摘要:

THE ANALYST. HO’M% GROWN SUGt.BR. TIIE question of tho oultivation of sugar beets has recently been prominently brought before the public in consoquenco of ZG company having acquired a factory at Lavenham, whero n few years ago an osporiment OP producing English grown sugm was tried on a large scalo. Buch an outcry hae recently been raised by English sugar rehers that a portion of the publio hair with delight the mggestion of growing in England some portion of tho sugar which is annually consumod in the British Isles. The sugar bade has recentIy undergone such enormous strides, anil. fie annual oonsumption hns inctreasod 80 rapidly, while the produotion in our own colonies has in ~ome WB~B, notably Ausirdia, been almosti sufficient to mpply th0 wants of the .entire colony, thus closing a market Tphioh would probably have in time rivalled the home market itself, Tho enormous consumption of sugar in England and the large guastiw which we export abroad, has naturally caused our continental neighbonre to consign raw and refined beet sugar to our market, and, aided by the free trade polioy of our Governments and the bounty system, they are enabled to undersell our own refiners and ha;rass them considerably with rosped to the prices obtainable for the refined article-hence the paisort d’dtrt? for the present outcry of home-grown sugar.The experiment of growing sugar beets in this country is by no means new-at Ieast one large venture besides that of Mr. James Dunoan’s, whidh had for its object the produotion of dmhol from the saccharine matter in the beet, resulted in a loss to the originator of the ~sdheme, n e s e two fdures ocomed not from any want of enterprise or lack of capitall on the part of tho promoters of tho sohemes, nor yet from the difbulty of preparing sugar or distilling alcohol ; both theso processes were well known and ably worked, and although it may bo true that superior methods of manufacturing and refh6ng beet sugar h v e recenay been discovered, yot in tho yeam 1869 to 1873, when the Lavetdam factory was in operrction, no complaint was made as to the inability of the process then worked to ezrtract neazly tho whole of the available sugar present in the beet juice: ht Borne rospeots beet sugar makhg is a more certh and easier operation than m&nufdmhg s u p from the sugar cane, because the beet juice contdns little or no unorgstallizable sugar or glumse, and the presence of an exoeas of this substance frequently prevents the mn0 grower from oonwrting his crop into EL sdisfadiory marketable article.Add to this the fact that in our own angar growing difddchs, within two or three moeks’ steam from London, the estates mo, to a, considerable extent, in the hands of small fEtrmers, who have neither tho aeoeaary amount of knowlege or capital to successfully114 TFIX ANALYST. and economically produoe a class of sugar whioh would be likely to compete with beet ; in fhis direction a good d d r e m h to be done by the establiihment of Usinerr or Uentrd Faat;ories working with fh~bdlaes nmhhery, and by the mwbapproved methods, in order to obtain the very considerable loss of cane sugar whidh now Wces place by imperfect espression of the juioe and the ttnnecesearyformation of Iarge gum- tifies of molasses. It is true rioh molasses produoe a high &ss rum, but a method for the production of rum of e q d quaIity would be certain to be devised were the qumtiQ andqudity of the molasses decreased by more careful attention to the prooeee of estraoting and manufactnring the sugar.the the not ton and The closing of the LESvenham F&ory in 1875 was generally supposed to be due to fact that the farmem did not care to grow the roots, and we presume reason for thie wae that the prim which they were paid was sufficiently remunerative; the present company propose to pay 2Oa. per delivered, or 22s.if the beets have been six weeks or more in pit or damp, they also state that they have made satisfactory arrangements with the r d - way company, and further that by working by recently invented methods the s u w w i l l be extracted more easily and emnomicdly, in other words, this company ignore the reawn given for the previous failure, which, 190 far as we am see, exists to the same extent now, and rely for their aumm on the fact; that they have made more satidactmy amangements for cwrriage, and that tlhey am going to work by a remay invented process. The fad is that the Layenham works would be in operation bday had it not been for the impossibility of obtaining the raw material; the process was all right, and had it not been so, we feel m e that 34Xr.Duncsnwouldspeedily have arranged a method for reoovering the sugar.Beside4 newly invonted proowses are not dwap the most reliable, and frequentiy the benefib to be obtained from them are not derived until after modifications have been introducd e~taihg muoh delay and expensive work. So far as we oan see there is no more ohance of the present ventme being succe~sfd than the preceding one, and we are afraid thatthe newly invented process a d oheap miage will not compensate for the shortness of supply of tihe mw materia;l, To give plome idea of the actreage necessttry for a fwbry producing 120 tons of sugar per week ; 12,000 awes would have to be under cultivation, of which 4,000 would be cropped each year, this is taking the average mystallimbb agar in the beeta at 8 per cent. In order to mtmufa&e the 950,000 tons of beet sugar, vhioh the Ew8 states to have been mnsumed in the United Kingdom during last year, about 15,000,000 tons of beet roots would be required. l?or the faotory turning out 120 tons per week, 325 tons of beets would have to be delivered each h y ; there would be no diiiiodty in arranging machinery to work up an indefinite amount of mtq but the question remaina :- (( Can this quantity be delivered uninterruptedly throughout t;he smon 3 ”

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900113

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TPHE ANALY8T. 115 A METHOD OF DETERMINING ORGANIC NITROUEN IN LIQUIDS. BY A, WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.B., F.I.C. &dd 60fOTS th6 SOOiCtj/ Of pU6& h d 3 l 8 t 8 , OB &&I% I8?%, 1884. THE method of oxidation by means of sulphuric acid in excess and permanganate of potash is not a new one. The prooess in its details, nevertheless, was recently muoh improved by Vijeldahl (Zeits fur Analytische ohemie Hefl. 3, 1883 ”) and proposed by him as a m o a process of oombustion. Still more recently Ilr. Petri and Th. Lehmann (‘I Zeitsdh fur Physiologische Chemie, Band VIII., Hefl. 3, 1884 ”) have pub- lished an account of an extremely prolonged aad exhaustive reeearoh, as to its accuracy in determining the total nitrogen in urine ; and have somewhat improved the details. I contributed in April of this year, to the Royal &oiety, a paper on the ingests and egesta of Edward Payaon Weston, and gave incidentally, a biie€ description of this method whiohI had applied with great advantage to the estimation, day by day, of the total nitrogen of the pedestrian’s urine, as follows :- Two grams of the urine were placed in a && and 20 cubic aentems of pure adphuric aoid added; heat was applied by means of a small flame for two or three hours, at the end of whicIi time c r y s a of permanganate were added until the liqGd was first decolouriaed, and then given a distinct dark pink or red tint.On now alkdising with pure oxide, a l l the nitrogen present was distilled over &B ammonia; the distillation being assisted by a current of hydrogen gas, the ammoniacal distillate was received in a known quantity of standard decinormd acid and titrated back by deci- normal soda.I have since made a number of analyses of flour and farinaceous foods, and compared four of them with combustion processes, and the resdts have been eminently satisfaotory. 1 have also applied it to malt extract in solution, to cocoa, to tea and to coffee. Two analyses of water have been made by this moist procese ; the result was such as from the general character of the water might be expected, but no check combustion was made, SO I am ignorant tzs to how the two methods would compare.116 !EiX ANALPIST. ~ -~ It seems to be so extremely convenient and its applications so numerous, that any analyst would confer a bendti on us all, if He should make a number of comparative determinations of the total xGtrogen in water, milk, broth, $c., and commzznicElte the results to the Society. The sdphuriio aoid S have med, has never been absolutely ammonia free, but it wm found easy to make blank experiments and get out a constant factor, but with such a strongly nitrogenous liquid as urine, even this mas not necessary, tho orror falling in the third deoima;2 plaae ; on the other hand, in the case of waor analysis, an exad correotion €or the ammoniwal impurities will of course be important. CON~L~~SIO~; OF TEE PROOEEDINGS OF THE SOO~ETY OF PUBLIU ANALYSTS.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN884090115b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

116 !EiX ANALPIST. NOTES ON 8OME OLD PROOES8ES OF MILE ANALYSIS AND ON A RA!i!IONBL VIEW OF MILL( STANDAJ3DS. BY JOHN MUTER, PILD., F.I.O., 6tc. W ~ L E we are all awaiting mxioudy the report of the Milk Committee of om Society on the best method for milk analysis and the standards for the same, it may not be out of place (in the present dearth of €reah matter in the food analysis line) to put before the members some old reminiscences and a few additional arguments in ftzvour of the 'I sliding scale '' standard, advocatod by several analysts, who sham my views on this point. In my whole experience of milk (extending to a period conaiderably prior even to the pm&g of the old Adulteration Act, of 1872), I. have in my books no record of any unimpeachably pure milk in which the m m of the Ron-fatty constituents fell markedly below the present ordinarily accepted limit, d g s s whgre the fat was considerably above the amount u ~ u d y expected, and in this matter my experience is fihmed by several andyste who have had the opportunity of examining large quantities of genuine milk. Before the formation of the Society of Public Analysts, and the &cial adoption by it of Mi!- Wdyn'a then recently publishedmpid pivcess (but not of his standard, which was reduced €ram 9-3 to 91, those few persons who were training themelves to specia1 experience in food, and a&ng as pioneers of the large body of andfiioal OheInists now devoted to its examination, used to make first a preliminary test of the milk by taking tihe speoif~o gravity of %he ndk and of its 8wum after coagulation, and then afterwards mnhn the results by a full analyaia.This analysis was conducted always by one of two processes, and although I aftem& gave them up in deference to the Bociety, and adopted Wdyn's procesq and the 9 standard, I have 'never been at d sure that it vm an improvement in red acouracy. As it is possible that aome of our younger mem- bers may not know what wa15 done before the passing of the Acts, tho foUoming account may be interesting :-By the first process, a funnel, furnished with four high but narrow ribs, was Wed with a filter paper, and then filled, two-thirds of its height, with sand (which had been purified by washing in dilute hydrochloric acid and igniting), This wa8 then placed in the air-drying oven at 220" Fdw.€or some time, cooled €or ten minutes in a dessicator, and weighed. Enough milk was dropped q o n it aa as to nemly saturate fhe sand turithozct wotti4tg tltapqm, and the whole again weighed and thon dried in the oven until pracdidy conatant, always using the ~ame dessicator fozTHE ANALYEiT. 217 a similar timo at each weighing. Tho funnel and its contents were then thoroughly pemlated with boiling ether, by placing it in a tin jacket into which warm water was put, and then pouring on the othor, and finally it was removed from the jsoket and again dried in the oven, and the loss was fat. The residue was then treated with water, faintly acidulated, or with vory woak spirit, to removo tho soluble portion, which was looked upon QS omdomilk sugar, and then again dried, an4 the balance was looked upon as orudo casein.The ash was takon on a separate sample. By the seconif process a portion of the milk was evapomted in a flat dish, and tihe residue taken when driod at 220Q Fah. to pmotid conahmy, and then this residuo was also used for ash determination. Another portion was evaporated with ph~ter of Pmis, being well stirred during the evaporation, and the iiryrosidue havingbeenreduced topomilorinaglaasmortar, was extracted absolutely with boiling ether. Tho ether was received through a filter into a weighed flat-bottomcd flask, and having beeu distilled off, the reaidual fat mas dried at 220° I?. and weighed. The plaster remainder in tho baain and filter were now fxeatetl with water, and the bdmce between the fat and augar and the tots1 was casein.I am not now putting forward the amounts of so-oalled milk sugar and casein as specimens of first-rate aepma- Gion, but I still hold, and havo always done so, that either of these processes are better in regard to the fat sepmation than W d l y d s , although, of come, not so rapid. When we used these processes, the ddation from solids not fat was unknown, and we judged by a general consideration of d the figures obtained. There ia no doubt the discoverg of &. Waiiklyn, re solib not fat, was a distinct advance, but in my opinion the great error whi& has all dong boen made, consists in a too blind adherence to &at standard, and a too rigorous judging of milk upon non-fatty aolids done, without &o tahg into consideintion tho mount o€ fat.There can, undoubtedly, o m , bothin nature and ’by bad mnpling, cases of what 1 have before ~ a J l ~ d (‘ natnra[l dilution with fat,” and the non-fatty solids do not then show what they ought fa do. To make this plain, let me take from my books by C~WOQ an old case, where a sample of milk, very nearly at the Society’s limit, had been standing in a dish, and the sample had been dipped out by a sweep of tho measure, which did not go nearly to the bottom. I?&* e . b e .. .. 4.61 Non-fdty solids I . w . ., 8*80 - -- - -- TOM I. a b a . 13-81 and yet? on pfoperly mixing that veq same milk, we get :- Bat .. .. . I .. 3‘49 Non-fatty rJolidrJ . . .. .. 9-02 - Total ,, D , .* 12.61 - On the other hand, lot UFJ glance at the effect of akhmhg.Taking tihe of a good COW, usod for my ova f a d y ? 1 found:- Fat b e - 6 6 . .. 4% Eon-fatty ROE& a b . .. 9-66 Total b . O D I n l4*27 -- -118 THE ANALYS!I!. NOW placing the milk in separators, and exaslining the bottom layer, we have (I), after about an hour- Fat I* .. a . .. 3.08 Non-fatty diih . . .. 9.79 - Total .. . a .. 12.87 (2) After about two hours- Fat .. .. .. .. 1-43 Non-fsftysolids .. .. .. 10-04 Total .. .. .. 11.47 (3) After four houm- Fat I. .. .. I . *36 N~a-bWrrOlids .. .. ,. 10.65 TOM .. .. .. 10-90 - Thug, it ia evident that, taking the low standards adopted by Mr. Bell, o€ 2.5 fat and 8.5 noa-fatty solids, without any modification on the sliding male principle, a milk- man, by taking away one-hdlf of his cream nearly, might then add almost; fifteen por cent. of water, and laugh at the inspector.It is a simple fact that, at least in the Metro- polis, the knowing ones of the trade systematically skim down to about 2.5, and thus, not only sell the cream, but are enabled to add, without fear, an average ten per cent. of water. I do not here make any suggestion as to the exact mannor inwhiehasliding s d e of solids not fat, based UPOR the fat found, should be applied, as that is a matter for the mmmittee, &odd such an idea find favour in their eyes, but I do put it atrongly as a 8hp1e matter of common seme, that there should not be the same standard for whole milk and for even partially skimmed milk. Given first an agreement to some fixed process which obtains a raidue dried to fair constanoy, and then regularly geta out the whole of the fat (ae both the old proceases I have referred to undoubtedly do) then whatever limit may be adopted for non-fatty solids should only hold good provided the amount of fat be ndt undH 8 certain amount, and if it be so then I hold that for every half per mnt.of fat under the limit an addition ahould be made to the standard of wEda not fat nntil sbsohtely skimmed milk was reached, of which, by-the-bye, I have never met with an undoubtedly unwatered specimen under 9.8, Any new standard which may be proposed by our committee would bo in the present state of the law practidy useless unless approved of by Mr. Bell and his colleagues, and I, therefore, trust that (as both their and our only object is coming amem the truth as possible) they will see fit to give ~ome consideration and experiment towards the approval or otherwise What is really wanted, both on behalf of the dealers and the public, is an mend- ment of the law similar to that shown in the New Zealand Food Act (recently printed in the AXALYST), wherein a schedule of standards is given, such sobedde to be subject of the “&ding scale” system.THE ANALY8!I!. 119 to periodicd additions and revisions by order in Uounci.l OR the recommendation of a specid Boaxd of Experts, and d porsons interested in the purity of food should d t e in akivlng to attain this consummation 130 devoutIy to be wished.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900116

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE AN'ALYBT. 119 Q" THE ACTION OF OOLD CONCEN2RATED Bm;pfflTRIa iWID ON &FAD AND IT8 AGLOYB. BY Lums PI^. UNTIL qdte recenfly it has been regazded as h o s t indisputable that the purer the lead, the less action would sulphrjuic wid have upon it. In opposition to this idea, 8 very intoresting paper W ~ R presented by Mi.. James Napier, before Om Gllaagow Philosophical Sooiety, a full report of whit& can be found in the Cfienzt'caZ 2vscaS for December, 1880. Briefly abstracted it is as follows : Sulphuric acid was shipped in cases of dleetlead, of which oither bulged badly or burst. To arscerfain the cause of tbia d o n , the The wid was of sp. gr. 1,842 and the following composition, €&,S0499a78--80~0*02 The lead ~ 8 s of extraordinary purity, containing according to the a d y ~ 3 Pb.99.96 -CU. 0.04. The gas evolvcd was pure hydrogen. Errposing a known surface of the lead to the action of oold concenhted anlphulic acid, gas was given off equivdent to 42 cubic inches per square foot lead exposed. Another samplo from a concentrating pan (No 1) of the 8-e composition gave under similar circumstmces, 16 cubic inches per square foot. A seeond sample of l a d (NO. 2) having a composition of Pb, 99*60 Cu. 0.08. Sb. 0.42 yielded only 6 cubic inch per square foot. AS a basis for further experiments, Xr. Napier tooka soft lead not mdysed, d d w to NO. 1, which, averaging several determinations, yielded 9 4 cubic inches per square foot. CIdling this lead No. 8, the foIlowing alloys were made and yielded the fonowing amounts o€ gas by the action of sulphuric acid.acid, the lead, and the gas musing the pressure were analyzed. --P~SO,O*I~~U~SO~O*O~. ma Load NO, 3, 99'64 ou. h b . zn. '37 I The paper wa8 discussed by the Booiety, and the Prosident in summing up, said fie following points appeared proven : 1. Uhemicdy pure load was unsuitable for sulphuric wid evaporating pans. 2. Lead containing certain impu<ties, tlgd especially zinc, wm unsuitabk~ 3. Antimony seemed to render &Q lead more durable. 4. The mbject required further investigation. It is to this investigation that the remainder of this paper will be devoted,1 a0 THE ANUYST, - __ -~ The lead taken as a ‘bat& for the alloyrs which I have experimented upon, was a chemica;lly pure lead made by Merok, of Darmstadt, and guaranteed by him.Themethod employed differed from that made use of by Napier, who measured the gas evolved from a known surface of lead. In the followling experimentg, the action of the dphuric acid was measured by the momt of lead or doy converted into sulphate, which waa ascertained by weighing the alloy beforo immersing in Sulphnric acid, and after the action, Cleansing from any adhering sulphate and reweighing. In a l l forty (40) samples of lead and alloys of known composition were acted upon by the acid and the action measured. In some cases the results may appear anomalow, but; not more so than the case reported by Napier, in which lead of the same composi- tion gave off under similar circumstances, in one ease 41 cubic inches per squase foot, in the other only 16 cubic inches.In the making of the alloys, great care was taken to obtain as homogenous a mixture as possible, and in order to avoid oxidation, the fusion was performed under a layer of powdered chmcoal. The making of 40 alloys was thus by far the most tedious part of the investigation. The alloys experimented upon were those of lead with antimony, tin, biamuth, cad- mium, silver and Zinc. After the preparation of the aUays, they were carefully rolled to about the same thickness, and the same surfam exposed in each case to the action of the same amount of acid for a like time. me mrhce exposed was 2 sq. in., and the amount of acid used 10 C.C. The action was allowed to proceed 24 hours at a, temperature of 2OOC. me acid employed was 0. P. sulphuric add of sp.gr. 1,825. In the tables the h t co1nm.n gives composition of alloys j the second, the loss of lead per sq. foot of surface exposed, the weight being in grammes; the third, the amount of gas evolved calmdated from the quantity of lead converted into the sulphate. 1 c. P. Lead. 1’296 gnns. 9 ou. in, 2 9 s 2-088 ), 14.5 ,, 3 9 ) 2.952 ,, 20-5 ,, 4 9 ) 2.282 ,, 16-5 ,, Average loas €or pure lead, 2.160 grrm3. per sq. ft. Average gm evolved from sq. ft., 15 cu. in. In all caseB quite a vigorous evolution of hydrogen took place at the instant of immersion, while in an hour scarcely any action was percepiible. It will be noticed that the quantity of hydrogen evolved agrees quite closely with the amount given off by lead in Mr. Napier’s experiments. In the case of the alloys, however, I did not find that the addition of foreign metals produced such a change in the amount of lead converted into sulphate, as tho following figures will &ow.THE ANALYST.121 ~mputing the amount of w, the loss is odculated for convenience as entirely lead. AXTIXOXY ALLOYS. h Pb. 100 Sb. 0-B p& 1.872gme. 13 on. in. 8 s? 1 t t 2'016 99 14 3, 7 I, 2 9, 2.016 9 , 14 9 , 8 Y9 3 9 , 1.612 ¶ ¶ 10 ?, 9 Y9 6 ,y 1.584 Y Y 11 9 , 10 ,y 10 ,, 1-684 ,, 11 ,, It will be seen from Me, that under tihe conditiom of the experiment, the antimony did not seem to d e o t the lead to moh a degree as in Mr. Napier's researches, although retarding the adion of the acid. It ahows, however, what a laxge tamount of antimony may be present without &@ding the solubility of the lead.TIN rn0YS. I1 12 Y ¶ 1 )) 3.744 9 ) 26 ¶ Y 13 ,? 2 ,, 3-080 ,, 22 ,, 14 Y Y 3 ,, 2962 ,, 21 ,, 16 Y, 5 as 3'232 9s 23 83 16 9Y 10 ¶ 9 2.380 Y, 17 3 , Pb. 100 Sn. 0.5 parts 2.802 gms. 19 OR. in. In the case of the alloys with tin, the aotion is in a,ll oasefi augmented, but does not mem to increase in proportion to the amount of tin present* BIWXH ALLOY#. 17 Pb. 100 Bi. 0.5 pads 1*800 gms. 12 cn. in. 18 y, 1 y, 4-032 9, 28 ¶, 19 ,, 2 1 ) 1.656 9 9 11 ,, 20 99 3 9, 1.m ,I 12 9 , 21 9, 5 I, 2.232 99 16 ¶ 9 22 *, 10 ,, 3.600 ,) 25 s y The figures in number IS are evidently anomalow, and probably were the result of m imperfeot admixture or separation of the Bi. and Pb. If they are disregded we would have the general action of bhuth in the alloyB with lead a~ retarding in guanti- ties less than 5 per cent,, and above that figurehastening the formation of lead sulphate.U A D m AmOYS. 23. Pb. 1OOCd. 0*5partS 1*728p. 12cu. in. 24. 99 1 1, 1 W 6 ,y 11 9) 25. 3, 2 a, 1.296 Y Y 9 Y9 26. Y Y 3 ), ~ 7 2 a ,) 12 ,, 27. 'Y 6 9s 1.296 9 9 9 9) 28. 9 ) 10 $9 3'628 9s 24 )S Inregardto cadmium we have it demwkg tihe solubiK@ of leadtoa greater extent even thm antimony, while above 5 per cent. it raises its solubility. BrLvEIt dIitOY8. 29. Pb. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 1.684 gme. 1'128 3, 1.944 ,, 1.684 ,, 2.016 ,, 2448 ,,122 THE ANALYST. Silver seem to exert very little Muence, in m a l l proportion, slightly deorecldng the action, in large proportion dightly bmeasing the solubility. m u bIsroyLI. 35. Pb. 1 O O Z n . 0.6 park, 2-664gms. 18 m. in. 30. ,? 1 ,, 2.304 ,, 16 ,, 37. 9) 2 ,, 3.816 ,, 26 ,, 40. 19 10 ,, 4.392 ,, 30 ,) 88. 9 ) 8 ,$ 2.664 ,, 18 ,, 39. 9, 6 ,, 4.032 ,, 28 ,$ The aolubilifies of the alloys of lead and Zino are thus greater than those of lead with any other metal experimented upon. To 6- up &e redts of the work, it appeam : 1. The metals, antimony, bismuth, ctadmium, and &her in mall qumtitieir, proteot lead from the action of the cold sulphurio add ; while in proportions above 3 per cent., they all, with the exception of antimony, hcrease the solubility. 2. Antimony, when preaent even to the amount of 10 per cent,, deoretlscs the eolubdity of the lead. 3. !En and zinc doys are more affected than pure lead.-JomZ c$ t b Afim*cm Czt#?&d 80&*.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900119

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

122 THE ANALYST. AC!i?ION OF OONCENTRATED SULPHURXU AaDt AT looo C., ON LEAD AND ITS ALLOYS, BY L. PITICIN. THE only work of my importance done, in the estimation of &e effect produced upon lead by hot concentrated dphurio mid, is that of Bauer. Tho acid used by him was 170° T. (sp. gr. 1,848), the amount of lead or alloy taken 0.2 gramme, and the amount of acid used 50 C.C. A brief absircrct of his work, so far as it relates to alloy8 used by me, is here given. 1. . h r 6 i k d . - ~ e f h t sensible evolution of gas was at 1 7 5 O c., a stronger action taring p l w at 1900 C., while at 250"-240' C. all of the lead was suddenly changed to sdphate. n. h d bi8?&h &4J8.= (a.) Pb. 90 per oent., Bi. 10 per cent. Action begins at 150" C., continues quietly to 190" U., when dl of the metal is decomposed.(5.) Pb. 96 per cent., Bi. 4 per oent. This alloy decomposes more quickly than (a), the aotion terminating at 130'- 140' 0, (u.) Pb. 99-27 per Bi. 0.78 per oent. Rapid and mdden decomposition at 160' 0. I]a.-.kd d tZ&hOoly dh348.- (6.1 Pb. 90 per oent., Sb. 10 per cent,THE ANALYEIT. 123 A dow and even decompoition tltkee plaoe, beginning at 190" U1, terminating at 240 0. (8.) Pb. 96 per oent., Sb. 4 per cent. (0.) Pb. 99 per wnt. Sb. 1 per oent, Decompodtion be@ at; 180" CI., terminating at 225" c1, Adon begins at %09, ends at 280" C. m. Lwd mad td:n n&g&-fhdden deoomposition at 200' 0. The a3loysr used by me in determining the effeot of hot acid were the same as those anployed in edimating the adion of cold wid, namely, lead with afimony, tin, bismuth, cadmium, dver, andhc.The amount of acid was as before 10 C.C. and the fluxface expoBed 2 aq, in., but the time of exposure WM 1 hour, instead of 24 hourB, as in testing with cold acid, The &mount of g w given off per square foot was not odouhted, as that facfor would be esaenfi&l only in the employment of lead for cases. The aznount of lead or dloy converted into sulphate per sguaxe foot is given in grammes. for one hour, gwve very conoordant results, as follows :- The four samples of pure lead, exposed to the actionof concentrated acid at 100" (1. 41. Pure lead.. .................... 1.308 Clmmmes. 43. p y ...................... 1*224 $# 44. $ 3 ...................... 1.080 9 ) 42. 1) ......................1*162 )) Tho effeot of antimony in composition with lead ia shown in the following experiments :- 46. Pb. 100 parts, Sb. +part.. .. 2.962 Gb.asunee. 48. $9 ,, 3 ,, .... 3*096 ), 49. 9 9 ,, B ,) .... P736 $, 40. SY y, 1 y p em.. 3.672 $ 9 41. Y 9 $9 2 9 ) . . m . 3.528 9 , 60. Y S 3, 10 ,) .... 2.962 ,) Upon immerdng the doy, very little gas waa given off, and for 40 minutes the acid remained dear. It &en commenced to cloud, and the alloy taken out at the end of the hour wtw oovered with blacik dime. It will be men that at 100" 0. the action of antimony ia not that of a presem&ive of the l e d , a B ie the case with cold acid; while from the experiments of Bauer, quoted above, it seems quite likely that at elevated temperatures tihe d o y with antimony may be more re&ingt&mpurelesd. The relative rrolirbilities of the alloys at ordinary temperatures and at 100" 0.are by no means constant, and thie fomm one of the most interesting features of the investiga- tion; thus, if at common temperatures the doya with antimony are found more inso- luble than lhose with zinc? we cannot predicate the same relation with acid at 100' G. In regard to the &ion of tin upon lead, tu &e&ing its solubility, the foUowing results were obtained :- 61. Pb. 100 pa&, 54. 9 s ,, 3 ,) .... 0-192 ,, 66. 99 ,, 6 ,? .... 0.864 s9 8n. & part,. . 1*008 Gcramme~ 52. 9, ,, 1 9 ) . a 1*?92 y) 63. 1 , ,, 2 $ 9 em a . OM4 yp 66. ?I ,, 10 $ 9 0.864_--_- -.--. -I--"- 124 THE ANUYBT. It will be remembered that one of the general results obtained from the experi- ments with cold acid was that at ordinarg temperatures the alloys of lead and tin were more easily attacked than thoso with antimony or pure lead itself, and yet at this ternu perahre we see the cam revermd.It is, however, in regad to bismuth that the most curiom effects were found to be produced by the composition of the alIoy. The following figures mill fully explain the peculiar action of the bifimuth :- 67. Pb. 100 psrts, Bi. $part.. . , 24-840 (hunmm. 68. 9 , ,, 1 ,, .... 22'2448 ,* 69. ,9 ,) 2 ), ..I. 1-000 $1 62. 9 , ,, 10 ,) ...# 2.160 s t 60. 99 ,, 3 ,, .... 1*008 ,, 61. 9, ,, 5 ,, .... 1*008 ,@ The results given in 57 and 58 appear so exceptional, not only in compazison with other alloys, but in regaxd to the sudden change shown in 59 and 60, that it was dectided to make experiments 57,58, and 60 in duplictt&e. 57.@npEa+e) Pb. 100 paxts, Bi. Qb8 23920 68. Y9 99 Bi. 1.. 22*760 60. 9 , 2, Bi. 3 . . 1-224 We here have 8 case in which not only the relative solubility in hot and cold acid is changed as regards other alloys, but one in which an exceas of the deleterious sub- stance seem to a d as a corndive. The alloys mntaining Q and 1 part of b h u t h to 100 of lead gave off gas very plentifullys not only at the start, but tbroughout the whole hour? while the acid beame opaque almost immediately, and the lead sulphate formed oould be removed in s d e s at the end of the experiment. The experiments with cadmium alloy gave very constant results, and in general it may be said that, with the exception of bismuth doy, the figurerJ obtained from the same doy varied muohless than in the corresponding trial8 with cold acid.63. Pb. 100 part9, Cd. Q part .. . . 1.440 Grammes. 64. 99 ), 1 ,, .. .. 1.224 1 ) 66. ?, ,) 3 ,, .. .. 1-080 ,, 67* ¶ 9 ), 6 ,, .. .. 1'368 9 s 68- 9 9 ,, 10 )) .. .. 1.152 )) The aofion of oadmiuzn at this temperature Beems to be neither inmasing nor In the case of silver combined with the lead, we have the same general behaviour, 65. ,, 9 , 2 j) m e 1.296 - 9 diminishing the action of the H,BO, on the lead. eix determinations with varying quantities of silver giving the following result6 :- 69. Pb. 100 parts, Ag. + part , . b e 1*296 Cxmnma. 72. 9 , 9 9 3 9, .. 0*792 #, 70. 9 , s t 1 9 , .. .. 1*080 9) 51.,, 9) 2 $9 0 . 0.864 y) 73. 9 , 9 ) 3 $ 9 a 8 me 0.936 $9 74- J , 2 9 10 ), .. .e 1.440 )) The action of zinc in det;ermining the solubility of lead in hot add is in accordance with its effwt on cold mncentr&ed Ibcid-that is, haeasea the effedi of the aoid, but the!l!HE ANALYST. 125 action ie not so marked as at ordinary temperatures. The figures for fie experiments are :- 75. Pb. 100 parts, Zn. 3 part . . . . 1*800 Gmmmes. 76- $9 y) 1 y3 * * e m 1.296 9 , 77. 9, )) 2 )) 1 0 .b 1.162 y) 78. 1, .. 3 . . . . . . 1.080 .. 79. YY y j 6 $ 9 . b 1.296 y, 80. 9 ) y s 10 9 ) 0. . e 1*080 $ 9 We can easily Bee from the resulb we have obtained the importance of testing the lead employed in &go4 working, and for this no extended analysis is required. The operation ctonl3ists aimply in immersing the lead in acid, more or less concentrated according to the strength of the acid with which it will be brought into contact in actual working, and at the temperature to which it will be subjected in the manufadme of alcid.Mr. McTear says :-“The simpIest safeguard against risk to pans, eta, giving way would be a careful testing of the lead previous to being made into sbeets. For this purpose it will not ’be necessary to make an analysis, but simply to put clean, thin tihaving8 of lead into a tesst-tube and cover with pure, cold vitriol ; the amount of action would then be elearly visible,” It i s however, clear that the adion of cold aoid ie no sure miterion of the effect that hot acid will have upon the lead ; so, to avoid error, it is much safer to test %he lead under the conditions of its aotual emplogment. In order to briefly mm up the results of experiment, it mill be advantageous to compme tho avemge of the d o y ~ with pure lead a8 Unity both at ordinary tempera- tures and at looo 0. The following table mill therefore express the average solubility or liability to formation of sulphate of the alloys in terms of lead. In each case the total of the relative solubilities is divided by six (the number of members in the class), €or the average mlubility of the alloys : Pureled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1*00 1.00 Pb. 100, 8b. 1 to 10 pmts . . . . . . . . . . 0*81 2% Pb.100,Sn. 1f010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1*42 0.75 Pb. 100,Bi. lto 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 7.69 pb. l0OYAg.1to1O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87 0.93 2060. loooc. Pb. 104 Cd. It010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0*86 1-10 pb0100,& 1f010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-63 1-10 4ottmd of t h A4nem’capc ChmiwZ iYo&&.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900122

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

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!l!HE ANALYST. 125 DBTERMINATIONATION 02' FAT AUIDB IN OILEL BY CE. E. 8-. NE~~LY dl vegehble oils aro aubject, more or lem, to fermentatioii, and the fementa- tive action caws fat acids to separate from glycerine with the formation of free midie. Whon the oil is wed for soap-making or wool-cleasing the presence of the €at aaids has little or no deleterious effect ; but when wed for machinery the cam is different, as they sot on the metal bearings in a similax manner to minerd m i , although beas violently,The process used for the estimation of fat acids is that of Burstyn, and is based on the property possessed by strong alcohol of dissolving the fat acid8, while neutral €ate are not perceptibly soluble. The prooess is carried out by shaking up 100 gram me^ of the oil with 100 grazlunes of 90 per cent.alcohol. The alcohol separates from the oil, carrying with it the fa6 aoids. By means of a soparating funnel the alcohol layer can easily be removed and 20 c.c., titrated with nomal alkali. The aaid obtained corresponds to sulphurio acid ; this, multiplied by 6, w i l l give the total gumtity of mid as oleio mid. A dispute having arisen about some oil purchased by a house in Lille, the author was led to examine B~nstp's process. A portion of the dcoholic solution, equal to about 20 o.c., was evaporated, and dried at a temperatme of 100" U. to 1 0 5 O C., until the weight beoame constant. The followkg 02s were tested :- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bur~tp's Pivceas. '37 0614 6*83 9.23 12-10 -85 to *90 9 76 *677 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. By Weight. -28 -600 6- 10-16 13- 065 CO '90 -26 '422 The prooess of Burstyn may, therefore, be considered to give satiafactory results, although it is dear that alcohol dissolveB volatile acids, WE& me lost by evaporation, and also colouring mattem, which have no action upon an alkaline solution. Volatile substances tend to give graUimetrc results lower than those by Burtdyn'a process, while colouring and odorous substances give higher redb, as they have no action on standard alW. In titrating, the author haa found that tmeric gives more aat;sfact;org resdh than either litmus or phenolphthdein.-Xitii &imt@p, 3 xi?., 205.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900125

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ASBAY OF OINOHONA B B K , BY A. PETIT. SROLLIUB has shown that the whole of the alkaloids of oinchona bark may be obhined in solution by treating, say 40 gra,mmes of the powdered bask with 800 p s . of a mixture composed of Aloohol, 96percent. . . . . . . . . G’iparty, Ether, sp. gr. W724 . . . . . . . . 733 .. Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . 32 .. Comparative experiments have shown me that the bark must be in as fine powder &IS possible, and that, if the mistme be shaken every five minutea, the exhaustion is as complete after one hour, as it aill be after five or six horns if merely maoerated. The next step is to pour off 600 gms. of the liquid, corresponding t o three-fourths of the dkaloids contained in the bark, that is, representing 80 gms, of the latter.THE A,NAIiYBT.121 Now add to the ethereal liquid enough of EL solution containing: one-fourth of its weight of sulphurio acid, so tlut the aqueous layer which separates W be just acid. In generaI, about 20 mbic centimetre~ will be mflident. This aqueous layer oontains all the alkaloid of the ethereal liquid. The layer is separated by a suitable fume1 (in fact the ethereal liquid s h d d be in a separating €unnel when treated with the atid), and the ethereal liquid again agitated with 5 C.C. of the diluted acid and 15 0.c. of water. This portion irS Hcewise septed, and added to the former. Now heat the aqueous liquid on a water-bath in order to get rid of the dissolved ether, then dilute it with two volumes of water, and precipitate with cawtio soda in excess. On stirring with a glass rod, the alkaloids coalesce together in a mass.The same result may also be obtained by warming the Iiquid on the water-bath. Transfer the alkaloids to a tared capsule and dry them at a temperature of 100" 0. I[f the l i q ~ d is not perfectly dear, it is passed through a tared filter, and the gain in weight of the latter when dried at 100' 0. added to the alkaloids in the capsule. We have now tibe weight of the total alkaloids contained in the 80 gm. of bmk, and from this we may calculate the quantity containedin one kilogramme. The next step is to ascertain the proportion of alJraloids soluble in ether. Proceed as follows:- Dissolve the total alkaloids in a slight exceas of dphurio acid. Add 25 C.C. of ether (sp. gr. O*fi24) and 6 C.C. of mmonia, and shake. The &doids soluble in ether are thereby taken up.Decant the ether: shake again with 10 C.C. of ether and decant again. Unite the ethereal solutions, let abnd 15 minute#, so thatthe alkaloids which are but little soluble in this menstruum may deposit; decant again, and shake the clear, decanted ethereal liquid with 10 O.C. of diluted dphmiio acid(1 in 20). Sepaxate the aqueoucr liquid ; agitate the ethereal solution with 5 O.C. more of the dihate mid, and add the second aqueous layer to the &t. Dilute the united Hquids with water to 25 c.o., heat to boiling, and saturate with pure diluted ammonia (I in 6). As soon as the reaction is faintly alkaline, the heating is interrupted. (212" F.). The sulphate of quinine w i l l now sepazate in h e needle-shaped cryst&. when comp1el;OLy cold, collect it upon a tared filter, and wash it with a cold saturated solution of sulphate of quinine ; finally dry it at 1000 C. (212' F.), ulltil the weight remains constant.We now have the weight of sulphate of quinine obhinable Prom 30 p. of bark, and, therefore, by a Simplo caIcuIation, that contained in one kilogramme. In order to prove that the dphate of quinine thus obtsined is pme, the d t is dissolved with the aid of sulphuric acid, and extmked by the polariso~pe. J3 the rotary power does not approach sufficiently dose to -288.8, with sodium light, at a temperature of 15" a., the salt must be purified by tz renewed trestment with ether and ammonia and reoryatallization.128 TPB% ANALYST. According 20 my expopionce, the polarhetrio deviation is proportional to the qwtity of salt dissolved; the amount of sulphuric acid does not influence this devia- tion, provided it is present in at least sufEicient quantity to form bisulphate of quinine. In practice, I prefer a solution mntRining one gm. of 'basic sdphate dried at 100" 0., dissolved in two m., of one-tenth per cent. sulphuric acid, and enough distilled water to make twenty C.C. Under these conditions the polariscope deviation is to -110" (for pure sulpbte of quinine at 15" 0.). Accurding to my experiments, it is necessary to add to the observed degree about one degree for every four degrees of temperature above 15' 0. These Werent treatments by acid, and the sepazations of the ether, are very rapidly performed if tihe operator has had some previous practice in these mmipulcations. A few hours me sufEcient to make IL complete assay of cinchona by this process.- .@6&&6 d6 .&ZIWMcde.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900126

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

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128 TPB% ANALYST. REPORT ON COLO’URED IMITATION JAVA COFFEE. BUREAU, SECOND DIVISIOK, May 5, 1884. W u m DE F. DAY, M.D,, finnitmy Sup&fitm&nt, New York Board of Health. Sm,-I have the honour to report that Inspector heas, on March 15,1884, obtained a sample of coffee known as green ’’ imitation Java from a weU-lmown firm. of coffee- dealers of this city. This sample he submitted to Dr. Wall= for analysis. I transmit herewith Dr. Waller’s report on the same. !l?he report states that the sample contained bad, copper and arsenic. The mount of the two latter substances is given as corresponding to 1*586 grains of coppr arsenite (Scheele’s peen) per pound of coffee. The amount of lead present was not ascertained but it ia now being estimated. The above amount of arsenite of copper would indicate the presence of about B$ grains of 8cheeIe’s green, or about 23 grains of arsenious acid, in each half ounce of the coffee, the quantity necessary tomake upacup of tho boverage.I mas informed that the coffee in question was produced in Central America, and wm subjected in this city to some process, which altered its oharacteristics so as to cause it to resemble Java coffee. This process is as Sollows : The coffee in bag is subjoctod to a high dagree of moist heat. This ripens or matures the berry, and is also said to extract €rom it a bittor sub- stance known as caffeo-tannic acid. In ripening, the colour is changed from a peen to a brovn tint, the shade of brown being lighter or darker, according to tho length of timo the coffeeis subjected to the maturing process.!Phe process is analagous to what ocaurs in the hold of a vessel carrying coffee from Java. I: can find nofhing harmful in it, exwpt that in the case of oertain South American coffees, I am informed, it enablos the dealers to sell them for Java. The light coloured Java coffees are &o matured byT€tE A3SI'ALY8Tp. 129 the abovo method. Two advantages are claimed for this process : (1) it improves the drinking quditios of &e coffees j (2) it enables the dealers to meet the demand for dark The proprietor of the mill in which the coffee in question was treated admikted to me that, in addition to the maturing process, he had formerly used yellow-ochre to give tho coffee a more uniform tint. Yellow-ochre is a ferruginous earth, and is produced in nature by the decomposition of iron pyrites.It is a well-known fact that these pyrites almost always contain arsenic and other metala. Dr. Waller statedtome that the samples of coffees andysed had probably been coloured by yellow-ochre, and that the poiaons found had been thus introduced. In investigating this subject I received information which led me to inspect the mills polishing Rios and other coffees. These were situated in Brooklyn, and were found to be using 8 variety of agents for colourhg purposes. T obtained from one mill, smples of the following. colours : Ghrom0-yellow (chromate o€ lead), silesian-blue, yellow-ochre, bu3p.t.;umber, venetian-red, drop-bhk, charcoal, and French chalk. Two samples of mixed colour were obtained from the other mill. They are now being analyzed.Coffee was &st poliahed by knoading it in the bag. It was soon discovered that botter results were obtacinod by revolving the coffee in cylinders with powdered soap- stone. Experiments with colouring matter followed, and &ally resulted in the use of the colouring substances above-named. Ireported the facts of theso cases to Commissioner Raymond, of the Brooklyn Health Dopment, whoso invostigations have verified my o m . He informs me that he has summcmod tho proprietors of the milLe before him to show reasons why they should not be prohibitod from cololuing coffee. Tho names of the mills in which coffee is ooloured as above, have beon forwarded to the secretary. coloured coffees. ltespectfully submitted, Cpnus ED8ON, X.R., chpf I~SP8Ob'. T1l0 following ia tho roport of tho analyst on tho above mentioned coffee :- I have the honour to report the following results of tho examination of the sample of raw coffeo (No.1,229) submittod to me, t h e suspicion with regard to it being that it h d been artiiicially colouiwl, and its original appearance otherwise altered. The specimen was found to contain lead, arsenic and copper, in small mount^. An attempt wm made to remove the dust presumably contdning the colonring matter by agitation with dilute acid. The results on about an omce of the coffee 80 treated were as follows :- NEW Y O ~ April 21st, 1884, Rornovod by &&ng with &luto add, oontdnd . . Found in the b c w aftor thh . , . . . . . . . . . 0*0231 ,, . . . . 0*0130 grab aopper. - TOW b e . I 0. .. a * 0*0470 ,f150 ANALYST. This would be in the proportion of 80 pasts of metallic copper per million of the raw Respectfully submitted, coffee, corresponding to 1.585; grab of copper axsenite (Sohede’e green) per pound. E. WALLER, Ph.D., Cb6trakh

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900128

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

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150 ANALYST. ADULTERATION OF POWDERED PEPPER. PROFXSSOR CHABBONNIER, in the J?&wt at3 Pkam., directs attention to an adulterant which is not a new one, but at present appears to be very extensively employed in France, pa,rticulady for white pepper. Thh ia the putamen of olives, known in com- merce as g ~ g m a # o h (olive pits) or as poivrette (EMe peppr), a mxue probably given to it to mate the impression that it contained some of the properties of pepper. These olive pits were formerly burned up and used as snanure (mgrak) ; now it is found more advantageous to sell them at 25 or 80 francs for 100 kilos., and to use them for the adultemtion of pepper. According to the treatment to which they me subjeoted, a grey or white powder is obtained, adapted for the adultemtion of powdered black or white pepper.The hard shell consists of elongated sfone cells, resembling those found in the epicarp of black popper; but, k c e white pepper is deprived of the p e r i q , the adulteration of its powder with p m d olive pits ia readily deteoted, undw the mioromope, by the large number of stone &. The same adultemtion may be detected, wording to Dupre, by dneting the powder upon a liquid componed of equal psrtrs of glycerine and water, upon which the powdered pepper will float, while the powdered olive pits will sink.THE ANALYST. 151 - ~~ COPPER, IN JAM. D. V. GALIPPE, in a aommunication $0 the SociBtB de Biologie, statea that French jams and preserves contain the following proportion of copper, but adds that daily experience on a large scale shows that its presence is not dangerous :- Gooseberries , , kilogramme, . . gr. . . 0.0272 Cherries .. ,. 9 , .. ,, .. 0.0152 Plums ,, * . 9 , .. ,, . . 0.0248 Greengages , . 9 1 .. ,, .. 0.0160 Quinoe ,. I + 7, * * 9 , .. O.OO?O Aprioots .. .. 9 , ,. ,, .. 0.0178 (, ,, .. 0.0112 Strawberries , , ,) Pears .. ,. 9 ) .. ,, .. 0'0136 Oranges .. ,. 9 , ,. ,, .. 0.0192 Pineapple . , , . $ 9 .. ,, .. 0'0224 MILK INSPECTION. IN order to prevent theadulteration of milk, the Brooklyn authorities recently stationed policemen in the different locations of Greenpoint, ordering every driver of a milk wagon to visit Dr. W. A, De Long, Health Inspector, at the station-house, where samples of milk were taken for testing. About 50 samples were tested, and, with om exception, found up to the required standard. I .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN884090130b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 151 CORREXP ONDENCE. [The Editors are not responsible for the opinions of their Correspondents,] To TEE EDITOR OB ‘( THE ANALYSZ.” GENTLEXEN,-A circular, dated 3rd June, 1884, which deals with the working of The Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1878, has been sent by the Local Government Board to the Sanitary Authorities through- out the country. It contains an extract from a oircular of that Board, dated 30th September, 1875, in which the following paragraph appears :-“ Another important amendment will be observed in section 14, which requires the purchaeer tofiotlfy to the seller, after the purchase has been completed, his inten- tion to submit the article pumhased for analysis, and to offer to divide it into three parts, each to be marked and sealed or fastened up.If such offer is accepted, he is to deliver one of such parts to the seller and one to the analyst, and to retain the third himself for production in case of proceedings. If the offer is refused, the purchaser is to divide the article into two parts, retaining one for himself, and delivering or sending the other to the analyst.” But section 15 of the above-named Act reads thus:--“ If the seller or his agent do not acoept the ofper of the purchaser to divide the artiols purchased in his presence, the analyst receiving the article for analysis shall divide the same into two parts, and shall seal or fasten up one of those parts and shall cause it to be delivered, either upon receipt of the sample or when he supplie8 his certificate to the purchaser, who shall retsin the same for production in case proceedings shall afterwarda be taken in the matter.f’ Prosecutions under this Aot haverepeatedly broken down for no other reason than that every detail of proceedingalaid down on it hasxiot been literally complied with.It would, therefore, appear desirable that an oBcial memorandum, emmating from the department of Government charged with the supervisiop of the administration of the Aot, should be in acoord with its pxovisions in every detail, otherwise the ofaoials of any authority may be led into error, and, as not unfrequently happens, a flagrant adulterator ga unpunished through a technical flaw on the part of the prosecution. I am, Gentlemen, your obedient servant, Grantham, 21st June. ALFRED ASHBY. ANALYSTS’ REPORT& A FEVER-PROPA~ATING Dmw.-At Greenock, the Medical Officer reported, regarding a recent out- break of enterio fever among west-end families that, on inquiry, it was found that these families received sup lies of milk from the same dairy. The d&y was visited, and, while the apartment in which the mi$ was kept was clean and tidy, it was ascertained that the place where the inilk vessels were washed was in close proximity to a large d u g stead andpiggeries and stables-all so constructed and arranged as to keep the adjacent area, wbich was unpaved, saturated with excrementitious matters. A certificate prohibiting the sale or delivery of milk from the remises was granted, but tbegroQgietor at oncesecured more suitable premises, and was therefore allow3 to carry on the business as before. Since the change was effected no fresh cases had been reported.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900131

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC