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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 10, No. 138 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 10,
Issue 138,
1894,
Page 99-110
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摘要:
Issued 16/5/ 1894. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. No. 138. Session 1893-94. May 3rd, 1894. Dr. Armstrong, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Messrs. R. L. Jenks and John McKillop were formally admitted Fellows of the Society. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs. Arthur Hadley, 226, Monument Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham ; G. L. Parker, The Paddocks, Eccleston, Chester ; John F. Rolfe, Home- wood, Leytonstone, Essex ; Herbert John Taylor, Fern Villa, 33, Rus-sell Street, Eccles, near Manchester ; Charles H. H. Walker, Prospect Place, Cainscross Road, Stroud. The following mere elected Fellows of the Society:-F. E. Alhusen, Joseph Beynon Ashcroft, Samuel Bernard Asher-Aron, Charles Henry Ashdown, Harry Bowes, Robert William Buttemer, Thomas Chambers, George Hugh Gabb, Arthur Robert Golden, Oswald Ernest William Hewitt, Charles T.W. Hirsch, Edwin James Jackman, Alex. Mitchell Kellas, William Albert Knight, John Abra- ham Kelly, James Mansell, Charles McMullan, Matthew A. Parker, Thomas John Roberts, Fredk. Wallis Stoddart, James Swinburne, Edwin Terry, Henry L. Wheeler. Of the following papers those marked * were read:- #ll,“ The structure and chemistry of the cyanogen ffame.” ByArthur Smithells, B,Sc., and Frankland Dent, B.Sc. The flame of cyanogen burning in air consists of two distinct regions-an inner cone of a bright peach-blossom tint and an in- vesting mantle whose colour shades off from a deep blue to greenish- PYA 100 The authors have endeavoured to ascertain the chemical changes that occur in different parts of the flame by the means employed by Smithells and Ingle for the flames of hydrocarbons (Trans., 1892, 204).When cyanogen is burnt in the cone-separating apparatus and sufficient air is added, a separation takes place corresponding in colour to the two-coned structure of the original flame. A slight increase in the supply of air causes the inner cone to become bluer and the outer cone greener, whilst a further increase extinguishes the outer cone. The authors have made a series of analyses of the interconal gases produced in the flame under varying conditions. These analyses show-(i.) The separation of the cones of a cyanogen flame is possi-ble in the apparatus used when the ratio of air to cyanogen is 3.3 : 1 (Le., about one-third of the amount necessary for complete combus- tion), and the cones remain intact until the air supply is increased to twice this amount.After this the interconal gases become so diluted with carbon dioxide and nitrogen that they can no longer burn in a second cone. (ii.) When cyanogen is burning in the apparatus with the addition of the minimum quantity of air neces-sary for the separation of the cones, carbon monoxide is practically the only oxidation product. (iii.) A small quantity of carbon di- oxide is formed in the interconal gases. As the air supply is in- creased the quantity of carbon dioxide increases until it amounts to about half the volume of the accompanying carbon monoxide.(iv.) The interconal gases contain unburlit cyanogen amounting in the case of the minimum air supply to 7$ per cent., and diminishing in quantity to nil as the air supply is increased. (v.) Small and variabie quantities of oxides of nitrogen are obtained in the inter- tonal gases. (vi.) A variation in the dimensions of the apparatus makes no important difference in the results. The authors consider thak their results are in accordance with Dixon’s as to the rate of explosion of cyanogen, which showed that the highest rate corresponds with oxidation of the carbon to carbon monoxide. They conclude that the inner cone of the ordi- nary cyanogen flame is determined by the formation of carbon mon- oxide, and the outer one by the combustion of the carbon monoxide.The outer cone of a cyanogen flame is not suppressed even when the cyanogen and air have been carefully dried, and this might seem to conflict with the view that it is due to the combustion of carbon monoxide. The authors, however, have shown that the outer cone can be extinguished by drying the gases, provided that it is not too Ileal- the inner cone. As it is brought nearer to the inner cone, a point is reached where the temperature of the carbon monoxide is 101 sufficient to ensure its combustion in spite of the dryness of the gases. These results are in harmony with Dixon’s observations. The authors have not found any evidence of the direct combustion of the nitrogen of cyanogen within the flame ; their observations go rather to show that oxides of nitrogen are formed on the exterior where they produce a characteristic, greenish tinge.*12, “The results of measurements of the freezing points of dilute solutions.” By Harry C. Jones. This is a reply to Pickering’s recent criticisms (Trans., 51, 293) of the author’s work. When the results of Pickering, Loomis, Raoult and the author on the freezing points of dilute cane sugar solutions are compared, differences are seen to exist which at present are inex- plicable. It,may be possible that the different workers have measured slightly different points of equilibrium, Notwithstan ding snch dif- ferences, Pickering states that when Raoult’s, Loomis’s and his own results are plotted as curves they “ form figures almost identical.” Pickering’s method of manipulating results in his curves, which consisted in subtracting a, constant multiple of the strength fi-om the depressions, and plotdting the number thus obtained (D -xm) against the strengths (m),instead of plotting the depressions directly, involves the following errors.I. It changes the relations between the freezing point lowerings found experimentally, without changing the relations between the concentrations. 11. It magnifies all errors; and 111. It magnifies them differently in different parts of the curves. The true curves for sulphuric and phosphoric acids were drawn and compared with Pickering’s curves from the same results, illus- trating the manner in which Pickering obtains the “breaks.” The curves which Pickering drew from the author’s results by his method involving the above-mentioned errors mere shown, by comparison with the true curves, to bear no direct relation to the results.The tables which Pickering prepared from the results of others in order to throw doubt on the correctness of the author’s results would equally justify exactly the opposite conclusion, if he had dealt with actual instead of manipulated differences. Mr. PEKERINGsaid that all Mr. Jones’s arguments were beside the point, for the comparison which he had made of Mr Jones’s 102 results with those of other observers were made by calculation from tho unaltered experimental values without the use of any plottings whatever (Trans., p.303, line 32, et sep.). Nor were Mr. Jones's arguments valid even against those diagrams, the peculiarities of which led him to make this comparison. His first argument was founded on a fundamental misconception of an elementary fact in geometry-- the fact that an alteration in the ratios of the ordinates does not necessarily involve an alteration in the nature of a curve-and the other two were due to a thorough confusion between actual and percentage errors, and between the operations of subtraction and multiplication. The experimental error, being an inseparable portion of the experimentally observed depressions, the former cannot become multiplied unless the depressions themselves are multiplied also, but D -xrn represents an operation of subtraction from, and not multi- plication of, the depressions (D).An error of a given magnitude is represented by a definite space uniformly throughout the D -xm figures, just as much as it is in the direct plottings of D. The proof that the subtraction of xm does not alter the nature of the curve is perfectly simple. If the depressions are proportional to the strength of the solutions (m),we shall have D = xm in the direct plotting, and D' = (a + x)m in the other, both of which represent straight lines : if the depressions are not proportional to the strength, then the plottings will form a curve ; but the nature of a curve at any point, rn2, depends on whether the ordinate at that point is greater or less than the mean of two ordinates at points nz, and m3, equidistant on either side of it, Le., whether BB'zi(AA' + CC') ; in the curve obtained by plotting the values D -xm, the nature of the curvature will depend on whether BB' -xm2 < '&(AA' -sml + CC' -xm,), but since m2 = +(ml + m3), this expression is identical with the former ; any breaks, waviness, or other siugulari- ties which exist in the one figure must necessarily exist in the other, Since the D -xm figures show waviness, it is certain, therefore, that the direct plottings of D must show waviness also, and even on the very restricted scale of the accompanying diagram this waviness is clearly visible.Straight lines have been drawn against the figures to assist the eye in judging their form: with a similar assistance, the waviness of MI-.Jones's results may ea-sily be seen in the draw-ings of them which he has given in the Phil. Mug., Dec., 1893. Their waviness can be proved equally well without the use of any diagram: it is only necessary to compare his valuea with those calculated for a properly-selected straight line, and it will be found that they cut this line at three points, and therefore must form a PlCKERlNC Dep. OBSERVED DEPRESSIONS PLOTTED AGAINST STRENGTH. 0 .OSMoLs. f& .?Lh ./5 yank ou*-&.-.* 103 wavy figure. The line x = 0.195m is a convenient one to take for Mr. Jones's results with cane sugar, the waviness of which will then be found to depend on differences (errors) of as much as 0.015".The values shown by Mr. Jones for portions of the results obtained by different workers with cane sugar are sufficient to indicate the discrepancy between his results and theirs, for whereas an accurnu- lated error of 0.0019" or 0.0016' would reduce to rectilinarity this part of the results of Pickering, Loomis, and Raoult, it would require errors of 0.006" to obliterate the curvatnre of Mr. Jones's results. But the exceptional character of the Tatter can be satisfactorily seen only by comparing the whole series at our disposal ; this has been done roughly in the last four figures of t,he accompanying diagram. Dr. JAMES WALKERsaid that he understood Mr. Jones to take objection not to Mr. Pickering's observation that his curves possessed a wavy character, but merely to the distortion of these curves which resulted from the method of treatment adopted by Mr. Pickering in his diagrams.If the depressions of freezing point had been strictly proportional to the concentrations instead of only roughly so, then, of course, no distortion would have resulted. Mr. E. H. HAYESexplained from the mathematical standpoint, the precise relation between the figures obtained by t,he ordinary plotting preferred by Mr. Jones, and by the modified plottjng which was necessarily adopted by Mr. Pickering in order to make the experi- mental error and the irregularities of the ''lowering " easily visible on a diagrmn of moderate size. Whichever plotting was used, a temperature error of given magni- tude was represeuted by the same length, whatever the strength of the solution might be.Taking an ordinary plotting, and drawing a straight line through the origin, the ordinates (D-mz) of the modi-fied plotting were simply the difference between the ordinates (D) of the ordinary plotting and those of the straight line (xm) at the same strengths. (Mr. Pickering had, of course, obtained the values of D -xm by calculation and not by measurement.) If the two plot- tings were drawn together on the same scale, and the plane of oue of them turned round the temperature axis through any angle, the lines joining corresponding points on the two curves were all parallel, that is to say, either curve was the projection, or, in more popular language, the shadow of the other, a simple mathematical fact which absolutely annihilated the claim of Mr.Jones that the irregularities discovered by Mr. Pickering were introduced by his method of plot-ting, and that the curves obtained by the latter bore no direct relation to the experimental results. Su ordinary plotting, if mathematically correct, would of necessity contain any such singu- larity as a waviness or a break if such appeared in the modified 104 plotting, although the steep slope of the curve in the former, and its far greater lenqth would prevent them from being as coiispicuous. On an unmodified plotting on the same scale as Mr. Pickering’s pub-lished diagrams, the temperature ordinate for a lowering of 0.32” would have a length of about 10 in.If the observed lowering were strictly proportional to the stlrength, the experimental points in the ordinary diagram would lie, on the average, evenly aboiit a straight line, and, therefore, since the shadow of a straight line was a straight line, would lie evenly about a straight line in the modified diagram, from which it followed that the modified plottings ex-hibited by Mr. Jones proved conclusively either the existence of extremely serious errors, or that in the cases chosen for illustration, the lowering varied in n highly complex manner, the irregularities, though smail as compared with the total depression, being large as compared with the estimated experimental error.Ah. Jones had pointed out three details in which the modified plotting differed from the ordinary one. (1.) That it changed the relation between the lowerings and the strengths. (2.) That the experimental errors did not appear in their true re- lations to the lowerings. (3.) That the experimental error was not multiplied to the same extent at different strengths. Mr. Jones’s numerical illustrations, however, had clearly shown that in both (1)and (2)the word lowering was made to bear two different meanings-the actual lowering (D), and the (D -zm) of the modified plotting; and that in (3) the words “experimental error” did not mean the experimental temperature error (which would necessarily he represented on a constant scale for all strengths in the modified diagram) but a ratio which turned out to be simply D -xm : D7i.e.,the ratio of the ordinates of an ordinary and modified plotting drawn to the same scale.The numerical results obtained by Mr. Jones were simply a mathemat,ical consequence of the fact that in the imaginary case he took, the actual lowerings were not exactly proportional to the strengths, and the only legitimate conclusion to be drawn from them (except the obvious one that the two forms of plotting were not identical) was that the modified plotting was perfectly adapted to the use to which it had been put by Xr. Pickering, viz., to render slight irregularities, which could otherwise be only adequately re-vealed by a troublesome mathematical investigation, at once obvious to the unaided eye.105 @13. “The conditions in which carbon exists in steel.” By J. 0. Arnold and A. A. Read. The authors have carried out experiments on the condition in which carbon exists in ziorinal, annealed and hardened steels on a series of five steels containing 0.96, 0.57, 0.33, 0.16, and 0.06 per cent. of carbon respectively. The method they have used in their determinations is a modifica- tion of the process of Binks and Weyl, originally proposed for the estimation of carbon in iron. Two bars of polished steel of suitable size were suspended in separate beakers containing dilute hydrochloric acid (rel. dens. 1-02>, placed in the same circuit, and connected with the positive pole of a single Bunsen cell, the cathodes being plates of platinum placed in a flat porous cell.At the end of the time allowed for solution the carbide was collected on a smooth filter paper and washed with water, alcohol, and finally with ether. The residue was washed off the filter paper into a weighed boat, and then dried in a vacuum. The carbon was estimated by direct combustion, the residue after- wards being used for the estimation of the iron. From the results of a number of experiments the authors draw the following conclusions :-1. The existence is confirmed of a carbide of iron possessing the formula Fe&, originally discovered by Abel and Muller by indepen-dent methods. 2. The normal carbide exists in two different forms identical in chemical composition.(a)A diffused carbide is scattered in granules or very small plates throughout the iron in normal steel. When isolated it is a greyish- black powder. (b.) A crydtalline carbide, arranged in comparatively large dis- tinct plates in well-annealed steel; these plates are chiefly in the form of well-marked striae, and consist of pure Fe,C. They are identi- cal with the microscopical laminae of Sorby’s “ pearly ” constituent, and they may be isolated as bright silver plates. 3. The percentage of the total carbon obtained as carbide is greater in hard than in soft steels. In iron containing .. 0.1 per cent. ; 92 per cent. Loss 8 per cent. ?3 79 0’5 ,7 87 3) 2, 13 ,, 7, 79 0.25 ,, 74 ,, 9, 26 77 4. The above-mentioned loss does not appear to be due to decom-position, but rather to the presence of a readily decomposed sub-carbide of iron (containing less carbon than the normal compound) 106 existing to the extent of about 25 per cent. in mild steel, and capable of existing to the same amount in cold, hard steel after the latter has been heated for some time at a white heat,.5. The loss being practically the same in well-annealed steel as in the normal steel, it cannot be due, as supposed by Ledebur, to the presence of “hardening carbon.’’ 6. The carbon in hardened steel exists chiefly as an extremely attenuated carbide, or in solution, leaving on isolation a residue con- sisting mainly of “hydrate of carbon,” mixed to a slight extent with carbide of iron.Whether the large loss of carbon (about 50 per cent. of the total) occurring during the galvaiiic decomposition of the hardened steel is due to the presence of a large percentage of sub-carbide or to evolved hydrocarbons, formed by the action of nascent hydrogen on the finely-divided free carbon, there is no con-clusive evidence to show. The authors have also experimented on a steel containing 1.73 per cent. of manganese and *55per cent. of carbon, and find t,hnt a por-tion of the iron is replaced by manganese, the double carbide appar- ently having the formula Fe,DlnC,. DISCUSSION. Professor ROBERTS-AUSTENobserved that this was only a portion of a long series of experiments, many of which appeared to have been very carefully made.He regretted, however, to say that he entirely differed from the conclusions at which Mr. Arnold had arrived. He was not prepared to raise objections to the method employed, which, under the circumstances, was probably as good a3 any that could have been adopted; it was, moreover, a method which the speakers had himself used 30 years ago. He qulte believed in the existence of Abel’s carbide of iron, Fe,C, but he considered that the authors of the paper had not offered ally evidence which could be accepted in support of the presence in the steel of a new sub-carbide of iron. Without the exercise of the utmost care and absolute uniformity of conditions, nothing is easier than to lose carbon when steel is dis-solved by electrolytic action. Mr.BERTRAM said that he had had some experience in the RLOUKT use of the method described by the authors for isolating the carbon in steel, and had observed that the conditions of experiment had to be arranged in such a manner as to confine the reaction between certain limits. On the one hand an insufficiency of current permitted the escape of hydrogen (and therefore of hydrocarbons) due to the action of the acid on the iron per se, and on the other an excess of current might exert so strong an oxidising influence as not only to determine 107 the complete suppression of the hydrogen and oxidation of ferrous to ferric chloride, but also to attack the carbon or carbides, the isolation of which was sought. It followed that the range for safe working lay between the point at which all the iron was converted into ferrous chloride without evolution of hydrogen its a lower limit, and that at which all the ferrous chloride was converted into ferric chloride, as an upper limit.In conclusion he would plead for a more general observance of the necessity of stating the precise working conditions, e.g., voltage and current density, in describing electrolytic experi- ments, in order that any given experiment might be repeated at any time under conditions identical with those adopted by a previous observer. 14. I' The 'cis-' and 'trans-' m9dScation of tetramethylenedicarb-oxylic acid (1.2) and pentamethylenedicwboxylic acid (1.21."By W. H. Perkin, jun., F.R.S. The author has further investigated the tetrame thylenedicarboxylic acid (1-2) which had been previously obtained (Trans., 51, 23) by heating the disodinm derivative of ethylic butanetetracarboxylate, 2* CNwCH2*CH,*CNa(C00C2H5)2,(CO0C2H5) with bromine, hydrolysis of the product, and elimination of two molecules of carbon dioxide at 200".The acid (m. p. 138")thus obtained is the cis-modification, since when digested with acetyl chloride it yields an anhydride, C,H,O, (In. p. 75'1, which dissolves in water, regenerating the same acid. The trans-modification of te tramethylene d icarboxylic acid is ob-tained by heating the cis-acid with hydrochloric acid at 180"; it melts at 13G",and does not yield an anhydride when digested with acetyl chloride ; on distillation, however, it is partially converted into the anhydride of the cis-acid.Pentamethylenedicarboxylic acid (1-2) is obtained by an exactly similar series of reactions from ethylic pentanetetracarboxylate (Trans., 51, 244), but the acid (m. p. 160") produced in this case is the trans-modification. This, when heated with acetyl chloride at 140°, is decomposed, forming the anhydride of the cis-acid (m. p. 73"). Cis pentamet,hyl-enedicarboxglic acid is obtained from this anhydride by dissolving it in potash ; it melts at l4Oo,and is much more readily soluble in water than the trans-acid into which it is quantitatively converted by heat- ing with hydrochloric acid at 180'. Baeyer, in his remarkable paper on the hexahydrophthalic acids (Annaten,258,149, expresses the opinion that trans pentamethylene-dicarboxylic acid, like trans hexahydrophthalic acid, should yield an 108 anhydride of its own ; but so far the author has not been successful in preparing this substance.15. "Hexamethylenedibromide, Br.CH2.CH2.CH2.CH3.CHr.CH2Br." By E.Haworth and W.H. Perkin, jun., F.RS This substance may be obtained by the following series of re-action :-ChZoromethoxypropane,Cl(CH,),OCH,, is first prepared by heating ~hlorobromopropane, C1( CH2),Br, with sodium methoxide. It is a colourless oil, which boils at 119", and when acted on in benzene solution with potassium, is converted into a high boiling oil which apparently contains dimethoxyhexane, thus- 2C1m(CH,),OCH,q + KZ = CH,O*(CH2),OCH3 + i4KCI.From tlhis substance hexamethylene dibromide is obtained by the acOion of fuming aqueous hydrobromic acid at 150". It is a colourless oil, which boils at 137-140" (20 mm.). When a, solution of this dibromide in m-xylene is acted on with sodium, a hydrocarbon, C6HI2,is produced, which boils at 77-40", and is apparently identical with hexamethylene, which Baeyer (AnnaZen, 278, 111) obtained in the course of his researches on the reduction of benzene. Hexamethylenedibromide reacts readily with the sodium derivative of ethylic malonnte, sodium bromide being separated, and an oily pro- duct formed, which, when fractionated under reduced pressure, is separated into two fractions, boiling at 130--920" and 220-290". The lower fraction, on hydrolysis, yields an oily acid, from which, on distillation, a small quantity of substance was isolated, which boiled at 248-250", and on analysis gave numbers agreeing with the formula C,H,4O2.This substance appears to be heptamethylenecarb- oxylic acid. The higher fraction contains ethylic octanetetracarboxylats, (COOC2H,)2*CH*(CH2) G*CH (C 00CzH5)2, a colourless oil, which boils at 275-280" (60 mm.) ; on hydrolysis it is converted into a polybasic syrupy acid, which at 200"rapidly loses carbon dioxide forming sebacic acid, COOH(CH2),COOH. 16. "a-Hydrindone and its derivatives." By F. Stanley Kipping, Ph,D. The author gives an account of the preparation of a-hydrindone by the action of aluminium chloride on phenylpropionic chloride (Proc., 117,216), and points out that this method is very convenient for the preparation of large quantities of this ketone. When suitable con- 109 ditions are chosen, the yield is very good, and, with the exception of one bye-product, namely, a substance which probably has the con-stitution .C,H,O*CCl:CH-CHPh, no other compound is formed. After referring to the be3aviour of hydrindonoxime under various conditions, and bringing forward conclusive evidence that the oxime is converted into hjdrocarbostyril by the action of phosphorus pentachloride (Proc., 129, 240), several derivatives of hydrindone are described ; amongst others, the products of condensation with benzal- dehyde and with acetone, and a compound of the composition CleHlaO, formed by condensation of two molecules of the ketone 2C,H80 -H20 = ClaH1,O: This substance is considered to be anhydrobish ydrindone, $l6H14?--Q-yH2 CH, CH',CO.C,H,' an analogue of the anhydrobisdiketohydrindene, prepared by W.Wislicenus and his co-workers. As, however, some of its properties do nat completely harmonise with this view of its constitution, the investigation is being continued. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. I. Donations. Conipanion to the British Pharmacopoeia. By P. Squire. 16th Ed. Revised by P. W. Squire and A. H. Squire. London 1894. From the Editors. Transactions of the Sanitary Institute. Vol. XIV, 1893. London 1894. From the Institute. Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of the Board of Re-gents to July 1891.Washington 1893. From the Institute. Nature's Hygiene : a Systema,tic Manual of Natural Hygiene. ByC. T. Kingzett. London 1894. From the Author. The Blue Book of Amateur Photographers. British Societies, 1893. Edited by W. Sprange. London. From the Editor. Pamphlets fyom the Authors. Ribble Joint Committee. Report on the Nature and Treatment of Manufacturers' Waste Effluents. By W. Naylor. Preston 1893. The Chemical Analysis of the Three Guns, at the U.S. Naval Academy, captured in Corea. By C. R. Sanger. (Proc. U.S. Naval Institute, XIX, No. 1.) Nickel : The Occurrence, Geological Distribution and Genesis of its Ore Deposits. By P. Argall. (Colorado Sc. SOC.1893.) Nickel: Historical Sketch. By W. L. Austin. (Colorado Sc.SOC.1893.) The Mode of Occurrence of Gold in the Ores of the Cripple Creek District. By R. Pearce. (Colorado Sc. SOC.1894.) A Contribution to the History of Fire-Damp. By H. G. Graves, London and Newcastle-on-Tyne 1893. Ancient Metals from Tell-el-hesy. By J. H. Gladstone. (Proc. SOC.Biblical Archoeology 1894.) De 1’Emploi dn Sulfate de MagnBsie comme engrais. Par E. Silz. Paris 1890. 11. By Pwchase. Handbuch der Stereochemie ; nnt,er Mitwirkung von P. Walden, herausgegeben von C. A. Bischoff. Band I. Frankfort a/M. 1893. RESEARCH FUND. A meeting of the Research Fund Committee will be held in June. Fellows who desire grants are requested to send in their applications to the Secretaries at Burlington House, not later than Tuesday, June 5th. At the next meeting of the Society, on Thursday, May 17th, the following papers will be read :-“ The influence of moisture on chemical change.” By H. Brereton Baker, M.A. “ Volatile compounds o€ lead sulphide.” (Postponed from the last meeting). By J. B. Hannay. “ A specimen of early Scottish iron.” By Margaret D. Dougal. “ Tbe mineral waters of Cheltenham.” By Professor Thorpe, F.R.S. Erratum-In the previous number of the “ Proceedings,” the numbering of the abstracts 131-141 should be altered to 1-10. BABRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS 1N ORDINARY TO [JFR BlAJEITY, ST. MARTIN’S LAKE.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL8941000099
出版商:RSC
年代:1894
数据来源: RSC
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