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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 17, No. 239 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 17,
Issue 239,
1901,
Page 147-160
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摘要:
Issued 15/611901 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIET’Y. EDITED BY THE SECRETARIES. VOl. 17. No. 239. June 6th, 1901. Professor THORPE, C.B., F.R.S., Vice-president, in the Chair. Messrs. Oldershaw, Martin, Jemrnett, Dunstan, Bousfield, Taylor, Goltz, and Hyder were formally admitted Fellows of the Society. The following Certificates mere read for the first time :-Samuel Irwin Crookes, Thanet Street, Clay Cross, Chesterfield ; Herbert Elaekmore Hammond, 3 Vicar’s Close, Lichfield ; Christian Aliiller, 10 Selmyn Avenue, Richmond, S.W.; Rowland Samuel Potter, 2 Xuseum Hill, Haslemere ;Robert Stephenson, jun., Burwell, Cam- bridgeshire ; Frank Wade, 36 Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W. ; Morton Wager, 5 Wilton Street, Batley. Of the following papers, those marked * were read.*93. ‘(Alaboratory method for the preparation of ethylene.” By G. S. Newth. By substituting tribasic phosphoric acid for sulphuric acid in the ordinary process for obtaining ethylene, this gas may be prepared in a high state of purity, Syrupy phosphoric. acid is boiled in a flask until the temperatnre reaches ZOO’, when ethyl alcohol is delivered drop by drop to the bottom of the boiling liquid. If the temperatiire is maintained about 220°, an abundant evolution of the gas takes place. As the liquid does not char or froth up, the operation may be conducted in a small reaction vessel ; and as the gas is entsirely free 148 from carbon dioxide, and of course from sulphur dioxide, it is not necessary to wash it.The liquid products of the reaction, consisting of water, ether, un-changed alcohol, and a small quantity of an oily liquid, are collected in a vessel cooled by ice, the ethylene passing on practically pure. By acting in a similar manner upon methyl alcohol, the gas evolved is pure methyl ether ;from propyl alcohol, propylene is produced. In the case of the normal alcohol, a temperature about 250' is required to bring about the decomposition, whilst the secondary alcohol splits up rapidly at 210O. "94. '' Oroxylin." By W. A. H. Maylor and C. S. Dyer. The authors described the methods of isolation and purification of oroxylin, a yellow, crystalline substance obtained from O~*oxyZus~z Indicum. Its chief decomposition product, through the action of caustic alkali of different strengths, is benzoic acid, but if the reagent be applied in the cold and in the form of a weak solution, the primary product is benzaldehyde.With bromine it forms a dibromo-derivative which crystallises in needles melting at 175"; on acetylation, a triacetyl derivative is obtained which crystallises in colourless needles melting at 150'. The authors conclude that oroxylin contains three hydroxyl groups, a loosely attached benzene nucleus, and they assign to it the formula C19Hl,06. '95. '' The constitution of the acids obtained from a-dibromo-camphor." By A. Lapworthand W. H. Lenton. When tribromocamphonolactone (Trans., 1900, 77, 458) is hydro- lysed with alkali, and the product oxidised with cold sodium hypo-bromite, a mixture of acids is obtained from which trimethylsuccinic acid and a small quantity of camphoronic acid have been isolated.The greater portion of the mixture, however, consists of a dibasic lactonic acid, C,H,,O,, which has been identified with the acid hitherto known as P-hydroxycamphoronic acid. The authors conclude that when bromocamphorenic acid is converted into a-monobromocampholid, the lactonic oxygen becomes attached to the ring at the &position with regard to the carboxyl group, instead of at the y-position as was at first thought probable (Trans.,1899, 75, 1199), the only possi5le formula for camphonic wid being CH2-cH2>C0. Bromocamphorenic acid and campho- Co2H* CMe<C&fe2. CH2 nonic acid must be represent,ed by the formuh 149 tively.The formulze thus arrived at are in complete accordance with the properties of the compounds, and it is now easy to understand the great difference in the reactivities of the carbonyl groups of camphonic acid and camphononic acid. The change induced in a-dibromocam- phor by moist silver compounds must be represented by the scheme OH,*FH-CBr2 CH2*CBr:VH ?Me2 + HBr,YMe, I + H20 = I CH2*CMe-GO UH,--CMe* C02H and the authors suggest that an intermediate compound containing a trimethylece ring may be formed. Such an assumption is possibly applicable to many other changes in the camphor and terpene series, including the apparent migrations of methyl groups from one carbon atom to an adjacent one (a type of change otherwise without real analogy) and the formation of camphene derivatives from bornyl chloride and allied compounds (compare Marsh, PYOC.,1899, 15,54).“96. (( The decomposition of chlorates. IV. The supposed mechan- ical ’ facilitation of the decomposition of potassium chlorate.” By W. H. Sodeau, B.Sc. The supposed analogy between the decomposition of potassium chlorate and the boiling of water, in respect of the facilitating action of certain powders, is invalidated by the fact of the former not being appreciably facilitated by reduction of pressure to 1 mm. (Fruns., 1900, 77, 1443. There would seem to be a possibility of chemical action with all substances known to produce a marked effect on the rate of decomposition of potassium chlorste. From an experiment in which 1 per cent.of barium sulphate was added and a 500 per cent. increase of rate observed, Veley concludes that chemically inert ” powders facilitate the decomposition (Phil.Trcins., 1888, 179, [A], 270). The author has studied the effect of adding 1per cent, of barium sulphate, and finds that the average increase of rate amounts to only 16 per cent. There is evidence of the formation of a little barium chlorate by double decomposition, and this mould appear to account for the slight facilitation observed. It is concluded that the supposed ability of chemically inert solid particles to facilitate the decomposition of potassium chlorate is unsupported by experimental evidence, and, if actually existent, is inadequate to explain even a small fraction of the effect of the oxides 150 of manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper.The action of these latter substances mould, therefore, asppear to be entirely chemical. *97. “On the action of sodium methoxide and its homologues on benzophenone chloride and benzal chloride.’’ By J. E. Mackenzie, D.Sc.,Ph.D. The author has already (Trans., 1896, 69, 985) described the pre- paration of dimethoxy-, diethoxy-, and dibenzoxy-diphenylmethanesby the action of sodium meth-, eth-, and benz-oxide respectively on benzo- phenone chloride. To these are now added, clipopoxydiphenyZ-wtethane, (C,H,)2C(OCH2*CH,*CH,)2, colourless, prismatic crystals, m. p. 33-34-5O ; diisobutoxydiphenyZmethane, (C,H,),C‘[ 0CH, CH(CH,),I2, m.p. 36-38”, readily splitting up in accordance with the equation (C,H5)2C[OCH2*CH(CH,),1,=(C,H5)2CO+r(CH,)2CH*CH2],O; 4 : 4’-clihydroxytetrc6phenylmethane, (C,H,),C (C,H,OH),, which is formed instead of the diphenoxy-compound, (C,H,),CCI, + 2C,H,ONa = (C,H,),C(C,H,OH), + 2NaC1, crystallises from ethereal solution with two molecules of ether of crystallisation, and melts at 285-287’. It gives a dicccetate, (C,H5)2C(C,H,0CH,CO),, m. p. 170-1 71”. Experi-ments on the action of ethyl alcohol and of 1 per cent. alcoholic solution of hydrochloric acid on benzophenone gave negative results. Nitzation of dimethoxydiphenylmethane resulted in the formation of 4 :4’-and 3 :3’-dinitrobenzophenones, whilst aniline split it up, form-ing diphenylmethylene anilide.The action of sodium methoxide, ethoxide, and benzoxide on benzal chloride at the ordinary pressure was tried. The first and second actions proceed as described by Wicke (Ann., 1857, 102, 356), dimethoxy-and diethoxy- benzylidene being formed. From the benzoxide experi- ment the only substance isolated was stilbene. By heating phenol itself with benzal chloride, condensation took place as follows, C,H,*CHCl, +2C,H,OH =C6H5*CH(CGW,0H),+ 2HC1, the substance formed being identical with 4 :4‘-dihydroxytetraphenylmethane(Bey., 1889, 22, 1944), and giving the same diacetyl derivative. When similar experiments were made under pressure, the action was found to be quite different from the above, and may be expressed generally thus : R’ONa + C,H,*CHCl, =RCl +C,H,*CHO +NaC1.In this manner, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and benzyl chlorides were obtained. When sodium ethoxide acts on ethylene dibromide under pressure, acetylene is produced. 151 *98. A kerosene oii blowpipe.’’ By A. Richardson, Ph.D. This blowpipe has been devised in order to utilise the combustion of kerosene oil for the prodiiction of a blowpipe flame, suitable for glass blowing and other purposes, so as to combine the advantages of a gas blowpipe while independent of a supply of gas. The need of such a blowpipe is obvious in a country like India, where gas is not always available, and where in many college laboratories not supplied with gas blowpipe work is necessarily limited to operations with the mouth blowpipe and spirit lamp.At first it seemed possible to use one of the vegetable oils, such as cocoanut oil, by burning it in a modified form of glass blower’p “tallow lamp,” but the tendency of all such oils to char at the temperature of the blowpipe flame renders them useless as a con-tinuous source of heat unless the wick is being constantly trimmed. As kerosene oil does not char, it was selected for this purpose ;its corn-bustion, however, in a lamp without a chimney requires special arrangements if it is to give a solid, steady, flame, easily regulated and completely under control of the operator, and it mas only after many unsuccessful attempts that a lamp was constructed which fulfils all the requirements of the case.L As it now stands, the blowpipe consists of a metal tube, A, 18inches long and 2 of an inch in diameter, fixed at an acute angle above the oil holder, B, with which it is connected by a flattened tube or wick holder, C. A wick about 1 inch wide passes from B through C, round the inside of A, and back to B, leaving the central portion of the tube open. The wick is protected and kept in its place by a tube of iron wire gauze projecting beyond the wick on either side. The lower end of A is closed by a perforated cap, through the centre of which the blowpipe jet, D, passes. This is made to slide backwards and forwards on the rail, B, so that its position in the centre of the tube can be regulated.A thread of asbestos dipping in the oil passes up the wick-holder and projects just in front of the wick at the open end of A. To use the lamp the asbestos thread is first lighted, this furnishes a small flame at the mouth of A; if now the bellows be worked, com- bustion takes place within A on the surface of the gauze. The size of the flame depends on the position of the jet, since combustion is practically limited to that portion of the wick exposed to the air current, thus when the jet is pushed up to the open end, a fice-pointed flame is produced ; as it is drawn back into the tube, the flame increases in size, giving a roariqg flame when the whole length of the wick is exposed. On stopping the air supply the flame immediately subsides to its original size, and burns quietly at the mouth of the tube.In this way the flame is under complete control, and gives no trouble when not in use. Experience has shown that the wick remains in good condition for a long time ;in one case it was found to be only superficially blackened after the blowpipe had been in use for several weeks. The dimensions given above are those which the author has found most useful for general purposes, but with a wick 2 inches wide, con- tained in a tube of 1 inch bore, a much larger and [more powerful flame is obtained, suitable for large pieces of glass blowing, although it is not so easily regulated €or the production of a small flame. The efficiency of the blowpipe has been proved by long use ;with its a.id all the ordinary glass blowing which before was out of the question without gas may be done."99. ''Preliminary note on hydrides of boron." By W. Ramsay and H. S. Hatfield. Since Jones and Taylor investigated the product of the action of hydrochloric acid on magnesium boride (Tmns., 1881, 39, 213), no work seems to have been done on the subject. The ease with which gases can be liquefied and solidified by means of liquid air made it probable that an attempt to isolate boron hydride by cooling the gas from magnesium boride would be successful. The magnesium boride obtained for the first experiment was made by heating together boron trioxide and magnesium powder in a wrought-iron crucible on an ordinary fire. The friable, black mass, treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid in a vacuous flask, gave off a gas which, when passed through a cooled wash-bottle, deposited white crys- tals.The hydrogen remaining in the bulb was completely removed by pumping, and on allowing the solid material to warm up it gase-fied, and was collected separately. It liquefied before gasefying, and yielded about 50 C.C. of a colourless gas. The gas had zt strong, fetid odour, and burned with a bright green flame. Its density was 19.36 ; for a bulb of 32.04 C.C. capacity contained 0 0432 gram of the gas at 605.9 mm. pressure and 12.2". When sparks 153 were passed through the gas, it was decomposed, a filament of boron joining the electrodes and conducting the current.It was found most convenient to commence the operations with a jar and spark-gap inter- posed, and when considerable decomposition had taken place to finish up with an '' electric flame," that is, removing the Leyden jar, With the intermittent spark, the filaments were ruptured and fell; and with gas largely decomposed, they were no longer formed. A quantitative experiment showed that the increase of volume, on decomposition, was from 2 to 3 ;for 19.1 C.C. of gas at 12' increased, after decomposition, to 28.1 C.C. at 11.5'. The ratio between these numbers is 2 to 2.94. This sample of gas had been exposed to the action of solid potassium hydroxide for 12 hours ; it had previously passed over soda lime and phosphoric anhydride. An attempt was made to collect the boron which separated out from another sample of 26*SC.C.on decomposition, but, it was not possible to collect it free from mercury. However, it was washed out by help of ether, the ether was removed by evaporation, and the mercury was distilled off in a current of hydrogen. The residue weighed about 0.05 gram, a number not greatly differing from 0.045, the weight of the gas. The experiment was a difficult one, and could not be expected to furnish very accurate results. These experiments render it probable that the gas consisted mainly of a compound, B,H,. This gas is practically insoluble in water ;it is fairly stable. The hydrogen which passed through the cooled wash-bottle burned with a green flame ; a porcelain lid held in the flame was not stained with boroc, as stated by Jones and Taylor.Even when the gas was passed through a red hot glass tube filled with fragments of unglazed clay, it still burned with a green flame, and the white clay was hardly stained. A quantity of the uncondensabie gas was collected in a vacuous receiver (for it appeared to be somewhat soluble in water), and it was concentrated by diffusion through tobacco-pipe stems. Several hundred C.C. of the diffused gas were passed through a vessel, cooled by liquid air boiling under low pressure, and the gas was subjected to a pressure of 2 atmospheres, SO as to reduce the volume occupied by the diluent hydrogen. A small amount solidified, but it was not possible to reduce the pressure much without its volatilising.The density of this sample of gas was 2.59, for 32.04 C.C. at 16.5" and '758.6 mm. weighed 0.0071 gram. On the assumption that its formula is BH,, 26.5 per cent. of the sample consisted of that gas; the remainder was hydrogen. Of this mixture, 7.45 C.C. were sparked for 2 hours, and deposited boron on the platinum electrodes. The volume after spark- ing was 8.50 c.c., an increase of 1.05 C.C. Now, 26.5 per cent. of 7.45 1.34 is 1.97; hence the increase of volume was in the ratio 1.97 :3.02, a sufficiently close approximation to 2 : 3. Other atkempts to prepare the ccmpound B,H, have not been so suc-cessful. The condensable gas has, up to now, consisted of R compound decomposable with increase of volume on acldition of solid potassium hydroxide, or of concentrated sulphuric acid.The density of this sample was found to be 18.1,for the weight of 32.01 C.C. measured at 16.4” and 479.0 mm. was 0.0187. It also deposited what appeared to be boron on sparking. There appear, therefore, to be two compounds of t’he formula B3H3, one relatively stable, the second unstable and easily changed by reagents. The yields in the last case have been verypoor, and the authors have not yet secured the conditions for producing the stable compound with certainty, uncontaminated by the unstable gas. Ifit may be permitted to speculate regarding the hydrides of boron it is probable that the following are capable of existence : BH3. H,R-BH,. H,B--BH-EH,. Saturated.HBXBH. H,B-B-BH. Unsaturated. BH /\HB-BH . cyclo-Saturated. BH /\B=B - cyclo-Unsaturated. The authors are inclined to suspect that the stable compound of the formula B,H, is the cyclo-compound, to which the name cyclotriborene appears applicable ;it is possible that triborene is the unsaturated com- pound, of which the formula is given above. The last formula given is the hydrogen analogue, in all probability, of the calcium, strontium and barium borides described by Moissan and Williams (Compt. rend. 1897, 125, 629). The residues left after treatment of the magnesium boride with acid, when mashed and dried, give off torrents of gas on being heated ;this gas consists, for the most part, of hydrogen, and contains only a trace of boron.It no doubt results from the decomposition of solid hydro- borons, but the authors have not yet succeeded in separating them from the boron with which they are mixed. 100. (( On some relations between physical constants and constitu- tion in benzenoid amines. Part 11.” By P. Gordan and L. Limp a ch. By the substitution of the benzenic hydrogen in formyl and acetyl anilides by methyl groups 38 compounds can be obtained, These 155 compounds may be arranged, or classified, according to the number p of the substituting groups and also according to their relative positions -isomerides. The mode of dependence of their melting points may be seen by comparing their experimentally determined values. The mean, D, of the melting points of an isomeric series may be calculated from p.In each isomeric series there is at least one member the melting point of which is identical with the mean value or differs very little from it. The melting points of the others differ evenly in two directions (higher or lower) from D, and in such manner that where one compound has a melting point considerably wbove D, another compound, of the same series, has a melting point as much below D. For instance, in the acet-toluide series the mean D = 106.5. This is practically, the melting point of 1:2-acet-toluide(107"). The 1:%corn-pound melts at 65.5' and the 1:4 at 147O, the latter compound therefore melting 40.5' higher and the 1:3,4lolower than the mean D. The melting points are higher when both ortho-positions are occupied and lower when meta-or meta- and para-positions are occupied.The melting point seems to be mainly determined by the ortho-or neighbouring position. This observation or view is borne out by the theory of ''invariants." 101. ''Condensationof phenols with esters of the acetylene series. V. Homologues of benzo-7-pyrones," By S. Ruhemann. In continuation of his research, the author has studied the behaviour of the esters of chlorofumaric and phenylpropiolic acids towards thymol and carvacrol, and thus obtained the following compounds. C,H,*C: CH-C0,Et ing acid (which decomposes at 13S0), and . P-thymoxystyrene, C,H,* 2* 0*C,H,(CH,) (C3H7) CHZ The product of the action of thymol on ethyl chlorofumarate, ethyZ thymoxyfumarcbte, yields on hydrolysis the acid (m.p. 215' with evolu- tion of gas) which is condensed by strong sulphuric acid to 5-methyZ-8-CF7 1 :4-benxopyrone-2-cup.boxylicacid, /)/0\8. C0,IIp~opyl-I\/\PHCH, CO Ethyl cap.vucroxgfurnurate,formed from carvacrol and ethyl chloro- fumarate, on hydrolysis yields the corresponding cbcicl, which is trans-formed by strong sulphuric acid into 5-popyl-8-nzethyl-1:4-benxopy*one- 1.56 CH, 0 3-cai.boxglic mid, position. This, on heating, loses carbon dioxide, and yields pop$-methyl-1 :4-benxopy~one(m. p. 59-60’). 102. ‘4 Gum tragacanth.” By C. O’Sullivan. The proximate constituents of the gum have been isolated, and the following were described : Cellulose.-The constituent insoluble in boiling water and cold dilute acid and alkalis.Treated with boiling dilute sulphuric acid, it yields arabinose and a residue of a cellulosic nature still. This residue on further treatment with ammonia and bromine gradually dissolves, leaving no residue of normal cellulose. Soluble Gum.-A series of gum acids of the nature of the geddic acids were prepared. They are laevorotatory, however, the rotation being about as much to the left as that of the gedclic acids is to the right. The acids are shown to be polgarabinan-trigalactan-geddic acids, the chief of them being 11CloH,60,,3C12H,001,,C23H36020,H20. The optical activity of this acid is [a]= -SSO. Its barium salt yields 3.29 per cent. BaO, against 3.23 per cent.required. On sulphuric acid hydrolysis, it should yield 71*7 per cent. arabinose. Quantities varying between 72 and 76 per cent, moderately pure arabinose were obtained from the mixed gum acids. Granules.-The granules, apparently starch-granules, are coloured blue by iodine, and on treatment with diastase yield dextrose, but not maltose. Nitrogsnous Matter.-No attempt was made to purify this substance. It is of much the same nature as the nitrogenous matter described in dealing with the geddic gum (Trans., 1891, 59, 1061), but it does not give the same proteid reaction as that substance does. Bassoyin was not completely purified, but it was found to be an acid having [a], = + 98’ ;the neutral barium salt contains 9.2 per cent. BaO.Under the action of excess of alkalis it yields two acids, a-and P-tragacanthan-xylan-bassoricacid. The nature of this transformation will be described on a future occasion. a-Tyagacanthan-xylan-bassoricAcid.--Its preparation and purification mere described; it is soluble in cold water. Its analysis led to the formula C,,H,,02,,H20. [a], = + 13S.6°-13S*20 ; D = 4.12-4.13O-Barium, calcium and silver salts mere prepared; the silver salt is the most insoluble, the calcium salt least. The neutral barium salt gave 19-21 per cent. BaO, the calcium salt 8-24per cent. CaO, and the silver 1.57 salt 22.2 per cent. Ag. C,4H,,0,0,Ba0, requires 19.24 per cent. EaO, the calcium salt 8.02 per cent., and the silver salt 24.77 per cent. In consequence of decomposition it was not possible to prepare the silver salt with any degree of satisfaction.Digested for 20 minutes at 98" with 5 per cent. sulphuric acid, it yields 8 Izevorotatory pentose, tvapcanthose, [a], = -30" approx., and xykun-bassoric acid, [u]D = +2OOo, the barium salt yielding 22.5 per cent. BaO. The equation c24H36021 + H2° = C5H1005 + C19H28017 Tragacanthose. Xylan-bassoric acid. represents the hydrolysis, C,,H,,O,,O,,,BaO requires 23.07 percent. BaO. Xylan-bassoric acid is almost insoluble in cold water, the alkaline salts are soluble, salts of the alkaline earths and most heavy metals are insoluble. Acted upon with 5 per cent. sulphuric acid, xylose and bassoric acid are obtained. C,QH,,0,7 + H,O = C,H,oO, + C',,H,,O,,Xylose.Bassoric acid. Basso& acid is almost insoluble in cold water ;in alkaline solution its optical activity was found to be [a], = +255", and the barium salt yielded 28-29 per cent. Ea0. C14H,,0,,,Ba0 requires 28.8 per cent. Ba0. p-rragacunthan-x~Z~~n-bussoricmid is left behind as a crumbly mass, when the a-acid is dissolved out by cold water. On combustion it yields the same numbers as the a-acid. In alkaline solution [a], = +163"-164". The barium and calcium salts, as well as most of the salts of the heavy metals, are of very low solubility. Treated with sulphuric acid, it yields the same products as the a-acid. In a future paper, the author hopes to be able to describe bassorin more fully, as well as its conversion into the two acids described, also the two acids themselves, and particularly the products of their hydrolysis, the sugar tragacanthose, and the final acid, bassoric acid.103. (( Optically active dimethoxysuccinic acid and its derivatives." By T. Purdie, F.R.S.,and 3. C. Irvine, B.Sc. By alkylating methyl, ethyl, and propyl tartrates by means of silver oxide and methyl iodide, the authors have obtained the corresponding optically active dimethoxysuccinates. The methyl ester is crystalline (m. p. 51", [a]y= +82*52"); the ethyl and propyl esters are liquids, giving [a]r = +89~96"~[a]r= +85.39' and [a)F = +84*92", [a]y = +81.06' respectively. Dimethoxysuccinic acid is crystalline (m. p. about 151'), and gives in aqueous solution of varying concentration [a]r= +72.28" to 76*63", in acetone +89-29' to 95.80'.The optical 158 activity of aqueous solutions of the diamide and of various metallic salts has also been examined, Certain regularities in the relations of the rotations of ethereal mono-and di-alkyloxysuceinates and of the corresponding acids and metallic salts were discussed, as well as Frankland’s views (Trans., 1899, 75, 347) concerning the probable cause of the maximum specific: rotation exhibited by the series of ethereal malates and lactates. 104. ‘‘ The influence of solvents on the optical rotation of ethereal dimethoxysuccinates and tartrates.” By T. Purdie, F,R.S., and W. Barbour, M.A.,B.Sc. To determine whether any change of configuration is produced by alkylating the tartaric esters with silver oxide and alkyl iodide, tartaric acid mas regenerated from dimethoxysuccinic acid by heating the latter with hydriodic acid ;d-dimethoxysuccinic acid yielded d-tartaric acid. The rotations of methyl, ethyl and propyl dimethoxysuccinates in water, methyl alcohol and benzene at varying concentrations were determined, and for purposes of comparison some observations were made on solutions of the corresponding tartrates; the latter were not proceeded with further, so as to avoid interference with the work of T.S.Patterson (Trans., 1901, 79, 167, 477). In general the rotations of the former esters are influenced less by solvents than those of the latter, and in most cases the action is oppositely directed.The authors pointed out that the direction of the effect’s of a solvent on the rotations of the members of a homologous series is often reverseci on ascending the series, and they connect this with the corresponding reversed effect of the addition of CH, to successive terms. From molecular weight determinations of the esters in water and benzene, more particularly from the results obtained with benzene solutions of the tartrates, the conclusion is drawn that the aggregation of disymmetric molecules is not a predominant factor in the influence of solvents on rotation. To ascertain whether their observations support the theory of Patterson (Zoc. cit.) on the connection between rotation and molecular solution volume, the latter constants were calculated for a number of the solutions examined, but the results are inconclusive.In addition to the €actors pointed out by Patterson which may mask this connection, the authors suggest another phenomenon, probably of frequent occur- rence, which they think may interfere with the relationship in question. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. I. Doncctions. Reports of the Royal College of Chemistry and Researches con ducted in the Laboratories in the years 1848-49-50-51. Vol. 11. London 1853. From John Spiller, Esq. Bolton, H. Carrington. A select bibliography of chemistry. 1492-1897. Section VII1.-Academic dissertations. Washington 1901. From the Smithsonian Institution. 11. By Purchase. Lassar-Cohn. Arbeitsmethoden fur organisch-chemische Labora-tcrien.Allgemeiner Teil. Third edition. Leipzig 1901. Museum Hermeticum, continens tractatus chymicos novem przstan- tissimos. Ill. Frankfort 1625. Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow, volume I 1841-1844. Panapldets. Schaer, Ed. C. F. Schonbein’s Untersuchungen uber die Polarisation des Sauerstoff s. Leipzig 1901, British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report of the Committee on the bibliography of spectroscopy. London 1894. Madan, H. G. Lecture demonstrations of the laws of polarised light. London 1599. Baker, R. T. On some new species of eucalyptus. (Froni the Proc. of the Linnean Society of N.S.W., 1900). At the next meeting, on Thursday, June 20th, there will be a Ballot for the Election of Fellows, and the following papers will be communicated :-“ The direct union of carbon and hydrogen.Part II.” By W. A. Bone and D. S. Jerdan. ‘(Ammonium and other imidosulphides.” By E. Divers and M, Ogawa. “ Nitrilosulphates.” By E. Divers and T. Haga. “ The decomposition of hydrocarbons at high temperatures.” By W. A. Bone and D. S. Jerdan. By H. J. H. Fenton.‘‘ ‘‘ The sugars from cellulose.” On a theory of chemical combination.” By G. Martin. “ On the occurrence of paraffins in the leaf of tobacco.” By T.E. ’Thorpe, C.B., F.R.S., and John Holmes, 0. Forster.“Studies in the camphane series, Part IV.” By &I. ‘‘ On the decomposition of carbon dioxide, when submitted to elec-tric discharge at low pressures.” By J. N. Collie, Ph.D., F.R.S. “ Two new substances iu lemon oil.” By H. E. Burgess. RIL‘IiAHD CLAY AS11 SONS, ImI’KfTED. LONDON AND BUNGAY.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL9011700147
出版商:RSC
年代:1901
数据来源: RSC
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