摘要:

IXCLUDING THE PBOCEEDINQS OFTHE “ SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.”A Xonthly Journal for the information of thoae interested in the purity of Foodand Drugs, and in general Analytical and Ecroscapical Research.G. W. WIGNER. FEBRUARY, 1879. [PRICE 6d. o v & ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CONTENTS.Annual Meeting of Society of Public Analysts 19On the Determination of Phosphoric Acid a8Pbospho-Molybdate, by 0. Hehner, P.C.S. . 23REVIEWS :Practieal Chemistry . . . . . 30The Local Government Board 7th Report . 30Correspondence b , , . 32Analysts’ Reports . . . . . . 33Law Reports . . . . , . 34Notes of the Month . . . . . 37Chemical Patents . , . . . , 38Books Received , I . . , . 38COMWM’EE OF PURLICATION OF THE SOCIETY’S PROCEEDINGS.J. MUTER, PH.D., M . A . , F.C.S.Q.W. WIQNEB, F.C.S. ll A. H. ALLEN, F.C.S.A. DUPHE, PH.D., F.R.S., F.C.S.C. HEISCH, F.C.S.ABSTRACTORS.E. W. T. JONES, F.C.S.J. FALCONEB KING, F.C.S. ll C. H. PIESSE, F.C.S.A. WYNTEE BLPTH, M.R.C.S.C. A. CANEF~ON, M.D.O m HEHNEB, F.C.8.M. JAXKSON & Co.,(J. ORME & H. M. CAPNER,)65, BARBICAN, LONDON,lUANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS,Every description of Apparatus fop Lecturee, Study, or Research kept in StockPURE CHEXICIALB. -For Public. Analysts we supply apecially Pure Acidand Chemicals, which can be relied upon for uniform purity.or made to order at afePrt clay@ notice. Best Quality and re-onable prfoer.-nnnnm\n *PRICE LIST Revised. Sent Post Free for 9!hree Stamps-L. OERTLING,TURNMILL STREET(Opposite Farringdm Street Station,)CHEMICAL, ASSAY, & BULLIONMAIUFACTUBEB OFBALANCES.BURGOYNE? BURBIDGES, CYRIAX, & FARRIES,Manufachr;./as and 6$wrat& Ch&tS,16, COSEMAN STRmEIT, LOWDON, =.a,,(PRIZE MEDAL PARIS EXHIBITION, 1867,)Xanufacturers of every description of Pure Acids, Chemicab, andRe-agents for Analytical Purposes and Scientific Research.Sole Agents for 0.A. KAHLBAUM, Berlin.PRIUBl LISTS AND BPBlOIBL QUOTATIONS UPON APPLIOATIOX.SILVER MEDAL, PARIS EXHIBITION, 1878.JAMES WOOLLEY, SONS & GO.,69, MARKET STREET, MANCHESTER,CHEMICAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS,CHEMICAL RE-AGENTS, &c.DEALERS INFOR THE UBE OFANALYSTS, SOIENOE TEACHERS & MANUWAOTURERSPrice Lists on Application.E. CETTI & CO.,MANUFACTURERS OFBAROMETERS, THERMOMETERS, CHEMICALAND PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUSOF EVBBY DEGUBIPTION.Dr. Frankland’s Apparatus for Analysis of Water. Dr. McLeod’s Modification forWater and Gas. Professor Bischof’e Apparatue for Evaporation of Water. Dr.Sprengel’s Mercurial Air Pumps of every form. Water Pumps for quick filtration.Dr. Mill’s Colormeter.Dru. Ruasell and West’s Apparatus for Estimating Urea in Urine. Dr. BlackleypsApparatus for Ditto.REGISTERED ENAMEL BACK URINE SEDIMENT TEST TUBES.11 and 31, Brooke Street, Holborn, London, Wholesale and for Exporation, andBose Cottage Glass Works, Pratt Street, Lambeth

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87904FP007

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST.PURE ACIDS AND CHEMICALSFOR ANALYSIS.KNOWLE8 & PHILLIPS,47, MINORIES, E.C.PEICE LIST FORWARDED ON APPLICATION.N.B.-References as to quality and price kindly allowed by severalleading Analysts already supplied.LAXORA.Professional Chemists, and Studying Men generally, who frequently suffer all themiseries of Constipation and its attendant discomforts, will be glad to learn that by usingthe above preparation, they can secure all the effects of the well-known Electwire hit$?of the French Cohx in an exceedingly palatable form. One trial will ensurecontinuance in its we.N.B.-None genuine without signature P. GUYOT on each box.SOLD BY ALL CHEMISTS AND DXUGQISTS.In box@ at 18. l+d. each. Fmm&d on rece@t of 18. 3d. in &amp#.WHOLESALE-82, SOUTH WABK STREET, LONDON, S.E.THE ANALYST,EDITED BY (3.W. WIGNER AND J. lKlJTER.Published Monthly. Pace Sixpence. Annual Subscription 5/-, Post Free.CHARGES FOR DVERTISE?dENTS--QUARTER PAGE, €1. ... HALF PAGE, €1 158. ... WHOLE PAGE, €3.Speeial Terms for a Series.Published by Mesers. BAILLIERE, TINDALL & Cox, 20, King William Street, Strand, W.C.Medical, Chemical, and Scientific Publishers and BooksellersTHE ANALYST.ITUATION WANTED.-As Analyst or Tcacher (Principal or Assistant). Advertiser holds post 8 of Public Analyst. No work on account of "Prejudice to Purchaser" question. Is good instructorin Chemistry and Physics. Good General Analyst. Referexices on application. Apply '' Teacher,"Analyst Office.NOW READY, Crown Svo., cloth, 12/6.RACTICAL CHEMISTRY.- (A Manual of) comprising the ANALYSIS OF FOODS and p DETECTION OF POISONS. By ALEXANDER WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S., PublicCHARLES GRIFFIN & Co., Stationers' Hall Court, London.Royal 32mo., roan, gilt edges, 5s.POCKET-BOOK for CHEMISTS, Chemical Manufacturers, Metallurgists, Dyers, Distillers, Brewers, A Sugar Refiners, Photographers, Students, &c. By THOMAS BAYLEY, Assoc. R.C. Sc., Ireland,Demonstrator of Practical Chemistry, Analysis, and Assaying in the Mining School, Bristol.London : E. & F. N. SPON, 46, Charing Cross ; New York : 416, Broome Street.Analyst for the County of Devon. With Tables and Diagrams.Price, ONE SHILLING.EASIDE WATER.-An Examination into the character of the Water Supply at the Watering Places s of England and Wales, being an abstract of a Series of Reports prepared for and published in theSanitary Record during 1877-78, with Three Comprehensive Tables, giving Analyses of the DrinkingWater at all the Sea-Coast Towns.By G. W. WIGNEB, F.C.S., one of the Honorary Secretaries of theSociety of Public Analysts ; Public Analyst for Greenwich, Plumstead, and Woolwich Districts.KENT & Co., Paternoster Row, London; and at all Railway Bookstalls.Now ready, demy Svo, with copious Tables, price 7s. 6d.TTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. By JOHN MUTER, M.A., F.C.S.,President of the Society of Public Analysts, &c.London : BailliBre, Tindall & Cox, and all Booksellers.Kow ready, royal QVO, 785 pp., cloth, with Analytical Tables and copious Index, price 15s.N INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEU'L'ICAL and MEDICAL CHEMISTRY, Theoretical and A Practical.By Dr. JOHN MUTER, M.A., F.C.S., President of the Society of Public Analysts,and Public Analyst for Lambeth, Southwark, Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, Newington, and Waiidsworth.The book is one of a very useful and original kind, and is brought up to the latest date, tests andprocesses published only a few months since bcing dcscribcd in their proper places. '' Amonmt the best chemical treatise of the day, and in many respects superior to any that have yetbeen publishzd." Pdlic Zealtli.AN IhCheilzical News.London : Baillihre, Tindall & Cox, 20, King William Street, Strand.Second Edition, 594 pp., 8vo. Price 12s.6d.RGANIC MATERIA MEDICA, by JOHN MUTER, M,A., F.U.S., &c.-Analytical Chemists will find 0 this a concise and yet complete book of reference for the isolation and examination of hha activeprinciples of drugs. Special appendix on the microscopic characters of the starches in food and drugs.Copious index and qualitative courses or resins, &c.Published by W. BAXTER, at the Office of the South London School of Pharmacy, EenningtonCross, S.E., and sold by Messrs. Simpkin and Marshall, and Messrs. BailliBre, Tindall and Cox.WILL BE PUBLISHED SHORTLY.THE ANALYST, VOL. III.,Including the Proceedings of the Society of Public Analysts.PRICE, BOUND I N CLOTH, 7s.THE ANALYST, VOL. II.,OMPRISING the Proceedings of the Society of Public Analysts, and including a c large number of Original Papers on Chemical Analysis and much valuable inform-ation on the Working of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, with complete Index ofsubjects and names.Edited by G. W. WIGNER and J. MUTER.Cases may be had of the Publisher for Vol. IT., price 1s. ; or the Nos. bound, price 2s.4,", ""VV""\ ,,,,, "\/\,\/"W\/V"THE ANALYST, VOL I.,INCLUDING the Proceedings of the Society of Public Analysts, 2nd embracing a largenumber of Original Papers on every branch of Chemical Analysis, aitli a Com-prehensive Index of Subjects and Names.Edited (under the direction of the Committee of Publication) by 0. W. WIGNER, F.C.S.Published by BAILLIERE, TINDALL &s Cox, King William Street, Strand, W.C.Price, bound ill cloth, 7s., in half-calf, 9s.Printed for the Proprietors by ALFBED BOOT, 10 & 18, Dockhead, S.E. ; and published by MessrB BAILLIEBE, TI~DALL &Cox, King William Street, Strand, W.C., to whom all communications should be addressed

