摘要:

INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINOB OF?rlEETING OF SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTSNOTE ON THE QUALITY OF PAPER EMPLOYED l3Y THEA SUGGESTION RESPECTIKG THE EXPRESSION OF THE........ 161DAILY PRESS. By A. H. Allen, F.C.S.. ........... 161RESULTS OF BUTTER ASSAYS BY IJr. KOETTSTORFER’SMETHOD.ON THE nI?FERENC‘E IN hxILR BETWEEN THEI~EGINXIXG ASD END OF A DELIVERY. By J. C .Bell, F.C.S. .................................... 163By A. H. Allen, F.C.S. ............... 163THE “SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.”SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACT AMETFLJIENT ACT 164THE REPORT OF THE LOYAL GOVERNMENT BOARD ,. 165LAW REPOETS ...................................... 174CFIEBIICAL PATENTS ................................ 180BEVIEWS .......................................... 17LNOTES OF THE MONTH .............................177BOOKS RECEIVED .................................. 180A. D u ~ n h , PHB., F.R.S., F.C.S.C . HEISCU, F.C.S.G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S.X. JTAGZCESON & CO.,65, BARBICAN, LONDON, E.C. (nearly opposite the Aldersgate Street Station o f the Metropolitan Railway),(J. ORNE AND 13. X . CAPKEPI,)F I N EST BE I! LI NPORC E LA I N ,-BOHEMIANGLASS.-GRADUATEDI NST RU M E N TS.-H OF MA N N’SAPPARATUS.-A LSOELECTRICAL,G A L V A N IC,PI4 E U MA TICAPPARATUS,&c., &c.ScientificApp aretus.0I I nPureChemicals.COMPLETESETS CFQUALl TA TIVE,QUANTITA TlVE,VO L UM€ TR I C,A N D ASSAYAPPARATUS.PLA T TN € R’SBLOWPIPE. -EGQERTZCARBON,-A N DTHOU PSOIJ‘SFUEL TESTAPPARATUS.7~,-ilOLESIIJ: ASD ESPORT.Makers of Apparatus to the Laboratcries of tkz Inlan3 Revenue, Royal Arsenal, Royal MilitaryAcademy, Science Schoola, India Office, South Kensington, &c.Catalogues and Estimates sent ox npplicntion, eiiclosing Business Card for Term, dcTHE ANALYST.WORKS BY DR.MUTER, M.A., F.C.S.,President of the Society of Public Analysts ; Public Analyst for Lambeth, Southwark,Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, Newington, and Wandsworth,Now ready, demy Svo, with copious Tables, price 7s. 6d.A N INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, For Medicaland Pharmaceutical Students.Now ready, royal Svo, Second Edition, cloth, with Analytical Tables and copious Index, price 10s. 6d.A N INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL AND IVfEDICALCHEMISTY, Theoretics and Practical.'' The book is one of a very useful and original kind, and is brought up to the latest date, tests and'' Amongst the best chemical treatises of the day, and in many respects superior to any that have yetprocesses published only a few months since being described in their proper places."-CCi~emicaZ News.been published."-Pub Zic He a 1 t 1..Third Edition, 600 pp., Svo. Price 12s. 6d. A KEY TO ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA.active principles of drugs.drugs.Analytical Chemists willfind this a concise and yet complete book of reference for the isolation and examination of theSpecial appendix on the microscopic characters of the starches in food andCopious index and qualitative courses or resins, &c.LONDON : BAILLI~RE, TINDALL & Cox, 20, King William Street, Strand, and all Booksellers.By A, WYNTER BLYTH, M,R.C.S., €.C,S,, Public Analyst for the County of Devon.NOW READY, crown Svo, cloth, 12s.6d.PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY (A Manual of).DETECTION OF PoIsoxs-Organic or Inorganic.Analyst ."-Lancet.PART I: ANALYSIS OF FOODS-Flour, Bread, Milk, Butter, Cheese ; Tea, Coffee, Cocoa ; Alcoholic Liquids; Condiments. Pmr 11 :"Will be used by every With Tables and Diagrams." Stands unrivalled for completeness of information ."--Sanitary Record.LONDON : CHARLES GRIFFIN & Co., Stationers' Hall Court.By G. W, WIGNER, €,(3.S,, one of the Honorary Secretaries of the Society of Public Analysts;Public Analyst for Greenwich, Plumstead, and Woolwich Districts.Price, ONE SHILLING.SEASIDE WATER.An Exnrniiiation into the character of the Water Supply atthe Watering Places of Eiiglnnd and Wales, being an abstract of a Series of Reports prepared forand published in the Sanitary Record during 1877-78, with Three Comprehensive Tables, giving Analysesof the Drinking Water at all the Sea-Coast Towns.KENT & Co., Paternoster Row, London ; and at all Railway Boolrstalls.E. CEIIJCTE d& CO,,MANUFACTURERS OF BAROMETERS, THERMOMETERS, CHEMICAL ANDPHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.Dr. Franklin's Apparatus for Analysis of Water. Dr. McLeod's Modification for Water and Gas.Professor Bischof's Apparatus for Evaporation of Water. Dr. Sprengel's Mercurial Air Pumps of everyform. Water Pumps for quick filtration. Dr. Mill's Colorimeter.Dr8. Russell and West's Apparatus for Estimating Urea in Urine. Dr. Blackley's Apparatus for Ditto.REGISTERED ENAMEL BACK URINE SEDIMENT TEST TUBES.11 and 31, Brooke Street, Holborn, London, Wholesale and for Exportation, and Rose CottageGlass Works, Pratt Street, Lambeth.THE ANALYST, Vols. I. & 111.-(Vol. 11. out of Print.)INCLUDING the Proceedings of tllie Society of Public Analysts, and embracingIndex of Subjects a d Names.large number of Original Papers on every branch of Chemical Analysis, with a comprehensiyeEdited (under the direction of the Committee of Publication) by G. W. WIQNER, F.C.S., andJ. MUTER, Ph.D., F.C.S.Published by BAILLI~RE, TINDALL & Cox, King William Street, Strand, W.C.Price, bound in cloth, 7s. ; in half-calf, 9s

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87904FP037

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST.PURE ACIDS AND CHEMICALSFOR ANALYSIS.KNOWLES & PHILLIPS,47, MINORIES, E.C.PRICE LIST FORWARDED ON APPLICATION.N.B.-References as to quality and price kindly allowed by severalleading Analysts already supplied.Demy 8vo. Price 2s.O N THE ESTIMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID by Magnesia, forChemical Purposes: with Remark8 on the Differences to be met with in the Analysee of thePhosphates of Commerce. By E. F. TESCHEIACHER and J. DENHAY SMITH.LONDON : DAVID BOGUE, 3, St. Martin’s Place, Trafalghr Square.Now ready, Sixth Edition, price 18s.MODERN MEDICAL THERAPEUTICS.Physicians-English, American, and Foreign. By GEORGE H. NAPHEYS, A.M., M.D.A Compendium of RecentFormulse and Specific Therapeutical Directions, from the Practice of Eminent ContemporaryNow ready, demy 8v0, with copious Tables, price 9s.ATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY.For the use of Medical andPharmaceutical Students preparing for Examination. By W. HANDSEL GRIFFITHS, Ph.D.,L.R.U.P., Edin., &c. Edited by GEORGE F. DUFFEY, M.D., F.C.S., Fellow and Censor, Ring andQueen’s College of Physicians, Examiner in Materia Medica in the Queen’s University.Now ready, Fourth Edition, 1s. ; or mounted on rollers, varnished, 3s. 6d.POSOLOGICAL TABLES : A Classified Chart of Doses; showing at a glfiiicethe Dose of every Officinal Substance and Preparation. For the use of Practitioners and Students.By HANDSEL GRIFFITHS, Ph.D., L.R.C.P., &c., late Professor of Chemistry Ledwich School of Medicine.SMALL LABORATORY to be DISPOSED OF, situate in the EUSTON A ROAD (near Gower Street Station), suitable for either Educational or Analytical Purposes.It isfitted up with Operation Table ; Gas and Water laid on ; a Fume Chamber, and a large quantity ofChemicals and Apparatus.-For particulars apply by letter to F. C. S., care of M. PITTMAN, Stationer,2 and 2, Silver Street, Campden Hill, Kensington, WTHE ANALYST.THE A 1 GL0-A P i E RICA PJ TIN S TAM PIN G COM PA NY, L l MITE DSTOUESPORT, WQRCESTEFCSHXRE.SEAMLESS, PLAIN, RETINNED, AND JAPANNED WARE.MANUFACTURERS OF IXPROVEDSTRAIGHTDEEP MILK PAN.DISH PAN.The only Company iii England producingAmerican and English Patterns of StampedWarc by American Machinery. AlsoMOTTLEDSAUCEPAN.Sole Licencees, under Letters Patent of August 7th, 1%"/, for the ?lanufacture of WROUGHT-IRONENAMELLED WARE in the United Ihngdom.WASH BASIN.D DEEPFLARING NG PAN.MILK PAN.TEE ANGLO-AMERICAN ENAMELLED WARE is a NEW article of Enamelled Wrought-Iron Hollow-ware, differing fromsimilar articles manufactured in Europe in the tenacity with which the enamel clings to the iron upon which it is fused; i n thebrilliancy of its glaze ; i n tho beauty of its ormmentation, due to the colouring oxide supplied by the iron body, which in theennmelling process is absorbed by the glaze and distributed through i t in great variety of curious ana attractive forms ; in thethinness of the enamel, which insures its elasticity, whereby i t the better resists fracture ; in the absolute purity and laam-Zessness of the enamel ingredients ; in its perfect insolubility under any action of heat, acid, or water, in culinary operations,which insures ITS ABSOLUTE SAFETY IN USE, as the following certificate will testify :-[COPY] JOHNSON, MATTHEY &, CO., Assayers and RIe!ters to the Bank of Endand Her Majesty's Mint &a.Assay Offices and Ore floors: Hatton Garden, Lohon, E.C.CERTIFICATE OF ASSAY. February Sth, 1879.We examined the sample ENAMELLED PANS FOR EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS, marked BE under, and find thefollowing to be the result :The pieces of enamel consist of a silicate of Soda, Alumina, and Lime: entirely free from Antimony and Lead.Theenamel, as set upon the pans, confirms our experiments with the sample of enamel itsel! received separately.The pans havebeen subjected to the action both of acetic acid and mute mineral acidfi, which thsy resist perfectly We consider therefore,For the Anglo-American Tin Stamping Company, Limited.that as enamelled ware it is thoroughly adapted for culinary nnd domestic purposes. JOHNSON, MATTHE+ t co.The Anglo-American Tin Stamping Co. will be glad to correspond with buyers regarding special sizes or patterns of goodsfor their markets.Illuatvated Catalogue, Prices, and Tmns fffintis,2ed o n npplicntion, or throuah any Merchant or Factor.Export Liverpool Agents, HENRY NASH & Co., 12 and 14, Tower Buildings North, Water Street.Export London Agents, BROOKER, DORE & Go., 2, Rood Lane, Fenchurch Street.MARD 08 SOFT WATER ?-THE PORTER-CLARK PROCESSi For the Softening and Filtration of Water in large quantities, within small space, at small cost.The removal of the carbonates of lime and magnesia and iron from hard waters is the removal of( a ) The cause of enoimous waste of fud occasioned by incrustation of stcxm boilers and pipes ;( b ) The cause of impcrfert clrnnsing and purification of ond injury to linen and woollsns in laundries'( c ) The cause of the frightful waste of soap, soda, and other rtlkalies by which those injuries are'imparted and theimpurities retained.I n County Asylums, Steam Laundries, and Mncufactorics ; acd for the T o m Supply of Old and New Swindon and the RailwayWorks, the Porter-Olark Process is treating hundreds of thousands of gallons per day.The filtration is exquisite, and everything arrested is removed daily.Patented by JOHN HENDERSON PORTER, CEO, 1 & 2, Tudor St., Blaclkfriws, London, EX,THE SANITARY FLUID.ANTISEPTIC DISINFECTANT for Preventing Epidemics and Destroying InfectiousThis Fluid is a powerful Antiseptic, Disin-fcctnnt and Deodoriser, and from its harrnlcssness may be applied in any direction without any ill-effects,and with the best possible results.THE '' PRINCESS ALICE " CALAMITY.-The Sanitary Fluid was used at the Woolwich Dock-J ard for Disinfecting over 600 bodies.The Clothing taken from the Bodies and over 500 Sheets were::luo Disinfected in large Cauldrons. Also the Bnilding, Yards, &c., giving the greatest satisfaction to thenockysrd and Parish Authorities. The work was carried out under the superintendence of Mr.HARMER.SIR,-I beg to inform you thatI consider your Disinfectant, as applied in the Dockyard, both to buildings and clothing, after thoremovul of the dead from the premises, very efimcious, and, from its cleanliness and absence of smell,superior to the Disinfectants in the forin of powder generally used.-Faithfully yours, J. T.~~ARRINGTON, Assistant Commissary General.For Asylums, Schools, Sanitary Authorities, Railway and Dock Companies, Workhouses, Shipping, &c.Price 1s. per bottle ; 3s. 6d. per gallon ; large qiantities at a cheaper rate, of the Sole Manufacturer,W. J. HARMER, West Ham Lane, Stratford, E., or through Agents.Thc MAGIC FLUID for General Household Purposes, price 1s. 6d. per gallon. Write for Pamphletwith TeFtimonisls, &c. NON-POISONOUS.Diseases, as supplied to the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.TEsTInroxIAL.--" H.M. Dockyard, Woolwich, September 23, 1878.Mr. Harmer, Stratford, E."Printed for the Proprietors by JOHN DAVIS, Old Kent Road, S.E. ; and published by BAILLT~RE, TINDALL & Cox, KingVilliam Street, Strand, W.C., to whom all communications should be addressed

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87904BP039

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

NOTE ON THE QUALITY OF THE PAPER EMPLOYED BY THE DAILY PRESS. BY ALFRED H. ALLEN, F.C.S. Read before the Sooiety qf Public Anal,ysts, at Shefield, on 22nd August, 1879. SOME two years since 1 had occasion to inquire into the qnality of the paper supplied to a well-known daily paper, and I then incidentally examined the paper employed for various prominent newspapers, with the aim of ascertaining whether the paper in question was better or worse than the generality. A strip of paper one inch wide and twelve inches long was cut from the edge of the newspaper.It mas then well dried in 8 water-oven, and its weight taken. This was calculated to the square foot of paper. The strip of paper was then burnt, and the ash weighed. This weight was calculated to a percentage of the weight of the original strip.The following table shows the results yielded by the lending daily papers. The papers are arranged in the order of their quality, as measured by the weight of the paper less that of the ash. This plan gives an approximation to the amount of the fibre, but of course the results are nothing more than rough comparisons as the quality of the paper is liable to accidental varifttion from several causes.The plan of inquiry adopted was a, veiy simple one. * We are compelled to hold over this paper until our next number.-Em. ANALYST.162 THE ANALYST . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . Nsmeof Paper . Morning Post . . . . Times . . . . . . Pall Mall Gazette .. . . Birmingham Daily Post . . Daily Telegraph . . . . Plymouth Post . . . . Sheffield Daily Telegraph. . Bristol Daily Post . . . . Daily News . . . . . . Western Morning New .. Standard . . . . . . Globe . . . . . . York Herald . . . . Manchester Guardian . . Leeds Mercury . . . . ManChester Examiner . . Liverpool Daily Post . . Echo . . . . . . . . Yorkshire Post . . . . Liverpool Mercury .. . . Sheffield Independent . . Western Daily Press . . Weight of Paper in grains per square foot. . . 110.4 .. 104.1 .. .. 90.5 .. 77.7 .. Total Weight . Exclneire of Ash . .. 94-2 .. 76.8 .. .. 82.2 .. 75.1 .. .. 71.1 .. 66.5 .. .. 68.8 .. 65.2 . . .. 71.3 .. 63.0 .. .. 67.7 .. 62.5 .. .. 67.7 .. 61.0 .. .. 68.7 .. 61.0 .. .. 71.1 .. 60.2 .. . . 69.8 . . 59.1 .. .. 64.1 .. 50.2 .. .. 63.7 .. 57.3 .. .. 67.7 .. 56.4 .. .. 59.3 .. 56.2 .. .. 64-2 . . 54.4 . . .. 608 .. 53.3 .. .. 62.5 .. 51.7 .. .. 58.3 .. 50.1 .. .. 65.5 . . 58.5 .. .. 68.7 .. 56.0 .. Percentage of Aeh . .. 5.7 .. 14.1 .. 18.4 . . 8.6 .. 6.4 .. 5.4 . . 11.5 . . 7.6 . . 10.0 . . 11.4 .. 15-3 .. 14.2 . . 9.2 .. 101 .. 12.9 . . 5.1 . . 18.3 .. 15.4 . . 12.3 .. 17.4 .. 14.0 .. 10.8 These results clearly show. as might have been expected. that the Morning Post and Times papers are heavier and stronger than those employed for the penny press . The difference between the ash of these two papers is. however. somewhat striking. and other curious points will occur to anyone inspecting the figures. The weight and percentage of ash of paper furnish the nsnal commercial tests of quality.and although these factors are not the only ones which should be taken into account in forming an opinion. they are of considerable importance. aiid hence the figures recorded may be of service to chemists engaged on similar inquiries. as they show what n4wspaper should contain . Other things being equal. the paper will be better the greater its weight per square foot . The ash. of course. indicates so much mineral matter added to give weight. substance. and snrface; and. as it does not add to the strength. it should be deducted before making a comparison of the quality . The determinations recorded in the table were made in my laboratory by Mr . Charles Harrison . I may add that the colouriiig matter wliicli gives the Globe its roseatle hue is aniline red . It may readily be dissolved ont of the paper by alcaliol.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN879040161b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

162 THE ANALYST. A SUGGEBTION RESPECTING THE EXPR,ESSION O F THE RESULTS OF BUTTER ASSAYS BY DR. KOETTSTORFER’S METHOD. BY A. H. ALLEN, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, at Shefield, o n 22nd A 4 q i ~ s t , 1879. I HAVE been much interested in perusing the description of Dr. Koettstorfer’g method of detecting foreign fats in butter, and have no doubt that experience will prove it to be extremely useful.It appears to me, however, that his mode of stating the neutrdizing power of the fats is very cumbrons, and has the disadvantage that if sodaTHE ANALYST. 163 be used for saponification instead of potash a different amount of it will be necesmry, and hence the relation between the results obtained will not be directly evident. As the simplicity and accuracy of Dr.Koettstorfer’s process are likely to bring it into very general use, I propose, that instead of stating the results in milligrammes of K H O used per gramme of fat, they slioulcl be expressed by figures representing the combining equivalent of the fats present. These will in each case be one-third of the molecular weights of the fat, owing to the triad character of the glycyl radical.Thus, 56.1 parts of K H 0 will theoretically saponify 296.7 parts of tri-stearin ; 292-0 parts of tri-olein ; 296.0 parts of tri-yalmitin ; or, 100-67 parts of tri-butyrin, Dr. Koettstorfer’s results are capable of translation into equivalents, by dividing the milligrammes of K H 0 employed into the number 56-1. By 80 doing, we find that the average equivalent weights of the animal fats tested by Dr.Koettstorfer were as follows :- Beef dripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.5 Commercial tallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.1 Lard from kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.5 Lard from unsmoked bacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2867 Commercial lard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.1 Mutton dripping .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.8 Average = 286 - - Calculating in the same manner, his results shorn 292-5 as the equivalent of olive oil, and 313.9 as that of colza oil.‘:: On the other hand, the equivalents of the thirteen samples of butter varied from 253.5 to 241.4, the average being 247*1. Hence, average butter fat has an equivalent lower by 80 than the averwe of animal fats.Dividing this difference by 100, we find that every rise of a 8 8 in the equivalent of the sample represents 1 per cent. of probable adulteration; but, of course, though these figures may be properly used for calculating the probable proportion of admixture, a butter should not be condemned unless its equivalent be found to exceed 255. By expressing the results of analysis in equivalents, it is evident that it becomes a matter of indifference whether soda or potash be used for saponification, It will be noticed that the expression in equivalent weight is at owe obtained by dividing 1*000 by the number of c a b of norrnd alkali required to saponify one grrnslme of the fat under examination.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400162

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 163 ON THE DIFFERENCE I N MILK BETWEEN THE BEGINNING AND END OF A DELIVERY. BY J. CARTER BELL, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Atialysts, at Shefield, on 22td August, 1879. IT has been stated to me by milkmen and others, that the last few pints of milk from a can mhioh has been carried about in a cart are not so good as the milk before it begins its journey. This absurd statement has on more than one occasion been made before the magistrates, who are rather inclined to believe the story.Having just had an * The high equivalent of colza oil, if confirmed by further experiments, points to the presence of SL higher hsmologue of atearic 01 oleic acid in this product.164 THE ANALYST . adulterated sample of milk. the u~lud excuse was put forward : (‘ Last in the can.” To settle this point.I asked the Inspector to travel with the cart. and to take a sample on starting. another in the middle of the journey. and a third at the end . It will be seen by the analyses that practically speaking there is no difference . No . 1 . Taken at 6.80 p.m., commencement of journey- Total solids. by weight . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids not fat . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids not fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No . 2. Taken at 7 p.m.- No . 3 . Taken from last in can. 8.30 p.m.- Total solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids not fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1249 .. 0.94 . . 3-55 .. -73 .. 12.56 . . . 9.02 .. 3-54 .. -73 .. 12.5‘7 . . 8.98 . . 3.59 .. ~70

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400163

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

164 THE ANALYST. SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACT AMENDMENT ACT, 1879. THE following is the full text of this Act, to which the Royal Assent was given on the 2lst July last, and which we presume came into operation at once :- WHEREAS conflicting decisions have been given in England and in Scotland in regard to the meaning and effect of isection six of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, in this Act 38&89 Viot- referred to as the principal Act, and it is expedient, in this respect and otherwise, to amend the said Act : Be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parlia- ment assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : Amendment Act, 1879.prejudice of the purchaser any article of food or any drug which is not of the nature, subetance, and quality of the article demanded by such purchaser, it shall be no defence to any euch prosecution to allege that the purchaser, having bought only for analysis, was tor andyais.not prejudiced by such sale. Neither shall it be a good defence to prove that +he article of food or drug in question, though defective in nature or in substance or in quality, was not defective in all three respects.measures, or any inspector of a market, or any police constable under the direction and at conetable may the Goat of the local authority appointing such officer, inspector, or constable, or charged ik$zf milk with the execution of this Act, may procure at the place of delivery any sample of any at the place of milk in course of delivery to the purchaser or consignee in pursuance of any contract for t:ky$ the sale to such purchaser or consignee of such milk; and such officer, inspector, or analJst.constable, if he suspect the same to have been sold contrary to any of the provisions of the principal Act, shall submit the same to be analysed, and the same shall be analysed, and proceedings shall be taken, and penalties on conviction be enforced in like manner in all respects a8 if such officer, inspector, or constable had purchased the same from the seller or consignor under section thirteen of the principal Act.being with the charge of such milk, if he shall refuse to allow such officer, inspector, or '2:: give constable to take the quantity which such officer, inspector, or constable shall require for adW* the purpose of analysis, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten pounds.1. This Act may be cited for all purposes as the Sale of Food and Drugs Act Shorttitle. 2. In any prosecution under the provisions of the principal Act for selling to the h eale of 3. Any medical officer of health, inspector of nuisances, or inspector of weights and Oacer, inspector, or 4.The seller or consignor or any person or persons entrusted by him for the time PenaltyforTHE ANALYST. 165 5. Any street or open place of public resort shall be held to come within the meaning ExteurJion 6. I n determining whether an offence has been committed under section six of the Reduction of Act as to sale in streets, &c.said Act by selling, to the prejudice of the purchaser, spirits not adulterated otherwise than ~~~~~~ the by the admixture of water, it shall be a good defence to prove that such admixture has not ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ reduced the spirit more than twenty-five degrecs under proof for brandy, whisky, or rum, for brandy, or thirty-five degrees under proof for gin.of section seventeen of the principal Act. whisky, orrum, RUd 35 degrees for gin. menning of ‘I county.” 7. 8. Every liberty having a separate court of quarter sessions, except a liberty of rz Extension of The town council of any borough having a separate court of quarter sessions shall Quarter cinque port, shall be deemed to be a county within the meaning of the said Act.be exempt from contributing towards the expenses incurred in the execution of the principal not Act in respect of the county within which such borough is situate, and the treasurer of the E: ,~~~~ county shall exclude the expenses so incurred from the account required by section one analyst. hundred and seventeen of the Municipal Corporation Act, 1835, to be sent by him to such 5 & 6 W.4. towii council. nient, or otherwise, a separate police establishment, a d being liable to be assessed to the ~ ~ ~ ~ county rate of the county within which the borough is situate, shall be paid by the justices of such county the proportionate amount contributed towards the expenses incurred by tlic county in the execution of the principal Act by the several parishes and parts of parishes within such borough in respect of the rateable value of the property assessable therein, as ascertained by the valuation lists for the time being in force.section twenty of the said Act, the suminons to appear before the magistrates shall be ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ‘ served upon the person charged with violating the provisions of the said Act within 5t ceedk5. reasonable time, and in the case of a perishable article not exceeding twenty-eight days from the time of the purchase from such person for test purposes of the food or drug, for the sale of which in contravention to the terms of the principal Act the seller is rendered liable to proseoution, and particulars of the offence or offences against the said Act of which the seller is accused, and also the name of the prosecutor, shall be stated on the summons, and the summons shall not be made returnable in a less time than seven days from the day it is served upon the person summoned.c. 76. 9. The town council of any borough having under any general or local Act of Yarlia- Provision ‘0’’ 10.-In all prosecutions under the principal Act, and notwithstanding the provisions of Special pro-

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400164

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 165 THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD AND THE SALE O F FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, 1876. The Local Government Board have just issued their Annual Report for 1878, and from it we extract the following :- 6' In our last report we stated that we had addressed communications to all those authorities from whom we had not received any intimation of an analyst having been appointed, calling attention to the provisions of The Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, a d requesting that, if an analyst had not been appointed under it, or under any of the statutes which it repealed, the subject migblt receive early consideration.The 'result of these communications, has, BO far, been satisfactory, for whereas in the year 1877 analysts were appointed, under section 10, in twenty-seven additional cases, during the year ended the 31st of December last forty-three additional appointments were reported to and approved of by us.Three authorities also availed themselves of the provisions of section 11, and entered into agreements with the County Analyst, or with the analysts for neighbouring boroughs, to act in a similar capacity for their boroughs. Up to the above-mentioned date the number of authorities who had appointed166 THE ANALYST, analysts under section 10, with our approval, tlie appointments being then in existence, is as follows :- Counties .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Boroughs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 District Boards and Vestries in the Metropolis . . . . . . . . . . 39 196 Agreements entered into under section 11 .. . . . . . . . . . . 5 201 " We are still in communication with those authorities who have not yet availed themselves of the advantages to be derived from the appointment of an analyst. '' The experience of previous years had suggested the advisability of an attempt being made to secure proximate uniformity in the quarterly reports required to be made by Public Analysts to local authorities under the 19th section of the Act, and in January we issued to authorities the circular" printed in the appendix to the report.[This circular encloses the form of report which analysts now use.-EDs. " The result has been greatly to facilitate the preparation of the abstract of these reports " We find that in 1878, as previously, only a small proportion of the analyses were made at the instance of private individuals, and that in many districts all the samples aaalysed had been procured by inspectors appointed under section 13 of the Act.'' On several occasions in previous years it had been contended before magistrates that an official purchaser, buying not for his own consumption but exclusively for analysis, and on behalf of tlie authority, could not be ' prejudiced ' within the meaning of section 6 of the Act.This objection, however, had not generally been held valid by English magistrates, and the suggested difficulty in respect of such purchases did not arise until attention was called to a decision of the High Court of Justiciary in Scotland from which it was inferred that the terms of the 6th section might be so interpreted as practically to nullify the operation of the Act.Some remarks attributed to one of the judges of High Court of Jkstice in the case of Sandys v. Small (which, however, do not appear in the autliorised report of the case LOR. 3 Q.B.D. 449), gave further colour to this assumption, and the result was that, pending an appeal on this point to the High Court at Westminster, comparatively few samples were submitted for analysis in the fatter part of 1878, and even in the cases in which samples were analysed and found to be extensively adulterated, local authorities hesitated to take legal proceedings against the vendors. We regret that interruption in the working of an useful Act should have been caused by any unhertainty as to the meaning of a provision which was inserted for the special purpose of preventing a tradesman from being convicted for selling, to his own disadvantage, an article superior to that demanded.'' I t is satisfactory, however, to fiud that notwithstanding a marked falling off at the end of the year, due to the cause we have indicated, the entire number of samples submitted for analysis in 1878, exceeds by more than 200 those analysed in the previous twelvemonth, and that the proportion of adulterated samples shows a substantial diminution.ANALYST.]THE ANALYST. 167 ( 4 The first comprehensive enquiry into the prevalence of ailnlterntiou in England was that of the Lancet Commission in 1854-56, when considerably more than lialf tlic samples snalysed were reported against.In the year 1877, when the results of the analysis mder the Act of 1875, were for the first time tabulated, the proportion of adulterated samples was 19-2. In 1878 it was 17-2; and it may be further noticed that if spirits are excluded from the calculation the percentage of adulteration falls from 15.5 in 1877, to 15.7 in 1878. (' The following table shows the number of samples examined in the year, and the percentage of adulteration. It must be specially borne in mind that such percentage is based on the results of the analyses as given in the quarterly reports, and not merely upon the number of cases in which legal proceedings were instituted.Milk . . . . . . . . . . Bread . . . . . . . . . . Flour . . . . . . . . . .Butter . . . . . . . . Coffee . . . . . . . . . . Sugar . . . . . . . . . . Mnetard . . . . . . . . Pickles (including tinned Vegetables) Jam . . . . . . . . . . Confectionery.. . . . . . . Wine . . . . . . . . . . Beer . . . . . . . . . . Gin . . . . . . . . . . Spirits other than Gin . . . . Drugs . . . . . . . . . . Other Artioles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TotaI . . . . . . . . . . . . Examined 4,923 92 1 600 YO4 1,060 299 787 114 51 314 76 999 918 791 491 2,943 16,191 ldulteratei 1,066 66 11 116 196 13 154 8 1 16 2 50 432 365 125 162 2,782 1877. ?ercentagt If adultera tion. 24.1 7.4 6.0 10.8 17.5 0.4 18.8 27.6 6.1 3.3 32.2 9.3 67.7 47.6 21.8 9.8 19.2 1878.Percentage d adultera- tion. 21.6 7.1 1.8 12.6 18.5 4.3 19.5 7.0 1.9 5.0 2-6 5.0 47.0 46.1 254 5.5 17.2 '' I t will be seen that, as compared with 1877, there has been a decided improvement in the quality of the milk analysed, though v e cannot regard it as satisfactory that, even now, more than one-fifth of the samples examined fail to reach the standard of genuineness generally adopted by analysts.That standard is necessarily low, since the present state of science does not enable the analyst to pronounce with certainty wliether excess of water, down to a certain limit, is due to natural poverty of milk, or to tlic dilution of milk which was originally good ; and thus a higher standard of excellence cannot be set up without miking it possible to secure convictions under an Adulteration Act for the sale of what is perhaps the milk of ill-fed cows, but is nevertheless perfectly genuine.It is worth remarking, however, that in some instances in which the result of the examination had been such as to lead to the inference that a small amount of water had been added, although the evidence was not strong enough to warrant the adoption of legal proceedings, the vendors were informed of the suspicion attaching to them and cautioned as to the future.In one case the veiidor of extensively watered milk was excused from prosecution on pleading extreme poverty, and gratefully undertook to abandon the trade of dairyman altogether. It is to be feared, however,168 THE ANALYST.that where, as is the case in some districts, the magistrates inflict only small fines, a good many milk-sellers find it profitable to pay the fines and continue adulteration. " Of the bread examined it will be seen that about seven per cent. of the samples were reported against, for the most part in consequence of additions of durn by which it was sought to improve its appearance.'' Of the samples of flour, only 11 out of 600 had been similarly tampered with. " The sale of a compound of foreign fats in place of butter seems to be somewhat on the increase. The Public Analyst for St. Giles District observes with regard to this article that ' it is more palatable than common rancid butter; ' and though this amount of commendation does not suggest a high degree of attractiveness, yet, as he also states that the commodity is wholesome and nutritious, we see no reason against its use, provided it be invariably sold under a distinctive name t t d not fraudulently substituted for the genuine product of the churn. "As regards coffee, the returns for 1878 show some increase of adulteration as compared with those for 1877.In the investigations made by the Lancet Commission, roasted corn, beans, and potato flour were found to be among the substances used to adulterate coffee, but it would appear that the employment of tliese substaiiccs lias iiow been almost entirely abandoued, though mixtures of chicory and coffee are still extensively sold without due warning to the purchaser, and a new preparation of coffee mixed with roasted and groud datestoaes has been introduced.The practice as to the delivery of notifications of admixture, however, is by no means uniform in different parts of the country, and we remark that while in Liverpool 67 samples of so-called coffee out of 85 are found to contain chicory in greater or less proportion, the County Analyst of Gloucestershire only reports against two samples out of 71.Similarly, as regards mustard, it may be said that while some perfectly harmless and very pdatable preparations of mustard are deservedly popular, they are too ofteii sold without an intimation to the purchaser that they are compounds, and not merely mustard flour. Under the heads of pickles, jams, and confectionery respectively the returns show only a small amount of adulteration, and in very few instances was such adulteration of n character likely to be injurious to health.Of wine, only two samples out of 76 were reported against and it may be inferred that the sophistication of cheap mines is not so common as is popularly supposed. Of one of the adulterated samples in question the analyst observed that it was a ' concoction resembling nothing in particular, and cttlled slierry,' the otlier 'was an entirely fictitious claret, coloured with magenta, anJ is described as 6 a, most unwholesome beverage.' '( Of the samples of beer it will be seen that nearly five per cent.of the whole number of samples examined were reprorted against, although in the Metropolitan District all but six samples were genuine out of 237.Zxcess of salt is the ground oil which most of the samples have been pronounced adulterated, and the use of noxious ingredients seems to be now nearly obsolete. With regard to the aZdition of salt, there is much difference of opinion as to whether the practice prevails to any considerable extent. It is alleged on the one h a d that salt is added by publicans in order to malrs their beer provoke rather than slake thirst, but on the other hand it is affirmed that nost consumers would be repelled at the onset by beer sufficiently salted to have thatTHE ANALYST.169 effect. Moreover, very different estimates appear to be made of the amount of salt that may be naturally present in beer brewed from nothing but malt, hops, water, and perhaps sugar, and to which nothing has since been added.The Analyst for Lincolnshire states that the best brewing waters contain less than 15 grains of salt per gallon, and, allowing for the chlorides natural to the malt and hops used, he considers that beer should not have more than 20 to 25 grains of salt per gallon, and he adopts 30 grains per gallon as a standard which will leave sufficient margin. Similarly the Analyst for the County of Cardigau reports against samples containingfrom 22+ to 33 grains of salt per gallon.On the other hand the Analyst for the Strand District states that I ‘ one sample of Yarmouth ale contained 125 grains of salt per gallon, naturally present,” and the Analyst for Windsor thinks it 4 4 scarcely advisable to institute proceedings unless the common salt exceeds 100 grains per gallon.” The Analyst for the District of Saint Saviour, Southwark, reports that as much as 91 grains per gallon was found in the porter of a well-known London firm of brewers, and a summons was issued on the analyst’s certificate.The firm, however, gave every facility for an examination of the materials used for brewing; and it was found that the water itself contained chlorides estimated as cquivalent to 48 grains of common salt per gallon; and, considering that a gallon and a third of water is required to brew a gallon of beer, this would account for no less than 64 grains in respect of the water alone, without reckoning the not inconsiderable amount of chlorides in the malt, sugar, and hops employed.The result of this investigation was the withdrawal of the summon8, as there was every reason to believe that the salt found in the porter had been derived from the legitimate ingredients used in brewing. No doubt the result of this and similar inquiries will tend to prevent analysts from assuming too hastily that the presence of tm amount of salt rather above the average quantity necessady implies that beer has been adulterated. 6 ‘ Of the samples of spirits examined, it will be seen that nearly half are reported against, but it is necessary to explain that this result is due almost entirely to the practice of diluting spirits with water, and that there has been scarcely an instance of the addition of the pungent ingredients, such as capsicum and oil of vitriol, which usred to be employed to stimulate strength in reduced spirits, Considerable difference of opinion, however, has existed as to the amount of dilution which should be allowed, and hence it has happened that a fine has been inflicted in one district for the sale of spirit which in another district would have been passed by the analyst as genuine.I t is almost inevitable that some such difficulty should arise in the case of an article which is a, compornd of alcohol and water in very varying proportions. For instance, gin generally leaves the still at about 50 per cent, over proof, whereupon the rectifier flavours it, and adds water so as to bring it to about 17 per cent.under proof, at which strength, or some five degrees weaker, it is usually issued to the retailers who in their turn firequently make further additions of water, There is obviously some difficulty, in the absence of a generally recogllised standard, in fixing the precise point at which a compound of alcohol and water ceases to be gin and becomes gin-and-water.‘6 Probably nobody could drink ‘ genuine ’ gin, if by that term is meant the spirit as it comes from the still, while if gin ’ be defined as the spirit originally sold under170 THX ANALYST.that name, it must be admitted that there has for a long time existed a general practice of selling, as gin, a very weak spirit at a correspondingly low price. It seems to ug that there is much need of a settlement of this question by the establishment of a standard, either fixed by general agreement (if that be attainable) or by legal enactment.So long as one analyst reports gin 24 per cent. under proof as adulterated, while another reports gin 88 per cent. under proof as genuine, there will be complaints, not altogether unfounded, of the hardship caused by such anomalies. “ We have again to express regret that more samples of drugs are not submitted to analysis, for it is obvious that prescriptions may have very different effects according as they are made up with genuine or with adulterated medicines.“ An illustration of this is afforded by the report of the Analyst for the West Riding of Yorkshire, who observes that ‘ the dilution of sweet spirit of nitre by addition of water causes a gradual decomposition of the nitrous ether on which its medicinal value ciepends, thus rendering it worthless; hence the dilution of sweet spirit of nitre cannot be too strongly condemed.’ “ We find that a good many of the samples examined were of violet powder, public attention having been drawn to thiw article by the disastrous results arising at Loughton from the use of such powder which had become mixed with large quantities of arsenic.No similar admixture was discovered elsewhere, but in several instances substances which would act as irritants rather than as sedatives were sold under the name of violet powder, ‘ I Of the articles not specified by name in the table given above, cocoa furnishes a considerable proportion, and the Analyst for Hackney reports that some of the samples, which it is true had been labelled as mixtures, contained only from ten to meen per cent.of cocoa, and should have been rather described as arrowroot flavoured with sugar and cocoa.’ He adds that this compound is comparatively useleaa as a food, for the quantity used for making a cup of cocoa would scarcely have greater nutritive value than a single mouthful of bread and butter.In the same district, as well as in that of Clerkenwell, occasion was taken to analyse some of the ices sold by itinerant vendors, and it is satisfactory to learn that in no case was any injurious ingredient detected. Summing up the evidence of the reports aB a whole, we may observe that they afford proof that while the growing demand for excessive cheapness has a tendency to produce spurious imitations, yet, speaking generally, adulteration is diminiskg ; its character, where it exists, is much less noxious than formerly; and by the help of the Act it is possible for persons who take reasonable precautions to obtain only g e n ~ e articles of consumption.” The Customs Analysts report to the Commissioners that during 1878 they received 639 samples of tea for analysis, and of these 47 were reported to the Board a8 being either bad or doubtful.Seven of these were ordered to be d~taiued as seizures, but on re-consideration 3 of them were allowed to be exported, and only the remaining 4, which represented 6 packages, were destroyed as unfit for food, Inclusive of the 3 above mentioned, a total of 19, representing 5,372 packages, were allowed to be exported- that is, we presume, were considered unfit to be consumed in England-and the remaining 24, representing 5,943 packages, \.yere admitted for conmwtion.The numberTHE ANALYST . 171 reported to the Board is only about half what it was for 1877. viz., 88. and this diminution is rightly considered to indicate that some check has been put upon tea adulteration .The principal if not only adulterant used during both 1877 and 1878 was exhausted tea leaves . The following is a list of the total number of aamplee. examined and adulterated. in Englad and Wales. during 1878 :- TOTAL The Metropolitan District . . COUNTIES . Bedford .. Berks . . . . Bucks . . . . Cambridge .. Chester .. Cornwall .. Cumberland .. Derby .. . . Devon . . . . Durham .. Essex . . . . Gloucester . . Herta . . . . Kent . . . . Lancaster . . Leiceater .. LincoIn .. Middlesex .. Monmouth .. Norfolk .. Northampton .. Northumberland Nottingham .. Oxford . . . . Rutland .. Shropshire .. Somerset . . Southampton . . Stafford .. Surrey . . . . Sussex . . . . Warwick .. Westmoreland wilts . . . . Worcester .. York. E . Riding ..N . Riding .. W . Riding WALES . Anglesey .. Cardigan .. Carmarthen .. Glamorgan .. Pembroke .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NUMBER OF SAMPLE8 . Examined . .. 4642 .. 206 .. 61 .. 4 .. 31 .. 551 .. 15 .. 48 * * 109 .. 74 .. 510 .. 7 .. 725 .. 41 .. 289 .. 1868 .. 270 .. 369 .. 147 .. 74 .. 12 .. 133 .. 319 .. 72 .. 16 .. 8 .. 164 .. 1169 .. 438 .. 962 .. 535 .. 319 .. 252 .. 37 .. 84 .. 149 .. 183 .. 56 .. 668 .. 27 .. 34 .. 64 .. 442 .. - .. 0 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * * .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 . .. .. .. .. .. I. Adulterate& 589 16 5 0 8 154 4 30 23 10 85 5 57 6 38 462 31 98 34 25 4 28 108 14 7 0 29 129 115 153 120 47 57 17 13 24 40 10 113 2 11 18 43 . 0 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion Bdulk~mted . 1878 . 1877 . 12.6 7.7 8-1 00 25.8 27.9 26.6 62.5 21.1 13.5 16.6 71.4 7.8 14.6 13.1 24.7 11.1 26.5 23.1 33.7 33.3 21.0 33.8 19.4 46.2 00 17.6 11.0 26.2 15.9 22.4 147 22.6 45.9 15.4 16.1 21.8 17*8 16-9 7.4 32.3 28.1 9.7 - .. .. . a .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.4 7.4 5.1 0.0 22.7 20.6 39.3 31.3 31.0 57.1 8.2 00 26.8 18.8 32.7 12.4 23.2 14.9 38.4 17.5 72-7 0.0 16.6 13.7 21.4 22.6 12.9 17-7 26.4 28.6 - - - - 89.6 42.2 22.0 - - - 51.2 20-6 126 TOTALS 16. 191 2784 17*18 19*2

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400165

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

172 THE ANALYST. REVIEWS. Spon’s Encyclopcedia of the Industrial A r t s , Manufactures, and Cominsrcial Prodzccts. Edited by G. G. ANDR~, F.G.S. THE first division of this work (which is published in numbers of 64 pages each at 2s.) is now complete. Beverages,” and is issued in a cloth-bound volume of handy size, which is not too thick and heavy for common use. In the initial notice of the book we were reminded that the great strides lately taken by chemistry had rendered previous works on the same lines comparatively obsolete; but in addition to this claim to attention the promised Encyclopcedia was to have a still stronger raisoiz d’itre, from the fact that in treating the various subjects the ultra scientific and the popular styles were both to be discarded in favour of a strictly practical or manufacturing point of view.That this promise has been well carried out must be fully admitted, and, if the status of the present volume be maintained in its successors, we shall have in Xpon’s EncycEopadia a real addition to our standard practical literature. The division now complete commences with the acids, and includes alcohols, alkalies, alloys, alum, arsenic, asphalt, assaying, beer, and beverages generally.The most copious and practical details are given of the manu- facture of the substanoes treated of, while the illustrations of the necessary apparatus and plant are exceedingly copious and well drawn. The various articles are stated to have been written by men actually engaged in the respective manufactures, and they certainly read as if this were so, because, not only do they discuss all the methods at present in use, but also indicate carefully the weak points of each process, and show where further improvements are still desirable.The poi-tion on alcohol and the various improved methods for its rectification, is very interesting, and the details of gin and whisky manufacture somewhat startling to a general reader.Here, for instance, is a complete answer to the complaints of an undeserving public, that in spite of Public Analysts adulterated gin is constantly sold, as it seems that the true art of gin-making is in itself the very a c m of adulteration. At page 222 we read that ‘‘gin was originally imported from Holland under the name of Geneva,’ from Geniewe, the French for juniper.The liquor known by this name in England, or British gin, is a very different article from that made in Holland. It consists solely of grain spirit, flavoured with oil of turpentine instead of juniper. Small quantities of other aromatic substances are introduced into the spirit for the purpose of hiding or ‘ killing’ the very unpleasant taste and effects of the unrectified grain spirit.The recipes which are given in Merent works for the preparation of gin are wholly untrustworthy, as t b y yield a liquor which bears but little resemblance to true gin, Indeed, all attempts to make gin from the recipes usually found in books have invhiably resulted in failure, Each distiller has his own particular recipe, and his product its own characteristic flavour and adherents ; the difference between the several varieties, and especially between those of London and Plymouth, is very marked.In making gin, great care must be taken not to use an excess of flavouring. The following are good recipes for British gin :- ( L (I.) Grain spirit (proof), 80 gallons, newly rectified oil of turpeatine, l a pint ; mix well together: add 14 lbs, of common adt dissolved in 40 gallons of water ; stir It contains 984 pages, carries the subject matter down toTHE ANALYST, 173 well a d add 3 fluid drachms of creasote : distil over 100 gallons, or until the feints begin to rise.The product is 100 gallons of gin, 22 u.p. Half-a-pint of either rectified fuse1 oil or of oil of juniper may be added.” Passing over two other recipes, we come to a final one, in which among other interesting ingredients we find oil of vitriol and chilies, alum and cream of tartar being added at the last to fine.Such being the real practical receipts for gin-making, where is the bold analyst who can find any adulteration ? Perhaps the weakest point in the volume is the article on assaying, but as the writer has been limited Bpparently to 16 pages, in which he not only goes over all the metals, but also takes in coal, guano, gunpowder, limestone, and nitre, it is not to be expected that the matter can be canied beyond mere notes, coupled with details here and there of what the author considers to be good processes.The article would have been much increased in value if mention had been made of special works to which the reader might have been referred for fuller instructions.Viewed as a mere summary, it is well and crisply put together, but it is out of accordance with the full information given on other subjects, and it is almost a pity that a mere sketch, as it were, of chemical analysis should have been introduced at all, as very few who buy the book will require information of this k i d Taken, however, as a whole, Spon’s Encyclopmdia must be held to be a thoroughly useful work, without which no manufacturer’s library will be complete, and which no student of chemistry intending to enter the manufacturing branch can afford to neglect.As a book of reference for the consulting chemist it will also have a useful place in all questions relating to works, and the more so that copies of all statutes (such as the Alkali Act) affecting any particular process will be found in their proper places.A Systematic Course of Practical Qualitative Analysis. By THOMAS ELTOFT, F.C.S. THIS is another of these books of limited scope, designed for students preparing for special examinations. It has no feature of novelty, except that the usual tabular form lias been departed from in the metal course, and a system of printing followed which the author specially points to in the preface ; but, strangely enough, the very thing thus abandoned in the metals is adopted for the acids ! The author fancies that his is ( ( the first attempt to place the acids in systematic order and small space,” but, before taking pp that idea, he should have diligently searched the larger works, and he would have fouiicl that practically the same system has already been used in ft more extended form.In Muter’s Analytical Clwnistry, for example, the acids are reduced to an exact course, just like the bases, by a similar (‘ preparation of solution” and succession of re-agents to those employed in this ZwocJwe, but in that work many organic acids are also included, which are, of course, absent here. ADULTERATED DRuGs.-Dr. Cameron, Analyst for the County of Limerick, having recently reported to the Guardians of Newcastle Union that five out of seven drugs sent to him were adulterated, the Board resolved that in future all the drugs supplied to the Union should be submitted to analysis, and if adulterated the vendors prosecuted.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400172

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

174 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. ADULTERATED SWEET SPIRITS OF NITRE.-& the Leeds Town Hall, TV. Greenwood, of Commercial Road, Kirkstall, was summoned by the Corporation for selling adulterated sweet spirits of nitre. I t appeared that Inspector Handford went to the defendant’s shop and asked for 6 om. of sweet spirits of nitre, for which he paid 1s. 6d., and he told the defendant he purchased it for the purpose of having it analysed by the Public Analyst.The Public Analyst (Mr. Fairley) stated that the medicinal value of the liquid depended ohiefly on the quantity of nitrous ether it contained, and that the sample submitted to him contained scarcely any of that element. The defendant said he bought the spirit of nitre, as it was, from two chemists in the town.He was fined 20s. and coste. REFUBING TO SELL IN THE STREET.-At Lambeth Police Court, a milkvendor, resident at Peckham, was summoned for refusing to serve Inspector Stevenson, LL properly authorised officer. The defence was, that inasmuch as the defendant was hawking milk in the street, he could not be indicted, the Act of 1875 applying only to things ‘‘ exposed for sale in a shop, premises, or stores.” The objection was held be fatal, but ti case for a higher court was granted.ADULTERATING BEER WITH SALT.-A~ the Worcester Police Court, Geo. Y. Houghton, landlord of the ‘‘ Market Fountain Inn,” was charged with having, on June 18th, sold ale adulterated with salt, Mr. Blakeway (of the Town Clerk’s office) appeared to prosecute; Mr. Tree defended.* Mr. Higgs, inspector, said that he asked the defendant for two quarts of home-brewed fresh ale.The ale was bottled and sealed. Dr. Swete had certified that it contained 98 grains of salt per gallon. On the previous day witness obtained a sample of water from the defendant’s well. In cross-exmination witness said that he had known the defendant for many years, and had known nothing against him or the beer he sold. Mr.Tree said that there was no evidence that anybody had found fault with the defendant’s beer. He reminded the Bench that a grain of salt was the 480th part of an ounce ; and a8 there were sixteen half-pints in a gallon, the quantity of salt whioh the defendant was charged with having in the beer analysed, 98 grains per gallon, was very small in an ordinary glass of ale.[Mr. Tree produced an envelope, showing the quantity of salt which there would be in half a pint of ale, at the rate of 98 grains per gallon]. Such a small quantity of salt could not be injurious to anybody. Instructions were issued by the Excise authorities, stating what articles were not to be put in beer, and not a word waB said about salt. Salt in small quantities preserved beer.A certificate by Dr. Swete was put in, stating that beer brewed from the water which had been pumped from the defendant’s well would not contain more than 25 grains of salt. Dr. Swete was examined, and said that he had analysed the water from the defendant’s well, and found that it contained 104 grains of salt per gallon. In cross-examination, Dr. Swete said that from 70 to 75 grains per gdon had been put into the beer.The beer was not home- brewed fresh beer. Any beer containing more than 70 grain0 per gallon had a salt taste. The natural taste of beer was not salt. In re-examination Dr. Swete said that he did not think salt was usually put into beer. He believed that the brge brewers said that they did not put any salt into ale.If he were to drink half-a-pint of beer containing salt at the rate of 98 grains per gallon he should be thirsty and should want another glass. Unfortunately the Excise authorities allowed substitutes for malt and hops. The defendant was then called, and said that he had been eight years at the “ Market Fountain.” Since Mr. Higgs called, he had brewed ale with other water than thdt of his well, and his customers told him the ale was not so palatable, He had been in the habit of putting a farthing’s worth of salt in 115 gallons of ale.The person who instructed him in the art of brewing told him to put in this quantity of salt. Mr. Tree said that in the future the defendant would not put any salt into his beer. Defendant was fined 10s. and 50s. costs. PROSECUTION BY THE METROPOLITAN DAIRYMEN’S SocIETY.-Thomas Rose, of Beach Farm, Binfield, Berks, mas summoned by the Metropolitan Dairymen’s Society for selling to Mr.Barham, of the Express County Milk Company, a churn of milk adulterated to the extent of 15 per cent. of added water. Mr. nicketts prosecuted, and Mr. Lickford appeared for the defendant. This case had been adjourned from the 28th of July, in consequence of the defendant having raised sundry objections to the form of the certificate, and also questioned the accwacy of the analysis.It appeared that k r . Barham contracted with the defendant for ti supply of pure milk to be delivered at Waterloo Terminus, but as it \yas found to be adulterated, complaints were made to the defendant, and on the 21st of June a churn of m a was watched from the defendant’s farm to the Waterloo Station, where Mr.Parish, the Inspector of the Metropolitan Dairymen’s Society, took samples, one of which he detained, one he took to Dr, Muter, and the third was handed to defendant. Dr. Muter’s certificate showed that it was adulterated with 15 per cent. of added water. The defendant disputed Dr. Muter’B certificate, and a He put it in to make the beer keep and to make it palatable.THE ANALYST’.175 sample was sent, at the request of Mr. Ricketts, to Somerset House, to be analysed by the Government Analyst, and his certificate, dated a fortnight afterwards, set forth that the milk was adulterated to the extent of not less than 10 per cent. Dr. Muter, who was in attendance, said that the analysis coincided with his own, as the milk at the time would have turned sour, which caused it to be much lower, and an allowance had to be made for this decomposition which was not always certain.The actual figures were practically the same as his own. He had analysed the defendant’s milk several times, and found it to be adulterated. The defendant was called, and he denied adding any wder or anything else to the milk.He took a sample to the Public Andyst at Reading, and produced his certificate showing that it was pure milk. In cross-examination by Mr. Ricketts, he said he was fined at this bourt in February, 1878, for sending up milk adulterated with water. After a lengthy examination and cross-examination of the inspector on sundry technical points, Mr.Slade said that it was his intention to decide in favour of the complainant. If the defendant wished to appeal on those points raised by his solicitor he could do so ; and as the sample was not very heavily adulterated he should fine him $33 and ;E2 12s. 6d. costs. “ BUTTER1NE.”-At Kensington Petty Sessions, William Nasli, dairyman and butterman, 46, Golborne Road, Notting Hill, mas summoned by the Kensington Vestry for selling adulterated butter.Thomas Gayland, the inspector under tho Food Adulteration Acts, sent a lad into defendant’s shop for half-a-pound of 1s. butter, which on being analysed, was found to contain 70 per cent. of foreign fat. Defendant said he bought it as (‘ butterine ” or “ bosh,” and sold it at Is. a pound without putting any name to it either a8 butter or anything else.‘‘ BUTTER1NE.”-Before the Hyde Magistrates, John Miller, grocer, of Hyde, was charged by Superintendent Cooper with having sold to the prejudice of the purchaser one pound of butter, which was not of the nature, quality, and substance of the article demanded. The case for the prosecution was that, on the 8th of July, two constables saw in defendant’s shop window a quantity of what was apparently butter, bearing a label ‘‘ Millers, butter importers, 7d.” They entered the shop and asked to be supplied with ‘‘ a pound of that butter marked 7d.” which was given to them.They told the shopman that it was purchased for the purpose of analysis. On being submitted to the County Analyst, Mr. Carter Bell, of Manchester, it was certified to be adulterated with 36 per cent.of foreign fat. The case for the defence was that the article was not sold as butter, but as ‘‘ butterine,” and that the officers on entering the shop asked to be supplied not with a pound of butter, but with a pound of “ that ” (pointing to the article which was ticketed 7d.), and that therefore the sale was perfectly legal.The case turned upon whether the article was sold as butter or butterine ; the Bench took the former view, and imposed a fine of $5 and costs. Notice of appeal was given. BUTTER AND “BUTTERINE. ”-At the Salford Police Court, before Mr. J. Makinson, Wm. Rawlinson, grocer, 316, Regent Road, was summoned for selling “butteriiie” for butter. The Town Clerk (lfr. C.Moorhouse) prosecuted, and Mr. Edge, barrister, appeared for the defendant. Mr. C. E. Thompson, inspector under the Salesof Food and Drugs Act, said that on the 11th July he went to the defendant’s shop and asked for 1 lb. of butter, for which he paid 10d. He told the defendant he had purchased the butter for the purpose of having it analysed. The defendant replied, ‘‘ Well I bought it as butter, and I expect it is butter.” Nr, J.Carter Bell, Tublie Analyst, said he had analysed the “butter” purchased at the defendant’s shop, and found it contained 85 per cent. of foreign fat. Cross-examined by Mr. Edge, witness said he should prefer butter to butterine as an article of food. He concurred generally in the opinion of the Manchester City Analyst (Mr. Estcourt) that the introduction of butterine was a boon to the working classes, and that it was preferable to a good deal of the salt butter sold.Mr. Edge mid the defendant’s shopman in labelling the butter had made a mistake, and marked it 10d. instead of 8d. per lb. The defendant really believed that he was selling Irish butter to the inspector, and therefore he (Mar. Edge) contended that defendant was not liable to a penalty.The section of the Act under vhi& the defendant was summoned, stated that a penalty might be inflicted where a person sold to the prejudice of the purchaser something which was not of the nature and quality of the article demanded. To bring the present case within the meaning of the statute there must be an intention to defraud by the clefendant.There was no such intention, as the evidence of thc inspector proved, on the part of Mr. Wawlinson, as there was a bona jide belief in his mind that it was butter which the inspector had purchased. The Town Clerk said it was unnecessary to prove any fraudulent intention ; the question was whether the defendant sold an article of the nature and quality of the article demanded.If the defendant had been defrauded by his merchant in having palmed upon him butterine for butter, there was a saving clause in the Act which provided for that. The section said that if a person purchased goods, and got a written warranty as to the quality of the goods, the persou who sold the articlm in the The Bench fined him $2. Witness handed over to the Public Analyst a sample of the butter, It was what was known as “butterine.”176 THE ANBLYST.first instance and gave the warranty was liable, if they were found not to Be what they were represented to be. A person going into a shop was entitled to get what he asked for, and that was not the case in the present instance; the inspector asked for butter and got butterine. Mr. Makinson held that the casehad been clearly proved, and that there need not be any fraudulent intention on the part of the seller to render liini liable to a conviction.As to the way in which butterine should be sold he thought it should either be plainly labelled, or that the purchaser should be given to understand that butterine and not butter was being sold. In this case he thought a small penalty would meet the ends of justice, and fined the defendant 2s.6d. and costs. CHICORY AND CoFFEE.-At the South Staffordshire Stipendiary’s Court, before Mr. W. I?. F. Boughey (stipendiary magistrate), Mr. Thomas Bird, grocer, Spon Lane, was summoned by Mr. J. G. Horder, the inspector under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act for the district of South Staffordshire, for selling adulterated coffee.Mr. Horder’s assistant proved to visiting the defendant’s shop and asking for a quantity of pure coffee. Having been supplied, the defendant was informed that the coffee had been purchased for the purpose of being analysed, and that a portion of it would be forwarded to the County Analyst. A certificate had been received from Mr. Jones, the County Analyst, stating that the coffee contained 70 per cent.of chicory. The Stipendiary fined the defendant 2s. 6d. and costs. ALUM IN Bum-At the Cambridge Petty Sessions last month an adjourned case mas heard, in which Mr. T. F. Peacock, baker and confectioner, of King Street, was charged with selling buns mixed with alum, so as to render the said articles of food injurious to health. The Town Clerk prosecuted ; Mr.J. W. Cooper appeared for the defendant, and also to watch the case on behalf of Messrs. Smith and Sons, of Norwich, the makers of the ‘‘ Norfolk Baking Powder.” ’Inspector Phillips said : I went to the defendant’s shop and got a packet of baking powder from among a large quantity in a box. I marked it with a crom, and gave it to Mr. Knights to be‘ analysed. I then went to Messrs.Gladwyn & Yockney’s, and purohaaed three packets of the same powder. I put a seal upon each. I gave one to Mr. Knights, one to Mr. Bitton, who supplied me with them. Mr. J. W. Knights, Public Analyst, said : I received from Inspector Phillips a sample of the baking powder, and I analysed it. The following is the result of the analysis :-There was of ground rice 43.0, of burnt alum 15.20, of bitartrate of potash and bicarbonate of soda 41.80. By Mr.Adams : I did not examine for the same parts in the buns that I found in the powder. If three-quarters of a packet had been used for making 4 lbs. of buns it would account for the quantity of alum I found in the buns. By the Mayor : If that quantity WRS used it would make the buns injurious to health. By Mr.Cooper : If 11 teaspoonful of powder was put to a pound of flour, in my opinion it would render it injurious to health. I know Mr. Sutton, Public Analyst for the County of Norfolk. If he states that this powder, mixed with bread according to directions (one teaspoonful to a pound), is not injurious to health, he is wrong. I know there is potash among the constituents of this powder in sufficient quantity for me to distinguish it.The Mayor said the question was whether the defendant committed the offence with a guilty intention. Mr. Cooper said that was the first question, and the second was, Was the alum injurious to health? The defendant might possibly have put more powder in than the directions allowed. By Mr. Adams : Four teaspoonfuls of this powder would weigh a little over half-an-ounce.Mr. Cooper submitted that under the 5th Section the defendant was not liable unless he knew that the admixture of that powder would produce the effect, sud make it injurious to health. The defendant did not know that the article he put in was injurious to health, and he might have put more in than the directions allowed. He proposed to bring before them the Public Analyst for the County of Norfolk, who would show them that one part of Mr.Knights’ analysis of that was without doubt a mistake. The Town Clerk said Mr. Cooper would have an opportunity of going into the question, for they mould summon the people for selling the baking powder. Mr. Cooper said he would not go into that case then. The defendant was not liable unless they could shorn that he had knowledge that the powder was injurious to health, Supposing he did it wilfully, he submitted that he (defendant) did not know the baking powder contained an ingredient that would render it injurious to health.The Mayor : You cannot get over the broad fact that therewas alum in the buns. Mr. Cooper said they did not dispute that.The question was whether the defendant knew the powder was injurious to health ; if he did not know, they would have to acquit him. &lr. Hurrell said his opinion was that the defendant had done something innocently; but he was innocent of the offence. The defendant said the reason why he used more bakingpowder than the directions said was because the buns required more.Mr, Hurrell pointed out to Mr. Cooper that at the end of Section 6 it read Could he with reasonable diligence have obtained that knowledge.” He held he (the defendant) could. The defendant was then sworn, and said: I am a baker, living in KingTHE ANALYST. 177 Street. I have been in the habit of using this Norfolk baking powder ever since I have been there. I u8e it for buns and nothing else.The flour I used was the seconds flour. I put nothing but baking powder in it. I purchased it of Mr. Bitton from Gladwyn and Yockney’s. The quantity of the different ingredients I used to make these buns was 4i-lbs. of flour, a little over a quart of milk, l+-lbs. of currants, &lb. of sugar, and 9-lb. of butter and lard together. We put the baking powder into the flour when it is dry, before the dough is made.I had no means of knowing that the baking powder was injurious to health. By Mr. Hurrell: If I had known it contained alum, I should not have used it. Witness continued : There are some papers which say the powder is certified by analysis to be perfectly pure and wholesome, assisting digestion, and that is why I used it. I used this because it requires more in the buns than in the dough to get them light. By the Town Clerk : I read the directions-one teaspoonful to apoundof flour; but that didnot makeit light, so I used more. The Defendant: I know I am perfectly innocent. Mr. Hurrell : I have no doubt of it. By the Mayor : Assuming I used yeast instead of baking powder, I should use more to buns than to bread. Mr. Cooper said there were some papers which the defendant had with the powder, and which said it was certified by analysis to be perfectly pure and wholesome, assisting digestion ; therefore, the defendant thought he need not make more inquiries. He submitted that he came withiiig the 5th Section, and the case would have to be dismissed The Mayor, after consulting with the rest of the Bench, and the magistrates were of opinion that thc defendant did not use reasonable diligence, and, considering all the circumstances of the case, they fined him 1s. and expenses. Mr. Hurrell said he thought the defendmt’s character did not suffer in the slightest possible degree.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400174

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 177 NOTES OF THE MONTH. We must, of course, express ow satisfaction at the passing of the Act amending the Sale of Food and Drugs Act. I t might, no doubt, have been more useful, had it fixed a standard for drugs and milk, as well as spirits; but, such as it is, we accept it RS another effort in the direction of improving the quality of our food and drink. The clause by which inspectors are now enabled to obtain samples from street hawkers, costermongers, a d stall keepers, will be extremely useful, as it will bring within the provisions of the Act a class of people who have hitherto eluded them, although dealing in the adulterated articles, for selling which shopkeepers have been convicted and fined.We trust the local authorities will accordingly instruct their officers as to the existence of this new provision.Milk dealers, too, in their turn, are given the power to have the milk supplied to them examined, and will thus be deprived of the defence so often raised, that they sold the milk in the same state as they received it from the farmer. If they now suspect the milk they are being supplied with to have been watered or tampered with before they receive it, they can get the medical officer of health, or inspector to take a sample at the time the milk is delivered, and, if it has been adulterated, the local authorities can prosecute the farmer in the same way as they do now ordinary tradespeople.Tlie last clause of the Act, which enacts that summonses must be served within 28 days from the date of purchase of perishable articles, such as butter and milk, deserves particular attention from analysts. When local authorities meet periodically, and cases are reported to them before proceedings are taken, the enactment will sometimes be inconvenient, as the samples may not reach the analyst in time for him to report thereon at the next meeting of the authorities, and the following meeting two or three weeks afterwards may be after the expiration of the 28 days.This difficulty must probably be avoided, by instructions being issued to the officers to apply for summonses, if necessary, immediately on receipt of the snalyses.178 THE ANALYST. The clause referring to tlie ‘‘ prejudice question,” after the-recent decision of the Court of Queen’s Bench, is not required so far as England is concerned; but in Scotland, where the Sale of Food Act has been a dead letter ever since the decision of the Justiciary Court, the new clause will, we hope, again set the Act in motion.But an additional provision, which relates to the whole Kingdom, is that which renders it unnecessary to prove that an article is defective in nature, uitd substance, mid quality, before a conviction can be obtained-if it is deficient in one of these respects only, that is sufficient. With regard to the b b spirits” clause, we shudder to find that a flaw has already been discovered in it by an ingenious Yorkshireman.In a letter to a Sheffield paper, the writer states that, although the new Act provides that it shall be a good defence to prove that brandy, say, has not been reduced more than 25 u.y.; yet it does not provide that, if reduced beyond that limit, such brandy is to be considered adulterated ! The Annual Report of the Local Government Board on the work of Public Analysts contains so much matter of interest to our readers .that we have thought it better to reprint it in extenso, rather than give an abstract of it.The Report bears out our own figures, which we were enabled to publish several months ago, a8 regards the decrease in adulteration, the percentage for 1878 being 17.18, as against more than 50 per cent, a quarter of a century ago. So far the operation of the Acts against adulteration have done an enormous amount of good, which we trust will be permanent. It is, however, extremely amusing to notice the various comments of the trade journals on the report.The Grocer, for instance, believes the appointment of Public Analysts has caused no amall amount of trouble to the Local Government Board, and that analysts are, indeed, generally troublesome but rarely useful, No doubt Public Analysts are troublesoma : if not to Government officials, at any rate to that still numerous but happily diminishing clam of tradesmen who want to make haste to be rich, e.g., by selling as coffee, at 1s.6d. a lb., a mixture containing 60 per cent. of chicory, worth half thatlmoiiey; or as cocoa, ‘1 arrowroot flavoured with sugar and cocoa,” and who do not like their laudable object to be frustrated by means of the Public Analyst, The Grocey waxes jubilant over the fact that the Local Government Board have, as it says, at last adopted an argument of its own in reference to 6 6 butterine.” The Board see no reason against tlie use of this article, provided if is invariably sold under a, distinctive name, and not fraudulently substituted for the genuine product of the churn.Who ever heard of any objection being raised to the sale of dripping as dripping? This is much used by poor people instead of butter, But as to bntterine, what are the facts ? It is an article made to resemble butter as much as possible, and it has been dubbed with a name which seems to have been invented to aid in the deception, Not content, however, with selling such a preparation for what it really is, nineteen out of twenty shopkeepers who sell it have their windows decorated with bills as large as life, Prime butter Is, (or less) a pound,” Just Bo-we also agree with this.THE ANALYST, I79 and customers who buy this are deceived, for no mention is made of its being other than butter, unless, indeed, the inside of the wrapper is stamped “ Mixture.’’ It is only when an inspector buys some, and then not till he says mhat he wants it for, that the shopkeeper says, “ I don’t sell this to you as butter.” No, not to the inspector ; but to scores of other customers it has been sold as ‘‘ cheap butter,” and nothing else, The Grocer further points ont that the adulteration of coffee has increased, and that mixtures of chicory and coffee are ‘6 extensively sold ” as coffee, and it particularly directs the attention of grocers to the fact that some preparations of mustard are often sold without the purchaser being informed that they are COmpOUndS, and it also notices that some cocoa samples (labelled mixtures) contained only from 10 to 15 per cent.of cocoa. But the Grocer, nevertheless, considers that, on the whole, the Local Government Report is (‘ fairly satisfactory,” and winds up by remarking that it ‘ I should be borne in mind that when the analysts report that they have discovered adulteration, it is now commonly proved-if the case comes into court-that they have made a mistake.The analysts appear to be always making mistakes in this way, and therefore their certificates do not necessarily inspire confidence.” This is too much.We were under the impression that we had seen in the Grocer, within the past few months, some scores of cases in which it had been proved-in court too-that it was the tradesmen who had made the mistakes,” and been punished accordingly. No doubt we have been labouring under a strange misapprehension. Although the Local Government Board consider that adulteration is diminishing, and that its character is less noxious than formerly, and although newspapers in all parts of the country do even now occasionally-not to say frequently-contain reports which the tradesmen implicated might not care to rely on in support of their characters for honesty : notwithstanding all this, the inference we draw, that the Sale of Food Act is a very beneficial one, is of course erroneous.The Adulteration Acts were all un- necessary; Public Analysts-that “ rarely useful” body-were unnecessary ; tradesmen generally, and grocers in particular, could conduct their business properly+ they were pushed to it-and so, quite of their own accord, mind, and quite uninfluenced by any bothering Acts of Parliament, or “ troublesome” analysts, tradesmen are now so honourable, that, as the Local Government Board gay, it is actually possible for persons who take reasonable precautions to obtain only genuine articles of consumption.” E’aucy that ! It is true thRt the Board add, that to do this requires tlie “ help of the Act,” but t h t of coumc is merely the Board’s playful exaggeration.The Board fear that where sinnll fines are inflicted, tradesmen find it profitable to p y the fiiies and continue adulteration. A case reported on another page is a good illustration : 2s.G d . fine for 70 per cent. of chicory, and this when pnre coffee” was asked for. If these small fines were universal, we think it would better protect the public from imposition, if the shopkeeper vcre coinpelled to expend the amount in having a large bill printed containing a notice of his conviction, which should be exhibited in his window for three months.180 THE ANALYST.RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been published during the past,month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1878. No. 4544 4949 4982 5139 5281 5291 5306 5307 1879. 33 49 65 83 152 173 178 179 277 326 Name of Patentee.C. A. Fawsitt.. . . . . . . C. W. Siemens . . . . . . E. J. Atkinson . . . . . . W. B. Brain . . . . . . . . A. M. Thompson and H. D. Earl , . F. Versman and J. yon Quaglio . . T. A. Edison . . . . . . . . J. B. Freeman . . . . . . R. V. Tuson . . . . . . . . J. C. Mewburn . . . . . . A. M. Clark . . . . . . . . W. Ladd . . . . . . . . J.Imray . . . . . . A. de Meritens . . . . . . W. R. Lake . . . . . . . . s. cohne . . . . . . . . E. L. Paraire. . . . . . . . 8. & M. Baeriein . . . . . . Title of Patent. Obtaining Ammonia . . . . . . . . Electrio Lamps . . . . . . . . . . Calcining Gypsum, Lime, &c. . . . . . . Electric Lighting.. . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . Purifying Coal Gas . .. . . . . . Developing Magnetism and Electric Currents, Apparatus for Illuminating by Electricity Carbons for Electric Lighting . . . . . . Price. .. 4d. .. 6d. .. 6d. .. 6d. .. 4d. .. 6d. .. 2d. .. 2a. and Disinfectants . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of Phosphorous . . . . . . . . 6d. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Carburetting Gas or Air .. . . . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of Sulphate of Alumina . . . . . . 4d. Obtaining Light by Electricty . . . . . . . . 2d. Enriching Phosphates of Lime . . . . . . . . 6d. Electrical Light Apparat; , , , . . , , . 2d. Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Mr. Frederick County of Armagh. Dr. Cameron, Monaghan. Hodges, F.I.C., Belfast, has been elected Publio Analyst for t h e Dublin, has been elected Public Analyst for the County of BREAD ADULTERATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CmToRx-In a number of the Newcastle Courant, in the year 1759, we read :-‘6 I n order to prevent the injurious practice of bakers from adulterating their bread, by noxious and unwholesome mixtures, it was enacted in the 31st year of his present Majesty that persons convicted of adulterating their bread, or having in their poseession any mixture or ingredients with an intention to adulterate the purity of meal, flour, or bread, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $10, nor less than $2, and by the same statute it is directed that the magistrate before whom any such conviction shall be had, may cause the offender’s name and place of abode to be published in some newspapers, which shall be printed ar published in or near the country, city, or place where the offence shall be committed.Last Wednesday, Thomas Smithers, baker, East Smithfield, was convicted before John Fielding, Esq., in a penalty of $ 5 , for having in his possession a quantity of alum undissolved, and a quantity of alum dissolved, with an intention to mix and adulterate the purity of meal, flour, or bread.* * * * If this inquiry be conducted with spirit upon the presentplan of discovery, it is to be hoped that it will be the means of saving the lives of iiumberleas poor infants, whose parents arc not in a condition to make their children’s pap of anything else but common bread.”--MiZler, We regret to announce the death, at an early age, of Mr. James Whitla, Public Analyst for the County of Monaghan, and a Member of the Society of Public Analysts. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist niid Druggist ; The Brewers’ GuiLrdian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Phariiiaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Bostoii Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The American Dairyman; The Practitioner ; Aniericnn New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Praticien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New Tork Public Health ; Philadelphia Printers’ Circular ; Notes on Lubricants, by W. MacIvor.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8790400177

出版商:RSC    

年代:1879

数据来源: RSC