-2. A very readable book which has clearly been written by not just an expert in the topic, but an enthusiast as well.The name of David Southgate has been associated with studies on the role and analysis of dietary carbohydrates, including dietary fibre for the past 25 years at least. Indeed it was he who devised a comprehensive scheme for the characterization of food carbo- hydrates, and the Southgate method is still the basis of one of the dietary fibre values quoted in the 1992 version of McCance and Widdowson’s ‘The Composition of Foods’. He is thus well qualified to review and assess the current options for the analysis of dietary fibre and this he does with commendable clarity and objectivity. In the preface he outlines the aims, which are to debate a strategy for analysis, discuss the principles of the method options, and thereby to allow the analyst to make sound decisions on choice of method.The first couple of chapters provide the background to the Dietary Fibre Hypothesis and to the chemistry of dietary fibre, which he describes as ‘. . . not a single analyte, but a complex mixture of variable composition’. There then follows a chapter describing and debating the various definitions and attendant methods, tracing and explain- ing their evolution to the two main ‘families’ of methods, AOAC based or Englyst based, that we have today. Next, and demonstrating the real analyst in him, he pays great attention to sampling, sample handling, and sample pretreat- ment, for without the proper start, as he quotes, ‘the most elegant and accurate methods will not provide reliable values’. To further ensure reliability he then goes on to describing the quality procedures that need to be in place.The chapters following then get down to exploring, dissecting and catalogu- ing in some detail each of the methods and their variants in turn, providing with each, data from the various collaborative studies made to test performance. As one who shares the same enthusiasm for analysis as David, I was enthralled with the insight, the understanding and the attention to detail provided. ’well presented and expertly discussed and assessed’ The concluding chapter reviews the various debates that prevail (and bedevil) the topic of dietary fibre. The continuing discord on the definition, the question of purpose for which the analysis is made, the inclusion or not of ‘resistant starch’, the collaborative comparative studies on performance, all are presented and rationally discussed. Furnished with this wealth of information, well presented and expertly discussed and assessed, the ultimate decision on choice of method is left to the analyst themself.Derek Favell 51901 0 I D Unilever Research Colworth Laboratory Bedford Mass Spectrometry in the Biological Sciences Edited by A. L. Burlingame and Steven A. Carr. Pp. xii + 570. Humana Press. 1995. Price $145.00. ISBN 0-89603-340-6. This book contains the text of twenty six papers presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Mass Spectrometry in the Health and Life Sciences held in San Francisco on 13-18th September 1994. Mass spectrometry is becoming an increasingly important technique in the biological sciences following the recent introduction of the ionisation techniques, electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption which have enabled mass measurements to be made on proteins, large carbohydrates and other important bipolymers.Coupling of electrospray with liquid chromatography has further added to the armoury of recent techniques for biomolecule characterization. These advances are adequately reflected in this book with most chapters describing applications of at least one of these methods. Much of this work has been in the area of peptide and protein research and such applications comprise a major section of this book. One of the most active research areas is the identification of proteins, separated on 2-dimensional electrophoretic gels, by matching the masses of parent or fragment ions from enzyme- derived peptide fragments with those obtained from published protein sequence data bases.Such methods are discussed in detail. The use of deuterium exchange reactions to probe protein structure represents another recent development that is also discussed at length. Post-translational modifications of proteins, particularly by glycosylation, is another topic that is being extensively studied by mass spectrometry and several authorsAnalyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 131N describe fragmentation and derivatization studies for obtaining detailed structural information on these complex molecules. This theme continues with studies of glycolipids including such molecules as lipid-A which have provcd to be particularly difficult to ionize by mass spectrometry, and investigations of nucleic acid structure.With much recent work being devoted to the study of biopolymers, one tends to forget that mass spectrometry, particularly when coupled with either gas or liquid chromato- graphy, is still a major tool for the analysis of small molecules. Although such work is reflected by investigations of drug metabolism, eicosanoids and the use of stable isotopes in toxicology, a more blanced view of the uses of mass spectrometry in biological sciences could have been achieved by incorporation of more papers on small molecules. Three chapters describe instrumentation and methods for improving sensitivity and include developments in time-of- flight (TOF) and ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) spectrometer design.Delayed extraction is revolutionising the use of TOF instruments by greatly improving resolution and allowing fragment ions produced in the ion source to be observed. Work with ICR instruments emphasises their potential to provide extremely high resolution and the ability to perform effective collisionally activated dissociation. ‘a valuable addition to the library of anyone working in the area of biomolecule charac- terization by mass spectrometry’ This book is very well produced and should provide a valuable addition to the library of anyone working in the area of biomolecule characterization by mass spectrometry. Many of the chapters contain useful review material, as well as recent applications of the techniques, and most record the question- and-answer sessions following presentation of the papers at the Symposium, The book concludes with author and subject indices and eleven useful appendices listing data such as atomic masses, amino acid residue masses, carbohydrate structures and fragmentation nomenclature relevant to mass spectrometry.David J . Harvey 6l90002.1 University of Oxjord Lipid Analysis By F. W. Hemming and J. N. Hawthorne. lntroduction to Biotechniques. Series editors: J. M. Graham and D. Billington. Pp. xii + 176. Bios Scientific Publishers. 1996. Price f 17.95. ISBN 1-872748-98-8. The book covers a very practical approach to lipid analysis. However, the reader should be advised that the methods are related to biochemical applications and it is not aimed at the lipid chemist.For example, sections are included that relate to the extraction of lipids from tissue, and to immunochemical methods. However, one of the strengths is that no single text has been available for those wanting to become involved in this area. The approach taken is to cover the principles of separation and chromatographic analysis in a basic chapter which extends to almost half of the text. The techniques covered include partition, adsorption ion-exchange and complexing chromato- graphy including PC, TLC, HPLC and other column methods. The approach is qualitative. The chapter includes very valuable sections on radioisotope methods and a very useful range of immunochemical technique<, including ELISA, immunostain- ing and immunoradiometric assays. These are of particular value to any biochemical analyst wanting to work in the field.This is then followed by chapters on some of the functional groups found in biochemical systems and goes into greater depth concerning the specific methods that may be used. With hydrocarbons, the text covers the full range from the biological significance and structure to quantitation. Surprisingly, from a chemical point of view, the next chapter covers alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones and quinones. The reason for this is that they are often met as mixtures in a biosynthetic context and the methods covered are similar. This chapter is a little disappointing in that it does not give a great deal of practical detail that would enable newcomers to carry out analyses without further literature searches and the references to other sources are limited.The chapter on fatty acids also covers prostaglandins and this is a very useful slant to the book. This biochemical approach is continued in other chapters. For example, esters include the alkylglycerols and the phospho-containing lipids include phos- phoinositols and sphingomyelins as well as the normal compounds such as the lecithins. This is a very useful source and does give more practical details. The final two chapters cover the glycolipids and the lipoproteins of some importance to biochemists working in this area as the accounts are clear and sufficiently detailed to be of use to any analyst working in this field. ‘a useful introduction for someone entering the field and some of the coverage of more biochemical lipids would appeal to the lipid specialist’ The first of the appendices is a glossary of terms.The second shows that the authors are aware of the frustrations of working in this type of area as they have listed some 39 UK equipment suppliers, which is not complete but makes a useful starting point. The further reading list is useful but somewhat limited. The text should make a useful introduction for someone entering the field and some of the coverage of more biochemical lipids would appeal to the lipid specialist wanting further information on this aspect. C. G. Beddows 619002 7E Leeds Metropolitan University Spectroscopy with Polarized Light. Solute Alignment by Photoselection in Liquid Crystals, Polymers and Mem- branes By Josef Michl and Erik W. Thulstrup.Pp. xvi + 574. VCH. 1995. Price ca. DM98.00 (Soft cover). ISBN 1-56081-910-3 (Soft cover). ~ ___._____ ~~ ~ _ _ ~ - At a casual glance this appears to be a dauntingly theoretical book with an extremely high density of equations devoted, as the sub-title suggests, to the narrow field of polarisation spectroscopy of partially aligned molecules in matrices. On close reading this proves to be a very unfair description. It is a thorough-going account at a research level, but it is extremely well written and much more readable than expected. There is a good balance of theoretical and practical aspects. One chapter is devoted to experimental techniques of alignment and measure- ment and in fact almost half the book is devoted to applications, with a detailed and very useful worked example on pyrene.The authors cover the whole of the optical spectrum accessible to samples in matrices from the ultraviolet to the infrared and include absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence, Raman, linear and circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism and multiphoton processes. The fundamentals of optical spectroscopy and of polarised light are discussed in the132N Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 same careful way as the research frontiers. The whole approach is centred around the understanding of transition moments, and the need for correct assignment of transitions is stressed. ‘The authors clearly know their material first-hand.’ The authors clearly know their material first-hand. Both the theoretical and practical aspects are discussed critically.This critical aspect is perhaps the most lasting impression of the book: one feels comfortable with the authors’ judgement of the issues. For other than the section dealing with applications, the references are presented as a substantial and informative discussion of the relevant literature at the end of each chapter. Although the authors appear faintly defensive about this in the preface, it in fact proves to be an admirable system which avoids distractions in the text and is recommended to authors of other instructional texts. Although the content is of course different, in many ways this text is reminiscent of Herzberg’s books on spectroscopy. It is therefore not inappropriate that this ten-year-old book should have been reprinted virtually unchanged-the only new mate- rial is a handful of 1986-1988 references presumably culled from the 1989 beginners’ version of the text. The only hesitation I have in recommending it unreservedly to post-graduates and researchers in the field and to libraries, is that neither the authors nor the publishers have signalled their future intentions. Is there to be a post-1986 supplement or is there a danger of a new updated edition soon making the present one redundant? T. Threlfall 6/90019D University of York NOMINATIONS FOR THE 1997 BENEDETTI-PICHLER AWARD The American Microchemical Society is soliciting nominations for the prestigious 1 997 Benedetti-Pichler Award. The award, established in 1966, is given annually to recognise outstanding achievements in microanalytical chemistry. The award consists of a plaque and Expenses to attend the Eastern Analytical Symposium in Somerset, New Jersey, in November 1997 to receive the award at a session to honour the awardee. Nominations or further information, including at least two supporting letters should be sent no later than October 30, 1996 to: Dr Robert G. Michel Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269 USA Tel : +1 203 486 3143; Fax : +1 203 486 2981; E-mail : MICHEL@UCONNVM.UCONN.EDU

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210129N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 133N Conference Report 18th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography, May 20-24,1996, Riva del Garda, Italy Most well established conference series are peripatetic travell- ers, moving from city to city, and country to country, in contrast the International Symposia on Capillary Chromatography returns every two years to the small town of Riva del Garda at the top of Lake Garda not just because of the wine and mountains but because of the high quality of the separation science. Once based primarily around the beginnings of the wides- pread adoption of glass and then fused silica columns in gas chromatography, it has now grown naturally to include capillary and microbore liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Recent meetings have strongly reflected the arrival and growth of capillary electrophoresis and now of electrochromatography.The meeting this year consisted of some 30 oral presentations and over 450 posters, a significant proportion of which were late submissions enabling up-to-the moment ideas and results to be included. As in previous years, for all the participants an enduring reminder of the meeting (and a valuable reference work) will be the 2300 pages of conference summaries running to an impressive three volumes weighing over 3.5 kg. The social events in these meetings are an important component, because they bring the participants together and encourage the mingling and intellectual interac- tions often lost when a large conference is spread over a city location.Once a small meeting of 200-300 participants, it has now grown to 600-700 participants but still maintains an intimate feel with all the hotels and conference locations within walking distance. In reviewing the wide range of topics reflected in the lectures and presentations, it is impossible to describe all the new techniques and applications in detail but three themes stood out. The most exciting is the arrival of electrochromatography as a practical method followed by large volume injections in gas chromatography and the use of solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) techniques in sample preparation. While generating only a brief mention at the corresponding meeting two years ago, capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was the dominant developing technique of this meeting with a range of methods and applications being described.Unlike many new analytical methods which have come out of the US, electrochromatography has principally been developed in Europe and most of the contributions were from the Germany and the UK. It has attracted the interest of pharmaceutical companies and a valuable contribution was provided by Me1 Euerby from Astra, Loughborough, UK. Many of the original practical problems of preparing and packing capillary columns have been overcome and adapted capillary electrophoresis equipment, which can be used for CEC, can be purchased off- the-shelf. The search is now on to examine the potential applications and most appropriate combinations of stationary phases and eluents to be adopted to achieve new separations. The task of establishing its future role compared to electro- phoresis and liquid chromatography is already well under way and practical criteria such as reproducibility and robustness are already being evaluated.As always the most impressive separations were those on ion-exchange stationary phases, where the peak width is seemingly limited only by the response time of the detection system and measured efficiencies of 5-15 X 106 plates are typical. Other developments are looking at interfaces with detectors including FT-MS, alternatives to fused silica tubing, and the use of very small stationary phase particles. The second theme of large volume injections in capillary gas chromatography goes to the heart of the problem of sensitivity in capillary methods enabling much higher analyte loadings and thus greater method sensitivity.Up to 250 p1 injection volumes were being proposed on standard capillaries, with automation making this a feasible operation for routine assays. Larger volumes up to 1-2 ml could feasibly be injected with controlled injection speeds. Unlike many recent meetings when solid phase extractions (SPE) have dominated sample preparation methods, SPE methods were almost absent but nearly 40 papers were devoted to the use of SPME, in which an ODS or similar coated glass fibre traps the sample from a dilute aqueous solution. The fibre can then be directly injected into a GLC injector port avoiding the need for a solvent extraction step. Although known for many years it seems suddenly to have come of age.Methods were described for its role in the direct extraction of a wide range of analytes. A new and interesting development was the deriva- tization of extracts while on the fibre. This method enabled sterols to be trapped from solution, silylated and injected without the use of organic solvents or dilution. These reactions could also be automated using a vapour phase derivatization thus avoiding contamination of the reagent solution. Among other developments was an impressive lecture on the microfabricated chemical bench from Mike Ramsey describing the work of a large multidisciplinary research group from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA. Analytical chemistry on a chip has been felt for some time to be a method of the future and it seems that many of the promises are starting to become realities.The lecture was illustrated with examples of injections, switching valves, derivatization, separations and chromatog- raphy driven by electroosmotic flow. Reproducibility was good with 1% RSD on 100 pl injections and real applications were shown of DNA assays and enzymic reactions. As always the conference was well organized under the Chairmanship of Pat Sandra with a well planned lecture programme concentrating on invited plenary and key-note speakers, ample space and time for the poster presentations and exhibition and the weather while fine was not so hot as to be oppressive. The meeting encourages research lectures by younger participants and these were consistently of a high standard, often reflecting badly on the frequently poor slides and overheads of more established lecturers.In contrast to other Chromatography Symposia which have had to change their name to reflect changes in separation techniques ‘Capillary Chromatography, seems to be enduring well and after a visit to Wintergreen, Virginia in 1997, the meeting will return again to Riva del Garda in 1998. Roger M. Smith Loughborough UniversityPRODUtTS DESlGlED AND PRODUCED VALID ANALYTICAL AM MEASUREMENT BY ANAlYSTS FOR ANAMTS 1 RAISINQ QUALITY THROUGH THE VAM INITIATIVE VAM (Valid Analytical Measurement) is a DTI initiative, spearheaded by the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC), in conjunction with the DTI in order to improve the quality of analytical measurements made in the UK, and to facilitate the mutual acceptance of analytical data across international boundaries.This is done by: defining and disseminating best analytical practice which will enable laboratories to deliver reliable developing the tools which enable laboratories to implement best analytical practice; working with analysts in other countries to ensure the comparability of analytical measurements The Royal Society of Chemistry is pleased to be working with the LGC to distribute VAM products - which include books, guidelines, videos and software - that are designed to be used by practising analysts, laboratory managers, analytical quality managers, and university lecturers and their students. results every time; across international boundaries. GUIDELINES FOR ACHIEVING QUALITY IN TRACE ANALYSIS M.Sargent & G. MacKay Presents a concise protocol that acts as a check-list of key issues for those involved in carrying out trace analysis, or who rely on the results. Softback book; 1995; ISBN 0-85404402-7; €12.50 / $22 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF N.T. Crosby & /.Patel , , GOOD SAMPLING PRACTICE A welcome reference for researchers and professionals who need to access the important information on how to sample, in the form of an instant, thorough and reliable guide. Softback book; 1995; ISBN 0-85404-412-4; f17.50 /$32 TRACE ANALYSIS: A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO OBTAINING RELIABLE RESULTS Edited by E. Pritchard, with G. MacKay & J. Points A highly practical and systematic bench guide which deals with the science rather than the paperwork of quality systems, taking the analyst step by step through the stages of any trace analysis.Softback book; 1996; ISBN 0-85404-417-5; €69.50 / $1 25 INTERNATIONAL GUIDE TO QUALITY IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: AN AID TO ACCREDITATION , A CITAC' document, published by the LGC Provides laboratories with guidance on best practice for improving quality of the analytical operations they perform, and is cross referenced throughout to the related parts of IS0 Guide 25, IS0 9000 and OECD GLP Principles. * Cooperation on International Traceability in Analytical Chemistry Softback book; 1996; ISBN 0-94892-609-0; f30 / $55 PROFICIENCY TESTING IN ANALYTICAL I_; , CHEMISTRY R.E. Lawn, M. Thompson 8; R.E Walker Deals exclusively and comprehensively with the role of proficiency testing in the quality assurance of analytical data, addressing topics such as the organisation, effectiveness and costs and benefits of proficiency testing. Softback book; Due autumn 1996; f22.50 /$39 ' TRACING THE CHEMICAL LINKS concepts of calibration and traceability in the T-A An educational package considering the context of analytical chemistry, and explaining how these are an essential part of achieving comparability for analytical measurements.Video plus illustrated booklet; 1995; €35 (inc VAT) / $75 / Rest of World €40 - CONFIDENCE IN ANALYSIS An educational package looking at the way analysts establish confidence in the validity of their results. It follows through a complex multi-stage analysis from sampling to reporting and shows how the uncertainty can be estimated. Video plus illustrated booklet; 1995; €35 (inc VAT) / $75 / Rest of World f40 VAMSTAT A computer-aided learning package for the - examples and questions and covers: basic concepts; significance tests; handling non-normal data and outliers; ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA); quality of analytical data; regression and applications. Software package (IBM or compatible); Standard single user licence €90 (+VAT) / $160; Multi-user site licence f290 (+VAT) / $520; Discounts available for academic institutions. analytical chemist. Includes techniques, practical I To order any of these products, or for more detailed information, please contact: I Jenny McCluskey, Sales & Promotion Executive Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House, Science Park Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 4WF, UK Tel +44 (0) 1223 420066 Fax +44 (0) 1223 423623 E-mail: sales@ rsc.org wwweb: http://chemistry.rsc.org/rsc/ CH EM I STRY Information Services 2 c z 2 s 9 8 I m (0 m 0 W

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210133N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 135N Conference Diary Date Conference 1996 October Location 2-4 3-4 14-15- 14-18 20-23 20-25 22-25 22-25 24-25 28-29 29-30 30-3 1 Second Australian Conference on Vibrational Brisbane, Spectroscopy Australia Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis York, UK Chiral Europe '96 Strasbourg, France 7th International Beijing Conference and Shanghai, Exhibition on Instrumental Analysis (BCEIA) China International Symposium on Laboratory Automation and Robotics USA Boston, MA, Expoquimia Equiplast Eurosurfas Barcelona, Spain Pollutec 96 LY on, France 8th Conference and Exhibition on Analytical Instrumentation Spain Barcelona, Microfabrication Technology for Biomedical Applications USA San Jose, CA, Monitor '96 Manchester, UK Third European Symposium on Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy.On-Line Use Kolding, Denmark International Workshop on Metallothioneins Geel, Belgium November 4 4 ISPPP '96: 16th International Symposium on Luxembourg the Separation and Analysis of Proteins, Peptides and Polynucleotides Contact Peter Fredericks, School of Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology, P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 400 I, Australia Tel: +61 7 3864 2341. Fax: +61 7 3864 1804. E-mail: p.fredericks.@qut.edu.au. Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0) 1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 432516 E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk. Spring Innovations Ltd,, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082.Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127. BCEIA '97 General Service Office, Room 585, Chinese Academy of Sciences Building, P.O. Box 2143, Beijing 100045, China Tel: +86 10 68511814. Fax: E-mail: bceia@aphyO 1 .iphy.ac.cn. Christine O'Neil, ISLAR '96, Zymark Corp., Zymark Center, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA Tel: +1 508 435 9500 ext. 2224;. Fax: + I 508 435 3439. E-mail: isalr@zymark.ultranet.com. Expoquimia Equiplas Eurosurfas, Fira de Barcelona, Avda. Reina Ma Cristina, E-08004, Barcelona, Spain Michele Jackson or Vinod Mahtani, Promosalons (UK) Ltd., 82 Bishops Bridge Road, London,UK W2 6BB Tel: +44 (0)171 221 3660. Fax: +44 (0)171 792 3525. Sas Jornadas de Analisis Instrumental (JAI) Expoquimia, Av. Reina Ma Christina-Palacio No. 1, 08004 Barcelona, Spain Tel: +93 233 20 00.Fax: +93 233 23 1 I , +93 423 63 48. Cambridge Healthtech Institute, 1037 Chestnut Street, Newton Upper Falls, MA 02164, USA Tel: + I 617 630 1300. Fax: + I 617 630 1325. Spring Innovations, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9 127. Biotechnological Institute, Holbergsvej 10, P.O. Box 8 18, DK-6000 Kolding, Denmark, Attn: Lone Vejgaard (Chairman) Tel: +45 75 52 04 33. Fax: +45 75 52 99 89. Dr Guy Bordin, European Commission-Joint Research Centre-IRMM, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Fax: +32 14 584 273. E-mail: bordin@irmm.jrc.be. Secretariat ISPPP '96, B.O. Conference Service, P.O. Box 100 78, S-750 10 Uppsala, Sweden Tel: +46 18 165 060. Fax: +46 18 304 074. E-mail: bengt.osterlund@seuppbt.pharmacia.se.136N Analyst, September 1996, Vol.121 Bate 4-8 12-15 13 13-15 13-15 14-15 17-22 19-20 20-22 21 24-30 26-27 26-28 Conference International Symposium on the Industrial Application of the Mossbauer Effect International Exhibition and Conference for Chemical Technology, Analytical Technology and Biotechnology Capillary Electrophoresis Meeting Quality Control Laboratory CGMP Compliance and Auditing 13th Montreux Symposium on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry US Generic Drug Approval System Series. GMP, GLP and FDA Inspections for Generic Drugs 1996 Eastern Analytical Symposium Safety of Biopharmaceutical Products and Processes: Validation and Testing pTAS '96'2nd International Symposium on Micro Total Analysis Systems Spectroscopic Detection in Process Analysis (11) 4th Rio Symposium on Atomic Spectrometry Biopharmaceuticals: Analytical, Formulation, Product Development Process and Regulatory Issues 7th National Symposium on Mass Spectrometry 28-29 Process Validation from A to Z: An International Perspective Location Johannesburg, South Africa Basel, Switzerland Hertfordshire, UK Zurich, Switzerland Montreux, Switzerland Zurich, Switzerland Somerset, NJ, USA Basel, Switzerland Basel, Switzerland Hull, UK Buenos Aires, Argentina Basel, Switzerland Gwalior, Jndia Basel, Switzerland Contact Herman Pollak, Mossbauer Laboratory, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Tel: +27 11 716 4053/2526.Fax: +27 11 339 8262. E-mail: isiame@physnet.phys.wits.ac.za. L. E.Loew, ilmac96, Messe Bassel, CH-4021 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 686 2707. Fax: +41 61 686 2188. Mrs Gill Caminow, The Chromatographic Society, Suite 4, Clarendon Chambers, 32 Clarendon Street, Nottingham, UK NG1 5JD Tel: +44 (0)115 950 0596. Fax: +44 (0)115 950 0614. Programme Division, Technomic Publishing AG, Missionstrasse 44, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 381 5226. Fax: +41 61 381 5259. M. Frei-Hausler, Postfach 46, CH-4 123 Allschwil 2, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 481 2789. Fax: +41 61 482 0805. Programme Division, Technomic Publishing AG, Missions trasse 44, CH-405 5 B asel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 381 5226. Fax: +41 61 381 5259. EAS, P.O. Box 633, Montchanin, DE 19710-0633, USA Tel: +l 302 738 6218, Fax: +1 302 738 5275. Programme Division, Technomic Publishing AG, Missionstrasse 44, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 381 5226.Fax: +41 61 381 5259. Secretariat, Mrs E. Miiller, Corporate Analytical Research, K-127.1.54, Ciba Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 696 2571. Fax: +41 61 696 4504. Dr. J. S. Lancaster, BP Chemicals, Hull Research Centre, Saltend, Hull, UK HU12 8DS Tel: +44 (0)1482 894803. Fax: +44 (0)1482 892171. Osvaldo E. Troccoli, Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactasy Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, (1 428) Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel: +54 1 783 3025. Fax: +54 1 782 0441. E-mail: troccoli@trazas.uba.org or batiston@cena.edu.ar. Programme Division, Technomic Publishing AG, Missionstrasse 44, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 381 5226. Fax: +41 61 381 5259. Dr. Suresh Aggarwal, Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay 400 085, India E-mail: hejain@magnum.baretl.ernet.in or Dr.G. Sudhakar Reddy, The University of Michigan, OSEH, 1655 Dean Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Programme Division, Technomic Publishing AG, Missionstrasse 44, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41 61 381 5226. Fax: +41 61 381 5259. December 17-20 1st Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Hong Kong APCE '96, c/o Dr. Sam F. Y. Li, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore Tel: +65 772 2681. Fax: +65 779 1691. E-mail: chmlifys@leonis.nus.sg. Capillary Electrophoresis and Related TechniquesAnalyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 137N Date Conference Location 1997 January 4-9 The Fourth International Symposium On: Giza, New Trends in Chemistry The Role of Egypt Analytical Chemistry in National Development Analysis-ICFIA 97 USA 12-16 International Conference on Flow Injection Orlando, 12-17 1997 European Winter Conference on Plasma Gent, Spectrochemistry 20-24 First Asia-Pacific EPR/ESR Symposium 26-30 9th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Microscale Techniques February 2-6 The Australian and New Zealand Society for Mass Spectrometry 16th Conference (ANZSMS 16) 18-19 Inbio '97 Industrial Biocatalysis: The Way Ahead March 9-14 CANAS '97 Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie 16-21 48th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Belgium Hong Kong Anaheim, USA Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Manchester, UK Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany Atlanta, GA, USA Contact Professor Dr.M. M. Khater, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ICFIA 97, Sue Christian, P.O. Box 26, Medina, WA Fax: +1 206 454 9361. E-mail: sue@flowinjection.com. L. Moens, Secretariat, 1997 European Winter Conference, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000, Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 264 66 00. Fax: +32 9 264 66 99. E-mail: plasma97@rug.ac.be. Professor C. Rudowicz, Chairman, LOC & IOC, City University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Materials Science, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel: +852 2788 7787. Fax: +852 2788 7830. E-mail: apsepr@cityu.edu.hk. Shirley Schlessinger, Symposium Manager, HPCE '97, 400 East Randolph Street, Suite 1015, Chicago, IL 60601, USA Tel: +1 312 527 2011.98039-0026, USA Mures Convention Management, Victoria Dock, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia Tel: +61 002 312121. Fax: +61 002 344464. E-mail: mures@ hba.trumpt.com.au; WWW:http://www.csl.edu.au/ANZSMS/anzsms 16.html. Spring Innovations Ltd., 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 1 BA Tel: +44 (0)161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0)161 440 9127. G. Werner, Universitat Leipzig, Institut fiir Analytische Chemie, Linnestrasse 3, D-04 103 Leipzig, Germany Tel: +49 0341 973 6101. Fax: +49 0341 973 61 15. Linda Briggs, The Pittsburgh Conference, 300 Penn Center Blvd., Suite 332, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5503, USA Tel: +1 412 825 3220, +1 800 825 3221.Fax: +1 412 825 3224. April 13-1 7 213th American Chemical Society National San Francisco, CA, Department of Meetings, American Chemical Meeting USA Society, 1155-16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA Tel: +1 202 872 4396. Fax: +1 202 872 6128. E-mail: natlmtgs@acs.org. Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793, Tel: +1 301 898 3772. Fax: + I 301 898 5596. 14-19 Genes and Gene Families in Medical, Texas, Mrs. Janet Cunningham, Ban- Enterprises, 10120 Agricultural and Biological Research: 9th International Congress on Isozymcs USA USA138N Analyst, September f996, Vol. 121 Date 19-22 21-25 28-29 May 4-8 11-1s 12-13 Conference Scanning 97 Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM-7) Computer & Process Validation in the Location Contact Monterey, CA, Mary K.Sullivan, FAMS Inc., SCANNING 97 Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemical Industries UK June 3-5 USA PBA '97,Sth International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis USA Orlando, FL, 5th European Workshop on Modern Torquay, Developments and Applications in Microbeam UK Analysis 15-2 1 Ant werp , Belgium Chiral USA '97 12-16 European Symposium on Photonics in Manufacturing 111 16-20 Manchester, 27-28 IInd Miniaturisation in Liquid Chromatography versus Capillary Electrophoresis Conference 22-27 Boston, USA Paris, France Ghent, Belgium LTMS 97 11th International LIMS The Hague, Conference and Exhibition Netherlands International Conference on Analytical Moscow, Chemistry Russia European Symposium on Environmental and Munich, Public Safety I1 Germany HPLC '97, 21st International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques Birmingham, UK Program Committee, Box 832, Mahwah, NJ Tel: +I 201 818 1010. Fax: + I 201 818 0086.E-mail: fams@holonet net; Internet: http://www.scanning-fams.org. J. Pauwels, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. Tel: +32 14 571 722; or Wayne Wolk, US Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Tel: + I 301 504 8927. Spring Innovations Ltd,, I85A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, SK7 1BA Tel: +44 (0) 16 1 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0) 16 I 440 9127. 07430-0832, USA Shirley E. Schlessinger (Symposium Manager), Suite 1015, 400 East Randolph Drive, Chicago, IL, 60601, USA EMAS Secretariat, University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Universiteitsplein 1 , G-26 10 Antwerp-Wilrijk, Belgium Fax: +32 3 820 2376.E-mail: vantdack@uia.ua.ac.be. Spring Innovations Ltd, 185A Moss Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK SK7 IBA Tel: +44 (0) 161 440 0082. Fax: +44 (0) I6 1 440 9 127 or Brandon Associates, PO Box 1244, Merrimach, NH 03054, USA. Tel and Fax: +1 (630) 424 2035. Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-91403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr. Prof. Ilr. Willy R. G. Baeyens, Chairman MINI-LC 11, University of Ghent, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Laboratory of Drug Quality Control, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 264 80 97.Fax: +32 9 264 81 96. E-mail: willy.baeyens@rug.ac.be Conference Secretariat, LIMS 97, 4.5 Hilltop Avenue, Hullbridge, Hockley, Essex, UK SSS 6BL Tel: +44 (0)1702 231268. Fax: +44 (0)1702 230580. E-mail: 101 320.16l7@compuserve.com. Dr. L. N. Kolomiets, Scientific Council on Chromatography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 3 1, 117915 Moscow, Russia Tel: +7 95 952 0065. Fax: +7 095 952 0065. E-mail: Iarionov@lmm.phyche.mk.su. Francoise Chavel, Executive, Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-91403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr. HPLC '97 Symposium Secretariat, ICC, Broad Street, Birmingham B l 2EA, UK Tel: +44 121 200 2000.Fax: +44 121 643 0388.Date Conference Location Contact 30-3/7 6th European ISSX Meeting Gothenburg, Sweden Meeting Secretariat, 6th European ISSX Meeting, c/o The Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 1 136, S-1 1 1 81 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 723 5000. Fax: +46 8 20 55 1 1 . August 10-1 5 11th International Conference on Fourier Athens, GA, Transform Spectroscopy USA 25-28 VII Flow Conference Aguas de Sao Pedro-Piracicaba, Brazil 25-29 IMSC '97-14th International Mass Tampere, Spectrometry Conference Finland September 7-1 1 111th AOAC International Annual Meeting and Exposition 7-1 1 214th American Chemical Society National Meeting 8-1 2 4th International Conference on Nanometer Scale Science and Technology 8-12 Biomedical Optics V 15-19 3rd International Symposium on Speciation of Elements in Biological, Environmental and Toxicological Sciences 2 1-26 XXX Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale 21-26 24th Annual Meeting of the Federation on Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies October 5-10 4th international Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry San Diego, CA, USA Las Vegas, NE, USA Be ij ing , China Poland Port Douglas, Queens 1 and , Australia Melbourne, Australia Cleveland, OH, USA James A.de Haseth, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA Tel: + I 706 542 1968. Fax: +1 706 542 9454. E-mail: dehaseth@dehrsv.chem.uga.edu. Henrique Bergamin Filho, CENA-USP.Caixa Postal 96, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Tcl: +55 194 335122. Fax: +55 194 228339. E-mail: flo w97@ ag uia.cena.usp . br . 14th IMSC Congress Secretariat, c/o Congress Management Systems, P.O. Box 151, SF-00141, Helsinki. Finland Margreet Lauwaars, P.O. Box 153, 6720 AD Bennekom, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 318 418725; Fax: +31 318 418359; or Derek Abbott, 80 Chaffers Mead, Ashtead, Surrey, UK KT2 1NH Tel: +44 372 274856. Fax: +44 372 274856. Department of Meetings, American Chemical Society, 115516th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA Tel: +1 202 872 4396. Fax: +1 202 872 6128. E-mail: natlmtgs@acs.org. Shijin Pang, Beijing Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2724, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China Tel: +86 10 256 8306. Fax: +86 10 255 6598. E-mail: pang@image.blem.ac.cn. Francoise Chavel, Executive Secretary, European Optical Society, B.P. 147-91403 Orsay Cedex, France Tel: +33 1 69 85 35 92. Fax: +33 1 69 85 35 65. E-mail: francoise.chavel@iota.u-psud.fr. Dr. J. P. Matousek, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Tel: +61 2 3854713. Fax: +61 2 3856141. E-mail: j.matousek@ unsw.edu.au. The Meeting Planners, 108 Church Street, Hawthorn, Victoria 3 122, Australia Tel: +61 3 9819 3799. Fax: +hl 3 9819 5978. E-mail: h t tp : //w w w .I at ro be. edu , au/C S Icon f/X X X C S I. h tm 1. FACSS National Office, 201B Broadway Street, Frederick, MD 21701-6501, USA Tel: +1 301 694 8122. Fax: + I 301 694 6860. E-mail: jbrownsas@aol.com. Vail, CO, USA R. C. Severson, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225, USA Tel: +I 303 236 5514. Fax: +I 303 236 3200. E-mail: iseg@helios.cr.usgs.gov

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210135N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

140N Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 Courses Date Conference Location Contact 1996 October 3-4 7-9 10-1 1 14-17 2 1-24 22-23 Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis York, UK Dr. T. L. Threlfall, Industrial Liaison Executive, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK YO1 5DD Tel: +44 (0)1904 432576. Fax: +44 (0)1904 432516. E-mail: js20@york.ac.uk. The Center for Professional Advancement, Oudezijds Voorburgwal 3 16A, 1012 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +3 1 20 638 28 06. Fax: +3 1 20 620 21 36. The Center for Professional Advancement, Oudezijds Voorburgwal 3 16A, 10 12 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 638 28 06. Fax: +31 20 620 21 36. The Center for Professional Advancement, Oudezijds Voorburgwal 3 16A, 1012 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 638 28 06.Fax: +31 20 620 21 36. The Centre for Professional Advancement, Oudezidjs Voorburgwal 3 16A, 101 2 GM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 638 28 06. Fax: +31 20 620 21 36. Nikki Rathbone, HPLC Technology Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK SK11 6PJ Tel: +44 (0)162S 613848. Fax: +44 (0)1625 616916. High Performance Liquid Chromatography Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advanced Topics and Bio-Separations Amsterdam, The Netherlands Quality Assurance for the Analytical Laboratory Amsterdam, The Netherlands Analytical FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopy for Industrial and Environmental Applications Amsterdam, The Netherlands HPLC Troubleshooting Courses Macclesfield, UK November 6-10 16-17 19 25-29 30 Interpretation of Infrared Spectra GC and GC-MS for Beginners Seer Green, UK Duisburg, Germany Ms M.Pope, Course Administrator, Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Post Office Lane, Beaconsfield, Bucks, UK HP9 1QA Mrs. Fliehmann, Shimadzu Europe, GmbH, Albert-Hahn Strasse 6-10, D-472689 Duisburg, Germany The Training Department, Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Glos., UK GL55 6LD Tel: +44 (0)1386 842104. Fax: +44 (0)1386 842100. Dr. B. L. Sharp, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE 1 1 3TU, UK Tel: +44 (0)1509 222 572/575. Fax: +44 (0)1509 223 925. E-mail: B.L.Sharp@lboro.ac.uk. The Training Department, Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Glos. GL55 6LD, UK Tel: +44 (0)1386 842104. Fax: +44 (0)1386 842100. Spectroscopic Techniques for Extrusion Cooking Campden, UK Quality Management Short Course Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK Pesticide Maximum Residue Levels Campden, UK December 10-13 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry Warwick, UK Dr. P. Tebbutt, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL Entries in the above listing are included at the discretion of the Editor and are free of charge. If you wish to publicize a forthcoming meeting please send full details to: The Analyst Editorial Office, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 4WF. Tel: +44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247. E-mail:Analyst@RSC.ORG.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210140N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 141N Future Issues Will Include Novel Techniques for the Off-line Analysis of Liquid Process Streams by Mass Spectrometry-Alan Townshend, John D. Green, Warwick B. Dunn In-valve Solid Phase Extraction-Flow Injection Flame AAS Determination of Lead-Kate Grudpan, Ponlayuth Sooksa- miti, Horst Geckeis Analysis of Protein Bound Metabolites of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Pig Liver by High-performance Liquid Chroma- tography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry- Elizabeth Horne, Aodhmar Cadogan, Michael O'Keeffe, Laurentius A. P. Hoogenboom Titrations with Electrogenerated Halogens in the Diffusion Layer of Interdigitated Microelectrode Array-Dusan Bustin, Stanislav Jursa, Peter Tomcik Spectrofluorimetric Determination of the S toichiometry and Association Constants of the Inclusion Complexes Ellipticinel Modified Beta-CD-Benito Del Castillo, M.Sbai, S. Ait Lyazidi, D. A. Lerner, M. A. Martin Lead Isotopic Analysis Using Multiple Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect- Takafumi Hirata Analytical Performance Testing of an Atrazine Immunoassay System-S. D. W. Comber, C. D. Watts, B. Young Precipitation Flow-injection Immunoassay for Human IgG- Gerald Gubitz, Andrea Hacker, J. M. Fernandez-Romero, M. D. Luque De Castro, Miguel Valcarcel Resolution of Partially Overlapped Signals by Fourier Analysis. Application to Differential-pulse Polarographic Responses- Renato Seeber, Davide Allegri, Giovanni Mori Fate of Metals in the Combustion of Industrial Waste Oils-C.Nerin, C. Domeno, A. Del Alamo, I. Echarri Enzymic Determinations with Rotating Bioreactors and Con- tinuous Flow/Stopped-flow Processing: Determination of Chol- ine Esters in Pharmaceuticals-Horacio A. Mottola, Beatriz Lopez Ruiz, Mercedes Sanchez-Cabezudo Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(I1) by its Catalytic Effect on the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone Hydrazone with N-Ethyl-N- (2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-3, 5-dimethoxyaniline-Takuji Kawashima, Satomi Ohno, Norio Teshima, Tsuyako Wata- nabe, Hideyuki Itabashi, Shigenori Nakano Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sulfamethazine in Animal Tissues using a MethylfTrimethyl- silyl Derivative-D.Glenn Kennedy, Andrew Cannavan, S. Armstrong Hewitt, W. John Blanchflower Surface Plasmon Resonance of Self-assembled Phthalocyanine Monolayers: Possibilities for Optical Gas Sensing-David A. Russell, Tim R. E. Simpson, Michael J. Cook, Michael C. Petty, Stephen C. Thorpe Pesticides by SPME. Results of the Round Robin Test-Janusz Pawliszyn, T. Gorecki, R. Mindrup Electrochemical Studies of Zinc in Zinc-insulin Solution- Christopher M. A. Brett, Rui M. Barbosa, Luis M. Rosario, Ana Maria Oliveira Brett Recent Evolution of Luminescent PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer) Sensors-A. Prasanna De Silva, Thorfinnur Gunn- laugsson, Terence E. Rice Direct Monitoring of Ethanol and Formaldehyde Vapours Using Dehydrogenase-based Biosensors-Manus J. Denni- son, Jennifer M.Hall, Anthony P. F. Turner Effects of pH and Solvent on the Fluorescence Properties of Biomedically Important Benzamides. Application to the Deter- mination in Drugs and in Human Urine-Jean-Jacques Aaron, Mihaela Buna, Patrice Prognon, Georges Mahuzier Influence of Surface-active Compounds on Response and Sensitivity of Cholinesterase Biosensors for lnhibitor Determi- nation-G. A. Evtugyn, Herman Budnikov, E. B. Ni- kolskaya Mass-transport-controlled Steady-state Currents for Methanol in a Flow Injection System-Zbigniew Stojek, J. Gadomska, Mikolaj Donten, L. Nyholm In-capillary Derivatization With 1 -Methox y carbon ylindolizine- 3,5-dicarbaldehyde for High-performance Capillary Electro- phoresis-Shigeyuki Oguri, Toshiaki Tujiyoshi, Y asuyoshi Miki Optical Nitrite Sensor Based on a Potential-sensitive Dye and a Nitrite-selective Carrier-Gerhard J. Mohr, Otto S. Wolf- beis Improved Molecular Fluorescence Method for the Determina- tion of Selenium in Biological Samples-David Littlejohn, I. Harrison, G. S. Fell Analysis of Ampicillin and Cloxacillin in Capsules, Syrups and Suspensions by HPLC-R. B. Taylor, 0. Shakoor COPIES OF CITED ARTICLES The Royal Society of Chemistry Library can usually supply copies of cited articles. For further details contact: The Library, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK. Tel: +44 (0)171-437 8656. Fax: +44 (0) 17 1-287 9798. Telecom Gold 84: BUR2 10. Electronic Mailbox (Internet) LIBRARY@RSC.ORG. If the material is not available from the Society's Library, the staff will be pleased to advise on its availability from other sources. Please note that copies are not available from the RSC at Thomas Graham House, Cambridge.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210141N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

I42N Analyst, September 1996, Vol. 121 Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms The presence of an abbreviation or acronym in this list should NOT be read as a recommendation for its use. However, those defined here need not be defined in the text of your manuscript. AAS AD ADC ANOVA AOAC ASTM aC bP BSA BSI CEN CPm. CMOS c.m.c. CRM CVAAS cw CZE dc DRIFT DELFIA DNA EDTA ELISA emf ETAAS EXAFS EPA FAAS FAB dPm FAO-WHO FIR FT FPLC FPD GC GLC HGAAS H PLC ICP id INAA IR ISFET iv im IGFET ISE LC LED LOD LOQ atomic absorption spectrometry alternating current analogue-to-digital analogue-to-digital converter analysis of variance Association of Official Analytical Chemists American Society for Testing and Materials boiling point bovine serum albumin British Standards Institution European Committee for Standardization counts per minute complementary metal oxide silicon critical micellization concentration certified reference material cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis direct current disintegrations per minute diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay deoxyribonucleic acid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid enzyme linked immunosorbent assay electromotive force electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy Environmental Protection Agency flame atomic absorption spectrometry fast atom bombardment Food and Agriculture Organization, far- infrared Fourier transform fast protein liquid chromatography flame photometric detector gas chromatography gas-liquid chromatography hydride generation atomic absorption high-performance liquid inductively coupled plasma internal diameter instrumental neutron activation infrared ion-selective effect transistor intravenous intramuscular insulated gate field effect transistor ion-selective electrode liquid chromatography light emitting diode 1 iini t determination limit of quantification World Health Organization spectroscopy chromatography analysis mP MRL mRNA MS NIR NMR NIST Od OES PBS PCB PAH PGE PIXE PPt PPb PPm PTFE PVC PDVB QC QA REE rf RIMS rms rpm RNA SCE SE SEM SIMS SIMCA S/N SRM STM STP TIMS TLC TOF TGA TMS tris TRIS uv UV/VIS VDU XRD XRF YAG melting point maximum residue limit messenger ribonucleic acid mass spectrometry near-infrared nuclear magnetic resonance National Institute of Standards and Tech no1 og y outer diameter optical emission spectrometry phosphate buffered saline polychlorinated biphenyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon platinum group element particle/proton-induced X-ray parts per trillion (1012; pg g- 1) parts per billion ( I W ; ng g-I) parts per million (106; pg g-') poly (tetrafl uoroeth ylene) poly(viny1 chloride) poly(diviny1 benzene) quality control quality assurance rare earth element radiofrequency resonance ionization mass spectrometry root mean square revolutions per minute ribonucleic acid saturated calomel (reference) electrode standard error scanning/surface (reflection) electron microscopy secondary-ion mass spectrometry soft independent modelling of class signal-to-noise ratio Standard Reference Material scanning tunnelling (electron) standard temperature and pressure thermal ionization mass spectrometry thin-layer chromatography time-of-flight thermogravimetric analysis trimethy lsilane 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)- propane- 1,3-diol (ligand) 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)- propane- 1,3-diol (reagent) ultraviolet ultraviolet-visible visual display unit X-ray diffraction X-ray fluorescence yttrium aluminium garnet emission analogy microscopy Commonly Used Symbols M molecular mass Mr relative molecular mass r correlation coefficient S standard deviation U atomic mass

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN996210142N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1996

数据来源: RSC