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87904BP009

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. FEBKUARY, 1879. CHABLES EEISCH, F.C.S. G. w. WIGNEB, F.C.S. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. C. H. PIESSE, F.C.S. W. C. YOUNG, F.C.S. THE ANNUAL MEET IN^ of this Society was held on Wednesday, the 15th January at Burlington House, Piccadilly, Dr. Dupr6, F.8. S., in the chair. The minutes of the prcvious meeting were read and confirmed. The Treasurer presented the accounts for the year, audited, and expressed his satisfaction at the financial position of the Society, as compared with last Sear.Dr. Bostock Hill end Nr. A. Ashhy, were appointed Scrutineers to examine the voting papers, and they reported that the following gentlemen had been elected as President, and Vice-presidents, &c., for the present year. President. I Other Mem6ers of Cozcncil. 1 M.A. ADAMS, F.R.C.S. J. MUTEB, PE.D., M.A., F.C.S. Tics-Presihnta. A. DUPER’, PH.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. J. W. TRIPE, M.D. J. C. BROWN, D.Sc., F.C.S. Deatwer. C. W. HEATON, F.C.S. Hon. Secretmies. A. H. ALLEN, F.C.S. A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S. A. H. CHURCII, MA., F.C.8. A. HILL, ku., F.C.S. E. W. T. JONES, F.C.S. 3’. MAXWELL LYTE, F.C.S.20 THE ANALYST. ANALYST also show an increase, having been 35 last year against 33 the prerious p a r .As regards our finances, we have now a balance of S13 in hand, whereas at this time last year wc mere in debt to the amount of $10. All this is highly satisfactory, and I trust we may continne in the same path. The Society has now been established about four years, and although it may be too early, as yet, to afErm that it bas proved its claim t o permanent existence, we may at least Bay, without fear of contradiction, that it has done tnuch good and useful work during that time.Indeed, had our Society not existed, it is not too much to say that the Pale of Food and Drugs’ Act could not have been worked with anything like the success it has been. Not only has our Society disseminated among its members the knowledge of processes (old as well as new), devised by chemists in every part of Europe and America, but the contributions of our members to the branch of practical chemistry relating to the testing of foods, drinks, and drugs, are among the most Faluable that hare been made to that branch of chemistry during the last four years.Much, however, still remains to be done before our means of grappling with what might be called the art of adulteration, can be said to rest on a thoroughly satisfactory basis, and until such is the case a Society like ours is, I believe, a necessity.We may, therefore, confidently look forward to, at least, a number of years of useful and prosperous existence. When the Society was first established many of the public analyst8 that had been appointed were, without doubt, less acquainted with the duties they were called upon to perform than was a t all desirable, but this was almost unavoidable.The study of pro- cemes adapted for the detection of adulteration in foods and drinks had been very greatly neglected, and I believe there was not a single public laboratory in the country in which such processes were taught.Every public analyst had, therefore, to study such processes by himself as occasions arose, in many cases after his appointment Now, however, this state of things has in very great measure passed away, thanksmainly to the labours of our Society, and public analysts form, on the whole, as efficient a body of men, for the performance of the special duties cast upon them, as could reasonably be expected.We have, of course, not escaped serious criticism and even abuse, more partioularly at the hands of interested trade journals, but this need not be wondered at. The busi- ness of our members is to render adulteration impossible, and all engaged in the nefarious work of adulteration, be they milk dealers, grocers, or pharmaceutical chemists, will, of course, cry out against us.Fair criticism, even if very severe, is useful, and ought to be encouraged and welcomed, but, unfortunately, much of the criticism we have been exposed to has been the reverse of fair, though often very strong. One very common mis- representation I would take this opportunity of denouncing most emphatically. Public analysts are often abused as prosecutors, as if they not only analysed the samplee brought to them, but bought them and acted as prosecutors as well.Now, nothing can be further from the truth. The public analyst, as we all know, and as anybody might learn, neither buys the samples, nor, in the majority of cases, even suggests what samples are to be bought, and he has absolutely nothing whatever to do with the prosecution.A11 he does is to analyse the samples brought t o him, and to give a certificate in accordance with the results of his analysis. He does not know from whom the samples have been bought, as they are merely distinguished by a number or other mark, and he cannot, thcrefore, by any possibility, be biassed one may or the other. During the past year there have been rather fewer differences between public analysts,THE ANALYST.21 on the one hand, and the Somerset House Chemists-the chosen court of referees-on the other. This is probably, in part at least, owing to the more careful work of public analysts in general, but in greater part, I believe, it is due to the fact that the referees are gradually learning the new work cast upon them by the Sale of Food and Drugs’ Act, even as public analysts had to learn theirs.I n time, no doubt, substantial agreement will be arrived at, and such time would -be materially shortened if the authorities at Somerset House were to instruct their chemists fairly t o meet the wishs of this Society, as expressed in the letter of the Secretaries of 22nd January, 1878. As it is, our proceed- ings being public, all analytical processes used by our members, as well as the various standards, or rather limits, adopted or proposed by our Society, often after much discus- sion, and representing always a very considerab!e amount of experience, are open to any- body to challenge or disprove.But our conclusions thus publicly arrived at may be overridden, because a small number of experiments, deemed by the few chemists a t Somerset House to be conclusive, are apparently not in accord with our conclusions, but instead of bringing these alleged facts forward for general discussion, they keep them in the drawers of the Somerset House Laboratory, t o be brought forward only when some public analyst has to be proved wrong.Such a state of things is eminently unsatisfactory. A court of referees to appeal to in disputed cases, is perhaps a necessity, and at all events is highly desirable, but all the factors with which it works should be open to the fullest discussion, otherwise it is impossible for those affected by its decisions to have confidence in its competency.It is no doubt true that anyone who goes to the Somerset House Laboratory is shown, with the greatest politeness, the various analytical results on which reliance is placed. But facts so obtained are, by the very manner in which they are obtained, beyond the pale of public discussion, and it is impossible to criticiae them. The present referees seem also often to forget that it is their primary duty to protect the public against the nefarious practices of the adulterating manufacturer or tradesman.A serious interruption t o the working of the Act mas caused last year in various districts in England, owing to the fact that many magistrates recognised as a valid defence thc plea that an inspector cannot be said t o be prejudiced if he receives an adulterated article. Had this plea been universally recognised, the Sale of Food and Drugs’ Act wovlld have been a dead letter.The case will soon be argued before one of the higher courts, and the decision to be pronounced will, no doubt, set the point at rest, either by refusing to recognise the validity of tbe plea, when, of course, everything will go on as heretofore, or by recognising it, compel Parliament to pass a short amending Act. Another interesting case will also shortly be heard, on appeal from one of the magis- trates in my district, namely, whether, in selling an entirely fictitious article (artificial butter in this case), it is sufficient for the dealer to wrap the article in a paper, on which is printed, in somewhat small type, and not in a conspicuous place, ‘‘ Notice, this com pound is sold as imported and declared according to the Act section 8,” without any inti- mation to the buyer that he is not obtaining what he asked for.It is to be hoped that Mr. Woolrych’s decision will be upheld. A somewhat striking case, showing the importance of continuous supervision, which has come under my own observation, may not be un-interesting to many. By the direction of the District Board nine samples of milk were bought one Sunday morning, and brought to me for analysis.Out of these nine samples two only were fairly good while seven were largely adulterated, two of them consisting of milk and water, in22 TEE ANALYST. about equal proportions. A fortnight later, nine more samples were bought, but by this time the dealers had taken the alarm, and one sample only was found adulterated, Taking the average for the last two or three years, rather less than one in five has been found adulterated, but these were always bought on week-days, and the above was the first Sunday experiment.Before vacating this chair, I would once more earnestly cntreat all our members to aid in the general usefulness of the Society, by bringing as much as possible of their work, as Public Analysts, before our meetings.It is not to be expected that many of our members can spare the necessary time for elaborating new processes of analysis, but everyoue, without exception, can aid in the improvements of already established methods, by bringing forward his personal experience, and let nobody think that his experience may not be worth publication.Every observed fact is of value, and it is only by the co-operation of many that any great advance can be made. Even if no entirely new fact can be brought forward, much good might be done if members generally would farour us with some of the results of their yearly work, giving us, say, the compositions of the variouspwe articles they have examined during the year. ‘We fihould then, as a Society, soon be in possession of a series of chemical statistics relating to all kinds of food, drink and drugs, which would be invaluable to all engaged in their examination- such a series as could not be matched anywhere.And now, i t oniy remains for me to thank you once more most heartily for the honour you did me in electing me your President; the occupation of this chair has been to me n great pleasure, and I trust that it may not have bcen without some benefit t o the Society.Dr. Muter then moved l ‘ That this Society desires to express its hearty thanks to the “retiring president, Dr. Dupr6, for the marked ability and courtesy with which he t ‘ haa uniformly conducted the business of the Society,” and in doing so alluded to the able and temperate way in which Dr. Dupr6 had always managed the meetinga, and the great chemical knowledge and skill shown in the remarks he made on the various papers read before the Society. Mr.Heisch seconded the resolutim, which was carried unanimously. Dr. Duprd having briefly replied, Mr. Hehner proposed, and Dr. Bostock Hill seconded, ‘‘ That the thanks of this 6‘ Society be presented t o the Officers and Members of Cvuncil for their attention to the “ business of the Society during the past year.” Mr.Heaton returned thanks. Dr. Dupr6 proposed, and Dr. Alfred Hill seconded, “ That this Society desires to 6‘ express its hearty thanks t o the Council of the Chemical Society for the gratuitous use 4‘ of their rooms for general and council meetings during the past year,” and the Secretaries were directed to transmit a copy of the resolution to the Council of the Chemical Society. Dr.Dupr6 then vacated the chair, which WAS thereupon taken by Dr. Muter, who, in returning thanks for being elected to that seat, said he felt very unworthy of the honour, but trusted that his attention to the interests of the Society would be such as to make him worthy of it. Mr. 0. Hehner read a paper “On the determination of Phosphoric Acid 88 Phospho-molybdate,” and Mr. Allen and Dr. Muter joined in the disoiission whicb ensued.THE ANALYST. 23 Mr. Wigner read a paper by Mr. E. W. T. Jones, (( On the influence of the De- composition in Butters from age on the Specific Gravity of the Fat, and the percentage, of Soluble and Insoluble Acids,” and also a paper by Dr. J. M. Milne, “On Butter Analysis.”” As there were seyeral Members who desired to make some remarks on the subject, the discussion on these papers was adjourned until the February Meeting. After the meeting the Annual Dinner was held at the Caf6 Royal, Regent Street, when the members and several friends passed a very agreeable evening. The next Meeting of the Society will be held on February 19th, at Burlington House.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400019

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 23 ON THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHOltIC ACID AS PHOSPHO- MOLYBDATE. By OTTO HEHNEB, F.C.S. Read before the Society Of Public Analysts, on 15th January, 1079. IN bringing this communication before the Society of Public Analpts I am well aware that the subject has already been treated of by several chemists, and I also bear in mind that the method of determiniDg phosphoric acid as phosphate of magnesia is an excellent one when performed under the conditions and with the precautions which have been worked out of late years.Yet the precipitate of phospho-molybdate of ammonia is a particularly tempting one to found upon it a method for the quantitative determination of phosphoric acid, since it contains, in combination with a rery small quantity of phosphoric acid, an exceedingly large proportion of molybdic acid and other constituents; and because it is but very little soluble, and can be precipitated from acid media. Molybdic acid has long been employed both for the detection and for the separation of phosphoric acid for quantitative purposes, especially from such bases as are precipitated by ammonia or by phosphoric acid.But oming to the alleged variable com- position of the precipitate it has not hitherto been utilised with any measure of auccess for the direct determination of P,O,, although several attempts have been made.In going into this matter I have carefully perused everything accessible to me which has been written on the subject, and I will as briefly as possible give a list of the more important papers treating on it.Svanberg and Struve (Jahresb, 1847, p. 412) first made the observation, that molybdate of ammonia produces a yellow colouration or precipitate in the presence of phosphoric acid. They did Dot, however, recognise that the P20, was an essential constituent of the precipitate, to which they assigned the formula (NHJ2 0, 5 MOO, + H20. It was Sonnenschein (Jahresb, 1851, p.349) who first proved that the P,O, was a normal constituent, and he utilised the precipitste for the quantitative determination of the P206, and essentially 'his method is still employed at the present time. It consists in the precipitation of the P205 in concentrated solution, by an acid solution of MOO, mashing the precipitate with dilute molbydic solution, dissolving it in ammonia, and, * Owing to the pressure on our space this month we are compelled to hold over therte papers until our next number.24 THE ANALYST.~ precipitating the P2iI5 by mc:ins of insgnesia mixture. According to Sonneaschein the precipitate contains 3 per cent of P205. According to Nutzinger (Jahresb, 1855, p. 374) the composition of the dried precipitate (at 100°C) is 3.82 per cent.PzO,, and 92.70 per cent. MOO,. Scligsohn (Journ. f. Priict. Chem., vol. 67, p. 470) shows, in a rery careful examination, that the precipitate dried at 100°C contains 3.142 per cent. P205, 90.744 MOO,, 3.570 (NH4j20 and 2.544 H23. 4.91 H20. He first attempted the direct determination of the P,O, by measuring tho precipitate in graduated tubes. Lipowitz (Ibid) explains the variab!e composition of the precipitate, as apparent from the varying statements quoted above, by saying that MOO, is invariably mixed with the phospho compound, and he therefore prepares a molybdic solution, by the addition of tartaric acid t o Sonnenschein’s solution, and boiling, which would not deposit free MOO,.He collected the precipitate on a weighed filter, washed with dilute HKO, and dried over oil of vifroil. He statcs the average amount of P2O5 in tho precipitate to be 3.607 per cent.Even if this may of procedure were capable of furnishing accurate results it would be quite impracticable, on account of the drjing over H2S0, i t entails. Tartrates, morcovcr, act most inimically to the complete precipitation of the P205, more so than any othcr salts.Boussingault, however, asserts, without proof, as far as I can ascertain, that P20, can be more correctly determined by the direct weighing of the phospho-molybdate precipitate than by conversion into the magnesia compound. Vhen this statement was made the magnesia method was certainly far from perfect. According to Boussingault the precipitate contained 3-73 per cent.of PZO,. Eggerts (Journ. Pract. Chem., 1860, p. 498) finds in the precipitate dried a t 95QC 3-74 per cent. P20,. H e states that when dried above that temperature decom- position takes place, with the probable iormation of pjxophosphate. He washes the precipitate with water to which 1 per cent. of NHO, has been added and dries a t 95OC, or measures the prccipitate in a narrow tube.He dsserts, that the precipitate is never crystalliuo, even when viewed with high powers of the microscope, and he also states that with 0.0017 P205 in 15 C.C. of wator 4 C.C. of molybdic solution produce no precipitate. Both these stntemcnts, as well a8 his solubility determinations given below, are erroneom. Rammelsberg, (Berl. Ber., 1977, p. 1776) finds in the dried precipitate (at 100°C) 3.90 per cent.P2O5, 86.45 per cent. MOO,, 3.25 (NH,),O, and 5.77 H20. Apart from other and less reliable btatements we have therefore in the yellow precipitnte, according to He assigns to it the forniula 2 (3(NHJ20, P205) 4- 15 (H20, 4 Jiloc),). Sopp (Pogg. Annal. 109, p. 136) finds 3.20 P205, 86 0 MOO,, 5.91 (NH4),0 and n’utzinger . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 3.82 per cent. PZ05 Eeligsohn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.14 ,, Lipowitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.61 ,, Boussingault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.73 ,, Rammelsberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.90 ,, Eggerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.74 ,, sopp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.20 ), Or 1 part of Pz 0 5 furnishes from 26.64 to 31.84 pfWtS of JellOW precipitate.I had practically completed my investigation when I noticed in one of the mostTHE ANALYST. 25 recent numbers of the Berl. Berichte that Pinkener had worked out a method such as I had in view. I shall have occasion to refer to it further on. My object then was to find out the reason for that variation in the composition of the precipitate, and to study, if possible, the conditions under which it could be obtained of constant composition.On examining a very large number of phospho-molybdate precipitates obtained in the ordinary course of analysis, by means of the microscope, I very often discovered side by side with the yellow and distinct crystals of the phospho compound colourless acicular q-stals of molybdic acid, and I have therefore no doubt that Lipowitz’s explamtion is correct.The quantity of the MOO, crystals is the larger the higher the temperature a t which the precipitate is obtained. I may mention that phospho-molybdate crystallizee, usually, in wry distinct but minute and almost granular crystals, apparently belonging to the hexagonal system ; but sometimes beautiful six-rayed stars of great regularity are obtained.In all of my experiments I precipitated at the lowest possible temperature, at mod 30 or 35OC. I avoided all excess of acid, especially of free H C1, neutralising it, as far possible, with NH3. The molybdic solution employed was prepared according to Fresenius, namely, by dissolving 1 part of molybdic acid in 4 parts of ammonia of 0 96 sp.gr., and pouring the solution thus obtained slowly into 15 parts of HN@, of 1.2 sp. gr., avoiding all rise of temperature. It may be warmed, indeed, almost boiled, both in its concentrated state or when diluted, for many hours, without depositing any MOO,. I determined not to weigh the precipitate directly, as had hitherto been done, but to dissolve it in ammonia, to evaporate this solution and to ascertain the weight of the residue, I thus avoided the clumsy and troublesome scraping out of the precipitate from the beaker, to which, as a rule, it clings most obstinately, and substituted for that operation one involving practically no risk of loss.I also obviated the collection on a weighed filter. Thus I really weighed (at least in my earlier experiments) a mixture of molybdate of ammonia and of phosphate of ammonia, thus decreasing still further the proportion of the P,O, in the substance.It is plain that I could not employ for the washing of the precipitate the usual acid liquid containing molgbdate of ammonia, but was obliged to remom all acids, and, indeed, all soluble matter. But it is statEd that the yellow precipitate is soluble to some extent in any of the menstrua which were thus left to me, notably in water and in alcohol.Besides, I found, that on washing with water, the precipitate almost invariably ran through the filter as soon as all acid had been removed. According to Eggerts 1 part of the precipitate is soluble in 10,000 parts of water, in 6,600 parts of 1 per cent.nitric acid and in 620 of alcohol of 0.80 sp. gr, I digested some of the yellow precipitate, which had been shown by the microscope to be free from crystals of molybdic acid, with water, alcohol of 90 per cent. and alcohol of 45 per cent., for some weeks, shaking frequently. The temperature during that time varied, but was, when I ultimately filtered, about 14OC. I found on0 part of the precipitate to require for solution of This solution contains 5 per cent, of molyhdic acid.Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,186 park, Strong ,\!coh*d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,117 ,) Dilute Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,61326 THE ANALYST. Since about 28 parts of the precipitate contain 1 part of P205, no less than 593,200 parts of water, or 378,000 parts of dilute alcohol, are necessary to dissolve 1 part of P206 in that form.Or assuming that 100 C.C. of water or dilute alcohol were employed for washing a precipitate, and usually a smaller quantity would suffice, no more than 0.00017 or 0.00026 grm. P206 respectively could be dissolved, assuming that by filtration alone a saturated solution could be obtained, which is undoubtedly not the case.The solubility of the yellow precipitate in water or dilute alcohol may therefore be safely disregarded, and my experiments will show that no influence whatever can be traced to the employment of these liquids. I prefer to use dilute alcohol, because with it the precipitate is not apt to go through the filter, a t least not when the latter is of a sufficiently close and tight texture.I prepared a dilute solution of phosphate of soda, and determined in it, as carefully as possible, the amount of phosphoric acid, both by evaporation and by precipitation with chloride of magnesium mixture. I have entirely discarded sulphate of magnesia mixture, because absolutely exact results cannot be obtained when it is used, as has been shown over and over again-(see Abesser, Jani and Marcker, Zeitschr. f.Anal. Chem., 1873, p. 243 ; Fresenius’ Quantitative Analysis, 6th edition, p. 403, etc.)-the results being a8 a rule too high. Exp. 1. 60 C.C. phosphate solut,ion gave 0 0215 pyrophosphate of soda, containing 0-01147 grm. Exp. 2. 50 c,c. furnished 0,0213 pyrophosphate of soda or 0.01136 F m .P2 05. Exp. 3. 50 C.C. precipitated with magnesium mixture yielded 0.0184 grm. Mgl P2 07 = ESP. 4. Obtained from 60 C.C. 0.0182 grm. Mg2 P2 07 containing 0.01164 grm. P2 06. P2 0 5 . 0.01176 P!J 06. The P,O, found fluctuated therefore from 0.01136 to 0.01176, the averago being 0.01 15 P2 0, in 50 C.C. Exp. 6. 60 C.C. were concentrated to about 20 c.c., and precipitated, at a temperature of about 30 with 60 C.C.molybdate solution. After 10 hours the precipitate was separated by filtration, washed with alcohol, care being taken to pour a3 little as possible of the precipitate upon the filter, dissolved in NHs and the solution evaporated, the solution being kept strongly alkaline to the very end of the evaporation. The residue was dried at 1OOQC until the two last weighing8 agreed within 1 Mgrm.Obtained 0.3436 grms. residue, or 1 part of P2 Oa yielded 29.87 parts residue. Exp. 6. As above. Obtained 0,3426 residue, 1 P2 0 6 therefore gave 29.79 parts residue. Exp. 7. As above. Obtained 0.3536 residue, 1 P2 0s = 30-75 parts residue. Exp. 8. As above. 26 C.C. of alcohol were used for washing. Obtained 0.3549 residue, or 1 P2 0 5 Ezp.9, A8 above. 50 C.C. of alcohol used for washing. Residue weighed 0.3643 grms. or Exp. 10. As before. 100 C.C. alcohol used for washing. Residue 0.3487; or 30032 residue from Ex$. 11. 100 C.C. phosphate solution evaporated to about one half, and precipitated with 75 C.C. Exp. 12. 100 C.C. phosphate solution, precipitated without concentrating it first, with 75 C.C.Exp. 13. 25 C.C. phosphate solution, 25 molybdic solution and 25 C.C. dilute nitric acid, jielded Exp. 14. 2 C.C. phosphate, containing no more than 0-00046 P2 05, 50 C.C. water, and 10 C.C. I n all these cases, I took care not t o allow the bulk of the liquid to become too small, as by concentration MOO, would become precipitated. I obtained, on the average, from 1 part of phosphoric acid 30.35 parts of residue, or 100 parts of residue contain - - 30.86 residue.1 l‘~ 0s =30.81. 1 PI 06. molybdic solution. Result 0.6877 residue, or 1 1’2 05 =29*90 parts residue. molpbdic solution. 0’6971 grm. residue. 1 P2 06 ~ 3 0 . 3 1 residue. 0.1741 residue, or 30.28 residue from 1 P2 05. MOOS solution gave 0.0141 grm. residue or 30.65 parts from 1 P2 0 6 .THE ANALYST.27 3.295 of P,O,. following amounts of phosphoric acid :- Dividing the quantities of residue obtained by 30.35, we obtaiu the Taken. Found. 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0115 0.0115 0°0115 0.0115 0.0115 0.01 15 0.0230 OnO230 0.00575 0.00046 ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0113 0.0113 0.0116 0.0117 0.0117 0.0115 0.0227 0*0230 0.0057 0.00046 It will be observed, that without adopting any special precautions against admixtux of Moos with the yellow precipitate taking place, except avoiding high temperatures or great contentration, very tolerably constant results were obtained, more constant in fact, than could have been yielded by the magnesia process.The following experiments however will show clearly that the proceca as hithcrto used by me was somewhat defective. A solution was made of 1.9763 grm. of a phosphorite in 250 C.C. after due separation of the silica. Ezp. 16. 50 C.C. were precipitated, and the phosphornolybdate washed with alcohol until nitrate of silver solution proved the complete absence of chlorine; obtained 2,5625 grm.residue. Divided by 30.35 this indicates 0-0844 Pa 06. The residue dissolved in NHs and the solution precipitated with Mg. mixture gave 0.1376 Mg2 P2 0.1 = 0.0880 P2 06. Ezp. 16. 50 C.C. precipitated as above, with addition of 25 C.C. dilute HNOs ; obtained 2,5283 grm. residue, or 0.0833 P2 05, From this residue 0.1367 Mg2 P2 0 7 were obtained, contaicing Ezp.17. 10 C.C. phosphate solution, 10 C.C. dilute HN03 and 25 C.C. molybdic solution gave 0,5376 grm. residue, or 0,0177 P2 0 6 ; or from 30 C.C. 0.0885 P2 06. Ezp. 18. 10 C.C. phosphate, 10 C.C. diluted HNC3, 25 C.C. water and 26 C.C. molybdic solution gave 0.5378 rekidue, containing (divided by 30.35) 0,0177 P2 0s (or from 60 C.C. 0.0885 P2 05) Taken. P2 Oa calculated from Ps Oh in 50 C.C.60 C.C. ... 0.0880 O G 4 4 60 C.C. ... 0.0874 0.0833 - 0.0886 10 C.C. ... 10 C.C. ... - 0.0885 0.0874 P2 05. Obtained therefore- w 2 p2 07. calculated from Residue. Two of these four determinations are therefore unsatisfactory, whilst two, those in which but 10 C.C. phosphate solution were employed, agree well with the phosphate of magnesia determinations.On investigation I noticed that the residues obtained from smaller quantities are always perfectly solublo in water, showing that they really consisted of molybdate of ammonia and of phosphate of ammonia, whilst in cases where I employed a large quantity of phosphoric acid the residue was not entirely soluble in water, a separation of an insoluble molybdate of ammonia and loss of ammonia having taken place, although the solution during evaporation had been kept strongly ammoniacal.I therefore abandoned the plan of weighing, what I may, for brevity’s sake, call an ammoniacal residue, so liable to decomposition, and converted it, by repeated evaporation with small quantities of water to dryness, into what I will call an aqueous residue, incapable of losing by drying any further quantity of ammonia, and consisting of phosphate of ammonia and of an acid molybdate of ammonia, This kind of residue moreover hae In further experiments I found a similar difference.28 THE ANALYST.the advantage of drying most rapidly to weight absolutely constant. I found that I had to divide the aqueous residue by 28.5 in order to obtain the amount of P2 0, oon- tained in it.2.1932 grammes of a sample of superphosphate were dissolved and the solution made up to 250 C.C. Exp. 19. 60 C.C. were precipitated and the precipitate after dissolving in NH, converted into Mgz P2 Or, obtained 0.0908 Mgz PZ 07, or 0.0581 Pz 05, or from 10 C.C. 0.0117 P2 Or,. Ezp. 20. 10 C.C. were precipitated with 80 C.C. Moo3 solution, and the ammoniacal residue prepared.This amounted to'0.3532 grm., or 0.0116 P2 05. Zxp. 21. 10 C.C. phosphate solution, 10 C.C. HN03 and 30 C.C. Moo3 solution yielded 0,3519 grrn. ammoniacal residue = 0.0116 Pz 0 5 . Exp. 22. 10 C.C. phosphate solution, 20 C.C. HN03 and 40 C.C. Moo3 solutiongave ammoniacal residue 0.3525 grm. = 0.0116 PZ 05. Exp. 23. 10 C.C. precipitated with 25 C.C. molybdate ; aqueous residue 0.3405, divided by 28.6 = 0.0119 PZ 05.I t was dissolved in ammonia and the solution precipitated with magnesia mixture. Xzp. 24. Same quantities taken as before. Aqueous residue 0.3350 grm. 2.*T = 0.0117 Pz 06. It yielded 0*01S6 grm. Mgz Pz 0 7 or 0.0119 Pz 06. Exp. 25. Quantities as before. Aqueous residue 0.3347 = 0.0117 PZ 06. Thie gave 0.0184 Mgz PZ 0 7 or 0*0118 P2 0 6 .Ezp. 26. 10 C.C. phosphate solution, 50 C.C. water) 26 C.C. molybdic solution, yielded aqueous residue 0.3322, or 0'0116 P2 0s. This furnished 0.0179 Mg2 PZ 0.1 or 0.0114 PZ Oa. Exp 27. 10 C.C. phosphate, 10 C.C. dilute HWO3, and 25 molybdic solution gave 0,3194 aqueous residue = 0.0112 Pz Oa. 0.0183 Mgz Po 07 reanltad = 0*0117 P2 06. From it 0.0177 Mgz Pz 07 or 0.0113 P2 05.Tabulated, these results are as follows :- PZ Or, calculated from Mgz PZ 07. Pz 0 5 from aqueous residue. 10 C.C. phosphate . . . . . . 9 9 9 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Solution of another phosphorite, ... 0.01 17 . . . . . . . . . - ... 0,0117 . . . . . . . . . 0.0119 ... 0.01 19 . . . . . . . . . 0.01 15 ... 0.0118 . . . . . . . . . 0.0117 ... 0.0114 . . .. . . . . . 0.0116 .. 0.0113 . . . . . . . . . 0*0112 ... 0.0116 . . . . . . . . 0.0116 2.5151 grms. per 250 C.C. Exp. 28, 10 C.C. phosphate and 20 C.C. solution of another phosphate, 2.5161 grms. per 260 C.C. molybdic solution yielded 0,6308 grm. aqueous residue or 0.0221 F'z 06, Converted into phosphate of magnesia, it furnished 0.0335 Mgz P2 07, or 0.0214 Pz Or,. E q . 29. 10 C.C.phosphate, 10 C.C. of a 20 per cent. nitrate of ammonia solution, and 20 C.C. molybdic solution yielded 0.6442 aqueous residue, equal to 0.0226 P2 0 6 , this furnished 04353 Mg2 P2 0 7 or 0*0226 PZ Oa. Exp. 30. Same as 29. Aqueous residue 0*6360=0*0223 P2 06* From this 0,0349 Mg2 PZ 07 equal to 0-0223 Pz 0s. Ezp. 31. 10 C.C. precipitated with an excess of molybdic solution, the precipitate washed with 'LO per cent.NH4 NOS, and then dissolved in NH3 and straight converted into magnesia precipitate. Exp 32. 10 C.C. phosphate, 30 C.C. molybdate. Residue 0.6197 equal to 0.0218 PZ 06. Thia furnished 0*0349 M 2 P2 O7 or 0.0222 P2 Or,. Exp. 33. 10 C.C. phosphate solution, 25 C.C. molybdate. Residue weighed 0.6452 grme. = 0.0226 P2 0 6 . Exp, 3 i . 60 C.C. phosphate solution were precipitated with 125 molybdic solution, the precipitate washed with 20 per cent.NE4 NOS, dissolved in NH3, and the solution at once precipitate with magnesia mixture. Obtained 0.1707 grm. Mg2 Pz 0 7 containing 0*1092 grm. P2 06, or from 10 C.C. phosphate solution 0.0218 grm. PI 05. Exp. 35. 50 C.C. were precipitated as above, the precipitate sashed with alcohol (dilute).Obtained 3.1807 grm. aqueous residue, or 0.1 116 P' 0 5 , or from 10 C.C. 0 0223. This residue dissolved in NH3 furnished 0.1719 grm. Mgn P2 0 7 or 0.1099 P2 Or, from 10 C.C. therefore 0.0220 P1O5. Obtained 0.0346 Mgz P2 0 7 = 0.0221 PZ 0s. From it Mg2 P2 07 0.0361 grms. = 0,0231 Pz Oa.THE ANALYST. 29 Exp. 36. 1 C.C. of the phosphate solution were mixed with 10 C.C.NH4 Nos, and precipitated with 6 C.C. MOO, solution, Aqueous residue 0,0692 or 0-0024 PZ Oa instead of 0*00223. Thus the results are- P2 0s calculated from Mg2 P2 0,. '' '' from acmeous residue. 10 C.C. phosphate solution ... 0.0214 . . . . . . . . . 0,0221 ), 7 ) 0.0226 0.0226 ... 0.0223 . . . . . . . . . 0.0223 ... G-0221 - 9 9 Y 9 0.0222 0.0218 ... 0.0231 . . . . . . .. . 0.0226 ... 0-0218 . . . . . . . . . 9 , 9 9 ... 0.0'220 . . . . . . . . . 0.0223 Average ... 0.0222 . . . . . . . . 0.0223 ... . . . . . . . . . 9, 9 , 9 , 2 ) . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . Y9 9 9 Y ) 9 9 These results are, I may safely say, highly satisfactory. They speak to the accuracy both of the magnesia method and of the molybdic method. The latter is, however, far less troublesome, requiring less labour, time and attention than the precipitation as phosphate of magnesia and ammonia.The precipitation does not take longer than two or three hours, and hence a determination of phosphoric acid can readily be completed within a day. The expense of the rnolybdic acid is trifling, and it is a very simple matter to recover it from the solutions obtained on filtering the Sellow precipitate and on dissolving the aqueous residue, after weighing.I prefer to work up the molybdic residue as follows :-I render the solution acid, if not already so, by means of nitric acid, add phosphate of soda, and heat ; collect the precipitate, wash it superficially, dissolve in NK, and precipitate the P, 0, by means of magnesia mixture. The filtrate is made slightly acid with nitric acid, when molybdic acid at once separates, is collected on a filter, washed and dried.I will now refer, in 8 few word?, to the method recently proposed by Finkener, alluded to above (Berl. Ber. 13, 1878). I became acquainted with it only after I had practically completed my investigation as detailed in this paper. Finkcner states that the yellow precipitate can readily be obtained of constant composition, provided theTe is alwajs a sufficient quantity of free nitric acid, that at least one third of the total MOO, taken remains in solution after precipitation of the phosphoric acid, and that 100 C.O.of the liquid contains no less than 25 grm. NE, NO,. He washes with a 20 per cent. solution of NH4 NO, slightly acid with HNO,, then with a little water removes the precipitate, partly by washing, partly by dissolving in ammonia with a porcelain basin, concentrates, adds HNO,, evaporates and by careful heating drivee off the nitrate of ammonia. The residue thus obtained contains 3.794 per cent. P, 0, (1 P2 0,=26.36 parts residue.) To this is to be remarked that his precautions for obtaining a precipitate of constant composition are quite superfluous and clumsy. For although there is no doubt that nitrate of ammonia greatly increases the delicacy of the molybdic reaction, it evidently produces separation of molybdic acid or of a molybdate of ammonia. For according to Richters (Dingl. Polyt. Jourii., Vol. 199, p. 183) the precipitates produced in liquids containing much NH, NO, dz@r from those obtained under ordinary circumstances by their greater bulk and their Ziglzter colour. Furthermore, on heating the residue to get rid of the nitrate of ammonia, reduction of the molybdic acid always take8 place, asd I obtained whencrer I followed Finkener's instructions, a residue dissolving in NU, with a dark blue colour, showing the presence of molybdic oxyde.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400023

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

30 THE ANALYST. REVIEWS. PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY." THIS is an extremely useful handbook, containing a large amount of carefully collected and well arranged information on the analysis of the principal articles of diet in daily use, and the detection and estimation of organic and inorganic poisons. Tho author has, of course, drawn largely from the published works of others, but he has followed, or we might almost say, set an example which might well be used more generally, by giving at the end of each chapter a list of the works consulted and from which the information has been partly drawn.By this means he affords a valuable opportunity for estimating the importance t o be attached to those determinations or etatements which appear to differ to any extent from those ordinarily accepted.A very small amount of space is devoted to the ordinary laboratory manipulations, and this is certainly an advantage, for it is monotonous to read in handbook after hand- book full instructions for carrying out processes which are supposed to have been learnt even by a junior student in a laboratory. I n the classification of the starches and directions for the microscopical examination, the author has followed closely the instructions laid dovn in Muter'~ Orgat& Hateria bledica.The chapter on sugar is well and carefully written, and is one of the first cases in which we have seen the polariscopic estimation of sugar by the more recent optical method fully and accurately described. In reference to wheat, bread and flour all the most recent reeearcbes are referred to, and the only thing we can see to regret is, that a method proposed by Wanklp for the determination of gluten by means of alkaline and permanganate solution ahould have been referred to as a fairly accurate one, for, after all, such a process as this can only by any possibility yield a small percentage of the total nitrogen present.As to milk and butter the author has availed himself freely of all recent papers that have been written on the subjects, and the chapters contain a very complete com- pendium of nearly all that is now known on the matter.Tea, coffee and cocoa are treated very fully, and there are, perhaps, a larger number of original analyses than are t o be found in any other book of the same class. The chapters on alcohols, wines and beers are complete, and contain not only the necessary instructions for their ordinary analysis, but also the tables of original gravities ; and in the case of wines, a reprint of Gautier's tables for the detectiou of the colouring matters which have been added.The latter half of the book is devoted entirely to the detection and estimation of poisons, and a good deal of care has evidently been taken t o arrange this matter in such a systematic and consecutive form that it should be handy for reference.We think the author has been very successful in his attempts in this direction, and all those who are occasionally troubled with difficult and tedious examinations for poisons will find the book of value. THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD REPORT.THE seventh report recently issued devotes about five pages to the work done by public analysts under the Sale of Food Act, and these contain a good deal that is interesting to analysts generally. During the year endinrr March, 1878, to which the report refers, 27 * A Xanual of Practical Chewbistry. The Aualysis of Foods and the Deteclion of Poisons. By A. fvynter Blyth, M,R.C.S., F.C.S.0, Gri5n & Co., 1579.THE ANALYST. 31 additional appointments of analysts were made, and up to that time the appointments then existing mere as follows :-Counties, 42 ; boroughs, 72 ; district boards and vestries in the metropolis, 39 ; total, 153. The Board have recently addressed communications to all authorities who had not appointed analysts, and they note with satisfaction that many of those have since complied, or are complying, with the provisions of the Act.The Board point out as noteworthy that, “in several English counties, and in the greater part of Wales, no analyses whatever have been made, and the counties of Buckingham, Essex, Kent, Oxford and Suffolk have, together, only furnished 30 samples.” This is precisely the same information, and is conveyed in almost the same words that we used when we drew the attention of the public t o the matter in the early part of 18’7’7, and again in 18’78, and the same remark mill have to be made year after year until compliance with the Act is made compulsory.I t is scarcelF likely that a number of men interested in commerce- many of them in retail commerce-will, themselves, put a penal Act of this kind in motion.The tabulated statement of the description and number of samples nnalysed during the year is fairly concordant with that we have already published, allowing for the fact that there is three months difference between the dates of the commencement and close of the two tables. The remarkable fact again comes to the front that drugs are considerably more adulterated than the average of all other samples, and that, in fact, if we exclude spirits, the adulteration of drugs is 25 per cent.of that of all other samples taken together. This does not seem a very creditable state of things for chemists and druggists, and we can scarcely wonder that the opinion of the Board should be ex- pressed in such terms as the following :-(( We regret that a larger number of samples of drugs haye not been submitted to analysis; it is obvious that the use of adulterated drugs may defeat the intentions of the physician, and that the consequences may be exceedingly serious.Of the samples examined, more than one-fifth are reported against, and some of them were far below Ihe standard of the British Pharmacopma. There was one case in which suspicion was aroused by the death of two dogs, t o which medicine bought as jalap had been administered, and an analysis showed that two-thirds of the SO- called jalap consiated of strychnine.” It is worth while to note that the number of samples of drugs examined, which the Board regret as insufficient, was larger than tho number of samples of spirits other than gin, nearly as large as the number of samples of beer, and about 80 per cent.of the number of samples of flour, so that on the whole it appears that drugs were fairly looked into. As to the dilution of spirits, the Board state they are aware that dissatiefaction has arisen as to the Torking of the Act, and that they have received petitions on the subject, but they sum up the matter by saying it does not appear to us that any altcratioa of the lam is necessary to meet this case ; there is no reason why a publican should not sell a mixture of gin and water, provided that he does not sell the mixture asgin, which i t certainly is not.” The total number of samples included in the returns for the year is 14,706, of which 2,826, or 19.2 per cent.were adulterated. The results of the examination of te:t in bond show that out of 662 samples one chest was destroyed as unfit for food, 7 samples, representing 1,578 packages, were still under detention, and 36 samples, representing 10,491 packages, were allowed to be exported, i e , , we presume they were considered too bad for consumption by civilized Englishmen, and so mere sent out to the barbarians. Mr. J. B. Kecne, the analyst concludes his report bg’ saying that with one exception, the whole of the tcas that were detained were from China, and the chief objcction was the prcsence of exhausted leaves.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400030

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

3f2 THE ANALYST. CORRESPO NDErVCE. [The Editors are not responsible for the opinions of their Correspondente.1 CANE STTGAR I N MILK. To THE EDITOR OF ‘( THE ANALYST.” SIR,-In the current number of THE ANALYST Mi-. J. H. Collins has given an interesting account of a case of adulteration of milk with cane sugar. I ask him, in the interests of all public analysts, to publish f u l l details of his methods of analysis, for I confess that I am puzzled by Mr.Collins’ figures, and do not see how he has made out that the milk he speaks of was adulterated with 20 per cent. of a solution of cans sugar having the same specific gravity as ordimtry milk. A solution of cane sugar of the specific gravity of ordinary milk (Le., 1.030) contains 7-44 per cent. sugar (7.65 grammes i n 100 c.c.).If a milk containing 3.2 per cent. fat, 9.3 per cent. eolids not fat, and 12.5 per cent. total solids, were mixed with a solution of cane sugar of specific gravity 1.030, in the proportion of 80 gallons of milk to 20 gallons of the sugar solution, we should get the following fignres, which I compare with Mr. Collins’ milk. Fat ... . . . . . . . . . 2-40 . . . . . .3-00 Solids not fa;“ . . . . . . . . . 9.03 . . . . . . 9.37 Total solids . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-43 . . . . . . 12.37 Sugared milk. Mr. Collins’ milk. Mr. Collins’ figures lead to the following composition of the original milk, on the assumption that 80 gallons of milk were mixed with 20 gallons solution of cane sugar :- Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-75 Solids not fat .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.84 Total solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.59 It appears l o me that the sophistication of milk with a Eolution of cane sugar presents considerable difficulties : the use of a solution of the density of inilk would materially diminish the amount of total solids in the milk; whilst the use of a solution of sugar contehing the same percentage of solids as milk would materially raise the specific gravity of this fluid.I t is difficult to reconcile Mr. Collins’ analysis with his conclusions. I also demur entirely to his stitement that the whey of a milk sophisticated with syrup may be easily tested for cane sugar by dividing a measured quantity into two parts, inverting the sugar in oue half by sulphuric acid, and titrating both with Fehling’s solution.Fehling has stated (Ann. Pharm. 104, 79) that it is impossible to estimate milk sugar accurntely by his solution without first converting the lactin into dextrose, and the widely discrepant statements published respecting the quantity of copper that a molecule of milk sugar reduces bear out this statement. Doubtless Mr.Collins bas better evidence to advance than that already published of the pophistication of the milk in question, but he will serve the interests of public analysts by publishing that evidence. Yours, &c , Guy’s Hospital, January Stla, 1879. THOS. STEVENSON. ALUM IN FLOUR. TO THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIB,--SO much has been written about the detection of alum in flour, by the logwood test, that I feel somewhat reluctant to add to the bulk of matter.When I tried the value of the test for niy own edifica- tion, I carried out some experiments, which at the time, I thought scarce worth rccording. As the results throw some additional light upon the risk of failure in the use of the logwood test for alum in flour, and the reason of such failure is not exactly rendered apparent, I will ask space to make the following observations.One would have thought that since the publication of the note, “On the Detection of AIum in Flour,” by blr. Carter Bell, in the Analyst,* (which seems to be ignored by recent observers) no more would be heard of the fallacious character of the logwood test, Under the impression that the baking of the bread rendered the alumina insoluble, and that this was necessary to ensure the success of the test, I took some flour purposely alumnised, and moistened it with baryta water, and, on adding an ammoniacal solution of logwood, obtained no indication of alum.I afterwarda tried lime water, a solution of chloride of barium, and chloride of calcium with similar results but on mixing the alumnised flour with water (by mistake), and then adding baryta water, the logwood solution alone, or the ammoniacal solution produced the blue colour.I subsequently found that the addition of the chemical compounds enumerated did not interfere with the production of the blue colour, which was produced when the flour wasmoistened with water. The results obtained, were, however, not always the same, and I noticed that the stronger the alcoholic Eolution of logwood wag, the more risk of failure, and when absoluta alcohol mas employed, eren if the flour h i 1 been mixed into a stiff phste with water, no * Yol.2, p, 28.THE ANALYST. 33 blue colour appeared, I found that this was due to the insolubility of alum in alcohol, hence the failure of the experiment.I then tried an aqueous solution of logwood, and noticed that it was infinitely preferable to the alcoholic solution for detecting alum in $our, and it has never failed to indicate the presence of alum throughout my experience. I take a small quantity of flour and rub it up well in a glass mortar with a dilute aqueous solution of logwood, to which a few drops of carbonate of ammonia solution have been added.The solution of logwood should only be slightly darker in colour than a saturated solution of bichromate of potash, and it should be added in sufficient quantity to convert the flour into a very thin paste. I am, &c,, CARDIFF, January 151h9 1879. J. R‘. THOMAS. To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIR,-The interest still felt respecting the question of alum in flour has, I observe, again, brought the subject to the surface; and I take the opportunity of bringing to the notice of your readers a mattm which may have some influence on the views of some persons, who look on the subject in a somewhat exaggerated way.Twenty-five or twentp-six years ago the practice of adding alum to flour by the corn millers waw very common, at least I may say it was so in this district.Several prosecutions were instituted in which I was professionally concerned. Under an old Act of Parliament search, under a Magistrate’s Warrant., cau be made by a constable, and this authority was exercised in some of the cases I allude to. It wm then discovered that those who practised this art, had special machinery for doing it, namely, a kind of r r d l axed in the top part of the building, which ground the alum at a certain rate, and distributed it by means of spouts or conductors into the hopper or other receptacle of the wheat, and was ground with it by the stones.This method, I apprehend, is still pursued whenever the adulteration is practised by the miller. The idea that the alum could be distributed with sufficient regularity by the hand of a workman in a large mill is untenable. Another erroneous notion that appears to haye taken posseasion of 60me minds, is that small doses of 3 or 4 grains of alum to a pound of flour would be of any use, or that it would be worth anybody’s trouble putting such small quantities in. appears in print there is a deal to unlearn on this subject. Judging from what now and then F. M. RIMMINGTON. BRADFORD, Janrtary 14th, 1879.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400032

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 33 AKALYSTS’ REPORTS. The County Analyst (Mr. J. H. Collins) having reported to the Cornwall Epiphany Sessions that no samples had been submitted to him for analysis, owing to several recent cases being dismissed on technical grounds, the Chairman said the Court would have to take this matter into consideration. The magistrates who dismissed the cases in question only upheld, as they were bound to do, the decision of a superior Court.The public analyst for the County of Durham (Mr. A. J. M. Edger of Newcastle) reports that he hae analysed 106 samples of food and drugs during the quarter ending December 31st, 1878, viz. :-67 of milk, 13 of butter, 8 of’ lard, 2 of oatmeal, 2 of cheese, 2 of flour, 3 of pepper, 1 of’ vinegar, 1 of sago, 7 of cream of tartar-and found 20 to be adulterated and 9 of inferior quality.The adulterated articles were- 9 of milk, with amomts of added water varying from 6 to 33 per cent. ; 2 of butter, one being composed entirely of fat other than butter, and 1 having an excessive quantity of water ; 1 of lard, with 8.63 per cent. of mater ; 1 of oatmeal, with 16 per cent. of barley ; 7 of cream of tartar, with sulphate of barytes, silica, bicarbonate of soda, and excessive quantities of tartrate of lime.to levy duty on spirits by a rough and ready process, called the proof, and conducted as follows :-A sma6 beap of gunpowder was wetted with the spirit to be tested, and the wet spirit was then set alight. If the spirit was strong the gunpowder became ignited and flashed off very soon after the spirit was lighted ; but if the spirit was weak, the water left behind it as it burned off wetted the gunpowder so that it did not explode.A careful investigation of the true constitution of the spirit showed that the weakest spirit capable of igniting the powder had the following composition by weight :-alcohol, 49.24 ; water, 50.76 ; specific gravity, 920. This is known as proof spirit. THE SALE OF FOOD Am.-& the Quarter Sessions held at Lancaster on the 30th December, the Chairman referred to the fact that in several cases of adulteration magistrates had declined to convict under the Food and Drugs’ Act, on the ground that they did not consider the sale to a police superirkendent was to the prejudice of the purchaser ; and, after drawing attention to an opinion recently expressed by the Local Government Board upon the subject, said he had no doubt the Act would be set right in the next session, and in the meantime he hoped that magistrates would convict in all such cases proved before them for, if they did not, guilty persons would escape, and the public would be imposed npon.Mr. Fell alluded to the difficulties often experienced by magistrates in dealing with cases of selling adulterated spirits, and he proposed--“ That in any Act which may be brought into Parliament in the next session to amend the Bale of Food and Drugg Act, this Court is of opinion that the standard of spirits should be actually defined, and that a copy of this resolution be transmitted to the Secretary of State.” Mr.Stsrkie, M.P., seconded, and the motion waa carried. The recent decision of Lord Chief Justice Cockburn had virtually annulled the Act. ’‘ PROOF SPIRIT.”--“ Proof Spirit ” was 60 called because in the pre-scientific age it was Gustomar

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400033

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

34 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. ADCLTERATED MILK.-Thomas Robinson, dairyman, was summoned for selling adulterated milk. Mr. E. Bell defended. Nr. Supt. Marley stated that on the 21st December last he went to the Union Workhouse, where Mr. Robinson’s serving-man supplied milk. Witness purchased a pint of milk from the man, the milk was quite warm when he obtained it, which was some time after it had been taken from the cow.The analyst’s certificate was produced, and showed that the milk was adulterated by the addition of at least 8 per cent. of water. Mr. Bell stated that the milk in qnestion was obtained by defendant from the Cleveland Dairy Company. The Chairman explained from what occurred previously, they were of opinion that the Cleveland. Company respectably conducted their business.Mr. Bell, in asking the Bench to deal leniently with the defendant, said that he had had the contract for the Workhouse for the last twelve or thirteen years, and had never had the slightest fault found with him, and the milk complained of was not his own. The Bench, having regard to the position defendant occupied as a wholesale dealer, fined him 40s. and 8s.6d. costs, At Westminster, J. Foy, butterman and cheesemonger, of 30, Regency Street, Westminster, was summoned under 38 and 39 Vic., cap. 63, sec. 6, for selling an article not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded by the purchaser. Mr. Warrington Rogers prosecuted on behalf of the Westminster District Board of Works; Mr. St. John Wontner defended. Thomas Lightfoot, the inspector of the Board.deposed that on the 16th Dec. he purchased at the shop of the defendant half a pound of butter, paying 8d. for it. He told the woman who served him that it was for the purpose of analysis and offered her part of it. She then called his attention to a printed notice on the paper-“ This compound is sold as imported, and declared according to the Act, section 8.” He then asked if they had any “pure butter,” and the woman said ‘( No,’’ but there was a placard in the window which set forth that “new grass butter wm now on sale.” The analysis of Dr.Dupr6, of Westminster Hospital, was then put in, and ran thus :-‘‘ Only slightly flavoured with butter, and consists almost entirely of fat other than butter fat, probably beef or mutton fat.” I t was not injurious to health, I n answer to further questions, witness said that on the same day he purchased nine samples at the game price and seven of them were genuine.Mr. W ontner submitted that the defendant clearly came within the exemption of the 8th section, which enacted that no person should be guilty of any offence under the Act if at the time of the delivery of the article he should supply to the purchaser a notice, written or printed, to the effect that the article was a mixture. I n this case the defendant had done so.The importation of butter into this country was very great, and 6ome persons preferred a mixture to pure butter. The words of the section enacted that the giving of the label should protect the seller where the mixture was not injurious to health, or there was no intention to fraudulently increase the weight, bulk, or measure.He cited the case of ‘‘ Pope, appellant, and Turle, respondent” (43 Law JowmaZ, Common Pleas, Magistrates’ case, p. 129), May 28, 1874. The justices of Bedford had dismissed a Eummons for selling adulterated mustard, and the complaining person asked for the opinion of the Court above.It was stated in the case that at the time the respondent delivered the mustard to the appellant he said “ I do not sell you this as pure mustard,” and at the same time called attention to the label on the c nister, 6‘ Warranted free from injurious admixtures, but not sold as pure mustard.” On analysis the mustard was found to be mixed with wheaten flour and tumeric.The justices were divided in opinion as to the words of the 3rd section of 35 and 36 Vic., cap. 74, “ and who shall not declare such admixture to any purchaser thereof,” one being of opinion that sufficient notice had been given, and the other that the seller should declare what the actual admixture was-i.e., set out the component parts, That ‘was the issue before Lord Coleridge, Mr.Justice Brett, and Mr. Justice Grove. They were undivided in their opinion that the selller was entitled to their judgment on the ground that he did declare to the purchaser that the mustard was mixed with some other ingredient, and, even had he not, he could not come within the 2nd section (which he must to incur the penalty), because if the admixture was such as to make it an adulterated article within the meaning of the 3rd section, still he did not sell it as an unadulterated article.He was not, therefore, within either section. The next case in support of his argument was not reported,” but appeared in The Times of June 8, i875. This was also in the Common Pleas, (“ Gibson Y. Leaper.”) It was a (L case stated’’ by the Justices of Spalding, under 35 and 36 Vic., cap.74, sections 2 and 3. Appellant was a grocer at Spalding, and sold a quarter of pound of Epps’ cocoa without making any verbal statement as to its contents, but on the face of the packet were the words, “Prepared cocoa; for ingredients see the other side,” and OR the “ other side ” was a notification to the effect that it was necessary, to make the oil in the cocoa soluble and easy of digestion, to combine with it arrowroot and sugar, and such were the component parts of the packet.On analysis this was found to be substantially correct, but the Justices convicted the appellant. The Court quashed the conviction, holding that assuming the cocoa to be adulterated, it had not been sold as unadulterated. The mere handing of the packet did not constitute a complete sale, became it was open to the purchaser to reject it if it did not correspond with what he had asked for.Therefore, whether it was true or not that a mixture was necessary to make cocoa edible, this article could not be said to have been sold as 4 L unadulterated.” Now, in the present case, the inspector could W e rejected the article if he thought fit.Mr. Wontner then, He left the shop and submitted the sample for analysis.THE ANALYST. 85 ~ having referred to the vexed question now pending in the superior Courts as to the “prejudice of the purchaeer,” Sir James Ingham having held that the inspector was not a bonacfide ‘‘ purchaser,” contended that the word “ compound“ on this packet of butter was synonymous with “mixture,” and signified something consisting of various ingredients necessary to make the whole.The inspector would certainly have been prejudiced had he got pure butter, for then he would have received an article he did not expect to get, for he went with the intention of not purchasing a genuine article. Then, again, this was an imported article and sold by the defendant ILS bought, so that it was not like a ca6e where a man added to the bulk and adulterated it.The defendant had not the chance of proceeding against the person who sold it him, as the purohase had bcen made at an open market. Mr. Wontner contended, in fine, no offence had been committed under the Act, and the defendant wag exempt under the 8th section. Mr. Woolrych, having recapitulated the facts and the heads of the defence, referred to the words, to the (‘ prejudice of the purchaser.” I n his opinion, the objection was unfounded, and the inspector, purchasing an article under the provisions in section 13, mas prejudiced within the meaning of section 6, to whatever purposes he may have intended to opply the article; that he obtained an inferior commodity, having paid the price of a genuine article; that the offence contemplated by the 6th section was complete on the delivery of the impure article to the purchaser, and that the prejudice described followed as a legal consequence. That appeared to him to result from the combined operations of the several sections referred to, and any other combination would defeat the provisions of the Act.He should act upon that opinion until, if erroneous.it should be corrected by the decision of a superior Court. With regard to t’ne effect of the printed notice as a defence, he was of opinion, even assuming the notice to be, in point of form, in accordance with the section, the facts did not bring the case within the exception relied on. That only constituted a defence and exonerated the seller in the case of an article mixed with a matter or ingredient not intended fraudulently to increase its weight, bulk, or measure, The facts here, in his opinion, showed that the mixture was intended to produce the fraudulent increase described in the section.That being so, the notice would confer no protection, and it became therefore, unnecessary to inquire whether the notice was in point of form a good one, on which the question might be raised whether the term ‘( compound ” (a word used in other parts of the Act) was equivalent to the word ‘( mixture,” used in this section.He thought it became unnecessary to consider as to the notice not having been brought to the attention of the purchaser until after a complete sale and delivery, as required by the enactment; also that the facts of the case showec? the fraudulent intent described ; and the grounds on which he arrived at that conclusion were that the officer saw a printed notice that the (( best grass butter” was servcd in the shop; that, paying the price of a genuine article, he was supplied with a commodity designated as butter, but having little or none of that article in its com- position, and that for the same price he obtained genuine butter at other shops.On the whole of these facts, he considered the defence failed, and the defendant would be fined €3 and costs. Mr. Wontner asked for a ‘( case,” which Mr. Woolrych at once granted.-Times. SELLING ADULTERATED MILx.-Hannah Dunnan, milk seller, was summoned under the Food and Drugs’ Act for selling adulterated milk.-Superintendent Marley deposed that he went to defendant’s home at Stranton and saw her supplying milk from a bowl.He asked defendant for a pint, which he receivcd, and divided into three parts. The Certificate from Mr. Edger, County Analyst, was produced from which it appeared that the milk was adulterated by the addition of not less than 33 per cent.of water. Defendant denied selling “one sup” of the milk from which the samples were taken. Supt. Marley said this was untrue, as he obtained it in exactly the same manner, and from the same utensil as that from which the defendant was supplying her customers. Defendant also stated that she told the Superintendcnt that the milk he obtained for his sample wm intended for a calf.-Supt.Marley stated this remark had reference to another can of milk, The Chairman, on behalf of the Bench, reminded the defendant that she had previously had several narrow escapes, having upset the cans of milk when the officers put in an appearance, but this did not influence their decision. The maximum penalty was €20, but they would this time only fine her $3 and costs. John Brazell, dairyman, Lamb Street, was summoned for a similar offence.Supt. Marley gave evidence respecting the purchase of milk from a quantity with which customers were being supplied. The County Analyst‘s certificate showed that the milk was adulterated by the addition of not less than 17 per cent. of water. Defendant was not present, and the service of the summons having been proved, defendant Mas fined 40s.and COS~S. John Reed, of Middleton was summoned for alike offegce. The milk in this case was adulterated with at least 16 per cent. of added water. Defendant stated that he was supplied with the milk by Mr. Robinson, of California, and their agreement was that the milk should be pure. The Chairman stated that perhaps Mr. Robinson would compensate the defendant for the loss sustained owing to the impurity of the milk.Supt. Marley explained that a sample of Mr. Robinson’s milk was still at the County aiialyst’s, witness having obtained it as soon as he found the source from which defendant had his supply. Defendant was fined and costs, and the Chairman thou@\ that defendant could have his remedy by process in the County Court.36 THE ANALYST.George Hanley, grocer, Melbo Arne, was summoned for selling adulterated coffee, contrary to the Food and Drugs’ Act. Mr. Supt. Wood purchased a quarter of a pound of coffee at the defendant‘s shop. He informed the defendant that it was to be analysed, and gave him pioper notice. The analysis showed that there were 82 parts of pure coffee m d 18 parts of chicory.The defendant alleged that he did not know that the coffee was add terated. He sold it as he had bought it. He was fined Is. and the costs. He was further summoned for selling adulterated mustard to Mr. Wood who bought a quarter of a pound from the defendant. The analysis showed that there was 87 per cent. of mustard, with 13 per cent. of wheat flour and a little turmeric. Fined 9s.and costs.-Thomas Nichols, grocer, Barmby Moor, was summoned for selling adulterated coffee, Mr. Wood bought a quarter of a pound of coffee, and told the defendant that it would be analysed. The analpis showed that the coffee contained two parts of coffee and one of chicory. The defendant stated that he had sold it as he had bought it. It was not sold to him as a mixture. Fine 1s.and cosb -He was further summoned for selling to Mr. Wood a quarter of a p o n d of adulterated mustard. The analysis showed that there were 70 per cent. of mustard, 30 per cent. of wheat flour, some farina, and a little tumeric. Fine 1s. and costs. William Hoggard, grocer, Wilberfoss, was summoned for selling to Mr. Wood three ounces of sweet nitre which mas adulterated. The analysis showed that there was 33 per cent.of water, and that it was practically of no we as a medicine, The defendant said he had sold it as he had purchased it. He was fined 18. and costs. SWEET NITRE.- George H. Myers, druggist and grocer, Welton, was charged a t the Welton Petty Sessions, by Superintendent Ellerker with selling a certain drug, viz., sweet nitre, which was not of the substance and quality demanded.The Superintendent stated that he visited defendant’s shop and purchased 3 oz. of sweet nitre. I t was divided into three parts-one sent to the analyst, one detained by witness, and one by defendant, each being sealed. The report of the analyst was BB under :--“The above should be 52 degrees over proof, whereas it is o d y 15.3, thus showing the presence of about 24 per cent, of water above the standard.It contains the proper per centage of nitrous ether, and it is not rendered useless as a medicine by bein? of great alcoholic strength. 17th Dzc., 1878. Jas. Baynes.”-Defendant said he was quite ignorant that the sweet nitre he sold was not of the proper quality. Xt was sold by him as purchased from a most respectable firm in Hull.-The Chairman (a.H. Broadley, M.P.) said so far as it was their duty they were determined to carry out the Act that the purchasers should have what they expected they were purchasing. Fine and costs €1 9s. 6d. ADULTEEATED WHI~KEY.-A c u e was investigated at Bridgewater, lately, in which a publican was charged with selling adulterated whisky. The case was adjourned from the previous court, when Mr.Stoddart, the county analyst, certified that the sample was not that of ordinary whisky, but was entirely composed of plain raw green spirit, commonly called spirits of wine, lowered by thirty per cent. of water. For the defence another certificate was put in from Mr. Dugald Campbell, London, stating that the sample was genuine whisky. The case was adjourlled in order that the samples might be analysed by the Crown officeri at Somerset Houee.ADVLTERATED MILK.-Frederick R, Winn, a cowkeeper of Manor-street, Clapham, was summoned for selling milk mixed with water, to the prejudice of the purchaser, Mr. Smith. Mr. Corsellius, clerk of the Wandsworth Board of Works, who attended in support of the summons, produced the certificate of the analyst, stating that the milk was adulterated with 18 per cent.of water.-The inspector having proved the purchase of the milk from a boy in the street, the defendant said he sent out the milk in the Bame state as lie received it.-Mr. Paget fined him 40s. with 12s. 6d. costs. THE NAME BUT NOT THE AmIcLE.-Elizabeth Crawford, shop-keeper, Seaton CareW, was summoned for infringing the Food and Drugs Act.-Mr.Bell defended.-A pound of butter was purchased by the police-officer from defendant, and a sample forwarded t o the county analyst, Mr. A. M. Edger, whose observations on the certificate were as follows .-“ This does not contain a particle of butter. I t is entirely composed of fats other than butter.”-Mr. Bell admitted the offence, but stated that his client purchased it from a wholesale merchant, and had not the slightest knowledge as to its composition, otherwise she would not have sold it.Defendant had no guarantee from the merchant.-Defendant said that she purchased 36-lb. of the material as butter, at Is. 2d. per pound, and produced her invoice.-The Bench considered that the invoice was a sufficient guarantee that the stuff was sold as butter by the merchant, and, therefore, dismissed the case against Mrs.Crawford; also ordering the remainder of the grease to be impounded. The question of employing Mr. Comyns Leach as public analyst for the borough of Dorchester was discussed at the meeting of the Town Council on Tuesday last. I t appeared that Mr. Leach offered to fulfil the duties for an annual salary of 210 and the 10s.6d. fee for each analysis. Mr. George, of Dorchester, asked $20 a year and the fee. The Mayor and other members commented on the advantage of having a resident analyst, and were in favour of the appointment of Mr. George; but ultimately the matter was postponed. At Wejmouth it is proposed to appoint Mr, Leach, A CUBIOUS INFORMAT.ITY.-A Chester grocer, who was Summoned for adulteration of coffee, got off on Saturday before the county magistrates through a curioue informality.The county analyst reported, The coffee was not labelled.TEE ANAIiYST. 37 “Sample adulterated with 20 per cent. of vegetable matter, which I believe to be chicory.” The chairman (the Rev. R. Richardsop) said it it was nonsense for Mr. Carter Bell t o say he could not tellif the added matter was chicory or not.CHLOROPHYLLE.-There have recently been many prosecutions under the pIorisions of the sale of Food Act, for selling green peas coloured with copper, &c., it being alleged that the use of such colouring matter was decidedly injurious to the health of the consumer. Having this fact in view, M. Guillemare Professor of Chemistry, and M.Lecourt, manufacturer of conserves, at Paris, were struck with the advantage of substituting “ chlorophylle ” (a vegetable substance) for the colouring of green peas, &c. and we are pleased to, say that their efforts in thii direction have been quite successful. After many experiments these gentlemen have succeeded in definitely fixing ‘‘ chlorophylle ” on vegetables by adding it to that which they naturally possess, thus preserving the green colour which otherwise would be destroyed by ebullition-an operation which is necessary to insurc preservation. Besides its simplicity this process presents the immense advantage of not introducing any injurious agent into the preserved vegetables, as the products employed enter into one’s daily food. Consumers may thus place on the table, in the middle of winter, without fear of injury to health, or extra expense, vegetables admirable green and of excellent taste. The Acad6mie de Sciences of Paris has reported most favourably on the process ; and vegetables treated with Chlorophylle have been analysed by several English chemists with equally favourable results. Dr. Saunders, public analyst fur the City, hsving examined samples, writes :- ‘( The peas had a green colour and a good flavour. They were entirely free from copper or anything that would be injurious to the health of those using them as an article of food.” We consider the new process of colouring preserved vegetables a very important one, a great improvement on anything brought out before and its success is exceedingly satisfactory.-Grocer. The case must be dismissed.-LiverpooZ Courier.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400034

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TEE ANAIiYST. 37 NOTES OF THE MONTH. Our readers will feel much interest in the recent decision by Mr. Woolrych at Westminster, to the effect that a vaguely-worded printed slip, t o the effect that this compound is sold as imported and declared according to the Act, section 8,” is not suffi- cient notice to the purchaser under that section. A case has been applied for, and we anxiously await a decision of the supreme court on the point.It is quite clear that the use of such formulae lies in their effect of blinding the public t o the true state of the caw, and hence the value to the sellers. The Act intended that nothing should be sold in a mixed state, unless the ingredients of the mixture be clearly stated (as is done on the cocoa packets of all the great makers), and r e hope that the court of appeal will see the thing in this light, and insist on htterine being sold as avowedly imitation butter pre- pared from animal fat.Kobody could then for a moment object to the article which, as now turned out, is wholesome, and even somewhat palatable. Once more that wretched analyst, who only lives t o persecute honest men ! What do you think he has been doing now ? Actually he has had the audacity to report exactly according t o the requirements of the Act, and so our dear friend the Chemist and Druggist once more deservedly shows him up.Why does he not give, in his quarterly reports, the results of convictions? What does it matter that he has no power to order, or responsibility in carrying out, prosecutions, seeing that it is his clear duty to break the requirements of the Act, and interfere with the province of the local authorities ? Poor analyst, when can he ever do right ? He is charged with initiating all proceedings, and when he distinctIy shows that it is not his business, he is taunted with not reporting the result of the work of others. We despair of ever satisfying the Chemist and D,*uggist ; t o him an analyet, no matter how spotless, is but a red rag thrown before B bull, and he38 THE ANALYBT.gores the rag when he cannot get at the inciividual. After all what is it but the true spirit of the colliery districts, as exhibited in the famous dialogue ;-‘‘ Who’s that ? ”- ‘I Stranger.”--“ Let’s heave half a brick at him ! ” and so our friend goes on heaving.his bricke, which luckily fall softly, and break on our backs. It amuses him, andit docs not hurt us, so ah3 k bagatelk .’ One is always meeting those who are complaining of the want of “harmony ” among analytical chemists, but had they been at the annual dinner of our society, they would have found harmony reign supreme. Even grave and potent members of the “ Institute ” unbent themselves, and lent their songs and stories to keep up the jdlity.One member was heard to exclaim, under the potent influence of ‘‘ Heidsieck,” that, “ aftcr all, there was more to be gained from F.I.Z. than from F.T.C-both were costly and purely luxuries, but the former was really the more satisfying.” In vino ueritm. Mr. Comyns Leach has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Dorset, and Dr.W. Morgan has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Pembroko. Mr. R. H. Ridout has been appointed Public Analyst for the Borough of Monmoutb, also for the Borough of Poole. vice E. H. Jones deceased. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specificctions have been published during the pest month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Offlce, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London.1878. Name of Patentee. NO. 2130 5. Pitt . . . . . . 2182 F. Wirth . . . . . . 222 1 , , . . . . . . 2619 ,, . . . . . . 2203 E. W. Parnell, and J. 2211 H. H. Murdoch ... 2231 C. W. Heaton ,.. 2308 W. Hollman ... 2397 W. R. Lake ... 2101 B. Dubos ...... 2489 T. Redwood ... 3023 A. Allhusen ... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simpson .... . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . Tltle of Patent. Prlce. Manufacture of Carbonate of Soda Manufacturing Phosphoric Acid and Super-Phosphate ... Manufacture of Phosphate of Potassa or Phosphate of Manufacture of Pyroxyline and Nitro-CeUuloee . . . . . . . . . soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Caustic Alkalies .. . . . . . . . . . . Refining of Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purifying Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obtaining Vegetable Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . . Carburetting Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Appsratue for producing Wlectric Light . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manwfacture of Soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4a. 4a. 2d. 4d. 6d. 4d. 6d. 2d. 2d. 2d. r l , I d . BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The ChemLt and Druggist; The Brewers’ Guardian; The British Nedioal Journal; !W Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Miller ; The Anti-Adulteration Review; Journal of Applied Science; The Boston Journal of Chemistry; The Dairyman; The American Dairyman; The Practitioner; American New Remedia.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400037

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC