摘要:

T E E ANALYST. FEBRUARY, 1884. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALY8TS. THE ANNUAL Mmw.ma of the Society was held on Wednesday, 16th January, at Burlington House: The President, Mr, Wigner, in the chair. The meeting was numerously attended. The minutes were read and confirmed. The meeting then proceeded to elect officers and council Tor the ensuing year. On the ballot papers being opened, the 8orutineera reported the result of the election as follows :- (3. C. A. A. C. Preside&. Pice-P!reaSident~. W. WIGNER, F.C.S., F.I.C. HEISUH, F.g.B., F.1.C. HILL, M.D., F.I.C. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S., F.I.C. Trenazcrcr. mom. Secretaries. W. HEATON, F.C.S., F.I.C. BERNARD DYER, F.C.B., F.I.C. OTTO EEHXER, F.CL8, P.I.C. J. 0. R, A, T. J. Other Nmbers of Council. BAYNES, Jun., F.C.S., F.I.C.ESTCOWBT, F.C. S., F.I.0. H. HARLAND, F.C.S., F.I.C. STEVENSON, M.D., F.R.C.P., F,(Y.B., F.I.C. W, TRIPE, M.D.14 THE ANALYST. The names of those members of council whose term of office has not yet expired, and who consequently, do not retire this year, are M. A. Adams, F.R.C.S., P.C.S. ; A. Aehby, M.B., Lond., F.R.C.S.; A. Dupre, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S., F.I.C.; C. T. Kingzett, F.C.S., l~.I.C. ; J. Muter, Ph.D., M.A., F.C.S., F.I.C.; and P. Vieth, Ph.D., F.C.S. The following gentlemen mere balloted for and elected. As members, A. J. Bernays, Ph.D.,Lecturer at St. Thomas’s Hospital ; E. G. Clayton, P.O.S., Analytical and Consulting Chemist ; John Hughes, F.C.S., F.I.C., Agricultural and Analytical Chemist ; W. 0. Nicholson, Analytical Chemist ; F.B. Last, F.C.S., Public Analyst. As associates, G. H. Allibon and H. J. Eorton. After the results of the ballot had been announced, the president formally returned thanks on behalf of himself and the new memben of the Council. A vote of thanks to the Council of .the Chemical Society for permitting the use of tsheir rooms for the society’s meetings, mas carried by acclamation. The Treasurer and Secretaries also received hearty votes of thanks. After a similar compliment, the president, Mr. Wigner, then delivered his annual address, of which the following is an abstract :- PRESIDENT’S ~ D R E S S . The cuetomary address by the president affords an excellent occasion for a review of GUY year’s work, and of what is in store for us in the ensuing year, and in no society is such a reviev of more importance, or of more value, than in ours.small society, and not a very wealthy one, our strength lies in this : that by our very constitution itself, every member is a working member, who brings not only a fee, but actual work, into the Society. During the year just passed we have elected 13 members and 5 associates, and I have only received information of the loss of one member by death. Our total membership is now 141 member8 and 24 associates. Unless we relax the qualifications for admission, which I hope we shall not do, we ctmnot, as a society, grow much larger, because we shall not be able to find many more candidates for election. Our accounts, which have been audited and laid before you this evening, show that, although we cannot boast of wealth, we are able to show a balance in hand quite enough to bear any unforeseen expense me may be put to.Our published work during the past year has consisted of 25 papers, all useful and some of great value, containing new well-congidered processes of analysis, which mill take raak as standard processes. Our unpublished work does not show to the gublic, and they fail to comprehend to the full, how much they owe to the operation of the much-abused Sale of Food and Drugs Act. I n this coming year, two or three matters of importance will have to be considered. The society has appointed a committee of a very strong character to deal with the milk question, and has taken the wise course, as I venture to think it, of inviting some well-known outsiders to join them in the work.This committee ought to settle the much-disputed milk analysis question once and for all, apd if so, and the results Although we are onlyTHE ANALYST. 15 are such as to justify it, then it will clearly be our duty, as a society, to urge on the Goveament the necessity for an amending bill, which mill also afford the opportunity for the introduction of a few more amending clauses which are still needed. It would not be proper for me to say what are the lines which I think such legislation should take, but one point is clear, that it should tend towards making public analysta more directly responsible for their work, and the referee chemists, whoever they be, responsible instead of irresponsible. The Auditors reported that they had examined the accounts and found them correct. The following papers were then read and discussed :- “ A new Test for Lead,” by A. W. Blyth, N.R.C.S., &c. ‘( On the Decrease in the use of Coffee as a Beverage,” by Dr. Wallace. ‘‘ On the Estimation of Peroxide of Hydrogen,” by H. 8. Carpenter and W. 0. The balance sheet will be posted to each member. Nicholson. The The The The dates of meetings for the ensuing year, were then fixed as follows :- Wednesday, February 20th, Wednesday, June 1 Sth, ? ? March 19tb, ,, November 19th, ,, April 16th, ,, December 17th, 7) May 14th, ?, Jan. 27th, 1885, Annual Meeting. papers will be printed in our next number. meeting then adjourned for the Annual Dinner. following paper was read at the December meeting:-

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN884090013b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 15 NOTES ON RAPE OIL, BEEF FAT, AND MUTTON DRIPPING. BY U. T. KINGZETT, F.I.C., P.G.S. Read before the Society of Pzcblic Analysts, December l?th, 1884. SONE years ago 1 commenced an investigation of a number of fats and oils, with the view of obtaining more precise knowledge of their various conatituents and the propor- tions in which they are respectively present. It was only, however, in the case of cocoa butter that I was able to bring my observations to completeness, and these have been already published." The following notes are of a very imperfect character, but as I see no chance of rofsuming the investigation, I record them for what they are worth. THE specific gravity of a carefully selected aample was determined and found to be 0915. 50 grms. of the oil was saponified by long boiling with caustic soda solution.The soap was entirely dissolved in hot water and precipitated by chloride of barium : the precipitate being washed and dried at looQ C. It fused, when dry, and weighed 61.5 grms. Assuming the compound to have been one of brassate of barium with the composition Ba(CzaH4102>2, its weight would correspond to 51.2 grms. of brassic acid RAPE OIL. ' Jour. C'laeHz. ~ O A , 1878, p. 38.16 THE ANALY8T. C22H4202, as against 50 grms. oil employed. This barium compound was soluble in ether, benzene and carbon disulphide. It was dissolved in ether, and precipitated therefrom by alcohol. In this state the reprecipitated compound was, from necessity, allowed to remain some weeks, but then it was found to be entirely insoluble in ether.It was now extracted by boiling methylated spirit, and the nearly white salt deposited upon cooling of the extract mas dried and examined for barium. 0-202 grms. gave 0.063 grm. BaSO, = 18-33 per cent. barium. Oleate of baihm contains 19.59 per cent, barium. Brwsate of barium contains 1G-86 per cent. barium. The bulk of the preparation which remained undissolved by the methylated alcohol, was then decomposed by hydrochloric acid in the presence of ether. The mahogany coloured ethereal solution of fat acid was washed and the ether distilled off, leaving the acid behind ; thk solidified on cooling. Five grms. of the free acid wars melted and inclosed in a measured tube containing air standing over water. I t absorbed no oxygen during a month, showing &ah the text-book statements as to the ready oxidisability of brassic or erucio acid are unfounded.BEEF FAT. A quantity of this substance was freed from tissue by heating it in a hot air bath, and then subjecting the mass to pressure. 84 grms. of the fluid oil was saponified with caustic soda. The excess of alkali was partly neutralised with dilute sulphuric acid, and the soap which then separated was €reed from mother-liquor, which was retained for further investigation. The soda soap was converted into lead soap, which, when dry, weighed 158 grms. It mas next powdered and extracted with ether to doubtful perfection. The ethereal extract vas distilled to dipess, the lead compound decomposed by hydrochIoric acid, and ihe free fat acid taken up with ether.The ether solution was washed with water and then distilled to dryness ; the oleic acid taken up with dilute ammonia, and the solution precipitated with chloride of barium. The barium compound was isolated, washed and dried : it then weighed 29.5 grms, Assuming the lead soap to have been perfectly extracted with ether, then we find that the 84 pma. of beef fat employed consisted of 23.8 grms. of oleicacid and 60.2 grma. of solid fat acids. 2% lend salt ifiszsolu61e ita ether was decomposed by hydrochloric acid, in the presence of ether j the ether solution was distilled, and the fat acids were dissolved in, and cyyst.aDised fxom alcohol. T'be mother Zipor obtained after separation of the soda soap, mas acidified with dilute sulphuric acid, and then subjected to distillation. The distillate had a faint odow, and was feebly acid.After exact neutralisation with soda, the salt obtained upon evaporation to dryness was UnweighabIe. It was dissolved in mater and the aolution subjected to certain tests as follows :- With nitrate of silver it gave a white precipitate, which was entirely reduced upon The original white precipitate was soluble in ammonia, and waa boiling. not reprecipitated by nitric acid. It was therefore not chloride.TEE ANALYST. 17 With Bulphate of copper, it gave a precipitate which did not dissolve upon boiling With alcohol and strong aulphuz4c acid, it developed a powerful ethereal odour. With calcium chloride it gave a precipitate. With barium acetate it gave a piwipitate. A quantity was twice fused over water, to free it from salts, and was then freed from water by fusion and decantation.85.8 grms. of the white fat was saponified By boiling, during several hours, with excess of caustic soda solution. When ihoroughly saponified, the caustic solution (which was free from soap, as proved by the fact that adphuric acid in excess produced no precipitate in it) was drawn off, but to do this perfectly, it had fist to be partly neutralised by sulphuric acid. Phis solution was kept for further examination. The soda 80ap, which became white and hard upon cooling, was dissolved in much water, and precipitated by acetate of lead. The precipitate was washed with hot water, and then dried at 200'2 F., at which temperature it partially fused. The dry lead salts weighed 136 grma.The mass was powdered and extracted with ether, with the view of entirely dissolving out the oleate of lead. This, however, was found to be impracticable, although the operation was continued over several days, using more than 8 litres of ether. 2% lea& s d t diissoiuad 6y the ethw was decomposed with hydrochloric acid in presence of ether j the &her solution was washed and distilled to dryness ; the yellowish oil which was left weighed 28.7 grms. (while moist). It was converted into ammonia soap, and then into barium salt, which, when washed and dried, weighed 34 grms. (It is to be noted that 34 grms. of barium oleate correspond to 27*4 grrns. oleic acid.) I t was, therefore, presumably nearly pure oleate of barium, and this inference was confirmed by recrystallilsing a quantity of it from alcohol, and determining the amount of barium present in the purified preparation, 0.198 grm.gave *068 grm. Ba804 = 19-69 per cent. of barium againat 19-59 per cent. demanded by theory. the mixture, NUTTON DRIPPING. Tho leccd salts imolzcbte ita ether were treated as wexe those obtained from beef fat. The mother Zipor remaining after removal of the original soap, was also treated as the corresponding product from beef fat. That is to say, it wasacidified with E2S04, and distilled. The distillate had the odour of dilute butyric acid, and was acid in reaction. 1% was exactly neutralised, and the solution evaporated to dryness. Product weighed 0.053 grm. It mas dissolved in water, and upon testing the solution it was found to give all the reactions described under the notes on beef fai. I t is to be remarked, however, in connection with the fact that the solution gave -precipitates with various reagents, that the butyratea are freely soluble. OLXIC ACID. rive grms. of the oleic acid, obtained respectively from the beef fat and mutton dripping, were in each case sealed up with a measured quantity of air, standing over water during a month (June), but in neither case was any oxygen absorbed". A18 THE ANALYST. similar experiment WRS made with tho oleic acid which I had obtained from cocoa butter, with a similar result. The fact that oleic acid obtained from oil of almonds, and also that prepared from brain lecithine, do not absorb oxygen from the air, had been previously observed by Thudichums, and more recently Mr. W, Fox t has shown that oleic acid and linoleic acid from linseed oil do not, when pure, absorb oxygen. CONCLUSION OF THE SOCIETY’S PROUEEDINGS.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900015

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

18 THE ANALYST. DRUG ADULTERATIOPJ IN THE UNITED STATES. By THOMAS STEVENSON, M.D., and F.R.C.P. Lond. RECENTLY several prosecutions have been instituted against vendors of adulterated drugs in Massachusetts under the Legislative Act of 1882. In the matter of drugs, the policy of the Massachusetts Board of Health has been to prosecute the manu- facturers, who must know what they send into the market, rather than the retailers, who in these clays rarely manufacture their own articles, and hence may unwittingly violate the lam. Two charges, which may be regarded as test cases, were made against two firms of wholesale druggists in Boston. Tincture of opium was the drug selected as being one of the most important and general in use, Under the Act of 1882, a drug is declared adulterated (1) if, when sold under or by a name recognised in the US.Pharmacopmia, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down therein; (2) if, when sdcl under or by a name, not reeognised in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, but which is found in some other pharmacopoeia or other atandard work on materia medica, it differs materially from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work ; (3) if its strength or purity falls below the professed standard under which it is sold. The State Analyst of Drugs found that one of the samples of tincture of opium in question contained only 0.81 pel* per cent. of morphia instead of 1.2 per cent., according, as Ire said, to the Pharmacopoeia of 1880 ; the other mas even more deficient in morphia, containing only 0.72 per cent., or less than two- thirds of the prescribed amount.Tor the defence, it mas in each case asserted that the public issue of the phamna- copmia in October, 1882, was not made till two months after the law came into force in the preceding August; and the defendants claimed the right to take any preceding phamacopmia, even the first one of 1820, inasmuch as the Act of the Legislature does not specify any particular pharmcopaia, Counsel for the prosecution contended that either the pharmacopoeia of 1870, or that of 1880, must be in force, and according to the testimony of the State Analyst, Dr. Davenport, one of the compilers of the U.S.P., 1880, the tinctures fell below the quality of a preparation prepared according to either of these pharmacopoeias. Eventually it was ruled that the pharmacopoeia of 1880 fixed the standard under which the government could proceed.Practically the change made * Report of Med. Off. Privy Council ; New Series, No. 8 (1876), p. 130. -t ANALYST, 1553, p, 116,THE ANALYST, 19 - in the strength of tincture of opium, as it should be under the phamacopmia of 1880, is that the quantity of opium is raised as compared with the pharmacopoeia of 1870, in the proportion of 9 to 10, according to an appendix to the U.S.P. ; but according to my calculations, in the proportion of 8 to 9. The board proved its case against both the firms, but one escaped a conviction on a technical point, and a conviction was obtained in a third case. The Boston Druggists’ Association is naturaUy aggrieved, and has, we are told, addressed a remonstrance to the board on its present process, emphasising the propriety of warning a delinquent firm before proceeding against it.It is hardly to be supposed, however, that manufacturing firms can be ignorant of the quality of the goods they seud out to the retailers. The Bostoa Board of Health is doing good service ’by striking at the fountain head of a pernicious system. 1 am indebted for the above facts to an editorial mticle in The Boston XedicaZ a d Szcrgicd Jownd. In connection With the above case it; is interesting to note the comparative strengths of the U.S.P., 1880, tincture of opium, and that of the B.P. The U.S.P. undergoes decenninal revision, and the iasue of 1880 made the material alteration of ordering all preparations to be made by weight.The tincture of opium, U.S.P., 1880, is made by extracting 10 ounces of opium with so much alcohol sp. gr. *92 as is required to make the filtred product weigh 100 ounces. Hence it contains the extractives of exactly 10 per cent. of its weight of opium, or 9.2 parts by weight in 100 by volume. Approximately-for the spec& gravity of the tincture must be variable- 11.9 of an English minim correspond to a kain of opium. I t is evident from the above cases that an opium yielding 12 per cent. of morphia is expected to be used in the preparation of the article ; whoreas the B.P. requires only 6 to 8 per cent. of morphia. If the mean, 7 per cent., be taken, the U.S.P. tincture of opium in a &ven volume contains nearly twim as much morphia as the B.P.article. Since Mr. Wynter Blyth’s valuable book on ‘‘ Poisons ” is, no doubt, in the hands of many public analpts, it may be well to point out that he states incorrectly the strength of several of the most important opiates. Tincture of opium is stated to be one grain of opium in 14.8 min., i.e. about 6.7 parts by weight in 100 by measure. It should be 1 grain in 14.6 minims, or exactly 7.5 parts by weight in 100 by measure. Ammoniated tincture of opium is stated to contain 1.04 instead of 1.14 parts of opium by weight in 100 by measure. Wine of opium is stated to contain 4.5 instead of 5 ; as it should be of opium extract in 100 parts by measuro. Lastly, the extract of opium is said to have its strength about the same as opium itself, whereas good opium yictlds about half its weight of extract, which should contain practicaIly a l l the morphia in the opium. A good opium extract should not be less than half as strong again as opium itself. CREMICAL NOTES FEQM OTHER SOURCES. THE following paper was sent to us last month, but unfortunately too late for publi- cation. Since then it has appeared in the Pharmacezctical Jownal, but as we think that in the present state of matters everything relating to the analysis of milk should appear20 THE ANALYST. in the AXALYST, we now present it to our readers, after having been revised and improved by the author :-

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900018

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

20 THE ANALYST. NOTE ON THE ESTIMATION OF FIXED OILS AND FATS WITH. SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MILK. BY A. C. ABIUEAX, F.C.S. THE: plan generally followed for the estimation of fixed oils in such things as linseed meal has generally been maceration and percolation, or the latter alone, with ether, benzol, or some similar solvent. Anyone who has followed either course will, I think, readily admit the troublesomeness of it and the great care involved in preventing loss, especially when dealing with Rmall quantities. To obviate these difficulties, I adopted a year or two ago for linseed meal the following plan, which I have since used for other substances and which I believe to be more accurate as it certainly is more easy, than those generally followed. The principle is simply that of macerating tho substance to be estimated in the suitable solvent, taking half or a known proportion of the total Zipid resulting, finding the amount of fat in it and calculating therefrom the amount in the whole.To take linseed meal (or more correctly, crushed linseed, i.e., the linseed crushed but not deprived of its oil) as an example. My procedure is as follows :-A tube is taken of about 1 inch in diameter and 14 inohes in length, contracted at the neck and stoppered; in it is placed 100 grains of linseed meal and upon this is poured 2,000 fluid grains of spirit of wine less such an amount as will approximately represent the volume of the oil contained in a genuine and fair quality sample of the meal. The tube is now shaken to enable the spirit to expel all the air from the meal and when this has taken place the tube is graduated at the point at which the liquid stands.It is now ready for use. When it is desirid to estimate a sample, 100 grains of the meal are inserted and ether added until it reaches the mark; it is then stoppered or corked and occasionally shaken during a sufficient time, when, if any loss has taken place by evaporation, or the volume has been apparently diminished by the loss of air from the meal, it is mado up to the original point, again shaken and set aside. When it has completely subsided, 1,000 fluid grains of the clear supernatant liquid are removed with a pipette, evaporated and weighed as usual. By doubling the product so obtained, the amount of oil, together with such other matters contained in the meal as are soluble in ether, is arrived at.I t will be readily admitted, I think, that if the amount of matter soluble in ether were known before the estimation was commenced this process would be unexceptionable. I bslieve, however, that the error admitted by the want of this knowledge will upon consideration appear so trifling, even for an article containing so much oil as does linseed meal, as to be perfectly unimportant. Suppose, for instance, that the meal contains 20.2 per cent. of oil, &c., which we may assume to increase the bulk of the resulting solution to the extent of 20 fluid grs., now if no allowance at all were made for this the bulk of the solution would be 2,020 fluid grs. instead of 2,000, which is required. I f only 1,000 of this were taken, that portion would be less than the remainder by 20 fluid grains, i.s.to any, supposing the 1,000 fluid grs. taken were found to contain 10THE ANALYST 21 grs. of oil, the remaining portion would contain 10.2 grs., and by doubling the former amount we should get a result of 20 instead of 20.2, an error of one-hundredth of the product or 2 per cent., which if considered important can be neutralised by an allowance at the end of the operation. Or, if thought preferable, 2,000 fluid grs. of the solvent may be always used and an allowance made in proportion to the result found. In this process it is assumed that all the solvent ia capable of dissolving all of the matter to be dissolved, and that none of the latter will remain in a fixed condition, in or upon the tissues of the article containing it.Whether this assumption be absolutely true or not, I think it will be admitted, that if it is not, no process of percolation is likely to obviate it. In regard to milk, the case is somewhat different, because to follow the procem, it is essential to evaporate the milk with either hydrated sulphate of calcium or powdered glass; the latter, perhaps, preferable on theoretical grounds, but the former what L have generally myself used. The details of the process as applied to milk, are as follows :- A 1,000 gr. specific gravity bottle is filled with the milk, the weight taken which gives the specific gravity. This is emptied upon 250 grs. of powdered glass or hydrated sulphate of calcium, and the flask either weighed or rinsed out with a few drops of distilled water, although practically, neither is necessary, as the amount of milk adher- ing to the flask, when once found, will be practically constant for all samples (unless sour).The milk taken is to be evaporated to dryness with the glass, and thoroughly powdered, when it ie to be introduced into a tube ; 2,000 fluid grs. of ether added from a pipette, so as to avoid loss by evaporation; the tube stoppered, shaken occasionally during some hours, after which 1,000 fluid grs. may be removed, dried, and weighed. This must not simply be doubled, as an allowance must be made for the fat dissolved by adding to the weight found 4 (the specific gravity of butter fat being abogt *goo), deducting this from 1,000 and calculating the whole amount present therefrom, thus :- Fat found, say ., .. .. .. .. 9 Add; .. .. 6 . 6 . . I .. 1 - 10 :. 990 flaid gr. of ether took up 9 grs. of fat, how much would 2,000 take up ? 990 : 2,000 :: 9 11 I 200 - 18.18 Total fat present. The difference betveen tho amount which would be arrived at by simply doubling the weight found and that obtained as above will never amount to more than about -005 per cent. For this process of fistimation it would be clearly much better, if possible, to extract the fat from the milk whilst still in a liquid condition, and if this could be done by simply boiling the milk down in a graduated tube, then adding the ether, making it up so that the ethereal solution should measure a convenient quantity, and drawing off half of this pipette, it would be much better ; but I have not had time to try whether this can be done, although I believe it might.--22 THE ANALYST. There is another process which I have to mention, one which has been less tried than the one I have named, for, although it has suggested itself to my mind some time, I have not tried it until within the last ten days. I t is applicable to all emulBione such a8 milk, and, as far as 1 have gone yet, may be described a8 follows :- A piece of Parker's paper fibre lint, 4 inches by 2, is made into a roll,a piece of thin wire is passed through the centre, wound once or twice round the roll, and fixed into the stopper of a suitable weighing bottle, in such a manner that the roll may be suficiently far from the sides,to enable it to belifted in or out without any fear of touching the sides." The roll is then taken out of the bottle, and dried in a water-oven with the bottle, until its weight is constant, 5 C.C.of milk are then dropped upon it from a pipette, when the stopper with the roll attached is re-inserted in the bottle, and the whole weighed. The stopper is then removed, and with its attachment, placed in a drying oven with the bottle, and kept there until it ceaseB to lose weight. The excess of weight over the original weight gives the total solids. The stopper and roll are now removed and placed in another similar bottle-preferably ground to fit the same stopper as the first-sufficient ether added, so that the roll may be covered (about 50 C.C. is a convenient quantity) and allowed to macerate wme hours ; it is then transferred to another similar bottle, and again to a third, after which, the fat will be found to have been entirely extracted.+ It is now removed and again weighed as before ; the loss is fat.If desired, the fat may be weighed directly by evaporation of the ethereal liquids, or the tubes in which they are contained may be graduated, the volume made up to the graduation, the liquid stirred with a pipette, and half,ar a known proportion, drawn off from each. The latter methed, I think in some respects preferable, as it does not involve the removal of the liquid from one vessel to another, which, if done, introduces an element of uncertainty, owing to the adhesion of a certain amount of the fluid to the vessel from which it is polired, and also involves the washing of the vessels to obviate the last-mentioned difficulty.It will be noticed tbat I have made no reference hitherto to the estimation of the ash, and this is because I have thought it impossible to expect anything like a small or possibly even a constant ash from an article nof, specially made for analytical purposes. I am not without hopes, however, that by means of washing with acids, even Parker's paper fibre lint may be so freed from ash, as to enable the whole four determinatims of total solids, solids not fat, fat and ash to be made with very great accuracy from the one small -sample of milk. The sugar may also be estimated by immersion in water, but great care is required to prevent portions of the lint from falling off.$ If the ash cannot be estimated from the same sample as the solids and fat, I do not think that it renders valueless the whole process, because at the worst the ash can be easily estimated as hitherto; and, moreover, I do not see why a special preparation * Messrs.Becker & Co. have had some very suitable bottles made for me. + It is important that the lint should not be too near the bottom, because the fatty solution which I To obviate this difEiculty and to prevent fermentation, some alcohol, say about 26 per cent, may can be seen falling from it, should have room to collect below. be added.TEE ANALYST. 23 such as mononitrocellulose, dinitrocellulose, or some other body which would be sufficiently absorbent, and yet leave no ash on incineration, might not be found or specially made for the purpose.I have only made one estimation of milk by this pro- cess, and this with rather unsuitable and improvised apparatus, but I subjoin the results, which peem clearly to show that it is capable with experience of producing very accurate results, and in some respects, more accurate than the processes generally followed. The estimation No. I was made, as far as total solids are concerned, in the ordinary manner, but the solids not fat were estimated by difference, which is by no means an accepted method, The conclusions that I would draw from the figures are that the total solids can be estimated with much greater accuracy than by the ordinary method and in shorter time ; and that it is impossible to dry %he fat completely at a ternparatwe of 212O.Dr. James Bell, the principal of the 8cjmerset House Laboratory, says in his recent work upon The Analysis and Adulteration of Foods,” according to the ANALYST, in the first place, that the determination of total solids is a comparatively easy operation, but later on that it is difficult to get a constant weight for the total solids, and that, therefore, the items, solids not fat and fat me generally more scttit$actory, which a R I understand it, means that the total solids are very d’i$ioouZt itatteed to obtain by dwect estimation. The total solids in columnNo. 1 were dried until the weight appeared to be constant (uaing the quantity and apparatus recommended by Dr. Bell) at 212O, and yet they stand very much higher than those in column 2, which were estimated until of constant weight on the paper fibre lint. Dr.Bell recommends the drying of the fat in a water-oven, and, therefore, pre- sumably at 212O; and it will be seen that the results arrived at (see columns 1 and 3, which were both obtained by direct weighing), after drying at this temperature, very closely agree, but that the weight lost by immersion of the lint in ether is more than 010 less. In other words the fat lost, was ‘11 Iess than the same €at when dried at 2 1 2 O . This I think at least shows that 212” is not sufficient to dry the fat. I think that if I were a milkman I should be disposed very much to question a method of analysia which does not enable the analyst to rely upon his estimation of total solids, but compels him to fall back upon his weighing of solids not fat and fat, both of which weights are arrived at after manipulation, which may entail a loss. With regard to the drying of the fat I have not tried whether a temperature of 220° would enable an accurate weighing to be made, and with regard to the total solids I do not think it would be right to apply so high a temperature, because we do not know exactly what effect it may have have upon the constituents of milk. By dif- By direct No. 1. ference. weighing. No. 2. No. 3. Total solids ................. 11-97 11-38 - Solids not fat (by difference only) ,.. 8-95 8-48 - Fat ........................ 3*02* 2.90 3.01 * By the first mentioned prooeas.24 THE ANALYST. ~~ I n conclusion, I should say that in the one experiment which I have made, the time occupied was certainly rather long ; but I believe that this wa8 due to the fact the roll was rather tight and an ordinary drying oven mas used, whereas an oven which would allow a constant and rapid ciidation of air around and through the roll would probably have produced results comparable in point of time with those attained by other means.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900020

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

24 THE ANALYST. ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN IN COMMERCIAL SUBSTANCES CONTAINING NITRATES. IN the Chenliker Zeitzcng, Dr. Paul JVagner, detaiIs a very simple apparatus for this purpose, which he has found very useful in the analysis of Chili saltpotre and nitrated manures. The actual principle of liberating nitric oxide by means of the action of a ferrous salt is, of course, not new, but the arrangement of the apparatus is so simple and inexpensive that we quote it for the benefit of any of our readers disposed to try the process and report their success or otherwise in its application. The apparatus is simply a flask of 200c.c. capacity, fitted with an india-rubber cork and two glass tubes. One of these is an ordinary bent tube serving for the delivery of the nitric oxide formed, while the other is a funnel tube fitted with a glass stopcock and having the lower end somewhat narrow and above the liquid in the flask.A solution of ferrous chloride containing 200 grams of metallic iron per litrs is employed and 400c.c. of this solution are placed in the flask. The air is expelled by boiling and then 1Oc.c. of a solution containing 33 grams of pure sodium nitrate per litre are placed in the funnel tube, and allowed gradually to drop into the solution in the flask. And nitric oxide which is formed is collected in a graduated tube holding 1OOc.c. When the Bodic nitrate has nearly all passed into the flask, the tube is filled with HC1 of 20 per cent. strength. This is allowed to pass into the flask. The funnel is once more filled with HCl, and when this has also passed into- the flask, the gas tube is removed and put aside. Without interrupting the boiling, 1Oc.c.of the solution to be tested are now poured into the funnel. This solution must be of such a strength that 1Oc.c. will evolve between 50 and 1OOc.c. of gas. Tho operation is conducted as before. The final rinsing with HCl leaves the apparatus ready for another estimation, andin this way six or seven estimations can be made before the ferrous salt is used up. It is advisable, finally, to repeat the analysis on the pure saltpetre. The tubes containing the nitric oxide are now adjusted in water in the usual way, and the volumes read off. As they are all under the same temperature and pressure no correction is necessary. Supposing the pure saltpetre gives 9Oc,c, of NO, then we know that 9Oc.c. represent -33 grammes of pure NaNO, and 1c.c. = 90366 grammes of NaNO, = *000604 N. The cdculation [is very simple.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900024

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 25 R E V I E W S . POISONS : THEIR EFFEUTS AND DBTEUTION. A Zanual for the use of Ana7yticaZ Chemists and Experts. By A. Tynter BJyth, M.3. C.S., F.C.S., tc., Medical O$zcer of Health atad Public Alzalyst for Marylebons. London : Charles Griffin and Go., Exeter Street, Strand. THIS is the second volume of Mr. Blyth’s complete work and is intended as a companion to the volume on Foods : their Compodio~ md AnaJysis, which has already been favourably reviewed in our columns. We may at once say that this book will prove as valuable as the other, and is a monument of research OQ the subjects of which it treats. The sub- title is perhaps not quite happy, because an ultra-critic might urge that, if a man were already an ‘‘ expert,” what use would he have for a manual ? and again, it might be said that in issuing a work to instruct experts,’’ the author was assuming to himself the position of something more than an expert. It is well known, however, that perhaps the most embarrasing part of rt book for an author is the inditing of a good title, and we dare say, when Mr. Blyth sees this, he will feel inciined to alter it in the next edition.The work opens with a most excellent chapter on ‘‘ Poisonlore,” both interesting and well written, and the only matter for criticism offered by it is the use of the German phrase poisoi&hre instead of plain English. Mi.. Blyth is well known as a thorough German scholar, and such a reminder of the fact is unnecessary. Passing then to the consideration of what is the legal definition of a poison, and after discussing the present state of the law, both here and on the continent, Mr.Blyth offers the following, which may be worth the attention of those having in consideration the future penal code. He would define a poison.thus :-‘‘ A sabstawe of dejnite chemical coiyoaition, whether mineral or orgznic, may 6s called a poison, ;f it is capa6le of being $ahen into any living organism, arcd cawes, by its own inherent chemical Izatztre, impairment or destrzcotion of fanotion.” To attempt them definitions is always difficult, and the person making such an effort either generally stops short of the mark or overshoots it. In this case we would respectfully submit that the bullet has missed the bull’s-eye €ram the laiter cause. (‘ Any living organism ’’ is a very wide word and certainly includes plants as well as animals when strictly considered, and indeed it would be difficult to find aayfhing which could not, by a little sophistry, be brought in as a poison under such a definition.But it is not our business to spilt straws with the author on such matters, which to us, as chemists, are of very secondary interest, and had better be left to the specially trained minds of lawyers, and so we turn with relief to the practical portion of the work. This is so complete and well put together as to make it a matter of regret that we have not space to more fully follow the author in the present notice, more especially as it is not a mere scissors and paste collection from other books, but has every now and then agreeab1;e scraps of original matter, the result of personal experience, such as the curious case referred to on page 289, where 8 woman took a sleeping draught containing over one drachm of laudanum, and died in six hours, and yet no trace of either morphine or meconic acid could be found by him, either in her blood, liver or stomach, after a most exhaustive analysis.Again, on page 28’1, Mr. Blyth has the courage to confess, in the interests of science, that he subcutaneously injected Q of a grain of26 THE ANALYST. morphine hydrochlorate into an old gentleman suffering from acute lumbago, but who was otherwise healthy, and in whom no heart disease had been discovered, and nearly killed him. All the portions of the book dealing with the action of poisms is most care€ully put together, and the collection of topical experiments either ita carpore vile by scientists ; or on their fellow creatures by murderers is most complete.In dealing with the chemical detection of organic poisons, Mr. Blyth follows Dragendorf’s method for general researches, using, however, special processes whenever there are symptoms or pat-mortem appearances which point to particular drugs. The mineral portions are as complete as the organic, and the processes given are well considered and carefully, yet not too diffusively, described. In reviewing the same author% book on Food we called special attention to the exhaustive monograph on milk, which it contained, and in this volume we find a corresponding one upon the ptomaines or cadaveric alkaloids with a discussion upon which in Court we were threatened during the Lamson case. Selmi’s investigations are carefully detailed, and in addition we have interesting chapters on the possible synthesis of poison in the living animal, and on poisoning by food in which a ptomaine has been produced by some peculiar decomposition of albumenous substances. On the subject of opium smoking and its attendant horrors to which our Indian merchants are so much blamed by a certain class of enthusiasts for contributing by sending opium-to China, Mr. Blyth is evidently somewhat sceptical. He believes it to be impossible that any moi.phine could be found in the smoke, owing to its high subliming point, and quotes cases to show that opium smoking injures but little, the health of Asiatics, at all events. Taken as a whole, Mr. Blyth’s book is one which should be found on the shelves of all persons interested in toxicology, and is one that Public Analysts may feel pride in pointing to as the work of one of that much abused body of men.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900025

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

26 THE ANALYST. ANALYSTS' REPORTS. To THE VESTRY OF ST. GILES, CAMBERWELL. GENTLEHEN, During the past quarter eighty samples of food have been analysed. Of 50 NiZh analysed, fifteen were found to be sufficiently adulterated to come within the limits of prosecution. These were found to contain respectively, of added water, 8, 67 9, 8, 16, 20, 6 , 8 , 10, 10, 6, 15, 8, 7, and 14 per cent. This milk, No. 114, had the following composition :- Sp. gr. 102'7. Cream, 8 per cent,, One very interesting case w a ~ referred to Somerset House for reference. Total solids . . .. 11.39 ,. 11.19 Water .. .. .. 88.61 .. 88.81 Fat .. .. .. 3.26 .. 3.13 Solids, not fat , . .. 8.13 .. 8.06 100*00 .* 100~00 ---- Ash .. .. 0-TO Salt . . .. 0.10 Rigidly interpreted, according to the standard of public analysts, this mi& has 9 per oent.of added water. I had given it as containing 6 per cent.TRE ANALYST. 27 ~~ -~ The milk, which had been sampled on the 18th September, was referred to Somerset House on the 31st October, a period of six weeks having elapsed. The resuIt was as follows :- Total solids .. I. 9.87 Water .. I * ... 90.13 Fat .* * * 3.17 Solids ndi fat , . .. 6.70 - 100*00 h d the conclusion is, ( I from a consideration of these resdts, and after making the addition for natural loss arising from the decomposition of the milk through keeping, we are of opinion that the milk contains not less than 14 per cent. of added water.” Now this milk, according to the Somerset House standard, contahed 5 per cent. of added water, and affords further confirmation of what I have several times insisted upon in my reports, that it is aha& guess-work to state by how much, exactly, a milk has deteriorated in keeping.I explained the matter to the Magistrate, who listened most courteously, and I was well supported by your Vestry Clerk. Besides the stated adulteration of mi&, amounting to 30 per cent. of cases of prosecution, a number of others are only just inside the border. We have milks care- fully and skiIfully watered down to a gravity which proves how reliable are athe analyses upon which the Elociety of Public Analysts has based its standard ; but this Ieaves no margin for k t h e r watering. Of eight Zj2Ettm examined, one was found to contain at least 80 per cent. of fat other than butter fat.Of four Bread$, only one was very suspicious as to the presence of alum. I wa8 compelled to make a further analysis, and found an amount corresponding to 5+ grains of ammonium alumper four pound loaf. Its presence may have been derived from a baking-powder, and the quantity was within the allowed limits. Two PZozcrs were analysed, and both found to be good. Two Porkre and six Abs do not call for much notice. In two of them it would be difficult to account for the large amount of chlorides, except from the quality of the sugar employed ; the other six were well within the allowed limits. In several, hops furnished the real bitter. Samples of Moist Sugar, of Loaf &gar, and of Gofee (2) were quite free from adulteration. The same may be said of a specimen of Corned Beg. A tin of Ox-tail 80q showed most careful and cleanly preparation, and although the metal tin was distinctly present, soup of such character can be thoroughly recommended. In conclusion, I may mention that all the certificates are in the hands of the Inspect or s I remain, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, ALBER!I‘ J. BERNAYS. Chem. Laboratory, Stb Thomas’s Hospital, December 1 Sth, 1883. TAE Public Analyst for the county of Cheshire, Dr. Campbell Brown, reports that during the quarter ended December 31 he had examined 4 samples of coffee, 5 butters, 12 mustards, 4 teas, I lard, 10 peppers; and thdt he found 2 coffees, 6 mustards, and 1 butter were adulterated,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900026

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

28 THE ANALYST. THE CHICOBY AND COFFEE QUESTION.-~XPORTART APPEAL aASE.-At the Durham Quarter Sessions, on Wednesday, the appeal case of Miller v. the South Shields Magistrates was heard. Mr. Walton and Mr. Dale were counsel for the apellant, and Nr. John Strachan for the respondents. On November 28 last, Mr. Frederick Miller, grocer, South Shields, was fined 10s. and costs for having sold t o Mr. Hind- march, the inspector appointed by the Corporation to cany out the Food and Drugs Act, 1876-79, three quarters of a pound of coffee, which was found on analysis to contain 33 per cent. of chioory. Mr. Strachan, for the respondents, contended that if 8 purchaser asked for coffee he had a right to be sup- plied with that article. The appellant said he protected himself by giving a notice in accordance with the terms of the Food and Drugs Act, but his (Mr.Strachan’s) instructions were that, as a mtter of fact, no notice whatever waa given, and that the coffee, was not supplied with R label ; as mas required by the Sth section of the Act. Mr. Strachm quoted several cases in support of the magistrate’s decidon, and read the opinion of the late Mr. Sustice Lush, which wm that ((he could not see how the label proteoted the seller.” Nr. Hindmarch then detailed the circumstanttes of the purchase, and said lie told the appelhnt’s assistant that he had purchased the coffee for the purpose of having it’ analysed. Cross- examined by Mr. Walton: He did not in any way indioate that he wanted it unmixed. He did not mention tho word pure ’’ at all, Mr. Walton here produced the paper on which the ooffee was weighed, and said the Court would observe that there were printed thereon the words, (‘ This is sold as a mixture of chioory and coffee,” Dr.Munro, medical ofliccr of health, South Shields, said that chicory did notTHE ANALYST. 29 contain such stimulating and invigorating qualities as coffee. The infusion of chicory was mildly pur- gative, and tended to produce indigestion. Ddr. Walton, after stating that the ap2ellant did not mix the coffee with chicory for the purpose of producing a fraudulent compound, but because the customers wished to have it so mixed, raised the objection that Mr. Hindmarch did not inform the appellant’s assistant that he intended to have the coffee analysed ‘‘ by the public analyst,” and quoted the case of Barnes v.Cripps, in which a conviction was quashed on account of this omission. Mr. Hindmarch said he did not inform the shopman that he intended to have the coffee analysed (‘ by the public analyst.” Mi.. Walton thereupon called Mr. Numay, reporter, who was present when the summons was heard before the magistrates. His shorthand notes showed that what Mr. Hindmarch said was, ‘‘ I told the man I had bought it for the purpose of having it analysed.” The Chairman (Mr. John Lloyd Wharton) then said the Court felt they had no option to vary the decision in Barnes v. Cripps, and the convictioa must be quashed. It would be well, however, if dealers would, by actual word of mouth, ask the buyers whether they required the article pure or mixed.Mr. Walton applied for the appellaat’s costs, but the Court ordered each party to pay their own costs. Tm BESW~ OF DOING A FAvouR.-Before the Newton Abbott magistrates, Mr. Robert Pidsley, grocer, was recently summoned for selling adulterated milk. On December 11, a constable purchascd from the defendant half a pint of milk, which was divided into three portions, and a sample sent to the county analyst, who found that the milk contained 10 per cent. of added water. Mr. Pidsley stated to the Beneh that he did not deal in milk, and that he sold the half-pint in question merely to oblige the person who bought it. The Bench inflicted a fine of ~ O S . , inousive of costs. BmRmE.-On Monday, at the Borough Police-court, Wrexham, Messrs. W. Bertram and Son, provision dealers, were charged with selling adulterated butter.Mr. Thomas Bury (Town cllerk) prosecuted, and Mr. Ashton Bradley defended. Mr. Bradley submitted that there was no intention on the part of the defendants to defraud; that the sale was not to the prejudice of the pur- ohaser, the price paid being 9d. per lb., while pure butter was at least ls. 3d. ; that the article was labelled in pencil “ butterhe” ; and therefore that the information must be dismissed. After a retire- ment the Bench intimated that they had decided to convict, but would only inflict the small penalty of 6s. They thought it right to state, however, that the seller must supply to the buyer a notice or label, legibly written or printed, statiig the nature of the article supplied, if not pure.Mr. Bury applied for costs, and the Bench granted the application, including the solicitor’s fee. HARRI~ 9. ~hY.-&dC of good utzd Drtcgs dct, 1875, See. 25.- r ~ i t t e 9 b Tawulaty.--The Secretary reported the decision of the Queen’s Bench Division in this case, as follows :-Appellant was oharged with aelling milk which was proved to have been adulterated with water to an extent. The appellant had a written contraot with the fanner who supplied the milk, which described the milk as new and pure milk, and he contended that he complied with the 25th Section, as he sold the milk in the state in which it was supplied t o him. Held that the contract was not a specific warranty of the milk aotually sold, but merely a warranty that pure milk would be aupplied.That was no defence, and the justices were right in convioting. CHAPPELL 9. EM SON.-^& of3oocZ nizd Dmgs Act, 1875, Xec. 14.The Secretary reported the d&. &on of the Queen’s Bench Division in this oase as follows:-Appellant was charged with BeJJing milk not of the nature and quality demanded. Drowett, 8 constable, purchased a pint from an agent of the appellant, and after the purchase forthwith told the seller that he intended to have the milk andysed, but he did not add that he would divide the milk into three parts and give one to the seller. The seller refused the offer, and on objection before the justices that no statutory offer had been made, the justices o v e d e d the objection, and convicted. The milk was proved to be adnltsraijsd with 9-6 per cent, of water.Held that the justices vere right in overruling the objection. [47 J.P. 804.1 A CASE of some interest was heard at the Lambcth Police Court on Friday, 18th instant, before Mr. chance. The analysis of Dr. Bernays, made on the 30th November, 1883, and repeated on the 1st December on account of the unsatisfactory result, on the coagidated milk, was thus reported :- [47 J,P. 771. J Sp. gr. 1030, Cream 4i per cent. Dee. 1st. Total solids . . . . . . 10-78 10.64 - Wates .. I . 89.22 89.36 Fat . . . . . . 2 *79 2.77 100+0(1 100~00 Sofidenoi‘fat . . . . . . 7499 7.87 - - Ash .* .* b e .. 0.66 Chlorides . . . . . . 0.1330 THE ANALYST. This milk has eight per cent. of added water. The case mas referred to Somerset House, and the Received on 22nd ultimo.Marked No. 181. reply was as follows :- We hereby certify we have andysed the milk, and declare the results of our analysis to be as follows :- Non-fatty solids . . . . . . . . 7 83 Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.65 Water . . . . . . . . . . 89-52 100~00 From a consideration of these results, and after making the addition for material loss arising from the decomposition of the milk through keeping, we are of opinion that the milk contains not less than four per cent. of added water. t c Jan. 9th, 1884.” Dr. Bernays was allowed to offer an explanation of the discrepancy. He pointed out that this milk, on the 1st December, contained 7-87 per cent. of solids not fat, and after keeping till nearly the end of January was only degraded by 0.04 per cent. Prom a great many experinients made in the Laboratory, he had found that there was no regularity in the loss arising from decomposition, and that it could not be depended upon.If milk were quite fresh and only mixed with pure water, it underwent but little change in a cool place ; but, if mixed with stale milk and impure water the degradation was veiy rapid. Dr. Voelcker had lately said (and he quoted him as an independent authority, without siding with -much that he had written upon milk) that no analyst was entitled to come to any defhite conclusion as to the original composition of sour milk. This milk, strictly interpreted, contained 11 per cent, of added water. No milkman was summoned by the Camberwell Vestry, in whose milk the solids not fat were not below 8.4, so that a considerable margin was left.Dr. Bernays did not take this as a standard, but that of the Publichalysts, with an allowance according to circumstances. He had allowod 3 per cent., and had given the milk as having 8 per cent. of added water. After this explanation, his Worship expressed his satisfaction and agreement with Dr. Bernays’ statement. Considering the bolzajdes of the milkman, in that he sent the sample to Somerset House, and that he was not a cowkeeper, but only in a small way of businesq Mr. Chance fined him 5s. and 12s. 6d. costs. N.B.-The milk re-analysed (from the Inspector’s unopened mmple) on the 19th January, gave the following results :- Solidsnot fat . . . . . . 7’66 7-11 Fat . . . . . . . . 2.68 2.68 Total solids 10.34 10-39 - - Dr.Bernays reported another case which was heard on the 23rd instant, before Mr. Slade, at the The analysis, in duplicate, was made on the 30th November, 1883. Sp. gr. 1025. Cream, 5 per cent. Southwark Police Court. Total solids . . . . . . 9.97 10*03 Water . . . . . . . . Fat . . . . . . . . Solidsnotfat ., ., ,, - 90.03 2-65 7-32 7 83-97 2-72 7.31 Ash . , , , . , , Chlorides., , , , , ,. This milk has eighteen per cent. of added water. Tho referees from Somerset House reported :- Water I ( ,. ,. Fat . . . . . . . . Solidsnot fat ,, .. 100~00 0.58 0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 100*00 91 s o 0 2-63 6.37 100~00 Froni a consider&on of these resdts, and after making the addition for natural loss arising from the decomposition of the milk through keeping, we are of opinion that the milk contains not less than 15THE ANALYST.31 . ---- per cent. of added water. After an explanation of the so-calleddiscrepancy, the magistrate wassataed that the opinion from the fresh milk was most reliable, arrd h e d the milkman $1, and the costs of both analyses. A further case was remitted to Somerset House. No. 198 from Lambeth Police Court. On the 13th December, 1883, a milk was brought by R Camberwell Inspector, and was at once sent on for analysis in duplioate on account of ita specific gravity and appearance. Dr, Bernays gave the following certificate :- Sp. gr. 1028 Cream 6 per oent. Totdsolids . . . . . . 11 -34 11.40 Water . . . . . . . . 88.66 88.60 Fat . . . . . . . . 3.16 3.21 Solidsnot fat . . . . . . 8.18 8.19 100~00 lr)O*OO Ash .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.65 Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15 - - - u-- - Thismilk has 6 per cent. of added water. The report on this milk from the referees was as follows :- “The sample of milk referred to in the annexed letter, and marked 198 was received here on the 1st instant, Non-fatty solids . . . . . . . . . . 7-21 Eat m e b e a . L I 3.15 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . 89-64 100~00 - From a consideration of these results, and after making addition for the natural loss arising from the decomposition of the milk through keeping, we are of opinion that the milk contains not less than 10 per cent. of added water. As witness our hands this 9th day of January.’’ MIZR ADU&TERATION.-S0Ve~a,1 summonsea were heard against shopkeepers prooeeded against underthe Adulteration Act by the Vestry of Shoreditoh.-Mi.Abbott appeared to proseoute for the parish authority. The cases having been heard, the defendants stood before his worship, who addressed them before fixing penalties. He said he had been shown the worst case he had ever heard- one in which milk was not not only devoid of 80 per cent. of its usual qualities, but had been further watered. He believed milk of this kind would soon become too dilute for persons to use as ilcyurishment .-nose Richnaam, of 6G, Stean-street, Haggerston, waa-fined 310 ; EZtkabeth Rogers, of 1, Provostatreet, Nile-street, $5 ; Jaiie NtcgAes, 6613, Murray-street, $3 ; J o h Joms and Edwapd &dnrds, of 1, Tabernacle-row, 32s ; Jaws Zong, 2, Cheshire-street, 42s. ; and Stmanah Coefi&*h, of 46, Fan- shaw-street, $4 2s., these sums being apportioned according to the amount of adulteration proved.AT WEST HAX, James Perks, carrying on business at No. 1, Carlton-terrace, Barking-road, Canning-town, waa summoned by William Horn, the chief sanitary inspector of the West Ham Local Board, for selling on December 5 last an article of food-to wit, butter, not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded by the purohaser. &. Woollitt, bmrister, prosecuted ; Mr. E. A. Dow defended. The evidence showed that Mr. Horn on December 5th last, instructed his assistant,%. Evans, and a Mr. Smith, to go and get some samples of butter, leaving them the choice of the place of purchase, for analysis. Smith went into the defendant’s shop, and asking Mrs.Perks for a L c pound of butter,” Mrs. Perks asked Smith answered “Yes.” He was then served with a pound of the article, and after he had paid for it, Mr. Evans went into the shop and informed Mrs. Peyks that the butter had been purchased for analysis by the public analyst. She then pointed to each corner of the paper in which the butter was wrapped, and said there was a label there, but Mr. Evans could not see it, and said that if it existed it must have been inside. The paper in which the butter was wrapped was a sheet covered with print and figures, the white corner of it having some illegible red marks on it. The defendant was present and he showed Mr. Evans a clean bit of paper with the I L Iabel ” on it, but the inspector did not look at it, though he said it would be of no use, when the defendant said his solicitor had told him if he put IL label on the paper he would be all right.In due oomse the butter was forwarded in bulk to Mr. Pooley, the public analyst for Essex, and his certifioate showed that it contained 87.4 of fat of which at least GO per cent. was other than butter fat. The article sold was Rtated to be worth but 9d. per lb. Mr. DOW’S defence was that when Smith went into the shop he was What pike, one and four?’’32 THE AFfUYST. told their butfeat was at 1s. 8d. and la. 6d., and butterhe at 1s. 4d. and la., and that he dose that at Is, 4d. per lb. ; and, further, that he knew well he wm purchasing butterine. Butterine, he mentioned, Canon Barry had said was one of the greatest blessings ever introduced into England.The label had on if--“Thia is a compound, sold as imported.’’ Mrs. Perks was called into the witness-box, but her evidence wasdeclined aa she said she could not identify the man who purchased the butter. Nr. Perks was then aworn, and he said that when Smith entered md asked for butter the question was put to him whether he wanted butter or butterine, and he said, ‘ 4 Something reasonable.’’ Then Nra. Perks asked, Yes.” abr. Phillips, in disposing of the case, said he was sorry for he line of defence that had been set up. It wag impossible to believe that public officers would come to court and without any motive perjure themselves as the defence had alleged they had. It waa about as bad a defence as he had heard in that court.He should fine the defendant $10 and the costs. Nr. Woollitt asked for his professional costs, and the magistrate granted them, subsequently mentioning that if the h e and costs were not paid distresi~ would follow, and if that waa not sufiicient the defendant would be sent to prison for two months, in default. hu~mwmn &fmc.-At the Kenaingbn special sessions, before Mr. A. S. Ayrton, Sir Sibbald Scott, Bart., Sir Henry Gordon, E.C.B., and other magistrates, William Hayes, in the employ of a firm trading in various parts of the metropolis under the name of the CondensedB!WkDairyCompany (United), was summoned at the instance of the Kensington Vestry, for selling milk which waa, accord- ing to the analyst’s certificate, ddterated with 30 per cent. of water. The cei%%cate also stated that the cream was extracted.The case having been proved by Inspector Gaylard, Mh. ECnwksley, who appeared to defend the company, said the peculiarity was to sell what they called ‘‘ condensed milk,’’ which was sold as “separated milk” after the removal of the cream. The directors took every precaution and had printed bills setting forth what they sold. Mr., .Ayrton observed that it must be condensed skim milk. It appeared to him that the company had been engaged in a public fraud on the metropolis, The Bench imposed a penalty of $6 with costa. One and four P ” and he said 1087 J. Barrow I . 1096 C. F. Claw .. 1099 G. Simpson .. 1112 G.Vigne .. 1123 J. M. Harley 1188 F. C. Glaser., 1362 C. D. Abel ., 3299 W. R. Lake. 426 E. A. Brydges GG7 C.Steffen .. 1169 T. Lichman . . 1210 J. Woodhead BECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been recently published, and oan be obtained horn the Great Seal Oflice, Oursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. NO. 1882. Name of Pakntee. Title of Patent. Price . . . . Diatillation of Coal, Shale, Ironstone, & Orsranio Substances 8d. . . , . Manufacture of Hydrates -of Alkalies- and &line Earthn, $0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433. . . . . (Talcining Cement and Kilns therefor.. . . . . . . 2d. . . . . lKanufactureofFerrooyanids . . . . . . . . . . 4d. . . . . Nanufactureof Maizestaroh . . . . . . . . . . 2d. . . . . . Apparatus for the adrtnufacture of Chloride of Lime .. 4d, . . *, admufacture of Colonring Matters, and their Sulpho-Adda, or Salts from Phtalio Anhydride. . . . . . . . 4d. . .- . . Method and Apparatus for Preserving Ensilage, or Food forcattile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. . . . . Preservationof adilk . . . . . . . . . . . . Is. .. ,. Extracting Sugar from Molasses, Syrups, and Juice of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. . . . . Apparatus for Purifyhg and Heating Water, &c. . . . . 2d. , , . . Process and Apparatus for Distilling Coal and other Carbon- aceous Naterida, in order to obtain Coke, Tar, &c. .. 2d. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. Poisons, by A. W. Blyth; m e Chemist and Druggist; The Brewers’ Guardian; The British Xedicnl Journal ; Tho Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Bdiller ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Promedings of the American Chemical Society ; The Inventors’ Record : New York Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New York ; Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal ; Sugar Cane ; Country Brewers’ Gazette ; The Medical &cord ; The Grocem’ Gazette ; London Water Supply, by Crooktst Odling and Tidy : Chemical Review ; Independent Oil and Drug Journal and Paint Review ; Science Monthly ; Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN884090028b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC