摘要:

THE ANALYST. MARCE, 1884. IT is whispered that the Council of the Society of Public Analysts have had under con- sideration the general question of the statzis and subscription of our AEsociates. This is undoubtedly a matter requiring careful revision, because, when the question is gone into, it mill be seen that the present condition of affairs is somewhat anomalous. When the Society was first started, it was deemed advisable that, while the membership should be reBtricted to actual analysts in practice, the Associateship should be given to auch of their assistants as lshould be from time to time recommended by the Council. It was contemplated that the advantages of becoming an Afisociate would comprise ; (1) The opportunity of attending the meetings of the Society, and of receiving copies of all its published transactions ; (2) The becoming, as it wore, recognised as n qualified assis- tant, fio that when the Associate entered business on his own account, he would, almost as a matter of course, become a full member.Thurr our Associates have a31 the p ~ v i - leges of members except the power of voting at a general meeting or election of Officers. So as to encourage young men to thus make themselves known, the originators of the Society, in framing its constitution fixed the subscription for the Associateahip at the ridiculously low fee of five shillings, while on the other hand, to prevent persons enter- ing as Associates and still continuing 8s suoh after entering into business, it was PYO- vided that the Associate should only be elected for three years at a time.To these provisions time has shown that there are two well-founded objectiions. F!d{q, the election of a man for a limited time is undesirable, as it gives him a very temporaiy standing only. If a gentleman is considered by hi% employer 40 be sufficiently accurate in his manipulation and sincere in his love for the science to warrant his asking the Council for a nomination, surely then he his worthelecting in perpetuity. It is evident that no man would think of remaining tm Associate, when, by entering business on his own account, he had obtained the necessary qualification for full mem- bership. ficc092d@/, the subscription of such a sum as five shill$gs per annum tends to lower the position of a qualified person. Chemiaal assistants in the scientific depart- ment are not, as a rule, impecunious persons, and indeed, if they were, we fear their chancea of ever making n decent livelihood would be somewhat problematical.It i R therefore not only needlerjs, hut positively humiliating, for gentlemen to take a position in which they to some extent pauperize themselres, by getting transactions costing the Sodety more to print than is covered by the present miserable snbscription. We earnestly hope that, as a result of the cleliberrttions of the new Council, the 8ociety will be shortly asked to assent to a modification of the constitution in the double direc- tion of increasing the annual subscription of Associates to ten shillings and sixpence, as well as giving them a& once on their admission a pemanent standing in the Society, so long BW they remain assistants, and unt,il they can take up their full mernberfih.jp.34 TEE ANALYST.--- ------ CONDENSED MILK. SEVERAL successful prosecutions have been conducted against the retailers of condensed milk in Liverpool, which will doubtless cause considerable consternation among the large milk condensing companies, who have up to the presenttime escaped the operation8 of the Condensed milk has been lately extensively employed in connection with what m y be called a new industry, that of ( I milk blending,” or in other words letting down rich dairy milk, so that the analytical results agree with the figures for solids not fat prescribed by the Society of Public Analysts. Large quantities are daily consumed in this I L ~ by milkmen, and to such an extent has the trade increased that condensed milk is imported in churns, especially manufactured for the convenience of dairymen, These churns being returned to the factory for a further supply.The difficulties of condensing rich milk, although much acientific attention has been devoted to it of late years, are well known to those engaged in the trade, more especially when the milk is preserved without the addition of sugar, but there is now no difficulty whatever in preparing condensed milk of fair average quality containing the whole of the cream present in the milk previous to condensation. The excuse that a large proportion of the fat was mechanically carried over in tho operation of condensing in vacuo has been repeatedly proved to be erroneous.I n fact, it is not unusual to add to the milk during the first stage of concentration clear butter fact, in order to prevent the excessive frothing which takes place and causes considerable trouble, requiring great care to prevent the milk from rising over and mixing with the condensing water. Manufacturers of condensed milk have therefore no more right to deprive the milk of its cream previous to condensation than the ordinary milkman ; in fact the offence becomes in their case more serious, as instead of declaring the article as condensed skim milk, it is described as milk, guaranteed to be pure corns’ milk, and is highly recommended for invalids’ and infants’ diet as being more wholesome and nutritious than fresh cows’ milk, and especially milk from cows fed iu com-aheds in large towns j the milk is the richest and best, the water having been abstracted and pure loaf sugar added.The heinousness of selling condensed skim milk under cover of this guarantee is obvious, more especially as the offence irs not committed by a small milkman in one of the poorer districts of our large towns, but by large companies, presumably with extensive capital and controlled by educated men, who, simply for the sake of underselling, put forward an article deprived of one of its most valuable constituents, and represent it to be richer in quality than genuine milk from cows fed in com-Eheds in large towns. We think that the Society of Public Analysts would do well to consider €he question of the purity of condensed milk in connection with the uniformity of milk analysis now being discussed by the milk committee.We have no doubt that if other prosecutions take place, and the subject is well ventilated, the condensed milk companies will speedily turn out an article approaching in substance and quality to the guarantees which they distribute broadcast as advertisements, and which are affixed to the tins. Sale of Food and Drugs Act.”THE ANALYST. 35 PLUM JAM. IT is pretty generally known that cheap jams are mixed with the pulp of every cheap sort of fruit that happens to have been plentiful during the mason when jam is made : there is no necessity, however, for manufacturers to label their goods ‘‘ Plum Jam,” when it is well known that the mason for plums mas unusually bad; this deficiency is made up with apple, an article both wholesome and nutritious, and probably to some, equally as nice as genuine plum jam. We are not surprised to see that Mi*. Mallet, of Bittingbourne, has been successfully prosecuted for selling Steers’ Plum Jam, an article containing 25 per cent. of apple. It is only necessary for Messrs. Steer to adopt the simple expedient of a label describing the nature of the jam, to prevent the recurrence of annoying prosecutions; the public will be equally satisfied, and the analyst will not be under the necessity of condemning an article which is a luxury and a boon to many.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900033

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 35 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 80CIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. AN ordinary meeting of this Society was held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, on Wednesday, the 20th February. In the absence of the president, Dr. Wynter Blyth, Vice-president, took the chair. The minutes of the annual meeting were read and confirmed. The following gentlemen were proposed for election as members, and mill be ballotted for at the next meeting in March :- Mi*. T, Bovertou Redwood, o€ London. Mi. E. W. Martin, of New York. Mi*. J. Laker Macmilltn, of Calcutta. Yhe following papeys mere read and discussed :- ‘‘ Analytical Notes on Milk, Cream, Skim-milk and Butter-milk.” By Dr. Vieth, F.C.S. (( Additional Note on the Solubility of Lactose in Ether.” By Otto Hehner. Owing to pressure on our space, we are compelled to postpone the printing of these papem until our next issue. The next meeting of the Society of Public Analysts will be held at Burlington House un Wedneaday, the 19th Miirch mxtr

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900035

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

3 r; THE ANALYST. I___I___ -.__ -.--.-^---------_. NOTE UPON THE EBTIMATION OF PEROXIDE OF HYDROSEN WITH SPECIAL REE’ERENCE TO THE COb6MIERCUL PRACTICE OF SELLXNG). UPON VOLUME BTRENUTH, Rosoox and Schorlemmer. in &heir Treatise on Chemirstry (Vol. I, p. 261) give the fofiowing reaction as applicable for the voltun&riic estimation of Hydroxyl by means of potassio permanganate. 2K%ho4 + H202 + 8&804 = &SO4 + 2MnSQ + 4H,O + 30,. Hingzett, in a paper read before the Chemical Society (J. C. 8. xxxvii, 805), shtes it thus :- K2Mn208 + 5H,O2 + S&S04 = &SO, + 2MnS04 + 8H20 + 50,. As this assigprs to permanganate five times the value (in relation to hydroxyl) given to it by Roscoe and 8chorlemmer, we were induced to make some experimentar with the view of ascertaining which ie tihe oorreot one.The following reactions are theoretically possible :- (1.) &Mn,O, + Hg02 + 3-0, = &SO, + ~ M I S ~ , + 4 a-0 + 30, from lvhich 1 C.C. 4 yermanganate = *00034 gram K O 2 and evolvea a total of *00096 gram 0 = 067132 0.08, at 0’ and 760 m.m. pressure. from which 1 C.O. 3 permangamte = *00068 :gram K O , and evolves a total of ‘00113 gram = 078321 O.C. Oxygen. from which 1 C.C. $ pimanganate = *00102 gmm K O 2 tlnd evolve8 a tofd of *00128 gram = *ti961 C.C. Oxygen. fl*Olkk which 1 C.O. Pam = 1.007 cr.ee, oxygen. from which 1 C.C. $ permanganate =: *0017 gmm H202 and evo1ves.a total of *OOlG gram = 1*1188 c.ce. oxygen. (2.) &Mn208 3- 2H,0, + 3w0, = K@O, + 2MnS0, + 6&0 +3Q 02, (3.) $- 3H20, $- 3%SO4 = -0, $- 2MnSO, + 6H,O $- 40, (A) KJb,O, + iH,O, + 3H2S0, = K2&0, + SMnSO, + 7H20 + SiO,, permanganah = *00136 gram H,O, and ovdve8 total of *00144 (6.) &Mb,O, $- 6H2O2 + SHaO, =-&SO, $- 21KnS04 + 8&0 + 602, We decided first to titrate some samples with pemanganate; secondly to measure the gas liberated, and then in order to check these i*esults,’to employ’the process used by Kingzett, via :-Measuiing the iodine liberated by a known volume of solution of hydroxyl, with standwd sodic thiosdphate.PQI* the titration 10 ms. of hydroxyl were taken, mixed with 40 0.~13. of sulphuric a d (I : 3) and made up to 100 G.CS. with distilled water. The decinormal perman- ganate solutiou ~ 1 1 8 run in until a faint piuk tingo, peiulanenf for a few minutes became tlpp’&*THE ANALYST.37 _I__- ---_I__--__ -___--- The following iwulte were obtained :- rs'nt~lc A, sold ds 20 002s.-Slightly acid, contained Hz$04 and trace of HCI; 10 0.~8. left on evaporation 0012 gram residue, 10 o m . of the diluted solution requiscd 31.5 C,C. -$ K2Mn208. 10 - 9 9 9 ) Y , 31.7 9 , 10 9 , 9 , 9 9 31.6 9 , 10 9 ) 9 , 1 , 31.5 9 , 10 9 , ,) 9 , 31-7 9 , 10 9, 9 , 9 , 31-7 9 9 10 ,, 9 ) 9 ) 31.5 $ 9 10 9, $ 9 1, 31.6 Ayesage 31%3 C.U. " Accordixg to the five equations, the gas liberated. should nieasure respectively :- Equation1 ,, 31-63 x 97132 = 21.2338 c.cs'. ,, 2 .. 31.63 x m z i = 2-1-7729 ,, ,, 3 ,. 31.63 x 08951 = 28.312 9 , ,, 4 ,, 31*63 x 1.007 = 31.8514 ,, ,, 6 31.68 x 1.1185 = 35.3876 ,, Next 10 CAM. of the diluted acid solution were introduced into a small flask, the cork of which was furnished with two holes, through one of which a delivery tube connected with a iteceivor passed, and through the other the nozzle of a burette con- taining permanganato solution, fitted tightly.A quantity of permanganate, just sufficient to colour the contents of the flask permanently pink, was then run in, and the gas collected over mercury, the volume of solution used being deducted from that of the gas obtained, the residue reduced to standard temperature and pressure, and to this was added an amount equal to the capacity of the fluid in the flask for holding oxygen in solution at that temperature. The figures given below have been thus corrected :- .. * . .. .. .. .. .. .. 34.518 35.384 35.882 36.65 35.514 34.6 34.73 35-75 It is therefore apparent that the equations 1,2, and 3, do not represent the chauge ISanyZe &sold ccs 10 V O Z ~ ., was ueiitral; 10 c.cs. gave -0918 gram of residue containing which occws . ICC1 and ti*aces of Na,O and H,SO,. Diluted and acidified as before :-- 20 c m . of the dilute solution requised 9 , 2 ) .. 14.4 1 ) ), 9 , ,. 1 4 4 7 , 10 7 ) 10 7 , 10 9 ) 9 , ? 7 * . 14.5 1 , 10 ,? 9 , 9 , ,. 14.4 2 , 10 $ 9 9, 1 9 , . 14.4 9 , Avesage 14.43 c.cs. By cqutition 4 . , 14-63 x 1.007 = 14.331 c.cs. of gas ,, 6 .. 14-43 x 1.1188 = 16*144 ,, 10 C.W. of the dilute solution evolved . , 15.718 c.cs. of gas . , 14.5 c.cs. $ K,Mn,O, 10 ? ? 9 , 9 9 ., 15.921 ,? 10 1 , 7, 9 , .. 16.249 ,, 10 9 2 7 , 9 , ,, 15.793 ,, 10 9 , 1 9 73 .. 1G-173 ,, 10 ? ) >, $ 3 ,.13-iGS ),38 THE ANALYST. Banple C, sold rn 20 VO~S., was decidedly mid, contained SiO,, K20, H28U4, and traces of NhO and Hal; 10 c.cs. evaporated on a water bath, left *0374 gram of residue. Diluted and acidified as before :- 10 C.CLI. of the dilute solution required 9.7 C.C. % K,Mn,O, 10 C.CB. Y ? ) 9 9% 1 ) 10 c.m. ? 9 9, 0.S f ) 10 c.c.9. * ¶ >, 9*8 9 , 10 0.08. 9 , 8 ) 9.8 9 s 10 C.08. 1 , 3? 9-7 9 9 Average 9*73 c.os. By equation 4, , . 9-73 x I*007 = 9.708 c.us. of gas. ,, 6 , .. 9 * i 3 x 1*1188 =: 10.886 ,, 10 C.W. of the dilute aolutioa' evolved 10'749 ,, 10 c.cs. ?> Y ? 11.29 Yt 10 c.0s. 9 ) 9 ? 10*868 ,, 10 C.W. ?? 9 , 10*754 ,, 10 c.cs. 9 9 3 ) 10*740 ,, 10 0.CB. ?? ?, 10453 ,, Sarqde B, soid u s 10 t'oh., mas slightly acid, contained Na,O and Hal ; 10 c a . left '0066 gram residue.Diluted and acidified as before :- 10 C.W. of the dilute solutiou roquired 15-31 C.W. K,Mn,O, 10 c.cs. ? ? I , 15.22 9 , 10 43.08. ? * 1, 15-22 9 9 10 c.c.9. 9 ? 9 , 15.31 > ? 10 0.w. 9 ) 9 9 16'23 9 , 10 c.cs. ?? 9 , 16.22 $ 9 Average 15-28 c.m. By equation 4, ,. 1528 x 1.007 = 15.387 0.c~. of gas. ? 9 5, .. 15*2S Y 1*1188 E 17.095 ,) 10 c.cs. of the dilutc soliitiou evolvod 17*357 ), 10 C.C8. 9 9 17.034 ,, 10 0.0s. 2 , 9 ) 16.986 ,, 10 c.cs. 9 , ?7 16.944 ,, 20 c.cs. ,> *> 17*134 ), 10 c.09. 16.898 ,, >? ?> The foregoing results tend to show that Kiugzett's equation is the correct one, and this was further proved by employing the iodine re-action. For this purpose, 10 c.cs. of solution of hydroxyl were taken, acidified and diluted, as in the previous ex- periments, to an aliquot part, 5-10 c.cs.of solution of potassic iodide were added, decinormal aodic thiosulphate was then run in from a burette, until the colour was nearly dischai*ged; borne starch paste was then dropped in and the titration continued, until on staading for a considerable t h e , the blue colour. did not re-appear. By the equatioas, I2 + ZNa&O, = 2Na -1- + *?O N~I- % 40, 2KI + H.,02 = K.0 i 1 C.C. of decinoml thiasulphate is equal to *0017 gram of H202, and corresponds to the perrnnuganate in ecpation G; therefore to prove this equation to t o the true oiie it isTHE ANALYST. 39 only necessary to show that equal volumes of similar hydtroxyl require equal volumes of the two reagents, and this we find to be practically the case, for- Sample D, diluted as before :- 10 c.cs.of the dilute solution required 15-39 c.cs. 4 Na8,O3 10 C.CB. 9 9 ,, 15.1 ¶ * 10 c.cs. F % ) p 15.29 3 ) 10 c.cs. ¶ ¶ 1 , 15-2 Y 9 10 0.00. 29 ,, 15.3 9 , 10 C.08. 19 ,, 15.1 9 ) Average 15-23 c.cs. Sample B, diluted as before :- 10 cm. of tho dilute solution required 14.4 c.cs. $ Na,S,O,. 10 c.cs. Y, 8 , 14p61 Y * 10 em. 9 , ,, 14-62 ?t 10 c.cs. 9 , 9 , 14’62 $ 9 10 (3.08. ? $ y t 14-62 ¶, 10 c 08. 97 ,, 14.31 9 # Average 14.51 c.cs. These results lead to the conclusion that the re-action with permanganate should be represented thus :- K2Mn2O8 + 5H20g + 3n2s04 = &so, + 2MnSO4 + 8H20 + 50, In addition to the above the action of potassic bichromatein presence of mlphuric acid was tried, in this case half the volume O€ oxygen liberated is derived from the peroxide, perchromic acid being formed as an intermediate step, as the following equation shows :- K,Cr,O, + 3H202 +H,SO, = &SO, + Cr,O, + 4 HzO + 0 { cl.,O, + 8H,SO, + Cr, (SO4)$ + 3H,O + q02 In practice we find that hydroxyl may be quickly and accurately estimated volumetri- cally by means of decinormal potassic permasganate, the termination being well marked even by artificial light; that the method with iodine and thiosulphate is not to be recom- mended where rapidity is of importance, bemuse the action is liable (even in presence of much free acid) to become exceedingly slow towards the last, and as the change appears suddenly and only after some time, there is a danger of taking it as complete prematurely .The method of measuring the volume of gas is liable to several objections ; it requires more manipulation and longer time for completion, involves more calcula- tion, and there is always the liability of an unseen leakage taking place ; also if an excoss of pemanganate be added, the gas evolved on standing may be in excess through decomposition of the acidified permanganate, whilst if sufficient time is not given, the fluid in the flusk remains auper-saturated with gas : this, however, may be overcome by frequent gentle shaking, or if the receiver is large enough to contain the heated gas by boiling. We are of opinion that this source of error accounts for the discrepancies in40 THE ANALYST. our results, but believe that they are not sufficiently great to invalidate the deduction drawn.Collecting over water is inadmissible, as no proper correction can then be made for solubility. Other methods are (1) adding an excegs of standard arsenious acid solution, and measuring the excess with iodine ; and (2) the titration of the sample upon a weighed quantity of ferrouw ammonium sulphate, using potassic f erricyanide as an external indi- cator ; in our hands the latter gives resulte a little low, as will be seen from the following figures, which are averages of 8 or 10 closely agreeing experiments. One C.C. of hydroxyl acidified and dilutedrequired 30.53 c.cs. of E2Mn208 = *0519 gram €GO2. 1 C.C. of the same sample had 40 c.cs. As,O, solution added and required 9.63 C.C.% iodine, therefore 40-9.63 = 30.37 x -0017 = -0516 gram H202. 1 C.C. of the same sample was diluted to 10 i ~ c s . with water containing 6 per cent. of H,S04 (1 : 3). 05125 gram of the ferrous salt required 4-8 c.cs. of this solution, there- fore, from the equation :- 2FeS04A~S0,, 6Aq + H202 + H2S0, = Fe,(SO,), + Am,S04 + SKO \- u then ?4 x7i: ,” zi252 = -0462 gram H,O, 784 = 34 With reference to the term volume strength,” it is noticeable that dealers have The total volume of gas liberated by the action of potassic perrnanganate from unit volume of hydroxyl solution being the most lucid and definite explanation that we received. If this were the case it would give to most of our samples nearly double the strength they were stated to be and may therefore be at once discarded, it not being the usual practice in commerce to understate values. somewhat vague ideas as to its signiiicance.Evidently the volume of oxygen available in unit volume of hydroxyl solution only ia the proper meaning of the term. We may say that the samples examined were procured from firms of good repute, and were sold to us as being of fair commercial quality, and nearly approximating to the strength stated. It may, we think, be fairly anticipated that as the value of hydroxyl becomes more widely recognised, it will be produced at n cheaper rate, and become more extensively used, whilst, owing to its tendency to deteriorate, analystsmay be called upon to under- take its estimation more frequently than has been the case hitherto. DISCUSSION. MR. KINGZETT, after remarking that a full account of his investigation into the same subject ia given in the last edition of Xzctton’s Volzcmetrio Alzalysis, said that if in the titration by sodium thiosulphate, a great excess of sulphuric acid be employed, and particularly if the temperature be very slightly raised, the slowness of reaction ordinarily experienced disnppearcd, and the whole was over in two or three minutes.THE ANALYST. 41 He had constant occasion to make such determinations, and he now employed this method to the exclusion of all others, because, having tested it against all other processes, he knew that it mas the most accurate. The essential point was to have a very large excess of sulphursic acid, and he employed equal volumes of that acid, and of the peroxide of hydrogen solution. In reply to a question as to his exprience of the peroxide of hydrogen solution by various makers, he stated that what professed to be of ten volume strength, usually only showed seven or eight volumes, and he had met with cases of professedly twenty volume solutions which contained only six volumes. The per-centage of peroxide of hydrogen, evidently, depended to a great extent upon the age of the solution, and the conditions under which it had been kept.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900036

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 41 A NEW TEST FOR LEAD. BY A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S. A SOLUTION of cochineal is prepared by boiling the ordinary commercial cochineal in water, filtering, and then adding suflicient strong alcohol to ensure its preservation from mould. A few drops of this solution added to a colourless neutral or alkaline solution containing dissolved lead, strikes a deep mauve blue to a red with a faint blue tinge, according to the amount of lead present. The test will distinctly indicate a tenth of a grain of lead per gallon in ordinary drinking water, and by comparison with a solution free from lead, much smaller quantities are indicated. In searching for traces of lead in water, it is convenieut to take two porcelain dishes ; into the one place 100 c.cs. of the water to be examined and into the other, a solution of carbonate of lime in carbonic acid water, known to be lead free, and approximatively of the same hardness, as the water to be examined, then add to each an equal bulk of the colouring matter in quantity sufficient to distinctly tinge the water ; the colours may now be compared ; the slighest blue tint will be either due to lead or copper ; for copper in very dilute solutions gives a similar tint, but in solutions of 1 to 1,000 or stronger the hue is so different as to differentiate the two metals. The method is within certain limits applicable for quantitative purposee on the usual colorimetric principles.As a qualitative test, it is superior to hydric sulphide and more convenient. DISCUSSION. DR. STEVENSON inquired if varying the amount of alkalinity in the water, or the presence of considerable quantities of carbonates, had any effect. Mr. BLYTH said that of course they altered the hue, but the blue was still very de- cided. He had tried a11 kinds of saltg but as it was anew test, he would be a bold man to say that it was really confined to these, although, as far as he knew, it was peculiar to lead and to copper, with the limitations he had mentioned. The tests were confirmed by other reactionfir.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900041

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

-_______- 42 THE ANALYST. ON THE DECREASE IK THE USE OF COF’EEE AS A BEVERAGE. BY DR. WALLACE, F.R.S.E. Read before the Society of Public Analyets, Jan. 16th, 1884. OF all the stimulants employed by the people of this- country, including alcoholic beverages, tobacco, tea, coffee, and cocoa, the only one the consumption of which has decreased of recent years is coffee ; and I have thought it worth while to bring the subject before the members of the Society of Public Analysts, in order that I may endeavour to point out the came or causes of this falling off. I do not propose, in this paper, to discuss the question whether these stimulants are beneficial or injurious to the animal system, although I hold very strong views on the subject. I only wish, on the present occasion, to direct your attention to the anomalous position whichcoffee occupies as a member of the group of substances to which I have referred.I have been assisted inmy endeavour to get at the truth of the matter by my friend, Mr. Michael Connal, who has procured for me a table, compiled by Messrs, Francis Reid and Go., Brokers, Liverpool, in which will be found a great mass of most valuable information. The Atatistics in this table go back in most cases to 1843, and are brought up to 1882, ao that we have here a range of 39 years. As the prosperity, or otherwise, of a nation has a marked influence on the amount of luxuries consumed, I propose, in the first place, to refer to the population of the United Kingdom, and the amount of property and money assessed for income tax, as indicative of the national prosperity.I n 1843 the population amounted to 27,283,000, and it rose steadily till 1846, when it hadincreased to 28,189,000. Then the sad visitation of Ireland by the potato disease, and the enormous emigration from all parts of the United Kingdom, and particularly from Ireland, not only checked the natural increase of population, but caused a decided diminution, gradually augmenting till 1850, when the estimated population, a s at 32st December, was 27,423,000. From that time till now, there has been a constant and, in some cases, very considerable annual increase. In 1856 it had about regained the figure of 10 years previously, the number for that ycar being 28,154,000 ; in 1865 it had reached 30,000,000; in 1870, 31,100,000; in 1873,32,000,000 ; in 1877,33,000,000 ; in 1880, 54,000,000 ; andin 1882, theastounding figure of 36,700,000.We have, in fact, inoreased 5 millions in the last 13 years. So far, then, as population is concerned, we are a most prosperous nation. Now let us Bee whether our material prosperity has kept pace with our increase in numbers. We get aome insight into this from the amount of property and income assessed for income and property tax. Beginning at 1856, which is the date to which my statistics of the tax go back, although it was begun for Great Britain alone in 1842, the amount is 268 millions, or €9 10s. 7d. per head of population; and this included incomes down to $100. We find a perfectly steady increment till 18’76, when the gross amount assessed was 503 millions, and represented property per head of population of ;f15 8s.7d. The slight diminution which followed was probably due, not so much to a falling off in material prosperity, as to the incidence of taxation, which does not now include incomesTHE ANALYST. 43 80 low as those formerly assessed. JIowever that may be, the amount assessed fop property and income tax last year mas 500 millions, or $14 0s. ld. per head of popda- tion; althongh the number of those who pay the tax is comparatively small. Our researches, so far, then, amount to this, that, as a nation, we are rapidly increasing in numbers and in wealth. The quantity of British and foreign spirits consumed in 1843 was *8 7 of a proof gallon per head of population, and this, I am glad to say, has not increased very materially, the present consumption being 1.03 gallons, or an increase of nearly 19 per cent.But the consumption reached a similar figure so far back as 1850, which it felI to -86 of a gallon in 1860-actually lower than in 1843. From this time (1860) there was a gradual rise to 1875, when it reached 1.31 gallons per head, since which it has fallen to 1-03. The case of wine is somewhat similar, but the increase is larger, being 82 per cent. In 2843 it was -22 of a gallon per head, and it remained almost stationary till 1861, when it rose suddenly to *37, from which it went on gradually increasing till 1876, when it was -57, and it has since fallen as gradually to the present figure, -40, or about 24 bottles. If we now inquire into the statistics of tobacco, the only true narcotia in which the Briton indulges, we find a much larger increase.In 2843 it was 084 lbs. per head of population, and it rose steadily to 1877, the period of largest consumption, when it was 1.49 lbs, It has since fallen to 1-37 lbs., or an increase since 1843 of 63 per cent. Now we come to the stimulating beverages, tea, coffee and cocoa. The most important of these is tea, for we are a distinctly tea-drinking nation. The. quantity in 1843 was 1.47 lbs. per head, and it has risen steadily till in I879 it was 4-8 Ibs. It has since fallen slightly, vie : to 4.62, showing, as compared with 1843, an increase of 214 per cent. Cocoa is even more remarkable : beginning with 999 of a pound in 1843, 'it is now -34 of a lb., an increase of 277 per cent.The consumption of coffee was in 1843,l.l lb. per head and it increased up to 1848, when it was 1-37 lbs. It has since slowly but steadily declined, especially since 1853, and is now only *89 lbs., a &mcaase since 1843 of 19 per cent., and since 1853 of 55,per cent. We have here, then, the remarkable fact that while spirits, wine, tobaccto, tea, and cocoa, have increased to the extent of 19, 84,63, 214 and 277 per cent., coffee has decreased to a very considerable extent. What is the reason of this P My opinion is that the people of this country are losing -their taste for coffee, because of the difficulty of obtaining it in a pure state. Just about the time when the consumption was at its maximum, chicory began to be used, and now the use or rather abuse of this vegetable is so universal that comparatively few know the taste of real coffee.When the Briton goes to France, Belgium or Germany, he enjoys his coffee because it is coffee, and in many cases declares that if he could get it like that at home he would driuk it daily. It is quite true that if you ask specially for pure coffee, the grocer is bound to give it to you ; but he gives it with a grudge, for hiR profit is mainly in the chicory with which his ordinary coffee is mixed. I t is a fact that in the best hotels and restaurants in Gtlasgow, the liquid you imbibe is not coffee but a mixture of that substance with chicory, the proportion of the latter being 6 to Q of the whole. Indeed, the proportion of the adulterant is sometimes even more than three-fourths, and4 4 THE ANALYST. the article may be correctly clttscribed as chicory flavoured wtlz coffee.Chicory is Litter, and has three times the colouring power of coffee, hence it gives the liquor the appearance of great strength ; but it contains no caffeine or other analogous alkaloid ; it has no exhilirating properties ; none of the effects upon the system for which coffee is prized ; in fact its admixture with coffee is a pure and simple fraud. To show how the public are deceived in this matter of coffee adulteration let UB take the case of a particulsr coffee sold in tins, It contains 1 part of coffee to 3 parts of chicory, and is sold at Is. 4d. per lb. The coffee in a pound of it costs, retail, say 7d., the chicory say 4d., tins say 3d., profit 2d., total 1s.4d. But the consumer gets no value except the 7d. worth of coffee, the chicory being worse than udess, so that he pays 1s. 4d. for 7d. worth of coffee. Ohicory is not the only adulterant used for making down coffee to an extent that will give sufficient profit to satisfy the gaocer ; the other articles employed being burnt sugar or caramel, dried and roasted figs, dried dates, date stones, decayed ships’ biscuits, beans, peas, acorns, malt, dandelion root, twmips, carrote, parsnips and mangold-wurzel-all of them being roasted to imitate coffee. You have ail, doubtless, heard of the Date Uoffee Company, and how, after flourishing for a brief period in the credulity of the public, it has recently ‘( come to grief.” I regret to say, for the honour of the profession to which I belong, that a London chemist of some standing gave this Company a testimonial in favour of their trashy mixture, saying among other advantages it possessed, that it was less stimulating than the pure article. This is quite true, but we use coffee because it is a stimulant to a mild extent. What would we say of a professional man who advocated that a mixture of whiskey, with an equal bulk of water, the price being about the same as the whiskey itself, was preferable because it was less stimulating 3 I think our Government acted unwisely in taxing chicory at the same rate as coffee and permitting it to be mixed in all proportions with that beverage, which when pure is so delicious, but when mixed is simply abominable. I f admixture of coBee with chicory and other rubbish were absolutely forbidden in the same way as adulteration of tea, it would soon regain the high estimation in which it was formerly held, and the consumption, instead of diminishing, would increase in the same ratio as the other luxuries of which I have spoken. CONCLUSION OF TEE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900042

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

4 4 THE ANALYST. ANALYSTS REPORTS. AT the last meeting of the Salisbury Town Council, Mr. Stoddart, of Bristol, the city analyst, sent in a report stating that twenty-four samples of food had been analysed during the last three months. One sample included under butter was sold as butterine. Mr. Leach : Why should it be sent t o the analyst if sold as butterine ? Superintendent Mathews explained that the butterine was purchased, but not by himself, and it was not sold as butter. MI-. Newton thought that the analyst had been occasioned unnecessary trouble. Nr. Moody remarked that although the article was not sold as butter, it mighti have had something in it that was injurious. Mr. Lea& : If sold as butterine it ought not to have been sent to be analysed. Superintendent Mathews explained that he was ordered to purohase from a certain individual, and that was done, the samples being then sent for analysis, The subject was, after some further conversation, allowed to drop.THE ANALYST. 45 -__I_-- TXIE report of the Medical Officer of Health for the City of London on analyses made by him during the past year, states that mustard has been found to 'be genuine with the exception of some admixture of wheaten flour, and pickles had been found free from copper. Four sampIes of arrowroot and two of quinine submitted for analyRis were found to be genuine, and the same remark applies to one mmple each of brandy and whiskey. Out of 200 specimens of different articles submitted for examination, there was not one whioh ca3led for the interfereme of the law.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900044

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 45 ---- R E V I E W S . BLEACHING, DYEING AXD CALICO PRINTING (with Formulm). London : J. and A. THIS is an addition to Nessrs. Churchill’s series of technological handbooks, and it may be at once admitted that it is a very excellent one. I t is edited by Mr. John Gardner, F.I.O.? well known in connection with his laboars on Cooley’s Encyclopoedia, and who has called to his aid Mr. T. F. Hodges, Junior, of Belfast, and Mr. T. Ohadwick, of Manchegter. While not pretending to the position of an exhaustive treatise it yet proves how much valuable information may be condensed into a handy little book of 200 pages, and for a practical busy man the advantage of being able to at once lay his hand on plenty of good receipts and short succinct descriptions without wading through a mam of scientific verbiage will be at once apparent.Churchill. THE DISCOVERY OF THE PERIODIC LAW, AND ON THE RELATIONS AMONG THE ATOMICI T H I ~ is a collection of the author’s writings on the subject dating from 1864, with the object of asserting priority of authorship of the idea over that of both D. D. Men- delejeff and Lothar Meyer. With the too great tendency on the part of English chemists to revere everything foreign and pass over in silence native efforts it is refresh- ing to see some one with the pluck to assert his rights, even at the cost of republishing in book form, A prophet is never honoured in his own country, and Mr. Newlands is no exception, and by no means the first victim. We could point to papers containiag absolutely original processes which have appeared in our columns, but have been quietly ignored in the Chemical Society’s Journal until long afterwards, when they have been abstracted from the German journals, which in turn copied from us ! Every chemist interested in the support of native research should get a copy of Mr.Newlands’ book, and having marked, learned and duly digested the same, cease to talk of the periodic lam as a foreign discovery. So as to show the exact nature of Mr. Newland’s claim we give the summary of the same in his own words :-‘‘ I claim to have been the first to publish a list of the elements in the order of their atomic weight, and also the first to describe the periodic law, showing the existence of a simple relation between them when so arranged. I have applied this periodic law to the following, among other subjects :- ‘( 1.Prediction of the atomic weights of missing elements, such as the missing element of the carbon group = 73, since termed eka-silicium by M. Mendelejeff. (I 2. Predicting the atomic weight of an element whose atomic weight was then un- known, viz., that of indium. WEIGHTS. By John, A. R. Nezukwdt3, F.I. C., etc. London : E. and F. N. Spon.46 THE ANALYST. _ _ ~~~ “ 3. Selection of Cannizzarro’s atomic weiglits instead of those of Gerhardt or the old system, which do not show a periodic law. “4. Predicting that the revision of atomic weights, or the discovery of new elements, mould not upset the harmony of the law-since illustrated by the case of vanadium. 5. Explaining the existence of numerical relations between the atomic weights.I‘ 6. Where two atomic weights were assigned to the same element, selecting that most in accordance with the periodic law : for instance, taking the atomic weight of beryllium as 9.4 instead of 14. (‘ 7. Grouping certain elements so as to conform to the periodic lam instead of adopt- ing the ordinary groups. “Thus, mercury was placed with the magnesium group, thallium with the aluminium group, and lead with the carbon group. Tellurium, on the other hand, I have always placed above iodine, from a convictiou that its atomic weight may ultimately prove to be less than that of iodine. “ 8. Relation of the periodic law to physical properties-showing that similar terms from different groups, such as oxygen and nitrogen, or sulphur and phosphorus, frequently bear more physical resemblance to each other than they do to the remaining members of the same chemical group.11 It is not denied that I was the first to publish a list of the elements in the natural order of their atomic weights, and Wurtz has written, in reference to the periodic law, that ‘ it is a circumstance worthy of remark that such varied and unexpected develop- ments arise from the simple idea of arranging bodies according to the increasing value of their atomic weights. Having thus set forth the author’s views, we leave our readers to purchase the book and judge for themselves, because we feel certain that their verdict will support Mr. Newlands in his claim for priority. NEW COMMERCIAL PLANTS AND DRUGS, No. 7.By Th08. Christy, F.L.X., F,S.C.L, etc., pries 2s. MR. T. CHRISTY’S publication is, as usual, full of interesting facts and information about tropical plants. The present number contains articles on pepper and nutmeg cultivation, and on Liberian coffee ; space is also devoted to the consideration of new drugs; these are interesting to the public analyst, as a better acquaintance with the modes of cultivation and preparation of articles of food grown in the tropics may enable him to form an opinion as to the quality of the articles as met with here, and the likelihood of their being adulterated when viewed from a commercial standpoint, thus in one case a planter acknodedges that he sends his Liberian coffee over as Java, although the treatment of the berries produced by the Coffea Liberioa, resembles that of cocoa rather than coffee.Much useful and general information will be found about fibres, and a drawing and description of Nr. H. C. Smith’s machine for extractingfibre from the Rhea and other plants. Altogether “ Commercial Plants and Drugs ’’ is a valuable publication, not so much for the detailed information a8 to processes, as for the general remarks on the properties of the plants dealt with, made by planters and others engaged directly in their production and cultivation. This simple idea was a most important one.’ ”THE ANALYST. 47 THE TESTING OF PETROLEUM IN INDIA. ABOUT eighteen months ago attention was directed to the subject of the testing of petroleum in India, in conmquence of the detention by the Calcutta authorities of several cargoes of petroleum oil which were stated to be covered by ceidificates obtained before sxpment in the United 6tates, showing the flashing point of the oil to be not below the Indian legal standard.The matter was referred by the Indian Office to Sir Frederick Abel and Hr. Boverton Redwood, and the latter proceeded to Calcutta to test the oil. Eventually the cargoes mere passed, but the detention having .shown the insufficiency of the directions for testing prescribed by the Indian Petroleum Act, an inquiry was ordered. AR iuvestigation has accordingly been conducted by Sir F. Abel, Mi-. Redwood, Surgeon-Major Lyon, of Bombay, and a committee sitting in Calcutta. The results arrived at, and the conclusions of the Governor-General in Council, are embodied in an official resolution, which has recently been published in the Gazette of India.It has been decided that an amendment of the lam shall take place, and, with a view thereto, the Board of Analysts at Calcutta, and Surgeon-bdajor Lyon, of Bombay, are fo prepare fresh instructions for the use of the Abel system of testing in India. These instructions are to be based upon the recommendations contained in the joint niemorandum of Sir F. Abel and Messrs. Redwood and Lyon, and are to include a provision for correcting the results for barometiic pressure. Moreover, a stricter definition of the length of time occupied in the application of a test-flame is to be given, the Indian Government considering the memorandum in question incomplete in this particular, since it points out the necessity for such stricter definition, but doesnot specify the manner in which it is to be provided. The Governor-General has also considered Sir F.ALel's proposal to raise the test standard from 73O to 78' Fahr: (in which Mr. Redwood did not concur), and has decided against any change. Inasmuch as it has been found that, evea with the adoption of the proposed precautions, the Abel test mill still be liable, in some cases, to show a depression of the flashing-point to the extent of 3O Fahr. in a tropical as compared with a temperate climate, it was suggested that a margin ofavariation to that extent might be allowed ia the case of oil covered by an American certificate of 7 3 O or over. The Governor-General, however, declines to accede t o the suggostion, and accordingly announces that the trade must make arrangement8 to provide for this contingency-presumably by imporbing oil of 7S0 (Abel) flashing- point. Irz regard to the testing and passing of cargoes, animportant concession is, however, made, for it is proposed to provide by law that in cases where none of the samples tested of a given parcel show a flashing-point below 7O0 Fahr. the whole parcel may be passed, provided that the numerical average of the tests of all the samples i~l not below 73'. If, however, any one of the samples flashes below 70°, then the parcel is to be rejected, notwithstanding that the average may be not below 73O. Moreover, in the testing of each individual sample the analyst is to be empowered to certify a flashing- point deduced from several experiments, by striking an average, or othermim.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900045

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

48 THE ANALYST. C 0 R .B A'S P ONB EN (73. rrhe Edibss am not responsible for the opinions of their Uorrespondeuts.] ..-- ~ - - --.I_..--..--.--- I_ To TXE EDITOR OF (( THE ANALYST." Sxa,-The following are the results of analyses of two samples of milk made by myaelf and by Profesaor Redwood. My own analyses wese made upon the milk in its fresh condition, and Professor Redwood examined the milks after they had been kept in bottles for 1s days. As the m i l k s were collected in the same town, namely, Aldemhot, and on the same day, I have no doubt, seeing that their compobitiou is praotically identical, that they are from the sitme dairy, although purchased of different vendors. Redwood. Sp. gr. *, sour Total solids , , 11.3 , , Fat . . . . 1-8 .. Solidsiiot fat ,. 9*5 ,, Ash ..Not taken. .. - -- Ccrtijcd skitmtccl. sp. gr. ,. I , Sour. Total Solids ,, 11'61 ,. I!'& . . . . 2*OG .. Sdidsnot fat ., 8.65 ,. Asli .. Not taken. .. CkrtilFed .qcmim. -- -- No. 1. ? * .. .. .. a . .. .. I . No 2. .. .. a . I . .. . I .. .. .. 11a38 .. 3.17 In my opinion, these fibres of Professor Redwood's clearly show the absolute uureliability of analytical rcsults obtained from ilecomposcd milk, and should scrve as I warming against giving a decided opinion in such cases. Yoiirt, obediently, ARTHUR ANGELL, Ph.l)., 3.C.S. -_-_ _._____- To THE EDITOR ov (' THE ANALYST." SIR,-I herewith send you a newspaper clipping shewing you the very unexpeoted results of om of our late trials in a suburban distlict of this city. In the central municipal, and all other district courts, however, conviction has followed each prosecution.Chief Justice Pemerton, of the central court, has upheld my proposed standard for cider vinegar, which you published in your reprint of my vinegar report, in your June, 1883, number-an acidity equivalent to the presence of not less than 6 per cent. by weight of acetio acid, and a fixed residue of not less than 1-5 per cent., at 212 degrees F., as this will allow of an average watering of 20 per cent. of the straight whole cider vinegar, as I have found it ; this surely is not drawing the lino too high. I hope a near number of your journal will con- taiu the explanation about the sp. gr. of thc Boston milk, which I asked Prof. J. F. Babcock, who made them, to send you. Yours sespectfully, B.F. DAVENPORT, Boston, Mass, Feb, 7th, 1884. State Analyst of Dimgs. [The following is the cutting referred to by OUY correspondent, and is taken from the Boston Jou~iial of Saturday, January 26th, 1884.--" GUILTY KNOWLEDW XUST BE PmvEx.-In the Somerville District Court, this morning, there was a healing before Judge Story, on a complaint charging Amos Haynes, of 4, Chatham Street, Boston, with selling vinegar which hail been adulterated with water. The case was brought in Somerville becausc the defendant's factory is situated there, and the particular sale upon which the case sestcd was made in that place. The adulteration was shown by the evidence of experts, but the defendant was discharged, the Judge stating that in all such cases he would require guilty knowledge to be proven. Dr. B. F. Dwenport, Inspcctor of Vinegar, strttcs that the Isw undcr which thcsc prosecutions are made docs not rcqnire such proof, and that under such a i*uling uo conviction call cvcr be ~ccurcd,"-Eu., TXIE AXALYST,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900048

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 49 LAW 133PORTS. CONDEXSED MILK.--At the Liveiyool Police-court on Wedriesday, 30th January, M1*. Thomas &ith, grocer, 77, Brunswick-road, Liverpool, was summoned for having sold a tin of condensed milk not of the nature and quality demanded. Mi*. Marks, for the prosecution, stated that the only p e o f i a ~ t y about the case was that it was the fir& aumrnons issued relating t o this particular d c l e . A ti^ of condensed milk w a ~ obtained in the usual way, R sample of which was sent to Dr. Oampbell Brown for analysis, who reported that the cream had been removed from the milk before it was condensed, and that the value of the sample was less than half the value af ordinarg condensed milk made from genuine milk. The tin was covered by a labelirpon which was the following :-‘l Guaranteed to be pure cows’ inilk from one of the iichest pasture vales in England, and is highly recommended for invalids and infant$ diet, aa being more wholesome and nutritious than fresh cow’s milk, and especially milk from caws fed in shippons in large towns.This milk is the richest and best, the water having been abstracted and pure loaf sugaradded.” Evidence was then given by Inspector Baker, who proved having purchased two tins of condensed milk from defendant on the 2nd ult., samples of which were sent to the public analyst. Defendant’s assistant told witness that the condensed milk was the best, and was specially made for them. Mr. Segar, barrister, for the defence, said defendant had no personal knowledge of the quality of the milk, but upon the strength of the label sent him by the manufacturers, he placed upon the tin the guarantee referred to.The milk did not contain all the fats to be found in pure milk, but that was held by medioal men to be more beneficial for invalids and infants. He con- tended that condensedmilk waa asked for, and it was supplied, and that there were several kinds of condensed milk man\zfactured.-Mi. Marks said that Mr. Segar could not, however, go beyond the ccrtificato of Dr. Campbell Brown, which stated that the milk in question was only half the value of ordinary condenecd milk. Mr. Raflles, the magistrate, remarked that the difficulty which appearcd to him was that there were scveral kind6 of condensed nzilk, and he certainly should impose n penalty ; but if Mr.Scgar wishoil to take a case upon the difficult point he could do ao. Defendant was fined 20s. and costs, CONDENSED MILK.-MI*. Janiev Lees, grocer, 12, Elliot Street, Liverpool, was summoned on Wednesday, at the instance of the sanitary authorities, for selling adulterated condensed milk. Mr. Barber prosecuted, and MI*. Broadbridge appeared for the defendant. The milk was bought on the 9th ult., and on being analysed it W R ~ found that all the cream had been abstracted before it had been condensed. ‘fie case was similm to the one brought before the court a week ago, and as the milk had been brought before that conviction Mr. RaHes mid he would only inflict a fine of 20s. and costs. Mr. Broadbridge stated that the company which had manufactured the article had issued notices withdrawing all their condensed milk from tho market, in order that fresh labels might be put on the tins.Other grocers were fined for similm offences, CONDXNSED MiLsc.-At Liverpool Police Court, Mr. Charles Lancaeter, grocer, 139, Kirkdule ICoad, Liverpool, wag summoned for aelling 8 tiu of condensed milk, knowu as “ Italian Cirio” brand, which had been deprived of half ita cream before being condensed. A similar fine was imposed on Mr. Thos. Dunbar, grocer, Stanley Road, Liverpool, for selling a can of Condensed milk deprived of the whole of its cream before being condensed. The brand is known its ‘‘ Hooker’s Cream Milk.” CEEAP JAx.-At the Sittingboumo Petty Sessions, on Nonday, bef0r.e F. Locke, -Esq. (chairman), and Major Moore, Mr.George Mallett, grocer, Station Street, Sittingbourne, was summoned under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, for having sold as plum-jam a certain compound, to wit, plum and apple jam, on January 29th. George Coekburn Barringer, one of the constables stationed in Sittingbourne, stated that on the day named, he went to the defendant’s &op and a&ed for a bottle of ‘‘ Steer’s plum-jam.” He was 8ei-i-ed with it, and he afterwards told defendant he would take two more. We paid him 38, for the three, and then handed them to Supeiin- tendent Mayne, who had just come in. Witness told defendant that he had bought the bottles of jam for the purpose of analysis by Dr. Adams, the county analyst. Superintendent Mayne stated that on January 29th, he received three Eottles of jam from tho last witnes8, one of which he now produced.It was labelled He left one bottle with defendant, retained the one which he produced, and hnnded the other to Dr. Adams, the county analyst, at Naidstone, on the following day. Hc had ctince receivcd the certificatp produced from Dr. Adams, which certified that the plum- jam ” cuntaincd 25 per ccnt, of apple. Mr. Strouts then addressed the Bench for the defence, and contended t,h:~t, nH the purchaser aslied for ( ( Stccr’s plun~-jam,” aid wa8 served with ‘ I Steer’s plum-jam,” there A fine of 20s. and costs were imposed. Mr. Strouts appeared for the defendant. Steer’s genuine plum-jam.”5 0 THE ANALYST. ~~ ~- could be no conviction. The Magistrates’ Clerk (Mr. Tassell) : Then, according to your argment, it would not have mattered if it had been all apple ? Mi..Strouts : It was ‘* Steer’s plum-jam.” The Chairman: No ; it was plum and apple. Nr. Strouts (continuing), went on to say that his client never interfered with the jam in any way ; he bought part of a bankrupt’s stock at the beginnkg of tho present year, and he sold the jam exactly as he received it. H e produced the invoice which accompanied the jam. He contended that the Sale of Food and DmgR Act was never intended to apply to a oase like this, but was intended to deal with cases where there had been adulteration by deleterious and injurious coinpounds. In this case the jam eontained nothing injurious to health. He invited the magistrates to faste the sample in court. The chairman said it was not a question of whether it waB in- juriouR to health.The infoimation was laid-under another section, which he read. The question waN whether the defendant sold plum-jam in accordauce with the demand of the purchaser, or whether he sold a compound. Mr. Strouts said he still maintained that ‘( Steer’s plum-jam ” was supplied. He aupposed the purchase was made by the police because it was known that it had been a bad plum year, and tliere had been scarcely any plums at al1;rtnd that real plum-jam could not be supplied at 4d. per p o d . There had been no fraud shown, nor anything to the detriment of the public or the prejudice of the purchaser, and therefore he asked the Bench to dismiss the case. Besides, even if there had been a technical infringement of the Act, he contended that under Section 25, the defendant was not liabIe, bocauso he was protected by a warranty (produced) from the person from whom he purohased the jam.In reply to the Bench, Superintendent Mayne said this was the first time defendant had been summoned under this Act. Other goods purchased of Mi-. Mallett were found on analysis to be perfectly pure. The Chairman said the magistrates were clearly of opinion that the defendant was liable, and he would bc fined ~ O S . , and 10s. costs. The maximum penalty was $20. The Chairman also intimated that it warJ a question for the defendant to consider whether he had any remedy against the wholesale merchant. The money was at once paid. It transpired during the hearing of the case that several tons of jam imnufactured by Steer, of Maidutone, and labelled precisely in the same manner as were the bottles sold by Mr.Mallett, are held at the present time by tradesmen in Sittingbourne and Milton. REFUSIXG TO SERVE.-AXTJSING CASE,-& the Reailing Borough Bench yederday, before C. Sinith, Esq. (in the chair), and J. fiimonils, Esq., MI*. John Simmonds, landlord of the Little Crown, Southampton Street, was siunmoned for refusing to sell a quantity of gin to Mr. W. H. Roberton, tho duly appointed Inspector of Nuisances, whose duty it also is to obtaiu samples for analysis under the Food and Drugs Act. Mr. Roberton stated that on the 28th of December he went to the defendant’s house and purchased 4d. of gin, which was served him by Nr. Simmonde, he (defendant) placing it in a bottle he handed him.Witness told him he wanted the gin for analysis, and offered to divide it with him. Defendant said he did not under- stand it, and witness repeated the words, and also told him that if he (defendant) doubted the analysis of tho public analyst, the portion he kept, and that he (witness) kept, mould be sent to London. Defendant then add “You have bought it, it is yours.” Witness said “Then you don’t want it divided ? ” Witness then took a label from his pocket, and wrote the name of the landlord and the homo on it. Witness put the bottle on the counter, and Mr. Simmonds left the room, but beturned with Mrs. Simmonds, who took up the bottle and read the label. She said to Mr. Simmonds What is this ? ” and defendant replied ‘‘ I don’t know, but this man is going to do something with the gin.’’ Mrs.Simmonds looked in his bag and said he had not been to any other houses, and what business had be there, adding ‘( You shan’t have the gin.” She had the bottle in her hand, md witness said “Don’t do that, or yoit’ll be breaking tho law.” Mr. Simmonds then asked him what authority he had, adding If you had come in like a man, and told me who you were, and not in this sneaking manner, you would have had tshe gin.” Witness wked him soveral time8 for the gin, but he refused. Witness told him that if he did not give’him the gin, he should call in 8 policeman, but defendant said he could call in whom he liked, he would have no gin there. Witness told 2 h he was appointed by the Sanitary Authority to get samples. Mrs.Simmonds emptied tlie bottle into a glass. Witness called in a policeman.-Cross- examined ; After the gin was emptied out he asked for the gin again. Mrs. Simmonds washed the label off the bottle, handed it back to him, and threw down the fourpence, saying ‘‘ You’ll have no gin here.’’ He was positive he a d d for the gin in the presence of the policeman.-P.C. Jordan corrobo- rated Mr. Roberton as to his asking for the gin, and Mr. and Mrs. Simmonds refusing.-Xi*. Creed, in defence, argued that no offence had been committed. There was a complete sale of the gin, and if any offence had been committed, it was by Nrs. Simmonds, who took unlawful possession of it. If the magistrates were against him, he hoped they would inflict a small penalty.-The Bench said they must convict, but as this was the first offence of the kind that had uomo before tho Reading magietratea they would infiict the nominal pcndty of 10~.and 9s. GcZ. costs. Mr. Simtnoude hid i*cnclercd liimuclf liitblc to ;t fiuc of X1(),--htdiuy O ~ S ~ ) * W I ~ , !hid k’l.L1*11t~y, 1884.51 -- THE ANALYST. --..- - “-- - --_-_--_---_I_I CORK POLIUE 0FFIuE.-(Before Dr. Wycherley, Nessrs. A. M. Mitchell, R.M., and James Ogilvie). Mr. Deyos appeared on behalf of the Corporation to prosecute several persons under the Adultemtion of Food Act (38 and 39 Vict.) for selling adulterated coffee. The first case was against Mr. George O’Brien, 123, Shandon Street, for selling c3ffee adulterated with 37 per cent. chicory. Mr. Deyos produced the certificate from Mr.Burrell, the analyst, stating that the coffee contained 37 per cent. of chicory and other foreign matter, The defendant said he had two assistants in his shop, one of whom attended to the grocery department on this particular day, and having no knowledge of what she was doing, sold the coffee without affixing the label. He always cautioned the young man who attended to write on the paper that it was a mixture. Their Worships decided, on account of the extenuating circumstances, to fine the defendant 2s. 6d., and $1 costa, Mr. Deyos pressecl fQr a larger penalty, but the Courf declined to increase it, The next case was against Nrs. Leslie, 94, Lower Cltmmire Road, for selling coffee adulterated with 50 per cent. of chicory and foreign matter. Mr. A. Julian appeared for the defendant and said that Xrs.Leslie’s establishment till recently had been managed by a son of her’s. The son had ceased to have any connection with the establishment, and Mrs. Leslie was ~ t 6 k old bedridden woman. On the occasion of the visit of the Sanitary Officer there mas no one in the.shop but a little girl. Unless pure coffee was asked for, it was quite common foi shopkeepers to give this mixture, us the small vendors did not mix the coffee, it was supplied to them in this mixed state. He felt certain the Bench were satisfied that there was no intention on the part of Mrs. Leslie to defraud. %r. Deyos, for the Corporation, said he would leave the case in the hands of the Bench, and the course adopted by Mr. Julian would, no doubt, mitigate the offence.He should, however, state that on the day this sample and that from Mr. O’Brien’s were taken, others were also psocured ; but none of these were adulterated. Mr. Ogilvie said that from the first, the Bonch were convinced that there was no intention to defraud in either case. In the last case, in inflicting a fine of 2s. Gd., mid costs, the Bench thought they were satisfying justice. They would impose the same penalty in the other caues. It was not, however, fair to state that coffee and chicory were sold to the small dealers for pure coffee, becauEce it was bought from wholesale dealers in tins, each tin stating that it was a mixture if such was tlic case. ( ( PURE DUTCH Bumm,”-Henry Nicholson, grocer, c_Ctm.Ying’ on business in Manchester Road, was charged with an offence against the Food and ?rugs Ac!.Nr. W. T. McGowen (Town Clerk) proaecuted, and Mr. C. L. Atkinson defended. The Tom Clerk stated that the case had been previously before the Court, when it was adjourned to enable Mr. Atkinmn, on behalf of the defendant, to have the article in respect to which the summons was issued analysed by the Government officials at Somerset House. A sample was aocordingly submitted for analysis, and the report was now before the Court. ‘Mi.. Mossman (Magistrates’ Clerk) read the report, which was signed by Dr. J. Bell, Dr. R. Bannister, and Dr. G. Lewin, certifying that these gentlemen, having aualysed the sample, found the result to be i s follows :--“Water 13.00 per cent.; curd, 1.81 per cent, ; salt, 1.71 per cent.: fat, 83.48 per cent.’, ‘(From a consideration of the results obtained from a full analysis of the fat,” the analysts added, (‘ me are of opinion that the sample is made up almost exclusively of fat which is not that of butter, and which has apparently been worked up with a little milk.” Mr. Atkinson said he should plead guilty to the charge. The analysis received was asked for by his client, and, unfortunately for him, it agreed with the analysis of the local analyst. The Town Clerk : Yes, that is a case of butter without a particle of butter. Mr. Atkinson : The fat has not been found to be of abuttery nature. For thedefence Mr. Atkinson said the defendant was perfectly ignorant that an offence had been committed ; he was, in fact, quite taken aback when he was told that (‘ the butter had been analysed and was found to be butterine.” He had never caused bntter to be analysed, and ‘was perfectly ignorant of what butter was except from its appearance.The article in question was purchased from a respectable dealer in the town, the cask being branded 6‘ Pure Dutch Butter,” and the defendant paid ‘( pure butter ” price for it. The price was ii4d. per pound, the article being retailed at 18. He (Mr. Atkinaon) therefore contended that the defendant had not any intention of defrauding the public; and asked the Bench to take this fact into consideration in regard to tho penalty imposed. The defendant was called and produced an invoice showing that the article was sold to hini as ‘( Pure Dutch Bukter.” The Town Clerk raised an objec- tion, and said the invoice was not A warranty.Mr. Tankard: It is utterly impossible for butter sold at is. per pound to be pure. No butter dealer should ticket an article at that price as butter. YOU can’t get pure butter for 1s. per pound, Mr. Atkinson ; I beg to differ from your Worships. I h o w we can. The Bench imposed a penalty of $5, including costs.52 THE ANAliYST. AT the Manchester City Police Court, William Chadwick, farmer, Donnockshaw Farin, near BunIey- was charged with supplying milk to John Mayall, of Manchester, retailer, showing by analysis 32 per cent. of fat abstracted. Inspector Edward had taken samples from two churns at Victoria Station on January 15th. One was cold, or evening’s milk, and this showed the 38 per. cent. of fat abstraction ; the other was warm, or moiming’s milk, and though it passed the standard of the Society of Public Analysts, it Bhowed 6 per cent.of water added when compared with a, sample taken from defendant’R fifteen cows at the farm by Edward subsequently. Defendant was fined $10 and costs. Ar a Summary Court, Glasgow, on Wednesday, before Sheriff Bdfour, MY. David Wingate, provision dealer, 2, Kirk Street, Cdton, Glasgow, was charged at the instance of the sanitary inspector with having on Jnnuary 9th last sold to two of his officers 1 Ib. weight of butter, which on analysis waB found to contain 9 per cent. of fat other than butter fat ; and he was, after lengthened evidence for the defence, convicted, and fined in the sum of $3. S h e s Bdfour, in his deliverance, pointed out that the prosecu- tion had very clearly shown in their evidence that butterine was furnished to thein for pure butter, which was asked for ; and he emphatically laid down for the guidance of all dealers in butter that when but- terine is exposed for sale the butter memhant should see that it be not only conspicuously labelled but- terine on the butts in which it is contained, but also on the paper wrapper covering.Mr. Ross, of Patterson and Ross, acted for the proseoution : and Mr. Borland, of Messrs. Borlnnd, King) and SLam, for the defence. FOOD ANALYSIB. AXALYSIS OF Foon.-The BIanche&r and Salford Sanitary Association has-e prepared Q memorial for presentation to the Clorporation of Manchester, in which they state that in 1879 they approaohed the Corporation through the Analyst Sub-Committee by a deputation whicli sought a reduction of the charges to citizens for analyses, with a, view to inducing the public to reRort more generally to this method of securing pure supplies of food, &c.The Nuisance Committee have as yet been unable to see their way to make any alteration in the system under which analyses are conducted, The memorialists submit that the present plan of affording facilities for analysis at small fees through the agenoy of the inspectors under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act only, is calculated to benefit the co~nmunity to it very limited degree as compared with a system of allowing citizena to employ the analyst direct at small fees, to certify as to. ttlie purity or otheiwise of articles of food or of domestic use suspected of adulteration 01% poisoning. They are of opinion that it is not only desirable in the interests of the public health, but a8 becoming the position of Manchcster, that the city should possess a laboratory of its own, and that the whole time of the analyst, or at least that of one of his qualified assistants, should bc occupied thereat. They ask the Corporation to take steps to proyide a city laboratory, of which the public might avail themselvees at the lowest possible fees. -- - RECENT C!REMICAL PATENTIS. The following specifications lrave been recently published, and c m be obtained from the Great Seal Offic~, Cursitor Btreet, Chancery Lnae, London. KO. Name of Patentee. Title of Patent. Price 1217 J. F. Schnell, A. Haywood, Jun., d- W. Darbyshire Production of Gas, for Illuminating and other pui’poues, from Hydrocarbons, Lc. . , . . . . , , , , 2d, 1296 ,4. S. Brindley &J. Worsnop Apparatus for use in Crushing Sugar-canes, BC. , , , , Gd. 1323 TV. W. Box & G. Waller . . Apparatus used in the Purification of Gas , . , , . , 8 ~ .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8840900049

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

BOOKS, kc., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist ; The Brewers’ Guardian ; The British Medionl Jouimal ; The Pliaima- ceu&d Journal ; The Sanitary Record; The Miller; The Provisioner; The Practitioner; New Remedies ; proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; The Inventord Record ; New York Public Health : The Scienac American ; Society of Arts Journal ; ,Sanitary Engineer of New York ; Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal ; Sugar Cane ; Country Brewers’ Gazette ; The Nedical Record ; The Grocers’ Gazette ; London Water Supply, by Crookes, Odling and Tidy : Chemical Review ; Independent Oil and Drug Journal and Paint Review ; Soience Monthly ; Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry ; New Commercial Plants and Drugs, by T. Christy ; The Periodic Law, by John A. R. hrewlande ; Theoretical Cherniatry, br Ira D. Remuen.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN884090052b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1884

数据来源: RSC