摘要:

INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OFMBETINCS OF &XfmTp OF PUBLIC &ALYSTS.. ........ 221ON THE DISCRIDXINATION OF STARCHES BY POLARIZEDLZQET. By Dr. Tripe .......................... 221On AESF~NIO M PLAYIN@ CARDS. By Dr. Wallace.. .. 223ON THE MINERAL OONSTITIJENTS OF CINNAMON ANDCASSIA. By 0. Hehner .......................... 225On THE DETERMINATION OF CARBONIC Ams IN CAR-BONAW. By& W. Wigaer, F.C.S ............... 228mU88’8 sY8TtcVr Oi DIVIHCI AT THE POLYTEOENIO.. 230THE “SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.”NORFOLK B m G POWDEB.. ........................ 881LAW REPOBTB.... ..................................SPUFUOUS TEA... ................................... !aspDEEP ARTESIAN WELL ............................ aS7NOTES OF THE MONTE ............................. aeSANALYSTS’ REPORTS ................................!d8gANBWEBS TO CORRESPONDENTS. ..................... a40C H E ~ G A L PATENTS ................................ ar0BOOKS RECEI~IED .................................. 810A Monthly Journal for the information of those interested in the purity of Foodand Drugs, and in general Analytical and Microscopical Research.DECEMBER, 1879. [PRICE 6d. oriosdsdeus p0, 45.1 Edited { G. w. giGNERpbY J MUTER. atliwm. post i%Lm]ABSTRACTORS.E. W. T. JONES, F.C.S.J. FALCONEB KING, F.C.S.C. H. PIESSE, F.C.S.A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S.C. A. CAMERON, M.D.OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S.Ma XA.C4ISON at GOaB65, BARBICAN, LONDON, EX@ (nearly opposite the Aldersgate Street Station of the Metropolitan Raiiway).(J. 0- AND H.M. CAPNER,)Pure COMPLETEChemicals. SETS OFQUA LITA TIYE,QUA N TI TA T I YE I nFINEST BERLIN ScientificPORCELAIN. Apparmtus.-BOH €MIA NGLASS. VOLUMETRIC,AND ASSAYA PPA RA TUS. -P LA TTN E R’SBLOWPIPE. -EO9ERTZCARBON. -ANDTHOMPSON’IFUEL TESTAPPARATUS.-ORA DUA TEDfNSTRUMEN TS. -HOFMA N N’SA P PA RA TUS.-ALSOELECTRICAL,GALVANIC,PNEUMA TICA PPA RA TUS,bc., bc.WHOLESALE AND EXPORT.Makers of Apparatus to the Laboratories of the Inland Revenue, Royal Arsenal, Royal mtargAcademy, Science Schools, India, Omce, South Kensington, $0.Catalogues and Estimates sent on applicatim, enclosing Business Card for T e r n , dcTHE ANALYST.President of the Society of Public Analysts ; Public Analyst for Lambeth, $outhwark,Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, Newington, and Wandsworth.Now ready, demy Svo, with copious Tables, price 7s.6d.A N INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. For Medicaland Pharmaceutical Stddents.Now ready, royal Svo, Second Edition, cloth, with Analytical Tables and copious Index, price 10s. 6d.A N INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICALCHEMISTY, Theoretica and Practical.“ The book is one of a very useful and original kind, and is brought up to the latest date, tests and‘‘ Amongst the best chemical treatises of the day, and in many respects superior to any that have yetprocesses published only a few months since being described in their proper places.”-Chemical News.been published.”-Public Health.Third Edition, 600 pp., Svo.Price 12s. 6d.KEY TO ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA. Analytical Chemists will A find this a concise and yet complete book of reference for the isolation and examination of theactive principles of drugs. Special appendix on the microscopic characters of the starches in food anddrugs. Copious index and qualitative courses or resins, &c.LONDON : BAILLI~E, TINDALL & Cox, 20, King William Street, Strand, and all Booksellers.By A, WPNTEB BLYTH, M.R.C.S,, F.C.S., Public Analyst for the County of Devon.NOW READY, crown Svo, cloth, 12s. 6d.PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY (A Manual of). PART I: ANALYSIS OF FOODS-Flour, Bread, Milk, Butter, Cheese; Tea, Coffee, Cocoa; Alcoholic Liquids; Condiments. PUT II:“Will be used by every DETECTION OF PoIsoNs-Organic or Inorganic.With Tables and Diagrams.dnalyst.”--lancet. ‘‘ Stands unrivalled for completeness of information.”-Sanitary Record.LONDON : CHARLES GICIFFIN & Co., Stationers, Hall Court.By G, W. WIGNEB, F.O.S., one of the Honorary Secretaxies of the Society of Publio Bnalygtg ;Public Analyst for Greenwich, Plumstead, and Woolwich Districts.Price, ONE SHILLING.EASIDE WATER. An Examination into the character of the Water Supply atthe Watering Places of England and Wales, being an abstract of a aeries of Reports prepared forand published in the Sanitary Record during 1877-78, with Three Comprehensive Tables, giving balysesof the Drinking Water at all the Sea-Coast Toms.KENT & Co., Paternoster Row, London ; and at all Railway Bookstalls.E.CETTI & CO,,UNUFACTURERS O F BAROMETERS, THERMOMETERS, OHEMICU A mPHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.Dr. Franklin’s Apparatus for Analysis of Water. Dr. McLeod’s Modification for Water and Gas.Professor Bischof’s Apparatus for Evaporation of Water. Dr. Sprengel’s Mercurial Air Pumps of everyDre. Rtlesell and West’s Apparatus for Estimating Urea in Urine. Dr. Blaokley’s Apparatus for Ditto.11 and 31, Brooke Street, Holborn, London, Wholesale and for Exportation, and Rose CottageGlass Works, Pratt Street, Lambeth.form. Water Pumps for quick filtration. Dr. Mill’s Colorimeter.REGIBTERED ENAMEL BACK URINE SEDIMENT TEST TUBES.THE ANALYST, Vols. I. & 111.-(Vol. 11. out of Print.)INCLUDING the Proceedings of the Society of Public Analysts, and embracing 8large number of Original Papers .on every branch of Chemical Analysis, with a comprehensiveIndex of Subjects and Names. Price, bound in cloth, 7s. ; in half-calf, 9s.Edited (under the direction of the Committee of Publication) by C;. W. WIC~NER, F.C.S., andJ. MUTER, Ph.D., F.C.S.Pnblished by BAILLII~E, TINDALL & Cox, King Willism Street, Strand, W.C

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87904FP049

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST.PURE ACIDS AND CHEMICALSFOR ANALYSIS.KNOWLES & PHILLIPS,47, MINORIES, E.C.PRICE LIST FORWARDED ON APPLICATION.N.B.-References as to quality and price kindly allowed by severalleading Analysts already supplied.TOWNSON AND MERCER,Wholesale and Export Dealers and Manufacturers of Chemical and Scientific Appara,tus,Graduated Instruments, and Pure Chemicals for Analysis, &c.8 9 , BISHOPSGATE STREET W I T H I N , LONDON.Sole Agents in England for Becker's ChemicalBrtlances. Illustrated Catalogue post free on receipt of 2s. 6d.LATELY PUBLISHED, Svo., 10s. 6d.The Practice of Commercial Organic Analysis.By ALFRED H. ALLEN, F.C.S.Lecturer on Chemistry at the She$eld School of Medicine.Vol. I.-C yanogen Compounds, Alcohols and their Derivatives, Phenols,Acids, &c." A volume which is in a great measure unique, and which every practical chemistwill find most useful."-Chemical News." There are few works where so much real practical information is condensed within360 pages."--Analyst.6 ' The book is got up in an extremely handy style for reading, and by the uBe ofdisplayed type reference from one paragraph to another, or to any particular thingwhich may be required, is rendered very easy. We think the volume will have anextensive sale, and are certain that there are few Analysts or Medical Officers of Healthwho will not find in it much information of a valuable kind."-Sanitary Record.J. and A. CHURCHILL, New Burlington StreetTHE ANALYST.THE AMGLO-AMERICAN TIN STAMPING COMPANY, LIMITED,STOUI%PORT, WORCESTERSHIRE.YANUFACTURERS OF IYPROVEDSEAMLESS, PLAIN, RETINNED, AND JAPANNED WARE.~ ~ -.STRAIGHTDEEP MILK PAN.DISH PAN.England producingAmerican and English Patterns of StampedWare by American Machinery. Also1877, for the Manufacture of WROUGHT-IRON MOmED 8o1e Licencees, under Letters Patent of Au uSt 7thENAMEhD WARE in the United Kingdom.WASH BASIN. D DEEPNG PAN.TEE ANGLO-AMERICAN ENAMELLED WARE is a KEW article of Enamelled Wrought-Iron Hollow-mare, differing fromsimilar articles manufactured in Europe in the tenacity with which the enamel clmgs to the iron upon which it is fused; in thebrilliancy of its glaze ; in the beauty of its ornamentation, due to the colouring oxide supplied by the iron body, which in theenamelling process is absorbed by the glaze and distributed through it in great variety of curious and attractive forms ; in thethinness of the enamel, whioh insures its elasticity, whereby it the better resists fracture ; in the ubsolute purity and harm-&acme88 of the enamel ingredients * in its perfect insolubility under any action of heat, acid, or Water, in culinary operations,which insures ITS ABSOLUTE 8AFE)m IN USE, as the following certificate w i l l testify :-[COPY] JOHNSON, MATTHEY & CO., Assayers and Melters to the Bank of England Her Majesty's Mint &o.Assay Offices and Ore Floors: Hatton Chwden Loridon E.C.CERTIFICATE OF ASSAY.kebruarykth, 1879.We examined the sample ENAMELLED PANS FOR EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS, marked as under, and ilnd thefollowing to be the reoult :The pieces of enamel consist of a silicate of Soda, Alumina, and Lime ; entirely free from Antimony and Lead.Themamel, as set upon the pans, confirms our experiments with the sample of enamel itself received separately. The pans havebeen subjected to the action both of acetic aoid and mute mineral acids, which they resist perfectly. We consider, therefore,that 8s eqamelled ware it is thoroughly adapted for cuhinary and domestic purposes.For the Anglo-American Tin Stamping Company, Limited.JOHNSON MATTHEY & COThe Anglo-American Tin Stamping Co. will be glad to correspond with buyers regarding special sizes br patterns of goodfor their markets.Illuetrated Catalogue, Prices, and Terms furnished on application, or through any Merchant or Factor.Bxport Liverpool Agents, HENRY NASH & Co., 12 and 14, Tower Buildings North, Water Street.Export London Agents, BROOKER, DORE & Co., 2, Rood Lane, Penchurch Street;HARD OR SOFT WATER ?-THE PORTER4LARK PROCESSi For the Softening and Filtration of W&ar in large quantities, within small space, st amall a t .The removal of the carbonates of lime and magnesia and iron from hard waters is the removal of(a) The cause of enormous waste of fuel occasioned by incrustation of steam boilers and pipes * (a) he c8um of imperfect cleansing ma pniification of and injury to linen and woollens in l a h r i e s -(c) The cause of the frightful waste of soap, soda, and other alkalies by which those injuries are'imparted and theIn County Asylums, Steam Laundries, and Manufactories * and for the Town Supply of Old and New Swindon and the BailwayWorks, the Porter-Clark Process is trlating hundreds of thousands of gallons per day.The filtration is exquisite, and everything arrested is removed daily.impurities retained.Patented by JOHN HENDERSON PORTER, C,E., 1 & 2, Tudor St,, Blackfriars, London, EX,THE SANITARY FLUID.ANTISEPTIC DISINFECTANT for Preventing Epidemics and Destroying InfectiousDiseases, as supplied to the €Loyal Arsenal, Woolwich. This Fluid is a powerful Antiseptic, Disin-fectant and Deodoriser, and from its harmlessness may be applied in any direction without any ill-effects,and with the best possible results.THE " PRINCESS ALICE" CALAMITY.-The Sanitary Fluid was used at the Woolwich Dock-yard for Disinfecting over 600 bodies. The Clothing taken from the Bodies and over 500 Sheets werealso Disinfected in large Cauldrons.Also the Building, Yards, &c., giving the greatest satisfaction to theDockyard and Parish Authorities. The work was carried gut under the superintendence of Mi. HABMER.SIR,-I beg to inform you thatI consider your Disinfectant, as applied in the Dockyard, both to buildings and clothing, after theremoval of the dead from the premises, very efficacious, and, from its cleanliness and absence of smell,very superior to the Disinfectants in the form of powder generally used.-Faithfully youm, J. T .BARRINGTON, Assistant Commissary General. M i . Harmer, Gtratford, E."For Asylums, Schools, Sanitary Authorities, Railway and Dock Companies, Workhouses, Shipping, &c.Price 1s. per bottle ; 3s. 6d. per gallon ; large quantities at a cheaper rate, of the Sole Manufacturer,W. J. HARMER, West Ham Lane, Stratford, E., or through Agents.The MAGIC FLUID for General Household Purposes, price 1s. 6d. per gallon. Write for PamphletTESTIMONIAL.--" H.M. Dockyard, Woolwich, September 23,1878.with Testimonials, &c. NON-POISONOUS.Printed for the Proprietors by JOHN DAVIS, Old Kent Road, S.E. ; and published by BAILLJ~RE, TINDU & COX, KingWilliam Street, Strand, W.C., to whom all communications should be addreeeed

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87904BP051

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

221 ON THE DISCRIMINATION OF STARCHES BY POLARIZED LIGHT, By JOHN W. TRIPE, M.D., M.R.C.P., Edin., &c. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 19th Nor., 1879. SOME time since the Inspeotor appointed to obtain samples under the Sale of Food end Drugs Act, brought to me several packets containing arrowroot, pea-meal, ground lentils, maizena, (Indim corn flour) and ground ginger, all of which were found to be genuine.During the course of examination, I felt dissatisfied with the means ordinarily adopted, and therefore employed selenite plates with the polmiscope. The plates used were red and green, and blue and yellow, when a beautiful play of colour was exhibited by the arrow-roots, md even in a more marked degree by potato stamh222 THE ANALYST.md tous Zes 9120is. The colours shown by Bermuda arrowroot were not so brilliant as by those from St. Vincent and Natal. The starches of wheat, barley, oats, and rice scarcely showed any colour, and the little that was exhibited was equally diffused over the whole granule instead of being more brilliant in certain parts as obtained in the preceding class. Maizena starch presented considerably more colour than that of wheat, whilst that of lentils, peas, and beans, became less coloured than maizena, and, like wheat, did not show green colouration. The amount of colour varied considerably, according to the plate used, being usually much brighter with the green and red than with the blue and yellow, although in sago there was little 3r no colour with the former, whilst a band of a somewhat sober shade was visible with the latter across the narrow end, and the starch of ginger gave a slight irridescence with the red and yellow, but not with the other plate, the colour being spread over the whole surface of the starch, as in wheat, &c.The prismatic colours of tous Zes rnois and potato starch were very brilliant with the green and red plate, the green being more vivid in the potato than in the arrowroot, so that in case of doubt or when a mixed sample is examined, the comparative soberness of the colour of arrowroot will readily serve to distinguish one from another.A little care in using the analyser is necessary in order to bring this out strongly, but a comparison between the two without moving the analyser will show this most satisfactorily, the analyser being used in such a way as to give a red or green ground, the red being the best.The starches examined evidently belonged to two groups, viz., those which showed but little colour with the selenites, and the others which exhibited brilliant and various colours. It is evident that there must be some structural difference between the two, for 8s ti rule the starches obtained from seeds gave but little colour, whilst those obtained from tubers and rhizomes afforded much colour.Of course there are exceptions, as stated, as regards ginger, &c. The use, however, of this plan of diagnosis need not be confined to the starches, as the spiral ducts of some plants colour more than others, and the woody fibre and cells differ sufficiently in colour to assist in the discrimination of the substance examined; for instance, coffee shows numerous coloured pieces of tissue which are absent in chicory.The best results seem to be obtained by using low objectives, half-an-inch with an A eye-piece being decidedly preferable in my opinion to higher powers, and I may mention that the solution employed was one part of glycerine and three of water.One great advantage of this method of diagnosing starches consists in the ease and rapidity with which the starches of cereals can be distinguished from those of potato and arrowroots, when compared with the ordinary methods of examination, in which considerable time is often occupied in measuring the size of the granules, or in bringing out their markings.I also find that I can see the markings much more plainly with the selenites than without them, which, however, may only arise from a peculiarity of my sight, which is not only near but we&. I have not worked out this subject by any means to my satisfaction, for want of time, and therefore hope that some one else mag m&e ti more extended investigation of the whole matter.THE ANALYST. 228 The members present then inspected samples through the microscope lent by Messrs. Murray & Heath. Dr. DuprPl said anything which would make the microscope work more readily would be a considerable advantage ; a clumsy microscopist would not mistake wheaten starch for arrowroot, but with a, middling sized potato starch it required considerable experience to distinguish it. Mr. Wigner was convinced that all the assertions made by Dr. Tripe were correct, and it would, he thought, be a most useful process ; he had not yet, however, carried it beyond the starches which Dr. Tripe had mentioned.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN879040221b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 228 NOTE ON ARSENIC IN PLAYING CARDS. By DR. WALLACE. Read befom the Society of Public Analysts, on 19th November, 1879. IN the last number of THE ANALYST, a letter to the Glasgow Herald was quoted, in which I stated that I had found a large quantity of arsenic in a pack of green-backed playing cards. I have since extended my observations, and now bring the matter before the Bociety of Public Analysts, in the hope that public attention may be drawn to it in such a way that legislation may follow, not only in regard to playing cards, but also to wall papers, and paper used for book covers, confectionery and other purposes.Such a law already exists in Sweden, and I have reason to know that it is very strictly enforced. The following are the results of examination of a few cards, from which it will be seen that the use of arsenical green is not confined to any particular maker :- As 203 As ,03 Grains in each Card. Grains per Pack.De la Rue, Plain Green . . . . . . 1-49 . . . . . . 77.48 Ditto, Figured . . . . . . -86 . . . . . . 44.72 Goodall, Plain Green . . . . . . 1.84 . . . . . . 95.68 Ditto, ditto . . . . . . . . -50 . .. . . . 26.00 Willis, Plain Green . . . . . . 1.60 . . . . . . 83.20 Ditto, Figured . . . . . . . . -31 . . . . . . 16-12 Ditto, ditto . . . . . . . . 1.45 . . . . . . 75.40 Ditto, Figured . . . . . . . . -63 . . . . . . 32-76 The plain green backs, usually called club cards, contain the largest proportion of arsenic, while the figured ones have more or less according to the pattern.It is unnecessmy for me to point out to the members of the Society the danger arising from the introduction of tt powerful poison into an article in such general and frequent uge as playing cards ; it is enough to state the facts. I have only to add that, so far as I have had an opportunity of examining pattern books of various makers, arsenical-coloured cards constitute about one-sixth to one-eighth of the whole number manufactured.Dr. Dupr4 said that cards were so constantly used, that he should have thought if there was really any danger there would have been many complaints of sore fingers, but he had not heard even a rumour. He, however, had had a number of lamp screens to examine, and nearly all contained arsenic. Dr. Bartlett referred to a case he had been engaged in, where a girl had died after having been employed for a few weeks in a factory, where she had been engaged dusting arsenical powder on pBper.224 THE ANALYST.WITH reference to the above subject, the British Medical Journal has the following:- Mr. Jabez Hogg writes :-The British Medical Journal of the 18th Oct. directs public attention to the dangers of poisoning by the use of arsenic in playing cards.The following relates to a case of psoriasis unguium from the same cause. A lady, fond of a rubber of whist, for a considerable period sdered from a painful soreness of the tips of the fingers, extending to the roots of the nails, which became, in consequence, altered and misshapen. She had become convinced of the fact that an hour or two spent in card-playing increased the pain and tenderness ; often so much so, that she was unable to deal.This went on, and in the meantime all kinds of domestic medicines were tried without effect. A medical friend, who was one of the party seated round the table, and into whose ear Mrs. W. (the lady in question) was pouring her distress, but whose eye just then caught the bright green backs of the cards as they fell on the table, half-jokingly remarked, “ Arsenical cards.” He said that the painful condition of his hostess’ fingers was, in his opinion, due to the arsenical pigment on the backs of the cards.Mra. W., it appeared, had a decided preference for green-backed cards. The next day, some of the pigment was scraped off a card and tested for arsenic, and an estimated quantity of arsenioua acid crystals was produced.The discontinuance of the use of the cards soon led to a greatly improved state of the fingers. A pack of cards used by my children in a game of forfeits, the backs of which were of a bright green colour, on being examined, turned out to be coloured with arsenite of copper.-Dr. Wallace has sent specimene of the cards referred to in the Journal of October 18th to Mr.Hogg. They are London-made cards; and it is a fact that manufacturers of repute send out hundreds of similar packs of cards, the backs of which are coloured with a poisonous arsenical pigment. Between the shuffling of the cards and the warmth and moisture of the fingers, a considerable quantity of arsedte of copper wiU be detached and inhaled during the evening.Arsenical poisoning by coloured sweetmeats is a source of danger against which parents should be on their guard. Dr. Russell, the Medical Officer of Health of Glasgow, has furnished Mr. Hogg with the following particulars of the narrow escape of two children by sucking the coloured sugar off a toy-watch purchased at a sweet-shop. A medical practitioner reported that he had been called to see two children who seemed to be sutTering from the effects of an irritant poison.On inquiry, it was found that they had quite recently eaten some sweetmeats made in the form of a watch. The parents produced one, the outer rim of which was composed of sugar coloured pink. The face was green printed paper pasted on behind, and overlapped the rim fully one-half its breadth.When this green paper was removed, a portion of the green pigment adhered to the sweetmeat; and, on submitting this to analysis, it was found to be arsenite of copper. The quantity on the entire face of the watch was estimated at eighteen grains of arsenic. Dr. Russell adds that ‘( cases of poisoning from sugarsticks wrapped in striped green-coloured paper to attract the bairns” have also occurred.A gentleman also consulted Mr. Hogg for dimness of sight and a severe eczema of the forehead. The eczema had troubled him for several months. Since its appearance, the sight of one eye had become dim. The eruption proved very intractable; and, in one of his visits, Mr. Hogg questioned him closely about the wall-papers of his rooms ; but these, he was assured, were non- arsenical.A visit to the country effected what medicine could not; it cured the eczema; but, on his return to his duty, the eruption reappeared. Three weeks ago, on entering Mr. Hogg’s room, he placed his hat on the table ; and, the bright maroon having at once attracted Mr. Hogg’s notice, he suggested that the hat-lining was the cause of the eczema.A portion was removed and examined for arsenic, and aconsiderable quantity was found. The use of the hat was discontinued, and the eruption quickly disappeared. He was, however, curious about the matter, and thought he should like to be convinced of the poisonous nature of the lining. The hat was taken out; and, placing it on his head, he left home. The forehead became irritable, and on the second day the eruption reappeared.He was now thoroughly convinced. The improvenient that took place when he went to the country is explained by the fact, that during his stay he almost invariably wore a wide-awake, and not the usual chimney-pot hat. The following letter has also appeared in a Glftsgow journal :- Sm,-My attention has just been directed to a letter which appeared in a recent issue of your paper, in which Dr.Wallace sounded a note of warning against the presence of arsenic and oxide of copper in various manufactured articles, and mentions that in a single pack of cards he had discovered as much as 83 grains of the former and 47 grains of the latter poison, the pack containing nearly “ one-fifth of an ounce of arsenic ; more than enough to kill a hundred children.” At the same time he regretted that ‘‘ unfortunately there is no law to prevent the use of dangerous pigments on wall-papers or playing cards.” As the “Adulteration of Food Act ” legialates against the introduction of deleterious compoundsTHE ANALYST.225 into articles of food, there is certainly no reason why it should not be extended to embrace all articles of household and personal use.On the above subject it may be interesting to your readers to know what has been done in this direction in Sweden. Some years ago the attention of the Swedish authorities was seriously directed to the peculiarity of many cases of sickness, cramp, debility, depression, loss of appetite, inability to work, &c., which were quite unaccountable until clearly traced to poisoning by the presence of arsenic in paints, colours, wall-papers, ladies’ dress stuffs, ribbons, carpets, curtains, blinds, pasteboard boxes, confectionery, &c.In cases of poisonous wall-decorations, the removal of patients to other chambers secured recovery, while the return to the arsenious-decorated rooms brought back the original illness.For special cases with these and other materials see ‘‘ Gradualafhandling, by Dr. Adolph Grape, 1877,” which can easily be procured by applying to him at “Gefle, Sweden,” where he is practising. The evil influence was not confined to what is now pretty generally known as ‘I arsenious green,” but was traced in reds, browns, and yellows, in printed cloth. Nor did the use of these arsenious colours even when applied in the form of oil painting on walls, &c., prevent the generation of dangerous vapours, seriously affecting those living, and especially sleeping, near them.Some beautiful green lamp shades were found to be very dangerous, the distribution of the poison being assisted by the heat of the lamp. So painful and so numerous were the troubles arising from the presence of arsenic in various forms that the Court Chemist, Dr. Hamberg, and the (Stockholm) City Analyst, A. W. Crong-rdst (with whom the undersigned was engaged), investigated thousands of cases which caused prompt and rigid action to be taken. The result of the above was that, about four years ago, a stringent law was passed prohibiting the sale of any articles containing poisons, especially arsenic, This Act is so rigidly enforced that the slightest trace of arsenic leads to the confiscation of the goods and the fining of the seller. Some such law is clearly necessary to prevent the possibility of such a state of matters as Dr. Wallace has disclosed, which every respectable physician and chemist in the country can endorse and strengthen by the contribution of other instances.-I am, &c., c. 0. L.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400223

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 225 ON THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF CINNAMON AND CASSIA. BY 0. HEHEER, F.C.S. Read befors the Society of Public Analysts, on 19th Nov., 1879. THE discrimination between ground cinnamon (Cinnanzonzum Zeylanicum) and cassia (C. Lignea and C. Veraj is a matter of some importance, but of considerable difficulty, These spices are imported into this country in very large quantities. Thus during the first forty-three weeks of this year 18,002 packages (of 56-lbs. each) of C.lignea, against 13,212 packages of cinnamon (each weighing about g-cwt.), and during the same period of last year, 45,433 packages of cassia and 13,489 of cinnamon were imported. The wholesale prices of cinnamon fluctuate between 6d. and 4s. 3d. per lb., whilst cassia barely reaches 6d.Considering now the extreme similarity between these barks, both botanical and structural, not a little inducement exists to substitute the cheaper for, or mix it with the more valuable spice, and it is a fact, that notwithstanding the large amount of cassia imported, it is almost impossible to obtain it under its proper name at retail establishments. I am informed that cinnamon sfiicks are never ground, but always sold in their whole state, only cinnamon chips and cassia being powdered.Much cassia, no doubt, is used by distillers of essential oils, ltnanufacturers of mixed spice and of curry powder, but it cannot be doubted that much of it finds its way into the consumer’s hands under a name to which it has no valid claim. However this may be, it is important to Public Analysts that they &odd be in possession of means to discriminate between the two kinds of bark.The only test which, as far as I am aware, has been in use, is that founded upon the a,lleged difference in the behaviour of the decoctions towards iodine. Thus Fluckiger and Hanbury direct in their Pltarmacographia to “make a decoction of226 T€€E ANALYST. powdered cinnamon of known genuineness, and one of similar strength of the suspected powder.When cool and strained test a fluid ounce of each with one or two drops of tincture of iodine. A decoction of cinnamon is but little affected, but in that of cassia, a deep blue-black tint is immediately produced.” But, considering that both cassia and cinnamon contain much starch-as shown by the microscope-it seems a pnhri improbable that cassia starch should act normally towards iodine, whilst that of cinnamon refuses to do so.The different amount of tannin would certainly not explain the distinction as has been suggested by Pereira, as both cassia and cinnamon are rich in tannic acid. But the fact is that decoctions of Both cassia and the cheaper kinds of genuine cinnamon turn blue with iodine.A few drops of iodine are first decolorized by the solutions, but a point is readily reached when the blue colour permanently makes its appearance, modified, of course, by the yellow colour of the decoction. The finest samples of cinnamon do not react much with iodine, probably because, on account of their immaturity, they contain little real starch.The iodine test is therefore of very questionable value, and genuine cinnamon might by it be condemned as adulterated. It may be admitted that in the case of cassia the reaction is obtained more readily than with cinnamon. To find, if possible, some real difference between the two kinds of bark, I examined their mineral constituents, believing that the more woody bark, cassia, would contain a, larger amount of salts of lime and magnesia than the delicate membranous cinnamon.The following analyses show, however, that this supposition was not entirely substan- tiated. A l l analyses were made upon the ash obtained at the lowest possible tempera- ture (below visible red heat), but not recarbonated, that is to say, precisely as they would result in an ordinary analysis.Coal .. Sand .. BiO* .. cop .. P,O* .. SO8 .- a1 .. Mn 2 0 4 . . CaO .. MgO .. K * O .. NaSO .. Fe 9 0 3 . . Ash .. Retail, per lb. Moisture . . .. h h i n bark . . .. Lime in Ash .. MnaO4 .. .. 8oluble Ash .. .. Per lb. 1/10 .. 027 . . 1.09 .. 0-27 . . 29-29 . . 3.52 .. 2.42 .. 0.18 .. 078 . . 0.86 .. 40.09 .. 2.65 .. 14.22 .. 3-98 99-62 .. 4.78 - 1/10 12.67 4.78 CINNAMON.310 316 0.41 0.31 .. 0.53 052 .. 0.31 025 .. 32.27 3240 .. 2.20 3.00 .. 2.73 2.84 .. 051 076 .. 041 0.46 .. 0.97 013 .. 36.98 40.39 .. 3.30 3.86 .. 16.70 1035 .. 2.97 465 .. 100.29 99.92 .. 4-59 4.66 .. *By difference. - .. - WHOLE CINNAMON. 12.05 11.38 11.64 4.59 4-66 3.44 310 316 316 40.09 36.98 4039 34.32 0.86 0.97 0.13 0.62 2504 28.98 25.22 26.36 Insoluble Arrh.. . . 7496 71.02 7478 73-64 CASSIA.Lignea. Vera. 1.26 - 3.16 0.24 090 020 27*18* 36.26 3.67 1.13 2.02 071 0.14 0.09 1-23 014 5-11 1.13 25-29 52.72 5.48 1.10 2058 5.60 3.98 090 100‘00 100.16 - - 1-84 4-08 CINNAMON CHIPS, oontg. wood, 9d. per lb. 6/0 4.28 .. 4.44 36.99 . . 42.11 0.59 . . 0.34 27-67 .. 18.34 72.33 .. 81.66 12.94 .. i ~ a 5THE ANALYST. 227 CASSIA LIGNEA. CASSIA VERA. Whole. Ground.Moisture . . . . 14.22 11.88 11.05 .. 10.37 11.36 Ash in Bark .. .. 1.84 2.54 2.55 .. 4-08 4-85 Lime in Ash.. . . 25.29 34.49 28.63 .. 52-72 43.40 Mn 3 0 4 .. .. 5.11 4-94 3.55 .. 1.13 1.53 Soluble Ash . . . . 40.58 26.78 30.91 .. 8.36 15.89 Insoluble . . .. 59-42 73.22 69.09 . . 91-64 84.11 Examining these figures it appears-First, that the proportion of ash in cinnamon fluctuates between comparatively narrow limits.Cassia Vera contains an amount equal to that of cinnamon, but C. lignea yields midi less. Secondly, that the amount of ash soluble in water is about one quarter of cinnamon ash, less in C. Vera, more in C. lignea. Thirdly, that cinnamon ash contains less than one per cent. of oxide of manganese, C. Vera upwards of one per cent. C.lignea far more, up to five per cent. This is indeed the most noteworthy feature brought out by the analyses. The amount of manganese has a direct influence upon the colour of the ashes. Thus all cinnamon ashes are white, or nearly so, those of both descriptions of cassia grey or brown, and the latter, when heated with hydrochloric acid, yield an abundance of chlorine gas. Thus the amount of manganese serves to distinguish cinnamon from C.lignea with a high degree of probability, and even a comparatively moderate admixture of the latter would thus be rendered evident in the former. The manganese is most readily separated from the ash by means of bromine after the phosphate of iron has been precipitated by acetate of soda. The difference between cinnamon and cassia Vera is not so marked, but the low proportion of soluble ash in this will be a point worthy of notice. But' C.Vera is only imported to a very small extent, and it is as an adulterant or substitute, of far less importance than the cassia commonly so-called, namely C. lignea. It is, moreover, so mucilaginous that when heated with water it yields a glairy or ropy decoction.All of the samples, the analyses of which are reported above, were of undoubted purity, and many of them were kindly furnished me by Messrs. J. Travers and Son, to whom I am much indebted. My thanks are also due to Mr. E. Riley for having assisted me in carrying out the investigation. Dr. Dupr6 asked Mr. Hehner whether he had any information a6 to the places where the cinnamon and cassia came from.I t might be that this remarkable amount of manganese was not always found ; was there reason to suppose that it was really a characteristic of cassia, or that it was due to a local peculiarity of the district. Mr. Stewart asked if Mr. Hehner had made any determinations of the quantity of iodine added in each case ; it seemed to act much more rapidly with cassia than with cinnamon.Mr. Hehner, replying to Dr. DuprB, said that he had had one of the samples of cassia lignea for two years, two other samples were quite recent, two cheap cinnamons were recent also, and they gave an ash very rich in manganese, which no doubt proved that they consisted of cassia. He had no doubt that by far the largest amount of ground cinnamon sold was really cassia. In reply to Mr. Stewart, he said cinnamon decoctions required, as a rule, a very much larger quantity of iodine. The test as given in different books was really contradictory. Fluckiger and Hanbury say : first add one or228 T m ANALYST. two drops, and “ a deep blue-black tint is immediately produced,” and a few lines further on they say, ‘ I But the colour quickly disappears and becomes permanent only after much of the teet has been added.” No doubt there is a little more starch in cassia than in cinnamon.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400225

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

228 THE ANALYST. ON TEE DETERMINATION OF CARBONIC ACID I N CARBONATES. By G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 19th Noumber, 1879. THE results obtained by the determination of carbonic acid in earthy, metallic, or other insoluble carbonates by decomposition with dilute acid in any of the ordinary forms of carbonic acid apparatus, are not of a satisfactory character.There is great difficulty in ensuring the complete decomposition of the carbonates, and almost equal difficulty in driviug off the last traces of carbonic acid gas without incurring a loss of the acid used for decomposition, and thereby an apparent increase in the proportion of carbonic acid present. Even in the case of the alkaline carbonates, the results obtained in this way are less accurate than could be wished ; but when carbonate of lead, or carbonate of baryta, or, still worse, mixtures of the two are treated, it will be found that the results obtained in the ordinary way will not only be somewhat irregular, but will, in most cases, show an error equal to as much as 2 or 3 per cent.of the total carbonic acid present. In the case of white lead, where the proportion of carbonic acid present is really the standard by which to judge of its suitability for use as a paint, an error of this kind is a very serious one.The only satisfactory process by which carbonic acid can be estimated in such samples as these, is by measuring the volume of the gas evolved on treating the sample with dilute acid, and ascertaining that this gas is entirely carbonic acid.For some years I have used a process of this kind, and after making some hundreds of determinations by it, I am convinced that, with proper care, the error in the determinations of carbonic acid need in no case exceed *lo or 005 of the total amount present. This greater accuracy is moreover attained without the use of any complicated apparatus, excepting a suitable gas measuring apparatus.Its attainment depends entirely on carrying out the decomposition of the carbonates in a, paxtiztl vacuum, so that the liberation of the carbonic acid proceeds rapidly and freely at a temperature considerably below the ordinary boiling point of the solution. By this means the time necessary for the decomposition is greatly shortened, and the risk of the evolution of any other gases than carbonic acid is also decreased.The apparatus required is as follows :-A test tube about 8 inches by 1, fitted with a good india-rubber cork having two holes through i t ; one hole is provided with a thistle funnel with stopcock, and the other hole with a glass tube of small bore also furnished with a stopcock. This test tube constitutes the decomposition apparaturr ; the thistle funnel is for the introduction of the acid by which the decomposition is effected, and the small tube for carrying the evolved gases into the measuring ctppa;raltua.THE ANALYST.229 In addition, I use a small test tube about 1* in. long and 2 in. diameter to contain the sample to be analysed. The following is the mode in which I treat the sample :-A small portion, generally in the case of white lead about 30 or 40 grains, is weighed into the small test tube; B small quantity of hot recently boiled distilled water is put into the larger test tube, and the small tube dropped into it.The quantity of water should not be more than sufficient to fill one inch of the larger tube. The decomposition tube is then securely corked, the stopcock leading to the gas apparatus closed, and the stopcock on the thistle €unnel opened.The water in the decomposition tube is now rapidly and strongly boiled; the steam, which is liberated, expels all air from the tube through the thistle funnel. After the boiling has continued for a few seconds, the thistle funnel is filled with distilled water, recently boiled but cold ; this will prove at once whether the whole of the air has been expelled, since in that case bubbles will no longer pass through the water in the funnel.The lamp having been removed, the stopcock on the thistle funnel is closed as rapidly as possible, and then the small amount of water which remains in it allowed to pass into the decomposition tube by cautiously opening the stopcock.By this means the air has been entirely driven out from the apparatus, which is ready for the decomposition of the carbonate in a vacuum. The delivery tube has, of course, been coupled up to the gas apparatus previously, and the stopcock in that being opened, the mercury in the measuring tube is allowed to fall, and so a vacuum prepared in the measuring tube for the reception of the gas as fast as it is liberated.I prefer to decompose the carbonates with hot dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid; this acid should have been boiled for half-an-hour or more, to expel all traces of dis- solved gases, and must then be allowed to pass in cautiously in small quantities at a time from the thistle funnel into the tube. The gas, as fast as it is evolved, will pass over into the measuring tube, and in from l a to 2 minutes decomposition will be completed.The decomposition tube is then filled to within one inch of the top with hot freshly boiled distilled water, and the contents of the tube boiled in the partial vacuum which still exists. By this means the last traces of gas are driven out and collect above the surface of the liquor.This remaining space is then filled up by allowing boiling distilled water to pass in through the thistle funnel until the tube is absolutely full to the stopcock. Thus the apparatus was, when the analysis was started, devoid of air, and full only of watery vapour ; and, when the analysis is complete, it contains only water and the solution of the substance also free from air.Some little difficulty will be experienced at first in avoiding the adding of the acid too rapidly, as the carbonic acid is liberated somewhat violently in the vacuum, but beyond this there will be no practical difficulty in working the process. As an illustration of the accuracy which may be attained with reasonable care, I may mention that 11 consecutive analyses of calc spar gave a minimum result of 43.96 per cent. and a maximum of 43.99 per cent., and that the 11 determinations were completed within 2+ hours. In the case of white lead and carbonate of baryta, the determinations generally agree within 003 per cent.230 THE ANALYST. I need not say anything as to the measuring of the gas, since, of course, the ordinary corrections for temperature, barometric pressure, and watery vapour, must be made in every case.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400228

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

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230 THE ANALYST. FLEUSS’S SYSTEM OF DIVING AT THE ROYAL POLYTECHNIC. THE note by Mr. Howell, the secretary to the Royal Polytechnic Institution, on the new system of diving introduced by Mr. Fleuss, has led the writer of this annotation to make a second series of observations on the process, and we are much indebted to the directors of the Institution, as well as to Mr. Fleuss himself, for the facilities they have afforded us.At our request Mr. Fleuss on Saturday last remained under the water precisely one hour, and would have remained longer on his own account but that the extreme cold of the water rendered his hands, which were not covered, incapable of ready movement. He had been a few minutes in his apparatus, and shut off from the outer air, before he made his descent, We took his pulse before he entered the water, at 6.40 P.M., found it steady and good, at 68 per minute, and his temperature natural.He descended to the bottom of the twelve-foot tank, and remained there until 7.40 P.M., when he signalled by the cord that he was about to ascend. During the time he was immersed he moved about as he liked, picked up coins, and we could see that occasion- ally he was sitting or partially recumbent.After he came out of the water five minutes elapsed before the helmet and ori-nasal tube could be removed, so that he was actually shut off from the external air one hour and ten minutes at least. Immediately on coming out of the water his pulse was beating at 120 per minute, but this he himself attributed, and we have no doubt correctly, to the fact that he was laden with a weight of 116 pounds (twenty in the boots and ninety-six on the shoulders) in order to keep down under the water, and that it is no easy task to carry that weight up the ladder from the tank.So soon as the helmet and dress were removed we took the pulse again, and found it beating at 90 per minute, the temperature in the mouth being down to 94” Fahr, He said he was perfectly comfortable, but felt cold.At the end of 27 minues after Mr. Fleuss had been out of the water his pulse was at 80 per minute, and his mouth temperature at 960 Fahr. Twenty minutes later still the pulse had come down to 68, and the temperature of the mouth had risen to 97O F. The temperature of the water in the tank was 490 at the surface, and of the surrounding air 51° F.Mr. Fleuss is an Englishman, short, slight, but well built, and full of courage and enthusiasm. He has been an officer in the Peninsular and Oriental Company’s service, and has been one year making prepara- tions for this remarkable experiment. His apparatus, which is of rough construction, was made with his own hands, and though for the present he is silent as to its mode of action, he says that nothing about it is more curious than its simplicity. It is quite certain that he has contrived to carry down with him in his diver’s dress a sufficient supply of air-food for perfect breathing during very long periods of time, and it is equally clear that he has some means of retaining the expired air, for during the whole time he was in the water not a bubble of air escaped from him that we could detect.Not to be too curious, the experiment promises to be in all points of view, physiological as well as practical, of great and lasting value.-Lancet. The breathing was easy, and the face only a little pale.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400230

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 231 LAW REPORTS. NORFOLK BAKING POWDER. At the Cambridge Petty Sessions, George Warren and Henry Warren, grocers, appeared on remand to a summons obtained by the Market Committee, charged with selling the Norfolk baking powder which was, as an article of food, injurious to health: The actual defendants in the case were Messrs. Smith and Co., of Norwich, the manufacturers of the powder, who had given an undertaking to the Cambridge tradesmen to hold them harmless.Mr. Cockerell (instructed by the Town Clerk) appeared on behalf of the market committee ; Mr. Blofeld appeared for the defendants. Mr. Cockerell, having opened the case, called the following witnesses :- Henry Phillips deposed : I am the inspector of provisions under the Corporation. On the 21st of October I purchased four packets of Smith’s baking powder.I asked for Norwich baking powder. They were each wrapped up in the paper produced. I told them it was for analysis, and I left one with them, gave one to Mr. Knights, the analyst, and kept one myself. I emptied the four into one, and divided it into three. By Mr. Blofeld: I act under the instructions of the Town Clerk.I have not heard who has instigated the proceedings. The Town Clerk deposed that he gave the instructions to Phillips, by direction of the market committee not- By Mr. Blofeld: I believe I am the sole originator of the proceedings. Mr. Borwick has had nothing to do with it. James West Knights : I am a Fellow of the Chemical Society, and am Public Analyst for the borough of Cambridge, with other authorities.On the 21st of October, I received from Phillips a parcel of baking powder for analysis. The result of my analysis was that it contained :-Ground rice, 41.5 ; burnt or dried alum, 15.76 ; bicarbonate of soda, with traces of potash silica and moisture, 42.74. Burnt alum is merely crystallised alum dried ; all the water is evaporated from it. A teaspoonful of this baking powder weighs, on an average, 150 grains.If a teaspooiiful were mixed with llb. of flour, according to the direction, it would contain about 23 grains of burnt alum, equal to about 44 grains of ordinary crystallised alum. The ordinary effect of alum is to whiten the bread and give it a good appearance, and makes it light. It forms phosphate, from phosphate of alumina.Phosphate of alumina is insoluble, and destroys all the beneficial effects of bread made from flour. I t makes it indigestible. Alum is a strong astringent, and is very much used in dyeing as a mordant. If phosphates are removed from food, it becomes no longer nutritive. It hardens the gluten of the bread, and renders it indigestible and liable to produce injurious results.There would be from 10 to 12 grains of phosphoric acid in a pound of pure flour. Mixing the spoonful of baking powder in a pound of flour would neutralise about seven grains of phosphoric acid. This is the result of a test. It would destroy it all except a mere trace. There would be a small quantity in the bread, but the main portion would be phosphate. By Mr. Blofeld : Burnt alum is easily distinguished from crystallised alum, unless mixed with any substance containing moisture.I cannot pledge myself that I found burnt alum in this baking powder. It is impossible to say. I t might be crystallised, but there would be twice the quantity. A 4lb. loaf, so mixed, would contain about 118 grains of ordinary crystallised. That is, this proportion would. It is combined with alkalis.No hydrate of alumina exists as such in the powder. By Dr. Cartmell : I cannot say why I put burnt alum. By Professor Liveing : I did not make any determination as to which it was. By Mr. Blofeld: I told Mr. Adams on the previous occasion that I thought it would weigh a less By Mr. Deighton : There is no medical teaspoon that I know. By Mr. Blofeld : Insoluble phosphate of alumina can be discovered in bread.quantity. I have now tried it. I never saw a chemist use a teaspoonful. It hardens the gluten. It acts in its insoluble state. The baking powder is used in baking bread to make the dough rise, by the generation of carbonic acid. This is frequently done by joining acid with carbonate of soda. I t would harden gluten. If corn is cleaned from clay it will contain none.I t is not a constituent of the wheat. I t is injurious to health. I should be very sorry to take five grains of it daily. I should be surprised to find that from 60 to 100 grains were given in 24 hours to children. I have seen some accounts of experiments in America. I don’t agree I t is mixed up dry. Muriatic acid is injurious to health. Hydrate of alumina is injurious.I t is a necessary constituent of clay. I t is generally found in bread.252 THE ANALYST. with Professor Patrick in his conclusions. Alum in bread would be injurious if used in any quantities. I adhere to the opinion that the baking powder contains matter injurious to health. I still adhere to my opinion. Dr. Tidy is not the most eminent analyst. I have only used it for experiment.By Professor Liveing : There was nothing in the powder that would destroy the injurious effect of the alum. By Mr. Cockerel1 : Cream of tartar will serve the same purposes as alum, be harmless, but is more expensive. Hydrate of alumina may be good for medicine but injurious as diet. Matthew Moncrieff Pattison Muir, Prlelector of Chemistry at Caius College, deposed : I have made an analysis of the Norfolk baking powder, and agree generally with the results arrived at by the last witness.I have made several experiments with their powder. If water be added to the powder the alum is decomposed, and in baking bread or buns there is no alum. I t produces hydrate of alumina, carbonic acid gas, sulphate of soda and ammonia, or potash.I tried an experiment on twelve grains of soluble alkaline phosphate, which would be present in one pound of flour. The result was almost the whole of the alumina was converted into insoluble phosphate of alumina, and thus a mere trace of hydrate of alumina was produced. I made a third experiment, mixing phosphate of soda with hydrate of a1umina:with water, and wrtrmed, and a considerable amount of phosphate of alumina was produced.I made another experiment. I treated half a pound of flour free from alum with water, and found the water contained large quantities of phosphoric acid. I then mixed half a pound of the same flour with half a teaspoonful of baking powder, and treated it with water in the same way as before. The water now contained very small quantities of phosphoric acid, in the form of soluble phosphate.The insoluble portion was almost certain phosphate of alumina. I believe from these experiments that the baking powder would decompose the greater part of the soluble phosphate in the flour, converting it into insoluble phosphate of alumina, and probably very small quantities of hydrate of alumina. By Mr. Deighton : My figures agreed with Mr.Knights as nearly as might be ; there was not more than one per cent. difference between us. By Mr. Blofeld: I have not made bread or buns or dumplings with this baking powder. I don’t agree with Dr. Tidy’s report. From want of medical knowledge, I won’t give an opinion as to whether it would be injurious to health. I should say that a large quantity of the powder would destroy the colour of the bread.Dr. Bushell Anningson, Medical Officer of Health for Cambridge, deposed : I have heard the evidence of the last two witnesses, and in my judgment the effect of making bread with the Norfolk baking powder in the proportion of one teaspoonful in a pound of flour would be to deprive this organism of that nutritive agent which it requires, Viz., soluble phosphates.I t is stated on authority that the human system requires 50 grains of phosphoric acid per day. That is expected to be derived from bread. The phosphoric acid aids digestion, and is absorbed. The effect of what Mr. Muir has described is to deprive the bread of an essential article of diet. Phosphoric acid is essential to life. Insoluble phosphate would produce indigestion.By Mr. Blofield : I have no knowledge that baking powders containing alum have been sold for 30 years. My evidence is founded upon the chemical evidence I have heard. I have known atrophy in hospitals, through the bread used, from baking powder. I should say that bread made by baking powder is indigestible. By Dr. Cartmell : From the chemical evidence I have heard, I think this baking powder is injurious to health. Dr.John Buckley Bradbury deposed : I have had ten years’ experience as physician of Addenbrooke’s Hospital. I have heard the evidence of the previous witnesses. In my judgment the effect of making bread with the baking powder produced would be to rob the system of soluble phosphates, which are essential for nutrition.There is scarcely a third of the body when in good health that does not contain soluble phosphates. Phosphate of soda is found in the blood, and the alkalinity of the blood depends on it, and is necessary for the solubility of albumen in the blood. Anything which interferes with the circulation and respiration, probably it would lead to certain diseases of nutrition, such as consumption.Phosphorus is found in the nervous system, and the only origin of it is these phosphates. The effect of insoluble phosphates on gluten would be to harden it and render it indigestible. I should say the constant taking of food made from baking powder would be detrimental to health. By Mr. Blofeld : I know from experience that bread made of it gave indigestion. By Prof.Liveing : I do not think that the introduction of bicarbonate of soda neutralizes the effect By the Mayor: After what I have heard I still think that bread made with this powder would be of soda. injurious to health.THE ANALYST. 258 This was the case for the prosecution. Mr. Blofeld then addressed the court for the defendants, and contended, in the first place, that He called the following evidence :- Mr.Francis Sutton, Analytical Chemist and Public Analyst for Norfolk, Great Parmouth, Lowestoft, and Thetford, deposed : I am the author of works on analytical subjects which circulate out of England, I have analysed the powder, and agree substantially with Mr. Knight’s analysis, but not as to its being burnt alum. To mix the powder in the bread would be to mix it with the dry flour, and then to moisten it to the necessary consistency, to convert it into dough, with water.The moisture liberates carbonic acid gas from the mixture of bicarbonate of soda and alum; that gas causes the bread to rise, and the result in my opinion is that sulphate of soda, sulphate of potash, and hydrate of alumina are found. I have had a 21b. loaf of bread made with this baking powder strictly in accordance with the directions, and I have then examined it for the quantity of alumina present, and I found it to be three grains and three-quarters of dry alumina.I have also had a loaf of bread of the same size made with yeast, from the same flour, and the quantity of dry alumina I found there was nearly three-quarters of a grain.That is contained in the flour. All the samples of flour I have ever examined did contain alumina, and I have examined many. Alumina is a white powder, which I produced, which is six grains of dry alumina hydrate. It is an earthy matter, and is in all clays a mixture of alumina and oxygen. In my opinion it is not injurious to health. Dr. Pereira recommends it in large quantities for acidity of the stomach.My experience would support Professor Patrick’s experiments, that it has no effect whatever on the human system. I have had practical experience of its use for Norfolk dumplings in my own family for some years without the slightest prejudicial effect. It makes light bread. I do not agree that it hardens the gluten and makes it indigestible ; I speak from personal experience.Before this case was stirred at Cambridge I never heard any complaint of it. Mr. Muir’s experiment was a laboratory experiment. Mr. Muir first separates the soluble phosphates from the flour by water, and then adds either alum or hydrate of alumina or baking powder to them, and so he gets phosphate of alumina. That I should expect he would, but it does not prove that the addition of the baking powder to dough was the same thing, and I do not believe it does become phosphate of alumina in the case of bread.The phosphate would be perfectly inert and harmless to health. It makes no difference whether it ie phosphate of alumina hydrate. Excess of baking powder would discolour the bread. My opinion is that bicarbonate of soda neutralises muriatic acid and sulphuric acid.Tartaric acid is sometimes used, but not with such good effect as alum. By Mr. Cockerell: Alum is cheaper. I have made laboratory experiments. This baking powder does not harden the gluten. Dr. Michael Beverley, of Norwich, Assistant Surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich:Hospital, and House surgeon for seven years : Taking the evidence I have heard, I am of opinion that there is nothing in the baking powder, used as directed, injurious for food.I have used this bread myself, and have heard no complaint of it before this Cambridge matter arose. Alumina, is contained in fuller’s earth. Bicarbonate of soda renders alum perfectly inert. I took 20 grains of alumina to see if it had any effect, and it had none whatever, and I am prepared to take the same quantity again.By Mr. Cockerell : I have not taken that quantity day by day. I believe phosphate of alumina is more injurious than hydrate. I agree that alum is a bad thing in bread. Mr. Joseph Becarle Smith said : I am the senior partner of the firm who manufacture this baking powder. I was recently Mayor of Norwich, and am now deputy-mayor. I am a wholesale druggist.The manufacture of this baking powder has been carried on for over twenty years. I have carried it on for the last seven years or longer. We send several tons of it from Norwich every week over a great part of the United Kingdom, and a considerable quantity comes to Cambridge. Recently my trade with Cambridge has very much increased. I have never in my life heard anything about this baking powder being injurious before this matter arose at Cambridge. This concluded the evidence, and the Magistrates retired to consider their decision. After having well considered the case, they returned into court and inflicted a penalty of 40s.and costs. Notice of appeal was given. baking powder was not an article of food, and if it were it was not injurious to health.HEAVY FINES FOR ADULTERATED MILK.-At the Bristol Council House, Charles Payne, of Downend, was summoned by Mark Hookings, of Berkeley Place, and also by James Baker, of Wilson Place, for selling to them forty quarts of milk, which was not milk but a mixed fluid not of the quality demanded. Mr. Wansbrough prosecuted, and explained that the complhante were dairymen in Clifton, who had234 THE ANALYST.entered into an engagement with the defendant to supply them with milk. The milk had been analysed by Mr. Stoddart, and certified by him to be 6 ‘ deficient in all component parts to the extent of 15 per cent. of the usual average.” The article to be supplied to the complainants was “ genuine new milk ” at 10d. and l l d . per gallon. The complainants were called, and Mr. Yeates, Inspector under the Act, gave evidence, stating that some of Mr.Baker’s milk contained 30 per cent. of water. The defendant denied having added water to the milk, and said that he could not be responsible for everything that was done on the farm. The Bench considered the case a bad one and fined Payne altogether $20 and costs, or in default of payment two months’ imprisonment.The wet weather had mnch to do with the poorness of the milk. COSTLY bU~TERATIoN.-At the Nisi Prius Court the case of Hayes D. Payne was heard. Mr. Cole, in stating the plaintiff’s case, said, though simple in its facts and nature, it was a very serious matter indeed to the plaintiff, Mr. Hayes, who was a dairyman and milk retailer, 7, Victoria Street, Clifton.He had carried on business there for forty years, and that he carried on a very extensive trade would be gathered from the fact that he paid upwards of 21,000 a year for milk, and he also sold butter and other goods in which dairymen dealt. The defendant was a farmer, and carried on business at Downend, and the consequences of the breach of contract which plaintiff charged defendant with had been very serious indeed, because the Inspector of the Sanitary Authority stopped one of the plaintiff’s milk boys in the street, took a sample of milk, which he submitted to the County Analyst, and it was found to contain nearly one-fourth of water.The result was that the plaintiff was summoned before the magistrates and fined 21 and costs. The mere fine was, of course, not a matter of much significance to the plaintiff, but the case was pub- lished in every newspaper in Bristol, and was, of course, read by those who were in the habit of dealing with the plaintiff, the result being a most serious injury to his business, and the loss of a great number of his best customers.On the 24th of March, 1878, the plaintiff entered into a contract with the defendant to supply him with milk of the best quality, at l l d .per gallon, up to the 29th of September, and after that date he was to pay a shilling per gallon. Prior to the 27th of September several com- plaints were made to plaint8 of the quality of the milk, and he complained to the defendant. Mr. Payne replied that it was no fault of his if it was not pure, and in order to secure its not being tampered with, the defendant supplied a padlock to the canister in which the milk was brought into the city, keeping a key himself and sending a duplicate key to the plaintiff.On the 27th of September the milk was received as usual, and put into the cans for the plaintiff’s boys to carry out, and it was in no way meddled with. On that day, as a boy was delivering milk, he was met by Mr.Yeates, the Inspector, who bought half a pint of milk, telling him that he purchased it for the purpose of analysis. When the boy got home he communicated to the plaintiff what had occurred, but his milk was then all gone, and it was impossible for him to take a sample of the milk. On the 29th of the same month the plaintif€ thought it right to ascertain whether the milk was being supplied in a proper state or not, and though at that time he had not been summoned, he took samples of the milk which came from defendant.I n the presence of his man who brought it he unlocked the canister and poured the milk into the cans, and from them he filled three bottles, giving one to defendant’s man to take back to defendant, another he took to Mr.Stoddart, the City Analyst, and the third bottle he kept. On the 15th November and the 4th of December he took two further samples, and in consequence of its quality on the latter date he declined to take any more from defendant. The result of the analysis of the milk which the plaintiff sent to Mr. Stoddart was that it contained 25 per cent. more water than there ought to have been.Evidence was adduced in support of this statement, when Mr.Bompas addressed the jury for the defendant, and remarked that though the actual money at stake was small, the action was one of considerable importance to the parties concerned. After the evidence which had been given by Mr. Stoddart, he should not contend that the milk which he analysed was pure milk, for it was evident from the result of his examination that the milk which he submitted to analysis was not pure, genuine milk, which the defendant contracted to serve to the plaintiff, and which he would prove was supplied.The defendant was a man keeping a very large dairy, having from 60 to 100 cows, some of them of the Guernsey and Jersey breed, and some of them half-bred, the milk obtained from them differing in richness and in the proportion of cream, but altogether giving fair average milk.The learned counsel detailed the process carried on in the defendant’s dairy, pointing out that the milk obtained from all the cows was mixed and fairly distributed amongst the whole of his customers. He supplied several large institutions, and he should call witnesses from those places to prove that the milk supplied them by the defendant at the time a t which the plaintiff complained was perfectly good and pure.The learned counsel contended that it was not for him to show where the adulteration took place, his only object was to prove to them that it had not been the act of the defendant. He thought that it was not an uncommon thing forTHE ANALYST.235 milk to be adulterated with water, and that it was no slander to say that milkmen eked out their quantity in that manner. He remembered upon one occasion requesting his milkman to supply the milk and the water separately, and he said it could not be done. After hearing evidence in suppart of the defence, the Lord Chief Justice fined the defendant $10 and costs, the latter we are informed exceeding 2,300.PROSECUTIONS BY THE DAIRYMEN’S SOCIETY.-At Clerkenwell Police Court, J. Watson, of the Farmers’ Dairy Company, Holloway, was summoned for selling a pint of milk to Mr. Parish, Inspector of the Metropolitan Dairymen’s Society, adulterated with 18 per cent. of added water. Mr. Rioketts, who appeared on behalf of the Society, said the defendant was in a large way of business, and called Mr.Parish, who said that he purchased a pint of milk of W. Blackwell, servant to the Dairy Company, which was divided in the street into three parts, one being handed to the vendor for his master, and one to Dr. Tidy, the analyst, whose certificate stated that it was adulterated to the extent of 18 per cent. The defendant’s counsel said that his client took every precaution to ensure the purity of the milk, but he had so many different suppliers, and thirty men in his employment as carriers.W. Blackwell, who sold the milk, said that the sample which was given to him by the Inspector was accidentally broken, and he did not let his employers know that a sample had been taken. I t was urged for the defence that in consequence the defendant was quite ignorant of the matter till he received the summons.The Magistrate said he considered it a very bad case ; the defendant being in a large way of business he should fine him $10 and 2s. costs. Mr. Ricketts asked the Magistrate to allow the Society its costs, as it did not get the fine, whereupon his Worship altered his decision, and fined the defendant €5, and €3 5s.costs. At Lambeth Police Court, A. Herring, dairyman, Newington Butts, appeared to a summons taken out by Mr. Parish, for selling adulterated milk. Mr. Ricketts appeared to prosecute on behalf of the Society, and in opening the case stated that the Society prosecuted on public grounds. They were no respecters of persons, and any niilkseller who was suspected of adulter- ation would be visited by their inspector.This was a very bad case, and he intended asking for a full penalty. Mr. Parish proved purchasing a pint of milk at the defendant’s shop. He was served by a young woman in the service of defendant, and told her after the purchase that it was intended to have the milk analysed. She then told him that it was not pure milk. In answer to the complaint, the defendant said on the day in question he could not get the quantity of milk he required, and therefore had to add some water. Mr.Saunders said the defendant then admitted adding water to the extent of some 25 per cent., for that was the adulteration according to the certificate produced before him. It was a most shameful case, and he ordered the defendant to pay a fine of $5, and Sl 3s.costs. ADULTERATION OF FLOUR.-cOlOnel Shortt, the Inspector for North Derbyshire, under the Sale of Food Act, summoned Edmund Hodgkinson, of Baslow, miller, for selling a packet of flour adulterated with alum to the extent of 150 grains to 4 lbs. of flour. Mr. Hughes, of the firm of Young and Go., of Sheffield, appeared for the defendant.The defendant appeared to have allowed the Inspector to choose samples where he liked in the mill, and three were taken and paid for and divided in the usual way for analysis. Two of the samples were pure, but one was said to be adulterated as charged. This sample was marked ‘‘ Flour-fourths,” and it was contended that it was not used for the food of man, and the defendant said that it was taken from an open bag, from which his men fetched it to feed the pigs.He did not know how the alum had got into it. Mr. George Wallwinn, Mr. J. B. Bowman, and Mr. John Evans, millers in the neighbourhood, were called for the defence, and each of them stated that flour- fourths or ‘‘ fine sharps ” were not used for the food of man, neither was it the practice to mix alum with it, as it would spoil the flour.Case dismissed. COUNTRY Mrm.-At Clerkenwell Police Court, on the 23rd ult., Isaac Price, of 7, Great Sutton Street, Clerkenwell, was summoned by Sanitary Inspector Cheshire, Clerkenwell, for selling milk adulterated to the extent of 20 per cent. with added water. Mr. Bolton, solicitor for the parish, said he did not ask for a large penalty.Mr. Ricketts, for the defence, urged that the defendant was a poor man, and ‘‘ sold the milk as country milk.” He had no idea of cheating his customers. The Magistrate ordered the defendant to paya fine of 10s. and 2s. costs. REFUSING TO SEWE AN INSPECTOR. At Southampton, on the 21st ult., a milk vendor named Silas Rawlins, living at Millbrook, who has several times been heavily fined for selling adulterated milk, was fined €10 and costs, by the borough magistrates, for refusing to supply milk to the Inspector for the purposes of analysis, under section 4 of the Amended Food and Drugs Act.The proceedings were instituted by the Corporation, who have obtained a large number of oonviotiona on aimilar informations within the past fortnight.236 THE ANALYST.ANOTHEB REFUSAL TO SERVE.-& Lambeth, Mr. Marsden, the vestry clerk of 8&. Giles’s, Camberwell, appeared in support of several summonses taken out, under the New Adulteration Act, in reference to the supply of milk. Some important questions were raised in the investigation. The Sanitary Xnspector wag refused by the servant of one of the defendants who was serving milk at houses, and, on being asked for a quantity by the officer, declared that he had none to spare, and that all he had wau required for the customers.Mr. Marsden said if such an excuse were allowed the new Act would be defeated. Mr. Chance thought it must be shown that a man had milk to sell, and those customers who had ordered certain quantities were not to go without their breakfast because an inspectorwanted a cer- tain quantity for the purpose of analysis.Mr. Marsden thought that the men should be supplied with a quantity beyond the quantity ordered. The new provision was framed at the instance of the Local Government Board to meet the defect in the former Act as to milk sold in the streets. If the view taken by the magistrate prevailed, the new Act could be easily defeated, and the best way would be to take a special case to the superior Court.Mr. Chance asked why the milk could not be obtained at the shops. Mr. Marsden said because shops now supplied good milk, and milk-and-water was sent out to the cus- tomers, and if the excuse None to spare ” were allowed the new statute would be entirely defeated. Mr. Chance said it was certainly a most important question, but he did not see how, when a certain quantity was ordered, a man was bound to supply an inspector.The case was worthy of consideration, and a special case for the superior Court might be granted. SELLING IMPOVERISHED MILE.-Sarah France, Oldfield Square, Lockwood, was charged with solling milk not of the nature or quality demanded.Mr. Kirk, the sanitary inspector, said the defendant was a milk dealer, and that on the 15th October he saw her son delivering milk, and went and asked him whether he would let him have a pint. He replied I ‘ Yes.” When he had got the milk he told him who he was, and that the mi& was intended for analysis, and asked him if he would retain a portion. He said he would, and he (Mr.Kirk) divided it into three portions-one he retained, one he gave to defendant’s son, and the other he submitted to Mr. Jarmain, the Public Analyst. When defendant’s son supplied him, he (Mr. Kirk) said, ‘I I suppose you sell this as new milk ? ” He replied, “ Yes; just as we get it from Thomas Shepherd, of Holmfirth.” Mr. Jarmain’s certificate was put in, and showed that the milk had been deprived of 25 per cent.of butter fat. He (Mr. Kirk) had since got a sample of milk from the wholesale dealer (Mr. Shepherd) and found it corresponded in quality to that obtained from the defendant, but Mr. Shepherd told him that the milk supplied to defendant was not new, but skimmed. Thomas Shepherd, farmer and milk dealer, Bottoms, Holmfirth, said he was in the habit of supplying the defendant with milk. He supplied her on the 15th Oct.with the usual quality- “ night’s ” and I‘ morning’s,’’ which meant the night’s milk skimmed, mixed with the morning’s new milk. Mr. Kirk: Is the defendant aware of that fact? Witness: For anything I know. Mr. Jarmain was called, and the Bench asked him whether mixing skimmed with new milk would make 26 per cent.difference? Mr. Jarmain said that milk varied very much in the amount of butter fat it contained. The Public Analysts had fixed a certain standard limit, and when milk is below this they think it has been tampered with. They took a very lenient view and allowed a liberal margin, but a deficiency of 25 per cent. of butter fat was much below the limit. Mixing night’s skimmed milk with morning’s new would make at least 25 per cent. difference in the quality.The Bench considered the charge proved and imposed a penalty of 20s. and costs, altogether $2 5s. 6d. William Fearnley, milk dealer and farmer, Honley, appeared to answer two charges of a like nature, and he pleaded guilty to both. Mr. Kirk said the defendant was in the habit of delivering milk from house to house.Whilst so engaged at Taylor Hill on the 15th October, he sent a person to purchase some, and he was refused. He then went himself to defendant and said, ‘ I Won’t you let me have any then ? ” He replied, ‘I Oh, it’s you, is it ? Yes, I’ll let you have some, but it’s old.” He asked the defendant what he had been selling in the house. He replied, “ Old of course.” He (Mr.Kirk) obtained a pint of milk and paid defendant a penny for it, told him it was for analysis and gave him a third part of it. Mr. Jarmain’s certificate of analysis showed it to be deficient of 45 per cent. of butter fat. Mr. Kirk said that although the defendant sold the milk to him as old, there was no doubt he did so to escape the consequences, and that he had been sellmg it as new milk to his customers.Mr. Jarmain said old milk showed 1 per cent, of cream, but the sample in question showed 4 per cent. of cream and 6 per cent. butter fat, whereas old milk never contained more than 1 per cent. The sample submitted was, in his opinion, a mixture of night’s and morning’s milk. New milk showed 8 per cent. of cream, Mr. Kirk said that five minutes after taking the above sample he proceeded to a house, and a person consented to get another sample from the defendant.When he came round this person bought a pint of milk, for which defendant charged 2d. He (Mr. Kirk) S ~ P P ~ forward and paid for it, and told him again it wab for analysis, and mid, 4‘ What kind of milk do yonTHE ANALYST. 287 call this? ” Defendant said, “ Oh, this is different ; this is a mixture of night’s and morning’s,’’ He (Mr.Kirk) then said, “ How is it that you said before you had nothing but one sort?” Defendant eeemed quite ‘‘ flabbergasted,” and could not answer. Mr. Jarmain’s certificate showed that the milk had been impoverished by the removal of 28 per cent. of butter fat. Defendant said he had told his customers time after time what it was, that it was not new milk.He got it from the farmers, and sold it just as he got it, and Mr. Kirk ought to prosecute the farmers, not him. Mr. Kirk said defendant’s object had been to evade the Act, and he asked the Bench to impose a heavy penalty. The Bench said they considered it a very bad case indeed, and imposed a penalty of € 5 and costs in each case, altogether $13 13s.’ or in default, three months’ imprisonment in each case.The defendant, who seemed struck dumb, said, after a long pause, “ I think it’s too much.” SPURIOUS TEA.-“ At the tea sales this week some re-dried teas, which had been submerged in the Thames, found buyers at 33d. to 10d. per lb. for the capers, and lld. to 1s. for the orange pekoes.” Selling tea of this sort, besides giving an erroneous idea of the value of genuine teas bearing the above names, is committing a great wrong on consumers, who, caught by the apparent cheapness of the specious article, are deceived into buying what is mere rubbish and unfit for food. We also briefly allude to some other parcels that were offered on Thursday, the 6th inst., as ‘‘ gunpowder,” but no more resembled that choice description than painted flowers, being nought else but coarse sloe-leaves and dust thickly coated with mineral facing.The day of the month inclines us to think that there was more ‘‘ treason ” than “ gunpowder,” and very little indeed of the latter compound in the teas and those who offered them. The teas were imported as far back as 1872, and sold at 6d. to gad. in bond. Will the proper I ‘ authorities ” interfere and stop this spurious tea from paying duty, and so passing into con- snmption ?-Grocer. A DEEP ARTESIAN WELL.-The sinking of the deep artesian well near Buda Pesth is now com- pleted; the works were commenced as far back as 1868, and during their progress many interesting facts relating to geology and underground temperature have been brought to light. The total depth is 5,200 feet, and the temperature of the water it yields is nearly 165” F. The temperature of the mud brought up by the borer was taken every day, and was found to increase rapidly, in spite of the loss of heat during its ascent, down to a depth of 2,300 to 2,700 feet. Beyond this point the increase was not so marked. At a depth of 3,000 feet the temperature was 177” F., giving an average increase of lo for every 23 feet bored. Water first commenced to well up at a depth of 3,070 feet ; here its temperature was 1100 F., and from this point onward it rapidly increased both in quantity and temperature. Thus, at 3,092 feet, its temperature had already risen to 1500 F., and the yield in twenty-four hours from 9,500 to 44,000 gallons. Finally, when the boring had reached 3,200 feet, at which point it was stopped, the temperature of the water, as it burst from the orifice of the tube, was 165O F., and the volumetric yield 272,000 gallons in the twenty-four hours. This yield was afterwards reduced to 167,200 gallons, in consequence of the bore being lined with wooden tubes, which reduced its diameter. The water obtained disengages carbonic acid in abundance, and also contains nitrogen and a little sulphuretted hydrogen, and 80 grains per gallon of fixed matters, chiefly sulphates and carbonates of potash, soda, lime, and magnesia.-BreweTs’ Guardian.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400231

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 287 NOTES OF THE MONTH. It is curious that The Grocer should enquire “ Where are the analysts ? ” but still more so that it should be because some one has sold rotten beef. However, when we read a little further, we find that it is a co-operative society who is in fault, so there is no wonder. The Grocer’s antipathy to co-operative societies must certainly be expected to override its natural aversion to analysts.We are not at all surprised that some of our contemporaries want to know how it is that, since the Somerset House Chemists now agree to the milk standard of the Public Analysts, there should have been any differences in time past. This, however, is easy to explain. Experience is not gained in a day, and the Inland Revenue officials (of course we do not speak of Mr.Bell and his colleagues, but only of the gaugers and288 THE ANALYST. other similar officials employed to collect the samples of milk) have now gained the necessary experience, and find that the figures we laid down years ago are correct. Such an accordance implies no discredit to the Somerset House chemists, but, on the contrary, simply shows that as they obtain new light on the matters in question they act as scientific men should, and alter their opinions accordingly.Mr. Chance, the worthy magistrate of Lambeth, in his wisdom, thinks that a milkman delivering milk at houses must be proved to have milk to sell before he can be summoned for refusing to serve an Inspector, and that customers who have ordered certain quantities are not to go without their breakfast merely because an Inspector wants some milk for analysis. We are extremely sorry to find a metropolitan magistrate holding such an absurd opinion as this.Even if milkmen have not always far more than enough to serve their regular customers with, yet surely such customers deserve to be as much protected from fraud as people who obtain milk from shops.But if such ti decision as this is to stand, a milk-round, at least in Mr. Chance’s district, will be about the most profitable concern going, as the dealers prohibited from watering the milk sold in their shops will take good care to well water that to be delivered at houses, and with the excuse Mr. Chance has put into their mouths, “None to spare,” they may go on their round rejoicing, and bid defiance to the Inspector.We presume the Lambeth magistrate actually has seen the Act passed last session to enable Inspectors to purchase samples from street vendors. We are happy t3 see that other magistrates hold a more sensible view, and consider that if a, milkmaq has a can from which he ia serving customers at houses with one, two, or three-pennyworth, according to the quantity required, he is actually selling milk.If some of his customers require more than umal, he don’t say to them, ( 6 None to spare,” because he is prepared for it ; and he is equally prepared with enough extra milk to serve an Inspector with a pint. If he refuses he does so because he knows he will be summoned for adding water, and not for the reason Mr.Chance gives. We notice that a Bristol farmer has lately been fined 820 and costs for sending out to his customers milk containing 15 per cent. of water ; and in another case-an action against him by a dairyman for supplying milk containing 25 per cent. of water- he has been condemned to pay a fine of 610 and the costs, which are said to amount fo over 6300. We should imagine that, this farmer, with a dairy of a hundred cowa, will, in future, send out their produce only to his customers, and not indulge in the expensive habit of mixing with it the produce of the cow with an iron tail. With these costly proceedings in the mind of the Bristol farmers, the milk dealers there will, we hope, get the purest milk supply in the kingdom; but we rather wonder whether it will be in the same pure condition when it reaches the consumers.Sunday adulteration may fairly be commended to the notice of inspectors. We used to have milk and water on Sunday morning, but as we did not agree to the maxim of ‘( the better the day the better the deed,” a vigorous remonstrance and a private milk- can put a, stop to the swindle. The irrspeotors had better look out a little sharper,THE ANALYST.289 perhaps some other things besides milk may be reserved for Sunday morning, or at any rate Saturday night might be possible. We have to thank a trade contemporary for this hint. It might be only fair to give the traders a hint in return. If it should happen that a manufacturer receives a letter threatening him with exposure because, as it is alleged, his manufactures contain poisonous metals, his proper and straightforward course is at once to submit samples to the Public Analyst of the district in which his works or warehouse is.The cost of such a course will be, comparatively speaking, trivial ; while the cost of black mail can never be foretold. Manufacturers should bear in mind that no proceedings can possibly be inatituted on the certificate of any person other than a Public Analyst, and that Public Analyst@ me the only legally appointed officers to whom cases of supposed adulteration can be sent.The term Public Analysts is a legal title; but, if some recent proceedings are oontinued, it will certainly become necessary to impose by law a penalty on those using it illegally. Public Analysts are amenable to the veto of the Local Government Board on their appointments, and it is quite right that they should be so ; but for that very reason, those who pretend to act as Public Analysts without authority must be made subject to penalty.It would be very interesting if 6ome of the millers would tell usif alum is ordinarily mixed with pig food. Of course Public Analysts have no concern with the matter directly, but when samples of 4 4 flour fourths ” are said to be intended for the food of pigs, and not men, the question naturally ariees, In what way can the alum do good to the pigs?” We do not recollect that we have ever heard that swine showed any preference for bread artificially whitened. The papers for this month contain reports of a number of cases of proved adulteration, in which the summonses have been dismissed merely because the vendors have declared the admixture after the inspector had said that he purchased for analysis.An important case has, however, just been decided on appeal before Justices Lush and Manisty, which we trust w i l l put an end to this. We must postpone until next month a full report of the case ; but, shortly, the judges affirmed the ccmviction of a vendor who had been asked for coffee and received the price of coffee, and supplied instead a mixture of chicory and coffee, although he had, after being informed that the sample was required for analysis, called the purchaser’s attention to a label declaring it to be a, mixture. We have not space to do more than call the attention of our readers to the full report on another page of the decision at Cambridge with respect to Norfolk Baking Powder.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400237

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ANALYSTS’ REPORTS, The quarterly report of Mr. W. W. Stoddart, Analyst for the City of Bristol, states that he has examined sixty-four samples of food, &c. Three of the samples were of 80 bad a quality that adulteration240 TElE ANALYST, was suspected. One aample of butter submitted by a private individual waa genuine, but of bad quality and with a rancid smell. Five other samples were good.A sample of tea submitted by a private individual was good. Mr. W. F. Lowe, Analyst for Flintshire, reports that during the last quarter he examined 21 semples of which 7 samples were adulterated, viz.:“ out of 9 samples of spirits, and 2 out of 6 samples of milk-a large pementage, which ebows that Nr. Lowe’s recent appointment as analyst was made none too soon. We hope that his next report will show both an increase in the number of samples exmined and a decrease in the pementage of adulteration.Mr. West Knights, Public Analyst for Cambridge, in his report for the quarter ending September 30th, stated that twelve samples of food and drugs had been submitted to him for analysis, four of which he found to be adulterated. Out of four samples of buns three were genuine, and one was adulterated with alumin the proportion of 182 grains of alum per four pounds.The vendor, on being summoned, proved the use of a certain baking powder (which was found to contain 15 per cent. of bttrnt or dried alum) and was fined 1s. and costs. Out of four samples of baking powder, two, of the same make as the above, were adulterated with 15 per cent.of alum. Three samples of drugs, viz., spirit of nitrous sether, grey powder, and blue pill were found to be genuine. One sample of milk, submitted by a private purchaser, was found to be skimmed milk, diluted with 18 per cent. of water. No proceedings were taken against the vendor. ADULTERATED Hops.-The Transactions of the hfedical Society of Upsala contain an acoount of an ingenious fraud in the hop trade, said to be practised on 8 considerable wale in that oity.Hops which have already been used for making extracts, or for brewing in the ordinary way, are damped with a tincture of absinthe or wormwood, freed from spirit by distillation, re-dried, and then placed in the market as a genuine article with or without much bloom. Owing to their increased bitterness they often command a better price than unadulterated hops.ANSWERS TO COBRESPONDENTS.-T. Woods.-You will find a note “On the Determination of Alcohol in Ether and Chloroform,” by Mr. Allen, in THE ANALYST, Vol. II., p. 97. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following rjpecifications have been published during the past month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London, 1879.Nsme of Patentee. NO. 967 R. Weare . . . . . . . . 1012 A. L. Coke . . . . . . . . 1266 J. H. Johnson . . . . . . . . 1306 J. Allmann . . . . . . . . 1313 8. (3. Thomas . . . . . . . . 1389 H. E. Newton . . . . . . . . 1387 A. W. Lake . . . . . . . . 1410 H. J. Haddan . . . . . . . . 1444 W. L. Wise . . . . . . . . 1484 M. Gill . .. . . . . . . . 1609 3.B. Johnson . . . . . . . . 1577 F. T. Reade . . . . . . . . Title of Patent. Prim Manufacture of Charcoals . . . . . . . . 2d. Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of Saccharate of Lime.. . . . . 4d. Separating Sulphur from Alkaline Solutions . . 2d. Manufacture of Bessemer Steel from Phosphoretic Pig Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Manufacture of Sulpho Cyanides and Ferro Cyanides 6d.Dynamo and Magneto Electric Machines . . . . 4d. Purifying Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Producing Preparations of Alumina . . . . . . 4d. Evaporating I3accBa;rine and other Liquids . . . . 6d. Manufactme of Aluminium . . . . . . . . 4d. Eliminating Phosphorus from Phosphoretio Pig Iron 2d. BOOKS, &c,, RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist ; The Brewers’ Guardian‘; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The American Dairyman ; The Practitioner ; American New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Praticien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health ; Phildelphia Printers’ Circular ; The Scientific Amkcan ; The American Traveller.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400239

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC