摘要:

THE ANALYST. MAY, 1884. THX ANALYSIS OF BUTTER. BY WILLIAM Fox AND J. ALFRED WANKLYK. (ABstract of CG Pqer read 092 Narch 19th.) IN making examinations of butter, the smell of butyric ether has been observed when the butter is saponified in the usual manner, i.~., by the action of alcoholic solution of potash on tho butter, but until we called attention to the subject, in the course of last year, the butyric ether arising during this action was regarded as an insignificant by-product. We have shown". that the butyric ether is a main product, and that by * Chemical NewB, vol. 48, page 49, and in a paper read before the chemical. section of the British Association, Southport meeting, 1883,74 THE ANALYST. restricting the action of the potash it is possible to cause all o€ the butyric acid- which is derivable from butter-to assume the form of butyric ether.At any rate me have proved that much more than half of the butyric acid may be *made to assume the form of butyric ether. Very important theoretical and practical consequelices f ollom from a knowledge of this fact. The theory has a bearing on the analysis of butter, and we propose to deal with that on the present occasion, and havo to offer a rapid and accurate method of analyzing butter by means of a meamrement of the quantity of butyric ether, which is evolved under certain specified conditions. The working details of our method are the following :-- The butter is clarified in the usual may, and then 5 grammes are weighed and taken for the analysis. The butter is placed in a small retort of about 200 C.C.capacity, and fitted to a condenser. About 100 C.C. of alcohol (sp. gr. 0.838) is added to the butter in the retort, and then 0.5 gms. of solid potash is added. The retort ip, then gently heated, and the contents are distilled, the distillation being continued to dryness. The distillate is received in a bottle fitted with a stopper, and containing 40 C.C. of accurately measured normal caustic potash or soda. When the distillation is complete the stopper is placed in the bottle and the contents are shaken €or a short time, and presently it will be found that the smell of butyric ether has vanished, l’henol phthalein is now added to serve as an indicator, and the solution is titrated with normal sulphnric acid. The following results have been obtained :- I.11. 111. ButtersampleI. ,. .. 3-20 .. ., 3.46 ,,.. - per cent. C,H,O, Mean of insoluble fatty acids, 87.30 per cent, Three samples of butter received by Mr. Wanklyn from Buckingham, gave- :: i_ I ,, ,, 11. .. .. 2.96 .... 2-96 .,.. 3-17 ,, Y , ,, ,, 111. .... 3.17 .. .. - .... - ,, 9, V. .... 3.40 .,.. - I . . . ,, ,, IV. ., .. 3.00 .. .. 2.85 ,. .. - -- ,, ,, VI. .. .. 3-26 .. . . 3.13 .. .. 3.40 ,, No. I. .. 2.8G ,. 3.15 .. 2-97 per cent. C,H,O,, insolublefattyaoid 87.86 .. - ?, 7 , 9 , 95.16 ,, 11. .. none .. - ,, 111. .. 3.20 .. I . 9, ,, 9 , 88-60 - No. 11, therefore contained no butter fat whatever, and was reported on to that effect. Several samples of (( one shilling butter ” bought at various shops gave no trace of butyric ether, and consunred no alkali when treated as above described.The insoluble fatty acids in these samples was found to be a little more than 91 per cent. In like manner cocoanut-fat and various other fats and oils, some of which yield less than 95 per cent. of insoluble fatty acids, have been found to yield no butyric ether when treated by our process. We are of opinion that slight admixtures of butter with foreign fat are of very rare occurrence in commerce ; either the fat which is sold under the name of butter, is butter altogether, or else it is devoid of butter. And certificates that a given specimen of commercial butter contained, say 20 per cent. of foreign fat mixed with the butter or say 80 per cent. of foreign fat mixed with the buttert are open to grave suspicion,THE ANALYST. 75 _I__---._ In the course of the discussion which ensued after the reading of the original pa.per.Mr. ALLEN said:--The formation of butyric ether during the saponification of butter is certainly an exceedingly curious reaction, of which I do not venture to offer any explanation further than that put forward by Mr. Wanklyn. I wish, however, that gentleman had brougbt forward some further facts in confirmation of his isoglycerine theory j still, we can take it as a fact, that butyric ether is produced in saponification, and that when the operation is carried out in the manner described by the authors, slightly over 3 per cent. of butyric ether is obtained. I do not; gather that the quantity which distils over is necessarily all the ether that is formed.It would be interesting to know whether the volatile product is butyric ether only, or contains ethers of other volatile acids besidos. When the paper is printed I hope we shall see actual analytical figures, and wo shall then be able to judge horn far the process is capable of giving constant results. 8inco the introduction of Heliner and Angell's process many modifications have been proposed, but these, unfortunately, have not al-ivays stood the test of experience, and in the present case it mill be most desirable to know horn much this proeess can do. I have myself attempted other plans, but have not succeeded in working out a process which would give absolutely constant figures on repetition. The figmes given by the authors of the paper seem to me to be very low, and a grave source of error exists in the possible variation in the proportion of alkali used. It is all very well to assume that we have to deal with butter or with butterine, but, unfortunately, we have to do sometimes with mixtures, and how do we then know whether we have not more caustic potash than is sufficient for this reaction ? Supposing for instance, that we have 20 per cent.only of butter in R mixture, would not then the excess ox" potash be very considerable? 'This, it seems to me, wants further explanation and experiment before we know horn far the process is likely to give reliable results. I t is not so many years ago that Mr. Wanklyn used to pooh-pooh Hehner and Angell's method on the ground that the true proportion of butyrin in butter mas amere fraction of 1 per cent. T do not know whether Mr.Wanklyn is not even now prepared to hold the same vier, on the ground that butyric acid is not contained as a glyceride in the butter, but that the acid is formed in the process itself. It mould be interesting to know what should happen if butter-fat were decomposed with sulphuric acid instead of alkali ; would we then still got butyric aeid? I n this manner more light might be thrown on this interesting reaction. MR. BEKNER said : No analyst can be more desirous than I (1x11 myself to see butter analysis further improved, and I am sure no one appreciates the difficulties of the methods at present in use more keenly than I do. I hail every improvement in butter analysis with delight, for every one affords further evidence that the seed sown by Mr.Angel1 and mysclf, now a good many years ago, is growing and flourishing. I am, however, sorry to think that the method suggested by Messrs. \Vanklyn and Fox, instead of being anything like an improvement, is decidedly a retrograde step ; it brings ua backalmost to the position in which butter analysis found itself when first taken up by me. Ten years ago it maa said that butter fat contained about two per cent. of glyceride76 THE ANALYST. ~~ ~~ ~~ of soluble fatty acids, and it was not without strong opposition-mainly, also, on the part of Mi*. Wanklyn-that me demonstrated that the actual quantity was very much larger. Six to seven per cent. or more of soluble fatty acids being readily obtainable from butter fat.NOT, after the lapse of ten yeara, Mr. Wanklyn comes to us with a met;hod by which he actually gets from 2+ to 3 per cent. of butyric acid. This is, for Mr. Wanklyn, a decided advance ; if he continues his labours he may, ifi time, rewh the quantities readily obtained by other analysts. Now, if we look at the paper just read, ms see that it consists of a great deal of theory, and of a very little bit of fact. 1 have heard a very eminent lawyer say in Court, that he preferred one grain of common-sense to a cartloadful of chemistry. I might paraphrase, and say “ one grain of fact is better than a ton of theory.” Analytical methods should, before all things, stand upon solid facts, not be merely pegged on to theories. The original foundation of Mr.Wanklyn’e isoglycerine theory was the sup- posed fact, that from some fats after saponification, he was unable to obtain any glycerine v-hatever. He * I rushed into print,” and announced his great discovery in the Che~nt‘cnZ Nem, in a paragraph of a few lines, never afterwards, as it ought to have bem, amplified by the publicationof actual experiment. True, he rend a paper on the same subject before the British Association, but as far as I am aware, that paper has not been printed. Somewhat later the inventers of isoglycerine find that the fats, from which they were unable to extract any glycerine after all could be made to yield up their alcohol in a tangible form. With that observation one should imagine the isoglycerine would have collapsed, but it was too excellent a theory to be allowed to die in this manner.In order to Reep it alive, Mr. Wanklyn now comes to us and transfers the production of his mind to butter fat. Because it is a remarkable fact that butterfat on saponification with alcoholic potash yields some butyric ether, the butyric acid combining, to a small extent, with ethyl instead of potassium, and because, according to Mr. Wanklyn’s distinct state- ment, butyrate of glycerine, on being saponified, does not yield any butyric ether what- ever, therefore butterfat is devoid of any compound of bntyric acid, but must contain isoglycerirze. The foundation, in fact, then, of his theory as it now stands is his allegation that butyrine on saponification cannot yield butyric ether. I have, myself, prepared some tributyrine, by heating together glycerine and butyric acid to 260° C., and thoroughly washing the product.This most easily yields a powerful odour of pineapple when saponified in the presence of alcohol, Mr, Wanklyn’s statement notwithstanding (the experiment was here shown). With this one little fact Mr. Wanklyn’s theory vanishes and collapses. If it miist then be admitted that a glyceride containing the butyric radical can yield butpic ether in the presence or’ potash, why does the butyric acid combine with ethyl instead of potassium? You will notice that the authors of the paper are careful to use a quantity of alkali only just sufficient to saponify the fat employed. They avoid an excess. As the butter fat gradually disaolves it must indeed be locally in excess.The molecule is broken up by the alkali, part of the acid combines with it, but the rest of the acid is free to do what it likes, and accordingly takes hold of the alcohol. I f we have butyrine (C4E,0,), C,E, + 2KHO + C2E3 HO we could get ZC4H;KO, + C*& CJ&i 0, + CaHa (HO),THE AEALYST. 77 --- --I_----____ - -- ~ - - - Be this the explanation of the fact or not, it is quite evident that Mr. Wanklyn’s explanation is not an explanation at all; he attempts to explain things which are unknown, by others still more unknown. He has to iizveizt a substance, isoglycerinc, to explain an observation apparently in opposition to our howlege of the behaviour of organic ethers. But admitting for the sake of argument that isoglycerine exists, is it intelligible why the butyric acid, formed by its decomposition, should be able to combine with ethyl-in the presence of potash, whilst that power is expressly denied to butyric acid present in a glyceride ? The acid, whatever its origin, cannot have different pro- perties in the one case from the other.80 much for Mr. Wanklyn’s theory. Now as to his facts, which, as I have said, are very small indeed. We all know that, however much alkali be taken to saponify butter fat, some butyric ether alvays forms. With a great excess of alkali the quantity yielded is small. I have found as little as -3 per cent. With a barely sufficient amount of alkali, as the authors of the paper show, as much as 33 per cent. may be obtained. It is quite evident that the resulting percentage is necessarily only a function of the quantity of allcali, and as in this new process no particular provision is made to use an absolutely exact proportion of the two agents, fat and potash, it follows that the quantity of ether which is obtained is quite accidental. The whole of the facts come to this, that the formation of butyric ether affords a good qu~lifafive test for the presence of butter in a mixture of fats. We knew this years ago: when a once notorious member of this Society first alluded in a police court to a I‘ saponification test ” he was possessed of for the examination of butter.Messrs. Wanklyn and Fox bring us no further than this, Unless they study the subject much more intimately than they have done, I would advise them rather to bear the ills they have than fly to others that they know not of.Mr. Wanklya replied : I have listened with very great attention to the remarlre made by Mr. Hehner, and I am delighted that I have induced him to experiment ,on this matter. The subject of ethers is one upon which I have been engaged for the last seventeen years, and is, as everyone knowfil who has worked on it, one of the most difficult subjects in organic chemistry and full of pitfalls. Mr. Hehner has shown us a very beautiful experiment j but 1 think I may mention that it is possible to produce (z trace of butyric ether from butyric acid, alcohol, and potash alone-a possibility owing to causes which are pretty well known to chemists; this fact4me can verify in a variety of ways. When WQ bring butyric acid and alcohol together no combination takes place, but if a trace of potash is added, immediate combination is obtained, and in this way we might get a little butyric ether.Mr. REehner, to judge from his remarks, has evidently not made himself acquainted with the grounds which inspired the irjoglycerine theory, and as to his remarks on theories generally I wa8 sorry to hear them. I have been accustomed to work in a laboratory nearly all my life, and in my opinion a good chemical theory is worth a lifetime of experiment. The most valuablo posseaaion a scientific man has is a theory,78 TEE ANALYST. which may be true or false, but which leads to investigation. I have reason to believe that my theory will stand complete investigation. As to my paper before the British Association, it will be published in the report of the Association when this appears.The theory of isoglycerine depends upon this : No natural fat yields tho proper theoretical quantity of glycerine. 3 have taken the trouble to get information from manufacturers who only get five per cent. of glycerine from the total €at taken, the €atty acids being 95 per cent. and 5 per cent. of glycerine being obtained by the manu- facturer, he is satisfied with his yield, the figureg summing up to 100 ; nevertheless, half of the theoretical amount of glycerine is missing. My explanation of this circum- stance is that only one hdf of the glycerine thereis here, and the other half exists as isoglycerine. Reverting to butter, ti good many chemists have worked on this subject but not one has succeeded in getting the theoretical quantity of glycerine from it. Last summer I worked at the subject and saponified with hydrate of lime j first of all there is a curious combination of lime with the butter. T expected a loss of water, but remarkably enough there was no loss. Afterwards, when the action is completed the lime combines bodily with the glycerine and the €atty acids, and from this no glycerine can be extracted. It is only after prolonged extractioii with boiling alcohol that tho compound is broken up and yields its glycerine. I do not inem to recommend the use of lime for this saponification ; I merely warn analysts against its tiso. It is not only the smell of butyric ether that me obtain, bnt from 3 to 4 per cent,, and I believe it is even possible to get a higher percentage. The process described in the paper is a practical method for examining butter, and I do not agree with Mr. Rehner that it is a step backwards. By our process one is enabled to turn out in about an hour a very fair examination of butter or fats containing butter, and I expect that the degree of accuracy to which me shall rise will be that we shall be able to measure 20 per cent. of butter in a fat, and that within an hour.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN884090073b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

78 TEE ANALYST. ON CONDENSED MARES’ NILK. BY DE. r. vIETE, F.C.S. h last year’s volume of THE ANALYST (page Sl), I have published the analyses of two samples of condensed mares’ milk. Having had the opportunity of procuring some more samples of this new food for infants, and thinking the matter of some interest I do not hesitate to bring before you two further analyses accompanied by a few remarks. The condensed mares’ milk is prepared by Carrick’s Russian Condensed Mares’ Nilk Company.” This company possessea a stud and factory near Orenbourg, south- enstern Russia, whero mares are kept exclusively for milking purposes and tho milk is condensed. The first experiments at large were made dnring the summer of 1882, but 1S8S may be csnsiilered the first year of regular work.THE ANALYST.79 -_^ - - --- The preparation is recommended as a substitute for mother's milk, or as an adjunct to it, and medical men o€ MOSCOW, St. Petergburgh and London, who have used it in 8 number of caRes in hospitals as well as in private practice, report very satisfactorily on it, praising itw great digestibility, its highly nutritioufl properties, its curative powers in cases of diarrhma and its action as an excellent hypnotic. A consignment of last year's production arrived in London at the end of the year, and of this I have examined two samples. The condensed mares' inilk is contained in cylindrical tins, 2& inches in diameter and 2% inches high. The total weight is about 124- ounces, the weight of the contents 10 ounce8. According to statements on the label, the milk is condensed in vacuo to &th it8 original bulk with the addition of 3 per cent.of sugar. I opened two tins and found the content8 to be of very thick, scarcely fluid consistency, of almost pure white colour, of agreeable smell, and of pure taste, resembling somewhat that of honey. The preparation is, eBpeciully with respect to taste, far superior to that examined and reported upon last year. The condensed milk readily dissolves in warm water, leaving some small flakes only undissolved, apparently consisting of coagulated albumen. Solutions made in the proportiou of one part of condensed milk to 7 parts of water had n specific gravity of 1.033 arid 1-036 respectively. The composition of the two samples mas found to be as follows :- I.11. water . , 26.73 per cent. , . 24-04 per cent. 'rotalsolib'fi ,. 73-27 ,, . . 75.9G ,, Fat .. .. 4'77 ,) . . 6-20 ,, Ad1 .. . . l'T4 ,, .. 1-78 ,, Protein .. .. 13-69 ), .. 12.17 ,, Sugar ,. .. 63-07 ,) .. 55.81 f ) The ash had a pinkhue and gave a strong re-action of iron. The comparison of these figures with reliable analyses of mares' milk, publighed previously, leads to the conclusion, that the milk employed has been condensed not to gth, but to i t h its bulk, Basing upon this assumption, and taking into account the addition of three per cent. of sugar, the composition of the original mi& was calculated to have been as follows :- I. II. Water . . . . 90.50 per cent. . . 90.04 per cent. Total solids . . 9.50 ), .. 9-96 ), Fat .. .. 0.83 ,, .. 1*0G ,) Protein .... 2.35 ,, . . 2'09 ,, Sugar .. .. 6.02 ,, .. 6-50 ,, Ash .. .. 0-30 ), .. 0*31 ,) There have not been very many reliable analyses of mares' milk published pre- viously, and in very fern instances a remark is made, saying that the analyses refer to milk yielded by marea belonging to the steppe race. And even in these cases the mares were not kept under their natural conditions in the steppes, when they yielded the milk concerned. It might seem inadmissible to compare the produds obtained under quite different conditions, as long as there is no proof that this difference does not influence the composition. To put the degree of condensation beyond doubt, it would benecessary to know the actual composition of the milk used. Such analyses do not exist, but I have it on the beat authority, that the specific gravity of all the milk condensed was between 1*090 and 1.036.so TEE ANALYST.- ~~ A 3 per cent. sugar solution has a specific gravity of 1.012, or in other vords, 3 per rent. of sugar, raises the specific gravity as much as 0.012. Mares’ milk, to which 3 per cent. of sugar has been added, mould show consequently an average specific gravity a€ 1.045. We have seen, however, that the solution of the condensed mares’ milk made in the proportion of 1 to ’7 had a specific gravity of 1*033 and 1.036 respectively, and by a simple calculation it will be found that the apecific gravity would be 1-044 and 1-047, if the solutions mere made in the proportion of 1 to 5 . This proves again, that the milk had ’been condensed to 1-6th its bulk, or, that of six parts by weight, five parts of water ham been evaporated. The statement on the label, therefore, does not agree with our calculation, ‘but is in full accordance with the actual facts, if meant in this sense, that eight parts by measure have been recluccd to one part by evaporation. CONCLUSION OF TIXE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ~OCIETS OF PUBLSO ANALYSTS,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900078

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

so TEE ANALYST. €'AR,IX MUNICIPAL LABORATORY. On another page we print the report of the Paris Municipal Laboratory for the month of February. We should be glad to print these returns every month if our spaco alIowed of it, as they shew strikingly the activity with which this useful legisla- tion is enforced in Paris, as compared with the apathy shewn in England, and espscially in the metropolis. There are several points in the return which will be of interest to our readers, in view of the amendment of the Act, which must naturally take place in this country in a short time. Milk adulteration appears to be almost as prevalent in Paris as in London, for we find that more than 30 per cent. of the samples bought by the Inspectora were watered and skimmed. The most reniarlcahls feature in tho return is the extent to which the falsification of wine is practised in Paris, and the stringent standard set up by the Municipal Laboratory f o F judging by.Thus me find that a disagreeable flavour, fortification with alcohol or sugar, or the addition of salicylic acid, are all sufficient to place samples in the '' C " or '' Bad '' class. We notice also that more than 25 per cent. of the samples of wine were condemned on the ground that they were plastered with two grammes per litre, and ,that 24 samples nre condemned as adulterated with €oi*eign colouring matters. It mill be observed that in chocolates, 8 samples were condemned on the ground of the acldition of the debris froin the shell and starch, and 9 samples are condemned for the addition of foreign fats, which we ppesume have been added to replace the cocoa butter. This adulteration is said to be very common in this country, but we have not yet met with a case of prosecution SOT it.Thirty-two samples of tin ware and glazed pewter were examined, and 27 of them mere condemned on account of the presence of lend, Colouring matters, toys, and colourecl papers and wrappers me dealt with very stringently, though, in our opinion, not too much so. Only two samples out of 3 1 rmmineci passed satisfactorily.81 l__l--- - THE ANALY8T. --_ -----I- --- ANALYSES MADE DURING THE NONTH OF FEBSUARY IN THE MUNICIPAL LABORATORY O F PARIS. Nature of the sumplcs Total Good The other samples are classed as follows :- B. C. I 72 Sickness of wine (bitter, acid, fusty, &c.) : 11 7 Flavour disagrceablc.I 200 Plastered abovc two grams per litrc. ' 79 Fortified or sugared. (raisins). 234 Adulterated with water. 7, with forei,p colourmg matters. Wines 752 136 62 1 Adulterated with dccoction of cbicd grapes . . . . . . . . . . analysed : - I, ,, with salicylic acid. Substi,tutioii of alcohol vinegar for wine . . . . . . Vinegars 1s 1 1 7 f vmegar. Beers . . . . . . Cidors . . . . . . lilcoliols and Liquoura syrups ,. * * *. Waters Milks .. Butters Oils . . Zlours ,. Doughs Meats , , Sugrws , . .* .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .I .. .. * . * . .. .. .. .. Preservw . . . . . . 1 ?1 G 231 3.j 3 S 2 G .. l j 3 4 Adulterated with water. 3 3 Adulterated with watcr. LP ,, with salicylic acid.- 8 Adulterated with forbidden colouring matterg. 7, with glucose and various add- - 3 Adulterated By adding glucose. 3 with forbidden colouriag matters. ,: various causes. o \ 2 k 2 5 Contaminated with organic matter. 2 ; 4 ,, with mined matter. 364 Ti Watcrcd and skimmed. --- - 28 7 Addition of foreign fats. 1 2 Addition of forcign oils. (j 2 Datnagecl fl0~u.s. 2 3 3 Tainted. -- -- - -- .. 1 Green with C~PFW. { I7 ] 1 Tainted. -- - . . . . . . 7 3 4 Addition of flour and dust. - Peppers Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . Coffccs, chicorys, Tcas . . 13 13 Honeys . . . . . . 2 2 . . . . . . . . 3 2 1 Addition of glucosc. Jims 22 1 21 Forbiddeli colouiing matters. Colouriug metcrials , , . . . . . . . . Z . 5 Worbiddcn colouring mattors. Toys Colourcd papcr~ and wrappers 10 1 19 Coloured with forbidden colourjng niatters. Tin and glazed pottery , . 22 G 2 Presence of 1cad. Spices . . . . . . . . 1 1 Pharmnccutictcl prcprit tions 11 11 S Addition of thc debris fyom the &dl & starch. Chocolates . . . . . . [ 25 5)-2 ,, of foreign fats. - -- -- . . _- . . . . . . Y i I E'orbidden mbstances. . . . . . . 11 7 1 Iirflaurimble below 35" C. - Pcrfuincry Petrolcuins Various . . . . . . ,lZ 17 28 Various o ~ t u ~ e s . ____- _I .----A I h X 668 -Y5z%!!? Ku'orc.-The lotaIs of tho cdumiis l3 and C will iiot agroc with the number of the aunlysob made, for the sunie sample may be counted uiiiler seveml li~uliug-tj h column C.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900080

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

- - ~ - - 82 THE ,4NALYST. -_ FORBIDDEN UOLOURING MATEBIALS IN FRANCE. Serious accidents have frequently resulted from the employment of wrapping paper used for packing alimentary substances which has been coloured with poisonous materials, and more frequently still from the use of liqueurs, confectionery, &c. in which an artificial colour has been produced by a substance the use of which may entail serious consequences to the consumer.--The Prefecture de Police ” Paris have therefore issued the following regul&ions. Manufacturers and dealers in all kinds of food are forbidden to use the undermentioned colours, and will be held personally responsible for any accidents which may occur from such use of them. MINERAL COLOURS. Containing copper.-- Cendres blenes, ’’ mountain blue.Containing lead.- Massicot, minium, pale orange, oxychloride of lead, Cassel yellow, Turner’s yellow, Paris yellow, white lead, cQruse, silver white, .Naples yellow, sulphate of lead, chromo yellow, Cologne yelloir, chromato of barium. Containing ai*:euic.-Arsenitc of copper, Scheele’s green, Schweinfurt green, verinillion. ORGAXIC COLOV~:~. (( Aconit Napel,” Puchsine and its immediate derivatives such as Lyons blue, Eosine, colouring materials containing nitrous compounds such as napthol yellow, Victoria yellow. Tropeolines, xylidine red, $c., &c. Children’s toys must not be coloured with poisonous pigments. From the above and also from the table of analyses mado at the Nunicipal Laboratory (which we print this month) it will be seen how rapidly and thoroughly the French have advanced with their Adultorstion Act,” greatly to the credit of the Government.A4DULTBRhTION O F ALMOND OIL. ALNOXD oil, like other oils, is often adulterated. It is inised with the oil which is obtained from peach, apricot, and plum kernels; and even mith gingerly oil, poppy oil, $e. Very careful researches bearing on these adulterations have been made by Herr Bieber, of Hamburg, who has amongst other details given the following indications for detecting falsifications :-Prepare a re-agent by mixing equal parts by weight of concentrated sulphuric acid, nitric acid and .water, and allow the whole to cool. By mixing five parts of the suspected sample with one part of this acid mixture, if the oil be pure, there is formed a liniment of a pale yellow colour ; in the peach kernel oil the liniment will first be red and will then turn to a dark orange-shade; with gingerly oil the colour will fist be a yellowish red, and will then pass to a, dirty orange-red; with poppy or nut cil the liniment will be whiter than with almond oil. By mixing almond oil with nitric acid, at a gravity of 1’40, there is formed a liniment of a pale yellow colour ; with peach kernel oil the liniment mill be red; with gingerly oil it will be of a dirty yellowish green which in time becomes red. A mixture to the extent of 5 per cent. of peach kernel, OF gingerly oil, can thus be perfectly traced in almond oil. Ry preparing various mixtures of almond oil with peach kernel, and by allowing the acid liquid to act upon these mixtures, a graduated scale is established for recognising approximately the quantity of foreign oil added to the almond oil.-fitdtpeiident RccvrcZ.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900082

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST, 83 R E V I E W S A TREXIISE ON THE ~HENICBL ~ONSTITUTION OF TIIE BRAIN BASED THROUGROUT UPON O~~IGINAL EESEAIWEIES. By J. F. L. T~Z~CZ~CTZ?~, iz1.D. London : Published by Bailliere, Tindall, and Cox. To the true chemist this is a book of most absorbing interest, although dealing with matters somewhat out of the general run of his studies. Such a work would have been impossible in the handsof an ordinary labourer in our science, because of the time and expense involved, but Dr. Thudichum has been fortunate in obtaining State aid for the last twelve years, and has so been enabled to thoroughly devote his whole energies to his subject. At first, one takes up the book almost with a sigh of despair at the pre- sumed dryness of its contents, but, in the very preface, the author contrives to intloculate the reader with some of his own enthusiasm, and as one new and curious compound after another comes into view, the interest increases, until at last the work is laid down in sincere admiration for its .contents, and with a feeling almost of envy of the man who has been placed in so happy a position as to be able to engage in such research.It would be manifo&ly impossible to even attempt to follow the author through his subject within the space of L short notice like the present, but them are two points which at once appeal to a chemist, in the marvellous chemical structure of the brain. The first consists in the extraordinary isomerism exhibited by comparatively common substances when modified by tho action of the vital forces of that organ.Take, for instance, stearic acid, there we find no less than three perfectly new isomers discovered by the author, two being of the nature of fatty acids, while the third is an alcohol. To inosite and the glucose group generally is added a new carbohydrate, aameiy, cerebrose, which has been found to be the fundamental radicle of the group of bodies termed cerebro- sides, the chief of which are phrenosin and kerasin. The secondgreat point of interest to the general chemist is the chapter on the phosphorised bodies in the brain. When the first of these, namely, lecithin, mas discovered, it yielded its phosphorus in the form of glycerophosporic acid, and was, therefore, believed to be analagous in structure to an ordinary fat, but the author has proved that this belief was wrong, and that there are many such bodies which do not yield glycerol in any form.He therefore,coiicludes that they are not of the nature of fats, but simply the radicle phosphoryl in combination with other radicals on the type of ordinary tribasic phosphorjc acid. This class of bodies he now denominates plmsphatidm With reference to them, he states that they are the centre, life, and chemical soul of all bioplasm whatsoever, both in plants and animals j their chemical stability being due to the fact that their fundamental radicle is a mineral acid of powerful and inultitudinous dynamicities. The extraordinary point of interest about these compounds is their power of colloidation, and their liquefaction under the influence of disease is the first stage of their decomposition, which is then accompliBhed by patholysis, just as it can be in the laboratory by chemolysis.Again, we have bodies like amidomyelin, which are naturally present in the dissolved liquid skate at the ordinary bodily temperature, but become colloid at fever heat, and these may bo the real cause of death from fever. The book concludes with a scheme €or the quantitative analysis of the brain, and the author finishes by urging that it is to physiological chemistry me are to84 TED3 ANALYST. ~ ~~ ~~~ be chiefly indebted for our medical practise in the future. The advanoe of ohemistry, and the discovery of the uses of suuh bodies as m e r c u r d e , phosphomolybdic, and phosphotungstic acids have given the organic analyst powers of quantitative estimation hitherto undreamed of, and when the chemist has completed his researches it is then €or the medical man to step in and use them for the benefit of humanity.Then, as the author says, by the aid of chemisti! many derangements of the brain and mind which axe at pTesent obscure, will become accurately definable and amenable to precise treat- ment, and what is now m object of anxious empirioism will become one for the proud exercise of exact soience. NUNERICAL EXERCISES IN CHEMISTRY. By 2'. 2.i5octls, 61.4. London: Published by THIS is an addition to the already numerous books of stoichiometric problems intended for the use of chemical students. Commencing with exercises on the metric system, it takes in both ordinary chemical calculations and those belonging to the heat department of chemical physics.The exercises given are very numerous, and possess the advantage of yielding answers coming out to exact figures, and not, as a rule, to recurring deoimals. The key to the calcdation is also included, and thus the student is not taxed with the purchase of another book to get at the mBwers. The preliminary explanations to each variety o€ problem are more copious than usual, and the only fault is that they are sometinies B little too diffuse, and couched in language occasiondly, to some extent, beyond the grasp of beginners. To teachers seeking for a large mass of varied examples, the book will be found very useful, especially in training students for examinations, and we have no doubt that it will meet with an extensive sale €or this purpose.Samyson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivingtou. ALCOHOL TABLES. BY Otter Hc171~~, 11, Billiter Square, EX. Price 3s. 6d. !I!EZSE well known tables have proved of great service to Publio Analysts, and Analytical Chemists. We understand Mi. Hehner has still dently recommend them to all engaged in the perfectly accurate and reliable. The tables are arranged and printed in invduablc for reference purposes. a few copies left, and we can confi- testing of wines and spirits as being such a clear manner that they are SUGAR IN MILK. hi. 1'AuL U ~ i u , the eminent Prench biologist, has been investigating tho origin of sugar in milk. Two theories exist for explaining this phenomenon, one of which supposes that it is formed in the gland itself from lactogenic or milk-forming matter, the other supposes that it come8 from the blood, and is merely stored in the breasts of animals.a. Bert has experimented with cows and she goats, and found beyond a doubt that sugar of nlilk is introduced by excretion in the breasts from sugar formed in excess by the animal. The sugar is apparently first formed in the liver, but whether it appears in the form of lactoso, or glycose, afterwards transformed into lactose in tho breasts, is yet a moot point which 11. Bert has not investigated.TI-IE ANALYST 85 --- ANTI-ADULTERATION LEGISLATION IN AlkfERICA. FROX the following circular and leader,, which we reprint froin our excellent con- temporary, The rSnizitnry .Enyhrer, of New York, it will be seen that the war against the Adulteration Act is being fought in the United States with almost as much ill-feeling ax during the earlier days of the introduction of our Adulteration Acts in this oountiy. Probably longer experience in the States will prove that matters can be worked as comparatively harmoniously as in this country at the present day :-

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900083

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TI-IE ANALYST 85 --- TACTICS OF FOOD-ADULTERATORS-A FORGED CIRCULAR, TEE following is tho iext of the circular sent out by certain druggists of Boston, to which we refer editorially in this issue : STATE BOUSE, BOSTON, March 6, 1884. DEAR Sm,-We desire to call your attention to a law that now exists upon the statute-book of Massachusetts, to regulate the sale of drugs, medicines, spices, and all articles of food and drink. The Legislature cf 1882 passed a law which was recom- mended by some parties in the interest of the Pharmacopoeia, and was gotten up by the graduates of the College of Pharmacy and other self-constituted parties, who have com- piied a book, containing about one-eighth of the matter contained in the United States Dispensatory, at a cost of ninety cents per copy, which is sold in the market at $4.00.This book, strange as it may seem, was made in 1882 the legal standard of all articles of food, drink and medicine in this Commonwealth. This book, it d l be remembered, is not the United States Dispensatory, the standard in use by all druggists and physicians, but a commentary or appendix upon this book. The standard of medicine is at variance, in many important respects, with the Dispensatory, and all the preparations are supposed to be prepared in accordance with the metric system. Under the lam, as it now exists, all medicine must be made according to this book, under a fine of $50 ; o€ all articles of food or drink, not laid down in this book, the standard is to be fixed by the State 'Board Gf Health, who can exempt, change, or fix the standard at their own will or pleasure, Under this lam the State Board of Health appointedB.E. Davenport, Professor of Chemistry in the College of Pharmacy, who commenced prosecuting parties for violations of this lam. Some half-a-dozen of the wholesale and retail druggists in Boston and vicinity were brought up before the courts for selling adulterated laudanum, when the same mas made in accordance with the United States Dispensatory formula, in use by every druggist. The offence was that the laudanum mas not made according to this new hand-book, or Pharmacopmia. The new legal formula had increased the strength of laudanum nearing 100 per cent. It was found upon experiment that opium, as imported and usually sold, would not prodace the strength required by the new law, yet these firms were advertised before the country as selling '' adulterated drugs " when they were required to do an impossi- bility, Under the lam, as it now stands, there is hardly a drug, medicine, spice, or article of food sold by any druggist or merchant but what is illegal, and lays the party selling the same liable to a fine of $50.To show to what extremities the State Board of Health 11ave pushed this matter, we will relate a single instance. One of the oldest86 THE ANALYST. and most reliable dealers in canned-goods in Boston was brought up before the court, and fined $50 for selling adulterated vinegar, for the simple reason that it contained one grain of salt in a gallon. This had not been added to the vinegar, but came from the fact that tho cider had been stored in a cask that had some time been used for pickles.Under the law, as it now stands, all medicines or articles of food must either be made by the now edition of the Pharmacopceia, or the standard fixed by the Board of Health, under penalty of $50. This, of course, includes all spices, conserves, confectionery, which are classed as food under the law, also, all patent-medicines and proprietary articles of whatever name or nature. The manner in which this law is framed, and the spirit nith which it has been en€orcecl thus far, marrgnts the belief that the State Board of Health, aided by the Professor of the College of Pharmacy, are determined to drive from the market all preparations that are not made accoriiing to their formula, which outlaws niiiety per cent, of all the medicines now in use, or an arbitrary standard that may be set up, altered, or set aside at the will of a fern men.The State Board of Health has asked for an appropriation of $10,000 to enforce that obnoxious law. A bill has been introduced on lieve to the Legislature, granting the State Board of Health additional powers. Tho following is a copy of the bill :- COMMONWEALTH O F MASSACHUSETTS. IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIG'IIT HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FOUR. AN ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF PATENT-MEDICINES AND PROPRIETARI' ARTICLES. Be it ennrfd by the ~ge.c((fe rind Xome qf Repeseiitntiws, ZM Gennnl (;Yous.t crssemblecl, nizd &J iAc m t h d t y q f the w i i i ~ e , {i,? follozLs * SECTION 1. The Stake Board of Health, Lunacy and Charity shall take samples of all phtent- medicines, prepared food, and any other preparations claimed to have medicinal properties.They shall cause analysis to be made of the same, at the expense of the owners t5creof ; except such medicines and preparations ats are found in the National Pharmacopmia, and having the name of such nrticle marked upon each package. Sec. 2. If, upon analysis, the State Board of Health, Lunacy and Charity find any preparation which, in their opinion, is not a suitable remedy for the purpose intended, or is poisonous or hurtful to the public health, or upon which an exorbitant price has becn fixed, with a view to cheat or defraud the public, they shall forbid the sale of mch aidicle, and notify the omer or owners thereof Sec.3. Whoever shall sell or offer for sale any article, the sale of which is forbidden by the State Board of Healt,h, Lunacy and Charity, as provided in Section 2 of this Act, shall forfeit and pay the gum of fifty dollnrs for each and every offence ; or may be imprisoned in the common jail of the oounty wherein the offence has been committed for a term not exceeding six months. An order has also been introduced, asking that the State Board of Health have power to examine all persons who sell or prescribe medicines, and to license such as they may select. An effort is being made to repeal these obnoxious laws, and do away with the attempt which has been made, during the last ten years, to create a monopoly in the salo of medicine, and place the whole business in the hands of a select few. If you are opposed to granting such extraordinary powers to the State Board of Health, and in favour of the equality of all men before the law, you will see your 8enEttor orTHE ANALYST. 87 Representative in the Legislature, at the earliest possible moment, or write to them, to oppose any further grant of this extraordinary power to the State Board of Healtb, and also to urge the repeal of the present arbitrary and oppressive laws. For further particulars consult with the Counsel for the Remonstrants, EON. CHARLES T. GAUAGETER, Seam Building, 209, Washington Street, Boston, Mass.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900085

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 87 THE DRUG-ADULT~ATIOIV WAR IN MABSACHUSETTS. THE Massachusetts State Board of Health should be proud of its achievements in enforc- ing the Food and Drug Adulteration Law, especially since this enforcement has resulted in showing the rascally nature of the opposition to it, and the dishonesty of the prime movers ia this opposition. Their latest attempt has been the sending out a forged circular, elsewhere printed, to coiintry druggists and proprietary-medicine makers, filled with untruthful statements, in which is a copy of a bill that they had prepared and introduced €or the sole purpose of forcing the patent-medicine interest to join the adul- terators and make common cause against the State Board of Health, This Bill was introduced without the knowledge of the Board of Health, and it is in no way respon- sible for it.As to the statement in the circular, ‘( that the Food and Drug Adulteration Law was recommended by some parties in the interest of the Pharmacopoaia, and was gotten up by graduates of the College of Pharmacy,” &c., it is only necessary to remind our readers that the Massachusetts Adulteration Law is practically the aame as that passed in New York and New Jersey, and that these were copied from thedraft of an act sub- mitted by the Special Committee of Award in the competition instituted by the National Board of Trade and conducted by the Sanitary Engineer. The committee which drafted the Bill was appointed by tho National Board of Trade, and the Bill received the endorsement of that body a8 well as of the Boards of Trade of various cities, Boston included.Moreover, the commercial interests of the country were represented on that committee by Mr, Alpheus H. Eardy, a Boston merchant, Z’he circular adds that (( the Pharmacopceia is gimply a commentary or appendix to the United States Dispensatory,” It is hardly hecessary to say the Pharmacopmia has nothing to do with foodand drink, but is the standard for: the strength and purity of medicines, and is adopted as such by the medical and pharmaceutical professions gene- rally throughout the country. Indeed, it is the product.ion of a convention which meets decennially in Washington and appoints a large and representative Committee of Revision, to which committee is entrusted the labour of revising and publishing the Pharmacopoeia .The convention and its Committee of Revision represent both the regular medical and pharmaceutical professions of the country. The Phaimacopia thus issued is rtclmow- ledged to be the only official atandard for the strength and quality of all the medicines which it contains, and this claim is universally recognised by the Supreme Courts of all the States in which its authority has been questioned.88 THE ANALYST. Tie dispensatories, of which $here are three, are merely commentaries, two of them being based upon the Pharmacopmia. They are published for the profit of their authors, and are neither legally nor morally the authoritative standards by which pharmacists can be bound. E’ortunately, these Dispensatories have been written by able inen, and are often useful in explaining minutely the processes and requirements of the Pharmacopia. The statement made in this circular, that laudanum prepared by the formula given in the U.S.Dispensatory will not meet pharmacopceial requirements, is absolutely false. On page 1,466 of the last (15th edition) of the U.S. Dispensatory is given the formula of the U. 8. Pharmacopoeia, 1880, wrbntim. I f honestly followed, witb:opium of the quality prescribed by the Pharmacopceia, no pharmacist need fail to obtain a strictly standard laudanum. Any falling-short on the part of manufacturers is due either to carelessness, ignorance, or intentional dishonesty. The Boston manufacturers, who have so long sold deficient preparations and who have been coiivicted under this law, can hardly plead igno- rance, will probably not plead carelessness, and the inference is just that a desire for gain has led them to sell preparations known to fall short of accepted standards.The just and wholesome law now enforced in Nassachusetts is not oppressive; it makes no requirements which coiiscientious manufacturers cannot meet. It does punish adulteration and misrepresentation, and for this reason, and no other, it is antagonised by those manufacturers whose evil practices have been detected. The law aims to protect the health and the purses of those who must buy food and drugs upoii faith ; thus far much good has been accomplished, and the repeal or crippling of the law could not but prove a public calamity. The 8pring;tieZd Re~zcblicm, Bosto?, Ti*nceZZer and Boston Acksrtise,; we notice, have been doing gcod work in exposing the fraudulent conduct of those who are fighting the State Board, and they deserve well of the people and honest dealers in Massachusetts, because they may lose a little avdertising by their course, and are therefore doing the right thing in apparent opposition to their own immediate pecuniary intereata.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900087

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

88 THE ANALYST. ANALYSTS’ REPORTS. AT the Glamorganuhire Quarter Sessions, DP. W. Morgan, public analyst, reported that during the past quarter he had received sixty-one samples, among which there were-butter one, butterine one, lard two, white pepper one, black pepper three. The butterino was free from deleterious ingredients, and appeared to be perfectly wholesome, and there cannot be any objection to its sale under its proper name. The sample of white pepper was genuine ; also two of the black peppers were genuine but of very inferior quality, the other sample containing G per cent. in excess of siliceous and earthy matter. At the nevon Quarter Sessions, on Tuesday, DF. Wynter Blyth, oounty analyst, reported that during the quarter he had examined samples of coffee, chioory, flow, sugar, quinine, and arrowroot : seven in all had been submitted for analysis ; none of thc seven were adulterated.He wrote saying he thought it better that in tho future he ahould be paid a balary instead of tikmg his ~~emuneration in fees, as the number of samples for analysis would be thereby much increased. During the past quarter neither a sufficient quantity, number, nor variety of samples had been analysed to make any impression on adulteration, nor from such a small number as seven could any useful deduction be drawn as to the prevalence or absence of offences against the Act. The Cornwall county analyst (Mi. J. J. Beringer) has reported that during the last quarter he received twclve aamples fur analysis under tho Sale of Food The samples of butter and lard were all genuine.THE ANALYST.89 and Drugs Act. The results of aU the analyses were satisfactory, and calledfor no remark. The samples submitted were two of lard, two of,bread, one mustard, one whisky, one beer, one gin, one sweets, one COCOB, one tea, and one butter.--At the Somerset Quarter Sessions, held at Wells, on Tuesday, the county analyst (Dr. Alford) reported that during the quarter he had analysed 203 samples, and found thirteen to be adulterated, among the adulterated articles being two of coffee and three of mustard, but the adulterations in these were not prejudicial to health. THE SALE OF FOOD ACT.-The County Finance and General Purptxes Committee on Tuesday reported to the Court of General Sessions for Kent, that during the past quarter 126 samples of food, &c., had been analysed, 32 being oertified as adulterated. The expense had been $87 2s.6d., and of twentr persons proceeded against, eighteen were convicted, and fines imposed averaging 6d. to $3, and amounting in the aggregate to $18 2s. The Committee again expressed their regret at the great want of assistance which they experienced from time to time from the various petty sessional authorities in the difficult and disagreeable duty of putting the Adulteration Act into force. During last quarter a case was taken before justices on thc certificate of the county analyst, in which it was stated that an article sold as butter was composed entirely of foreign fat, and as a penalty of 40s. only was imposed the Committee held it was imposBible to suppose that any good result would accrue t o the unfortunate customers of such unscrupulous tradesmen.ADULTERATION OF MusTAm.-At Gloucestershire Quarter Sessions, the Chairman (MP. J. E. Dorington) said the county analyst had reported that thirty-two articles had been sent to him for examination, and that four had been found to be adulterated. Three of these were adulterations of mustard. The Polioe Committee had discussed the question, md they came to the conclusion that, although it was very proper that adulteration of mustard should be prevented, yet as up to a certain extent so-called adulteration was really a necessity of its use, and as it was actiially mixed by the wholesale dealers and supplied with an announcement that it was so adulterated to the petty fradesman who were prosecuted for not informing their cu&omers, the Committee rather proposed to direct the Chief Constable only to prosecute in cases where the report of the analyst showed that the mustard was adulterated with flour in excess of the quantity necessary.Sometimes these prosecutions had the appear- ance of being rather persecutions than proper prosecutions for the protection of the public. The public ought to be protected against adulterations injurious to them. Mr. C. Sumner said he did not think it ought to go forth that adulteration was to be excused if the adulteration werenot injurious. Re under- stood the Uhairman to say that the adulteration might be permitted where it was not injurious t o the purchaser. If a person applied for a pint of milk, and got a quarter of a pint of milk and three-quarters of a pint of water, it might not be injurious to his health, but it certainly was to his pocket. It seemed to him that the proposition laid down by the Chairrnan waa too wide. The Chairman remarked that he did not mean simply injurious to health, but injurious in the sense that he mas buying that which he did not expect to buy, He imagined people in buying mustard expected to buy it in a condition in which they could use it ; hs was told it could not be used in ib raw state, and that it required a certain admixture of other material with it. They could therefore give the police disoretiomry power not to prosecute in those cases. The Lord Lieutenant (Earl of h c i e ) said he should like to inquire whether '( pure mustard ' * was not a trade fiction-whether we were not unable to eat pure mustard, The motion auggested by the Chairman was adopted. It might bc injurious to the health or to the pocket of the purchaser.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900088

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 89 LAW REPORTS. CONDENSED NILIC PROSECUTION AT BIREEXIIEA.D.-ANALYSTS AT V$nflllifcZ.-At the Birkenhead County Magistrates’ Court, last week, before Messrs. S. Ledward (presiding), T. H. Jackson, T. Russell Lee, and C. J. Bushell, Edward Penson, grocer and provision dealer, New Ferry, appeared on an adjourned summons charging him with having sold a tin of condensed milk which it was alleged was not of thc quality represented, the fat having been abstracted. Mr. T. M. Bleakley appeazed for tho defence. It will be remembered that on the former hearing of the case, about three weeks ago, Chief Superintendent Egerton produced a certificate from Dr. J. Carter Bell, public analyst, to the effect that the milk was not a preserved or (t oondensed milk, but that 90 per cent.of the fat had been abstracted before boiling down with sugar, Mr. Bleakley at the time challenged the analysis of Dr. Bell, and aaked for an adjournment of the case in order that he might obtain further evidence as to the quality of the milk. The Bench, in justice to the defendant, directed that a sample of the milk should be for- warded t o Somerset Houso for analyGs. Thc following certificate was now produced from the.------c___ 90 THE ANALYST. ____ -__- _- _-_- authorities a t Somerset House :-g4 Non-fatty milk, solids, and cane sugar, 69.68 per cent. ; fat, 10.S4 ; water, 19.48 ; total, 100. From a consideration of these results we are of opinion that no portion of of the fat has been abstracted from the milk.” This certificate was signed by Drs.J. Bell, R. Bannister, and B. Lawin.-Superintendent Egerton said that no further evidence had been obtained, but it seemed, according to the certificate from Somerset House, that there was no case against the defendant.-Mr. Kent (the clerk) : It is a case, your worships, of doctors differing.-Nr. Bleakley said that several other eminent London analysts had supplied certificates confirming that from Somerset House, and Mi. Harland, of Messrs. Wiper and Harland, had come down from London specially t o prove that no fat had been abstracted from the milk. The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, for which he (Mr. Bleakley) appeared, sold thirty million tins a year of the milk, and had carried on business for sixteen years without a single information being preferred against them. As the expenses of the case would amount to about thirty guineas, all through a gross blunder on the part of Dr.Garter Bell, he hoped the Bench would allow the defendant some portion of the costs.-Superintendent Egerton said that Somerset House only charged 10s. Gd. for each certificnle.-Mr. Ledward said that the police had no doubt done their duty in endeavouring t o protect the interests of the publia by scnding the tin of milk to Dr. Carter Bell for analysis. That gentleman’s analpie, however, had turned out to be very incorrectat least the Somerset House authorities bad pronounced it such. The Benoh had acted according to law in referring the matter to Somerset House, according to thc certificate from which there was clearly no ground for convicting the defendant. As to the question of costs, the Bench only thought it fair and reasonable that a man who was acquitted should have his costs : but costs wonld only be allowed subject to taxation.-The summons was then dismissed, the clerk being directed to tax the costs.AT the South Staffordshire stipendiary Court, held on Monday, a t Sedgley, before Mr. W. P. F. Boughey, Mr. David Beckley, grocer and provision dealer, Acker Hill and Toll End, was summoned by Mr. J. G. Horder, the inspector under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, for selling adulterated dripping. SamuelToy said on the 22nd ult. he purchased a pound of dripping at the defendant’s shop at Acker Hill for which he paid 5d. Nr. Harder,-Was it labelled in any way ? Witness.-The tin in the shop waB labelled mixed dripping. ” Was your attention called to the label in any way previous to the purchase ? No, sir.Defendant.-Was not the article sold to you as “ mixed dripping ? ” Witness.-I asked for dripping, and I was supplied with dripping and water. Defendant.--Did not the assistant-who was my son-tell you that it was mixed dripping before you said you wanted it for anaiyaing3-No, sir. Mr. Horder put in a Certificate from Mr. Jones, the county analyst, who certified that the dripping con- tained 16 per cent. of water. Defendant.-He purchased it as mixed dripping, and he sold it at a pro- portionake price. The genuine article was Sd. ; that sold to Toy was 5d., and he did not think he was in any way breaking the law. The tin was labelled (( mixed dripping ” in front.Mr. Green (magie- trate’s clerk) .-The question is whether any person would contemplate that dripping and water way mixcd dripping? Mixed dripping, I should think, would mean beef and mutton dripping. The Bcfendant.-In that case it would be dripping. Mr. Green.--.Well, what does “mixed” mean ? The Defendant.-Well, in this case I didn’t know what it was : it appears to be water and dripping. Mr. Green,-And it is only by a mechanical process that they can be mixed. The Stipendiary fined tho defendant bl 1Gs. AT thc Zivei.poo1 City Police Court, on Wednesday, behre 3fr. Raffles, Mr. John Irving, grocer, of 157, Westminster Road, appeared in answer to a summons charging him with selling adulterated rock cocoa. Mr. Marks prosecuted, and Mr. Broadbridge defended.Mr. Marks stated that the defendant was charged with selling cocoa which contained foreign matter. Inspector Baker called at his shop and asked foy a qumter of a pound of rock cocoa, and when he received it, the assistant said, ‘c it is not p t q there is sngar and starch in it.” There was no label put on the paclcet. The cocoa mas afterwards t&en to Dr. Campbell Brown and analysed. ISe said that it contained S+ per cent. of moisture, 18 per c&. of sugar, md 25 per cent. of starch, altogether 45 per cent. of foreign matter. No doubt it would bz stated for the defence that notice had been gken by the assistant that it was a mixture, but they had overlooked the Pact that it should bc a written or printed notice. If the goods were adulterated they could not get rid of faheir liability by giving merely a verbal noticc.Mr. Raffles.-CertainZy not ; that has been illready decided. Mr. Broadbridge contended that this was the only known preparation of rock cocoa ; it was not injurious to health, nor was it sold to the injury of the purchaser. Mr. Raffles,- men you contend that this is rock cocoa ? Mr. Broadbridge.-Yes , this is the article known in corn- mercial chcles as rock cocoa. There ia no other rock cocoa manufactured. Mr. Marks.-Thy might quaQr call it rock starch. Mr. Raffles.-I shall decide according to the analysis that this is not rock cocoa, andimpose 5t finc of 20s. and costs.THE ANALYST. 91 ----- I----.... -c_--- ---- AT Liverpool, on Weiluosby, before Mr. Raffles, Mr. William Sleightholme, 281, Breok-road, was summoned for selling green peas without a proper label describing them, tu required by the Sale of Food Act.The peas had been analysed by Dr. Brown, and it was found that they contained as colour- ing matter $ah of copper oqunl to two and a quarter grains of sulpliate of copper per pound tin. These salts of copper were poimnous in large quantities, but in small doses were, according to the certificltte of analyRi8, ‘‘ astringent and purga$ive.”-Hr. Thomns Taylor, of 213, London-road, was summoned for a similar offenco, and the poisonous matter in this case somewhat exceeded that in the other. Hi8 Worsliip : somebody will be getting poisoned one of these days through eating these peas, find then some of these people who sell them will be brought up on the charge of manslaughter.The defend& strid these peas were tho very best that could be purchased in 1881, and only a few tons remained. In that year, according to the evidence of Dr. Brown, he used them hirnqelf, and he snid they were not injurious unless they were taken in large quantities, and the cmes brought on then were decided in favour of the defendants, S h e then, ke (the defendant) had felt perfectly jtlstlfred in sell- ing these pem under tho protection of the Court. Itforeover, he had never sold a single bn without telling perwons that they were coloured. Indeed, one of his customers, an old lady, told 1:im she pre- ferred them coloured, as otherwiee they would not look nice on the table. His Worship : Is the old lady living yet ? The Defendant: Oh yes : she bought some only on Monday last.They do not use them in large quantities. Mr. Narks, who appeared for the prosecution, stated that the cases referred to by the defendant in 1881 were brought under a different section of the Act from the present informa- tion. The prosecution then was for crdulteration simply, and what Dr. Brown had stated was entirely misunderstood. He did not &ate that he used the peas himself, but he found that his household had becn using them ; but directly he had found it he put a stop to their use in his house. A fine of 10s. and co~ts was infictod in each case for not having the tins properly labelled, and it was pointed out that even if they mero labelled, and were adulterated so as to be injurious to health, this would not protect the seller.-Mi*.Jesse Holt, Low-hill, was fined 10s. and 15s. costs for selling as rock cocoa an article containing about $8 per cent. of impurities.---Mr. Edward Hayward, carrying on business at 12, Eastbourne-street, was fined 20a. and 10s. costs for sellmg as butter an article containing GO per oent. of animal fat. AT the Hammercnnith Police-court on Tuesday, Henry Earl, of Church Road, Acton, appeared to answer an adjourned summons for selling lard adulterated with 19 per cent. of added water. The case was adjourned for the attendance of tho county analyst, the magistrate doubting whether there had been any ddtemtion. Dr. Redwood now said water to that extent was added purposely as an adulterant. Lrtlrl and water were beaten up together. In reply to the magistrate, Dr. Redwood said dipping lard into water would not cause it. The defendant said the lard came from America. Dr. Redwood added that he did not suppose the defendant added the water ; it was a manufacturing operation. Mk. Shes allowed .the ome to be settled on payment of 12s. Gd. costd. ALLEGZD A.Dur,mwnos.-Robert Dennis, of 18, Russell-street, dairyman, who was summoned on tho 31st ult., by Inspeotor Luke, for abstracting cream from milk, 80 as to injure its quality, appeared to-day. The Govehment analysts, to whom it had been referred to arbitrate between the conflicting local analyst, Dr. Gmmshaw, and Mr. Harland, d y s t on behalf of the defendant, have sent in their certificate, which w a ~ as follows :-“NO ohange had taken place in the milk wech would interfere in the aceurate estimato of it. From a consideration of these results we are unable to affi that cream has been abstraoted, the analysis being as follows :-Non-fatty solids, 8.84 per cent. ; fat, 2-82 ; water, 88*34.”-Mr. Mitchell, who appeared for the defendant, now applied that the summons against his client should be disnlimd with costs.-The Bench concmmd, awarding $6 6s.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900089

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

RECENT APPOINTMENTS. Mr. C~~ARLES E. CASSELK, F.C.S., F.I.C., has been appointed Publio Analyst for the Borough of Chipping Wycombe, Bucks, at 10s. 6d. for each quarterly report, 10s. 6d for eaoh ordinary analysis, 21s. for each analysis of water, and 21s. 3d. per mile for each compulsory attendance as a witnem. Mr. David Eooper, F.C.S., of Birmingham, has been appointed by the Secretary of State for India Antllytical Chemist and Quinologist fo the Nilgiri Govern- ment Cinchona Plantations in tho Madras Presidency.- ----.-- - - 92 THE ANUYST. GLUCOSE I N LEATHER. ACCORDING to the 8Aoe awd Zeathar Review, the falsification of the weight of leather by adding glucose, or grape sugar, appears to be carried on rather extensively in Germany, and the shoe trade societies are taking steps to protect themselves from the imposition.A simple test is reconunended, which consists in placing pieces of the leather in water for the space of twenty-four hours, when the glucose will be dissolved by the water, and the result will be a thick, sirupy liquid. When two pieces of the leather are placed together and left in that position for a time, it will be found difficult to separate them, as the gummy exudations will stick them :together. It is stated that some sirmples of sole leather were found to contain as high as 30 to 40 per cent. of extra weight. Another test recommended is to cut off small pieces of the leather, and, Trapping them up in a damp cloth, lay them away for a few days in a temperate place. If tho leather is adulterated, the pieces will be found to be stuck together, and surrounded by a sirupy substance in proportion to the quantity of the adulterant used ; and the peculiarity about leather treated with grape sugar is that, after wetting, it is difficult to dry, and resembles gutta percha or untanned leather more than the genuine article.-Scimt@c American.RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been recently published, and can be obtained from the &eat Seal Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. No. Name of Patentee. Title of Patent. Price 1833 A. J. Boult , , , , . . Burning Hydro-Carbon Oils, together with Steam or Water, $0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ad. 1366 H. J. Haddan , . , , Apparatus for Manufacture of Illuminating and Heating Gas, from Petroleum and other Oile .. , . , , 2d. 1339 H. E. Newton . . . . Apparatus for Producing Coal Gas . . . . . . . . Od. 1849 J. S. McDougall . . . . Production of Sulphurous Acid, &c., and applying the same to the treatment of Wood Pulp, $0. . . . . . . 4d. 1890 A. G. Bouiet . , . . Material or Composition to be nsed as a Substitute for Plaster of Paris, Tripoli, or the like, and Maniffacture of same Id. 1427 W. Rammy . . . . . . Manufmtnre of Sulphur Compounds . . . . . . . . 2d. 148:! Sir J. S. Blane .. . Treating White Peat for production of an agent suihblefor combiigwith Paints, Varnishes, Paper Pulp, and other materials to render same fireproof, and imperviou8 tomoisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. 1447 TV. B. Wicken . . . . Regenerative Gas Burners and Lamps . . . . . . &I. , , 1169 M. Zingler . . . . . . Treatment of Fish or other Animal Offal, for Producing Artificial Guano and other products . . . . . . 2d. BOOKS, &a,, RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist ; TheBrewerd Guardian ; The British Medical Journd ; The Pharma- ceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record; The Mder; The Provisioner; The Practitioner; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemiaal Society : The InventorB’ Record ; New York Public Health The Scienfific American ; Society of Arb Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New York ; Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal ; Sugar Cane ; Coune Brewers’ Gazette ; The Medical Record ; The Grocerd Gazette; London Water Supply, by Crookes, Odling and Tidy : Chemical Review ; Independent Oil and Drug Journal and Paint Review ; Scienoe Monthly ; Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900091

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC