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P €30 C E E D I N (3 S OF rHP: CHEJIICAL SOCIETY. EDITED BY THE SECIZETAR~E~. ~~ VOl. 17. No. 235. March 21st, 1901. Professor THORPE,C.B., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. MIessrs. G. D. Lander, H. W. Kinnersley, and E. I?. Linstesd were formally admitted Fellows of the Society. The following certificates were read for the first time :-William Henry Duckworth, S7, New Bank Road, Blackburn ; Samuel Philip Eastick, 25, Woodville Road, Enling ; Ernest Alfred Lewis, 310, Dudley Road, Birmingham ; Alexander McKenzie, Jenner institute, S.W. ; Edgar Neuman, 10, Randolph Crescent, Maida Vale, London ; William Oldershaw, Market Place, Nottingham ;Samuel Slefrig, 18, Waterloo Road, Shepton Mallet, Som. ; James Smith, 14, Mersey Road, Aigburth, Liverpool.REPLY TO THE ADDRESS TO THE ICING. The SECRETARYread the following reply which His Majesty the King has been graciously pleased to catis8 to be made to the Address of the President,, Council, and Fellows of the Society. XARLBOROUGHHOUSE, PALLXALL,S.W. 23rd February, 1901. The Private Secretary is commanded by the King to thank the President, Council, and Fellows of the Chemiml Society, for tho kind expression of their sympathy with His Majesty, on the occasion of the lamented death of Her late Majesty the Queen, and for the loyal and dutiful sentiments conveyed in their Address to the King. DAY AND HOUR OF MEETING. The following is the report of the Committee appointed by the Council to examine the cards returned by Fellows in reply to the question as to the suggested change in the Day and Hour of the Ordinary Meetings to Wednesday, at 5.30 p.m.:-“Nineteen hundred cards were issued to Fellows, and 1000 answers were returned. Of these, 581 were unreservedly in favour of the change, namely, 256 London Fellows, and 325 Country Fellows. 118 Fellows, whilst not voting unreservedly for the change, said they offered no objection to it. 172 Fellows were unreservedly opposed to the change. Of the 129 Fellows remaining, S5 expressed no objection to the 2hange of day, but offered suggestions as to change of hour. 3 suggested meeting at 3, 1 at 4, 1 at 4.30, 12 at-5, 12 at 6, 9 at 6.30, 10 at 7, 5 at 7.30, 15 at 8, and 2 at 8.30. 11 suggested a later hour than 5.30 without particularisiug it, and 4 alternately 5 30 and 8.24 Fellows suggested meeting on some other day than Wednesday or Thursday, namely, 2 on Monday at 5.30, 1 on Tues-day at 8, 14 on Friday, 10 of whom preferred 5.30; of the re-maining 4, 2 indicated no preference as to hour, 1 suggested 8, and 1 suggested 8.30. 7 Fellows suggested various hours on Saturday afternoon or evening. 16 Fellows preferred Thursday, lout suggested some other hour than 8, 11 suggested 5.30, 1 preferred 6, and 3 preferred 7. 1 suggested S.30. 4 Fellows deprecated the change on the ground that it clashed with the present arrangements of the Society of Public Analysts. 6‘ Xnalysing the replies of those Fellows who have contributed papers to the Society, 266 of whom have responded, 188 have voted for the change, and 78 against it.” Of the following papers, those marked * were read ; *40.“Researches on Morphine. Part II.” By S. B. Schryver and F.H. Lees. The authors have shown (Trans.,1900,77,1024) that bromomorphide, C17Hl,0,NBr, is decomposed by water in accordance with the equation CI7Hl,O2NBr+H,O = C17H1,0,N,HBr, and from the reaction product a new base, isomeric with morphine and designated isonzorphine, was isolated and described. The authors have since isolated from the product of the above reaction another new base, p-isomoryhine, Cl7HI9OSN,which is formed only in relatively small amount, It crystallises from alcohol in double pyramids of the formula 55 2C17H,,0,W,C2H60,which, after drying at 120' melt at 182", and for which [all'"= -2 16.2'.Chloromorphide, when decomposed by water, also yields P-isomorphine, together with another base which has not yet been further examined. In view of the non-narcotic action of isomorphine as compared with morphine, experiments mere carried out to determine the chemical relationship between the two isomerides. isoMorphine yields a diacetpll isomoiyhine methiodide, C17H17(0*CH,CO),0NCH,T, as needles melting at 242' with decom- position. Phosphorus tribromide reacts with isomorphine, giving bromo- morphide (m. p. 170') identical with that obhined from morphine by the same reaction. Phosphorus trichloride, on the other hand, reacts with isomorphine, yielding no definite product, whereas chloromorphide results from the same reaction with morphine.isoCodeine metlbiodide, @17H1802(0CH3)NCH3T,forms leaflets melthg at 265' with decompo- sition, and for it [.IF= -102 1'. It was prepared by the three following methods : (a) by the action of silver sulphate and barium hydroxide on isomorphine methiodide, with subsequent interaction of the resulting methydroxide and methyl iodide; (b) by the action of excess of methyl iodide on the sodium derivative of isomorphine; (c) from codeine by the following steps: bromocodeide, C17H170(0CH,)N*Br, prepared by the action of phosphorus tri-bromide on codeine, forms pearly scales melting at 162', for which [a]? = + 56.7' ; isocodeine, C17H,,02(OCH3)K, from the action of water on bromocodeide, which forms needles melting at 144', for which [a]F= -169".The methiodide was then readily prepared from isocodeine. The formation of isocodeine methiodide by the above methods con-firms the phenolbetaine constitution, C1,H, 0 IN(CH,),' for morphine methydroxide, which was provisionally assigned to this substance by the authors in their previous paper. Sodium hydroxide reacts with isocodeine methiodide, yielding the base nzethi-isomo~yhi- methin, C,6H1,02(0CH,)*N(CH3)2, which forms tables melting at 167", and having [a]y= + 64.6'. Methi-isomorphimethin rnethiodidc, Cl,H,,0,(OCH,)*N(CH3)31, forms needles melting at 265', and for which [a]r= -i-34.7'. ~~ethi-isomorphimetl~inrnethydvoxide is split up by the action of heat and yields morphenol methyl ether, Cl,Hl,O,, m.p. 65", which is identical with the phenol obtained by Knorr (Bey., 1889, 22, 183) from codeine methiodide, the morphine derivative, by analogous reactions to the above. These results indicate the presence in isomorphine of exactly the same groups as occur in morphine, and the authors suggest that the relationship between these two bases is, in all probability, similar to that represented by the two following formulse : ")H2I /WH2/I I Norphine (Ihorr). isollorphine. The different physiological behaviour of morphine and isoniorphine was treated of from the standpoint of Ehrlich's view. "41. "The constitution of pilocarpine. Part 11.'' By H. A. D. Jowett, D.Sc. When bromine acts on isopilocarpine in acetic acid solution, dibromo- isopilocarpine perbromide is formed as the chief product of the reaction, but small quantities of monobi-ornoisopilocarpine and iso-pilocarpinic acid are also produced.Dibro,moisopilocari~~perbromide, Cl1H,,O2N2Br2~HBr,,crystallises in needles melting at 165'. Treated with ammonia, dibromoisopilocnrpiiie, Cll€€~40&S2Br2,is formed, crystal- &sing in rectangular prisms meltiug at 135'. It is optically inactive and is only feebly basic, being precipitated from its solution in strong acids by water ;it does not react with methyl iodide. On reduction, it is converted into isopilocarpine. Monobrornoisoz~ilocnrpi~~e,C,,H,,O,N,Br, forms needles meIting at 164'. Isopilocarpinic acid, C,,H1,0,N2, mas only obtained as an oil.It yields a microcrystalline barium salt, (C,,H,,O,N,),Ba, and is therefore monobasic. Dibromoisopilocarpine, on oxidation with permanganate, yields hydro-bromic acid, ammonia, methylamine, a new acid termed pilopinic acid, C,H,,O,N, and the acid, C7H,004,previously described, and which is now called pilopic acid. Pilopinic acid, C,H,,O,N, is crystallised with difficulty, forming pearly plates melting at 98'. It is kevorotatory [aID= -13.6'. It is a monobasic lactonic acid. The monoethyl ester boils at 262' at 10 mm. On oxidation it yields ammonia and pilopic acid. When bromine acts on isopilocarpine in aqueous solution at 100' in a sealed tube, the following products are formed :' dibromoisopilo-carpinic, monobromoisopilocarpinic, bromopilopinic, and bromopilopic acids, ammonia and methylamine, the two first-named acids being the chief products formed in about equal quantities.Dibromoiso~ilocar~i.nicacid, Cl,HI,0,N,Br2, forms rectangular crys- tals melting at 285'. The acid is dextrorotatory [.ID = + 24.4' and is monobasic. 57 Monobromoisopilocnrpini~acid, CllH1504WSBr,has only been obtained as a syrup. When dibromoisopilocarpinic acid is treated with sodium amalgam in alcoholic solution, pilopic acid is formed. This acid, previously described as an oil, has now been obtained in crystals melting at 103'. Both mono- and dibromo-isopilocarpinic acids, on reduction with zinc and glacial acetic acid, yield a new crystalline lactone, isopilocarpino- Zccctone, C,,H,,O,N,,H,O, which forms rectangular prisms which melt at 83'.It is hvorotatory, [a],--51-9', and is a neutral substance which reacts with strong alkalis, forming salts of hydroxyisopilocarpinic dtoid, C,,H,,O,N,, which are stable. It does not unite with methyl iodide, even when heated in alcoholic solution at 100'. Dibronaopilocar~ine,C,,H,,O,N,Br,, first prepared by Pinner and Kohlhammer (Ber., 1900, 33,1424), has been further studied; it melts at 95O when pure, and not at 79" as stated by these authors. It is dextrorotator-j [a]== +43 -Go, and, like its isomeride dibromoisopilocar- pine, is very feebly basic and does not unite with methyl iodide. On seduction, it is converted quantitatively into pilocarpine.Efforts to prepare bromocarpinic acid, first described by the above authors, have been unsuccessful, and results have been obtained which indicate that the first action of bromine on pilocarpine at 100' under pressure is analogous to ,that on isopilocarpine. The bromo- pilocarpinic acids on reduction, however, yield pilocarpinic acid, CllH1604N2,thus differing from the bromoisopilocarpinic acids. Experiments on the oxidation and attempted reduction of isopilo-carpine were also described. "42. 66 The chemical action of Bacillus coli communis and similar organisms on carbohydrates and allied compounds.'' By A. Harden. Bacillus coli communis ferments glucose with production of a quantity of lactic acid corresponding to rather less than half the sugar, and of alcohol and acetic acid in approximately equivalent amounts, each representing about one-sixth of the carbon of the sugar. Small amounts of succinic and formic acids are also produced and carbon dioxide and hydrogen evolved.The carbon dioxide amounts to 12-18 per cent. of the sugar, whilst the volume of hydrogen is slightly greater. The lactic acid formed was found to be a mixture of inactive acid (25-5 per cent.) with I-lactic acid (75-95 per cent,). B. typhosus produces the same products from glucose, except that it yields a large amount of formic acid (17 per cent.) and no gas. Some of the abnormal forms of B. coli communis act in a similar manner on glucose, others produce the same substances but in entirely different proportions.d-Fructose 5s yields the same products of fermentation by B. coli comn2unis as glucose, and I-arabinose and &galactose also yield I-lactic acid. Mannitol yields a much larger proportion of alcohol, 26-29 per cent., and a much smaller amount of lactic and acetic acids. The production of alcohol by this organism therefore appears to depend on the presence of the group CH,(OH)*CH*OH in the compound to be fermented; glycerol, which also contains this group, yields nearly half its weight of alcohol when fermented by the same organism. Formic acid is decomposed into carbon dioxide and hydrogen (Yakes and Jollyman), but lactic acid is not, attacked and hence the active lactic acid is probably not produced by the selective decomposition of previously formed inactive acid.When asparaginio acid is the sole nitrogenous nourishment, glucose and mannitol are fermented as usual by this orgitnism, but a large proportion of the hydrogen is absorbed and reduces the asparagink acid to ammonium succinate. DISCUSSION. Mr.PAKESremarked with regard to the fact that Dr. Harden’s experiments were made under anaerobic conditions, that quite diff erenti decompositions took place when the conditions were altered ; for example, when nitrates were present with d-glucose, nitrogen was evolved instead of hydrogen ;the yield of lactic and acetic acids was quite altered if the medium containing cl-glucose had abundant oxygen either free or in the form of nitrates.Again, out of 84 strains of typical B. coli communis under observation at the present time, about two-thirds inverted sucrose and subsequently fermented it, the re- mainder, failing to invert it, did not ferment it ; a similar selective power was noticed in the case of glycerin. Some, again, did not appear to be able to start the fermentation of glycerin under anaerobic conditions, but if the process were started, it would then continue a2aerobically. He had observed a similar reaction with the B. Juorescens Iipuefuciens in media containing nitrates ; the bacillus would not begin to grow in this medium under anaerobic conditions, but if the growth were started by the introduction of a few cubic centimetres of oxygen, the decomposition of the nitrate would con- tinue under strictly anaerobic conditions.Dr. HARDEN,in reply, stated that the products of fermentation, in the presence and absence of oxygen, had frequently been found to be different. Anaerobic conditions seemed likely to furnish the most interesting results. The reduction of nitrates by this organism in presence of glucose appeared to be a secondary reaction of the same order as the reduction of asparaginic acid. The variability 59 of the action of the organism on cane sugar had been previously observed by Cushing, who, however, had not investigated the in-teresting question as to the inversion of the sugar by this organism. *43. Action of dry silver oxide and ethyl iodide on benzoylacetic ester, deoxybenzoin, and benzyl cyanide." By G. D.Lander, D.Sc. The author has studied the action of silver oside and ethyl iodide on benzoy!acetic ester, deoxybenzoin acd benzyl cyanide, as further examples of compounds analogous to acetoacetic ester (T?*ans.,1900, 77, 729). With benzoylacetic ester either at the temperature of the steam- bath or in the cold, the course of the reaction is entirely similar to that of acetoacetic ester, the alkylated product consisting almost en- tirely of C-ethyl hornologue, mixed, however, with minute quantities of P-ethoxycinnamic ester (Claisen, Ber., 1896, 29, 1006). These sub-stances were identified by dilute alkali hydrolysis, when phenyl propyl ketone, giving an oxime, m. p. 55-56' (N=8*94 instead of S.59 per cent.), was obtained.The alkaline hydrolysis liquid yielded small quantities of /3-ethoxycinnamic acid, separating by slow crystallisation from dilute alcohol in prisms, by more rapid recrystallisation in leaflets melting at 160.5' with energetic evolution of gas, Claisen (Zoc. cit.) gives m. p. 162'; the isomeric ethylbenzoylacetic acid melts at 116'. Only oxidation products mere obtained from deoxybenzoin and benzyl cyanide. After boiling deoxybenzoin for S hours with silver oxide and ethyl iodide an unchanged substance and a minute quantity of a compound (m. p. 245") sparingly soluble in alcohol alone resulted. This latter compound was evidently bidesyl (m. p. 255"). By the action of silver oxide on benzyl cyanide, either in the presence of ethyl iodide on the steam-bath, or in the absence of iodide in the cold, profound decomposition ensued.By rapidly heating the thick tarry product in a vacuum small distillates of dicganostilbene were obtained (m. p. 15S-159"), which gave the characteristic fluor-escent green prisms of diphenylrualeic anhydride (m. p. 155') on hydrolysis with alcoholic potash. *44. ('Alkylation of Acglarylamines." By G. D.Lander, D.Sc. The alkylation of various acylarylamines, containing the aceto-, benzo-, oxalyl-, and oxal-residues, by means of dry silver oxide and alkyl iodides has been studied. By means of oxide and ethyl iodide, 0-or imino-ethers alone result,, whereas when methyl iodide is employed the alkylation usually gives 60 a mixture of N-or acylalkylaminc, and 0-or imino-homologues. Apparently the methylation of met-p-toluide yields N-ether alone.A partial explanation of this anomalous action of methyl iodide is afforded by the observation that simple heating serves to convert N-ptienylacetiminomethyl ether, C',H,N C1(OCH,)C'H3,into the N-sub- stituted isomer. The imino-ethers corresponding to acylarylalvines are readily dis- tinguished from the isomeric N-substituted compounds ; by their llquidity at the ordinary temperature ; by their boiling points, which are from 30-50' lower than those of the acylalkjlamines; by the characteristic behaviour on heating of their hydrochlorides (when obtainable), regenerating acylarylamine by loss of alkyl chloride, and by their very ready hydrolysis by dilute hydrochloric acid into the original amine, acid and alcohol.The presence of a methyl group in the ortho-position in the N-o-tolyl imino-ethers, however, inhibits this Characteristic hydrolysis, it being possible to prepare platinichlorides of these ethers from aqueous solutions. N-a-Naphthylacetimino-ethy1 ether seems also to possess greater relative stability than the P-naph- t11ylisonier. The following compounds have been obtained : From acetylaryl-nmines : N-pl~eiayZacetimino,,zethyl ether (with N-isomer), b. p. 197' ; N-o tol~Zcccetimi?~oetlylether, b. p. 232') hydrochloride, m. p. 90-91' (with regeneration of acetotoluide), pZc&hichloricZe, m. p. 171' ; N-o-toZg/lacetiminometl~yZetJm (along with X-isomer), b.p. 21 2' (atmos.), hydrochlo?*ide, in. p. 79-80", p~cctinichi!o?de, m. p. 169' ; N-p-tozyz-acetinzi?zoet?~yl ethe9*, b. p. 232' (hydrochloride unstable) ; N-a-ncqAthyl-acetiminoethyl ether, b. p. 175" (12 mm.), hydrochtoride, m. p. 111'; N-P-na~~?~th?llacetinzinoet?~y~ether, b. p. 176.5' (12 msu.). Prom benz-anilidt! ; N-pheizylbenxi.nzinoethyl ether, formerly prepared by Lossen (Ann., 1891, 265, 138), b. p. 176' (12 mm.). Proin oxanilic ester, semi-n'yJ~enyli?nino-oxal~~ Thediethy1 etJ~er,~C,H5N:C(OC,H5)*C02C2H,. dimethyl ether has been deFcribed by Anschiitz aud Stiepel (Ber., 1895, 28, 61). The diethyl ether is a liquid, b. p, 152-155' (12 mm.), decomposed by dry hydrochloric acid apparently into a mixture of oxanilic ester and anhydrous oxanilic acid; with aniline at 100' it gives c1i~henylc~.ryzidino-oxakicester, C1,H,N:C,H,NH*C*CO,C,H,, m.p. 73--'74*5", a base giving a stable plntinichloride, and passing by warming with aniline at 160-1 70' into diphenykanaidino-oxnlanilide, melting when rapidly heating at 140--14-2O, softening at 134O. Fromoxanilide:cli-N-23henyZi?~ino-oxaZic (Cl,H5N: C(OC,H,) 12,clietl~ylethe~, .a viscid, brown, rather unstable oil, b. p. 205' (12 mni.). 61 "45. The preparation of aliphatic imino-ethers from amides," By G. D.Lander, D.Sc, The synthesis of imino-ethers from acid amides has only been found possible hitherto with certain aromatic amides which give stable silver salts (Tafel and Enoch, Ber., 1890, 23,103).The same authors, in a later paper (Zoc. cit., ISSO), describe unsuccessful attempts to effect the analogous synthesis from some aliphatic amides. The author has examined the possibility of accomplishing this by the aid of dry silver oxide and ethyl iodide. Xemi-imino-oxalic diethyZ ether, NH:C(OEt) CO,E t (corn pare Nef, Ann., 1895, 287, 288), boiling at 75-77' at about 20 mm., can be readily prepared from ethyl oxamate by means of silver oxide and ethyl iodide at 100'. When urethane is warmed with ethyl iodide and silver oxide, there occurs a vigorous reaction, a liquid boiling from 90-200°, along with small quantities of triethyl isocyanurate, m. p. 93-94', being obtained. The liquid is probably a mixture of ethyl iminocar- bonate, unchanged urethane, and triethyl cyanurate.The formation of imino-carbonic diethyl ether can be demonstrated by carrying out the reaction in the cold, separating the imino-ether from unaltered urethane by distillation below S5' (20 mm.), purification by means of potassium hydroxide and conversion by hypobromite into bromiminocarbonic diethyl ether, m. p. 40-42", 0.4 gram being thus obtained from 18 grams of urethaue. The results of several experiments milh acetamide, silver oxide, and ethyl iodide, carried out either at 100' or in the cold, unfortunately still leave the question of the formation of acetiminoethyl ether by this process open. The production of a liquid base of 'imino' odour, volatile between 70' and loo", from which, however, so far, only an oily hydrochloride has been prepared, nevertheless inclines the author to suppose that acetiminoethyl ether is actually one of the products of the reaction. 46."Note on the latent heats of evaporation of liquids.') By H. Crompton. Imagine a saturated vapour in so attenuated a state that the gas law PV= R17 applies to it. Assume that it were pozsible at constant temperature and by compression alone to reduce the volume of the vapour Voto the volume which the liquid it forms would normally occupy vo, without any chunge in, state occurring, and the substance during this compression continuing to obey the gas law. Thz work done in bringing about this change in volume would be 6.2 and, as no change in temperature occurs, heat equivalent to this work will be given out during compression.The vapour now occupies the volume of t.he liquid, but it is not yet liquid. It is by assumption a gas under high pressure, and if the pressure is now reduced to its original amount, the gas would expand to its original volume. To form the liquid the substance must be brought to such a state that it would be possible to reduce tne pressure to the normal vapour pressure of the liquid, without any corresponding change in volume. Assuming that no change in mole- cular aggregation occurs, the substance must then be deprived of the potential energy of expansion of the gas, that is, of the energy that would enable the molecules of the substance to occupy their original vo1um.e on a return to the original pressure.This energy is equal to that expended in compressing the material, namely, R Tlog,V,/vO. If this is removed in the form of heat, the total heat given out during the production of the liquid from the vapour is 21ZTlog,T0,1v0,and this is the latent heat of evaporation. If, in the above, Voand vo apply to the gram-molecule, R would have the value 10976 calories, and 2RTlog,Vo/vo would be the molecular heat of evaporation. Dividing this by the molecular weight iM,the latent heat of evaporation would be obtained in the ordinary units. The observations of Cailletet and Mathias with carbon dioxide nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide allow the above formula to be tested for fairly wide variations in temperature and pressure.Do is the density of the vapour, do the density of the liquid, I the latent heat of evaporation. The calculated values are obtained by the method described. T. DO. do. nir. I obs. I ral. Carbon dioxide ...... 248 0.044 1.110 44 72.23 71.91 9) 99 273 0.099 0.905 44 57.48 54.26 Y, 7) 295.04 0.233 0.720 44 31.SO 31.06 Nitrous oxide .....,... 253 0.044 0.998 44 66-90 70.93 ,, ,, ......... 273 0.38 1 0.890 44 59.50 58.77 ,, ,, .... .... 293 0.151 0-755 44 43-25 42.36 Sulphur dioxide ...... 273 0,0045 1,4338 64 91.2 97.1 7 303 0.0136 1.3520 64 80-5 S6.0599 9, 335 0-0364 1.2425 64 65.4 70.03?, $9 In calculating the latent heats of evaporation at the ordinary boiling points of liquids, wehave approximately Vo/vo=22320TdO/273M, 63 if do is the density of the liquid at its boiling point.In general, the calculated values are found to be about 5 to 10 per cent. higher than the observed. This may be attributed to the fact that the saturated vapour at the boiling point is ’not a perfect gas, and has usuaily a slightly higher density than that corresponding to the normal molecular xeigb t M. With a few associating liquids, notably the alkyl alcohols, the Calculated values are somewhat lower than the observed. Here, in addition to the changes described and accounted for, the production of molecular aggregates occurs on liquefaction, doubtless involving the evolution of heat. Hence the observed latent heat is higher than the calculated by this amount.From the equation I= 2RZ’(log,V0 -log,v,)/M we get MZ/T= 2 R (log,Vo -log,v,,). According to the law of Trouton, MZ/T is approxi-mately constant for liquids at their normal boiling points, and has an average value of about 21. It will be found that for most liquids Vo/wovaries from 300 to 400. This gives a value varying from 22.8 to 23.9 for MZ/T. As, strictly speaking, in Trouton’s formula M is double the vapour density and not merely the theoretical molecular weight, slight abnormalities in the densities of the saturated vapourn may account for the difference. As is well known the boiling points are approximately comparable points in the case of liquids. If liquids were truly comparable at the boiling point the ratio Po/vo would be the same for all liquids at this point.Trouton’s law according to the above expression would then hold absolutely. 47. “On the atomic weight of lanthanum and on the error of the sulphate method ’ for the determination of the ‘equivalent ’ of the rare earths.” By Bohuslav Brauner and F. Pavlitiek. Lanthanum material was prepared from crude cerite material and purified, first by repeated recrystallisntion of the double ammonium nitrate. The nitrate was then further purified by fusion with potass- ium sodium nitrate, traces of cerium, praseodymium, and yttrium being thus removed, after which the material was further fractionated by this process of fusion. The purest lanthanum nitrate was next subjected to a series of fractional precipitations with potassium hydr- oxide so that about 7/8 of the earth was precipitated, and the most ‘‘ positive ” fraction contained in the filtrate was converted into the pure oxalate and designated as La 1.In the same way, fractions La 2-La 7 were obtained, La 7 being most “negative ’’ of the series, After this followed the still more negative fractions Al-A6, obtained by fusion with nitre. For the determination of the atomic weight the oxide (from the oxalate) was converted into the sulphate, and the conditions accom- 64 panying its formatior were carefully investigated. On heating the sulphate to a constant temperature of 450' and repeatedly weighing, a gradua-1 decrease of weight was observed until at last an approximately constant weight was obtained corresponding to an atomic weight of about La = 138.On heating the salt in an atmosphere of ammonium carbonate, further loss of sulphnric acid takes place, and an atomic weight of La = 138.2 (0=16) was obtained with the purest material (La 1), a number which, owing to the concordant determinations of Brauner, Cleve, and Bettendorff, has hitherto been regarded as the true atomic weight of lanthanum. This number is, however, incorrect, a careful investigation having shown that the sulphate so obtained contains some of Wyrouboff's acid suZphute. This acid sulphate is so stable that even at temperatures above 500" some of it remains un-decomposed, whilst another part of the sulphate, in the same crucible, may have undergone a partial decomposition into the basic sulphate.An aqueous solution of a sulphate so prepared shows, with ethyl orange as indicator, a strongly acid reaction, whereas the true normal sulphate ob- tained by repeated recrystallisat'ion is perfectly neutral towards ethyl orange. Every sulphate obtained in this way was therefore dissolved in water, tested with ethyl orange, and a N/20 solution of sodium hydroxide added until the red colour of the indicator was con-verted int'o the yellow tint shown by the normal neutral lanthanum sulphate solution containing ethyl orange. The error of the atomic weight of lanthanum due to the presence of sulphuric acid in the form of an acid sulphate may amount to -0.8 of a unit. All (( epuivulent ') determinutions of the rare earths made by the (L sulplmte method I' during the 19th century are vitiated by this ewor.This error is largest with the most positive lanthanuni and diminishes as the basicity of the earth decreases. After the determination and application of the above correction the single fr.tctions of lanthanum gave the following atomic weights (means of several determinations) : Lal. La2. La3. La4. La5. La6. La7. A 5+6. 138.75 138.80 138.88 138.97 138.98 139.07 139.10 139125 The su!phate is very hygroscopic and absorbs moisture during weighing. After excluding this error completely by means of a novel cooling and weighing arrangement, it was found that a correction of +0*2to +0.3 must be applied to the whole series so that the atomic weight of the most positive fraction becomes La = 139.0.Lnnthanum is a complex of two earth metals consisting, however, chiefly of the true lanthanum with the atomic weight La= 139.0, Gibhs' and Shapleigh's results confirm this, for they found for the mixture the atomic weight 139.7. 48. “On the atomic weight of praseodymium.” By B. Brauner. The atomic weight of this element was determined by four methods. (1)By the analysis of the anhydrous sulphate. The oxide of the approxi- mate formula, Pr,O,, remaining after strong calcination of the sulphate was analysed by Bunsen’s iodometric method and the weight of the pure Pr,O, was determined ;this series gave Pr = 140.95. (2) By the analysis of the oxalate. The amount of pnre Pr,O, contained in the oxide Pr40,, which remains after calcination was determined as in (1) and the oxalic radicle was determined by a novel gravi-volumetric method with permanganate.A series of fractions mas obtained by fusion of praseodymium nitrate with nitre, but all gave the same number, Pr= 140.95, SO that no decomposition into different earths took place. (3) By synthesis of the sulphate. A known quantity of the oxalate containing a known quantity of the oxide, Pr203,as determined in (1)and (2) was converted into the sulphate by the usual method. Different fractions did not show any sign of decomposition, but the atomic weight deduced in this way was lower than in (1) and (a), being only Pr = 140.78. As in the case of lanthanum it was found that praseodymium sulphate also does not part completely with the slight excess of free sulphuric acid (acid sulphate of Wyrouboff) on heating and therefore shows an acid reaction.Using a normal sul- phate tinted with ethyl orange as indicator as the standard of com-parison, this excess of sulphuric acid was determined with N/20 sodium hydroxide. The result of series (4) in which the error due to the hygroscopic nature of the oxide and of the anhydrous sulphate was eliminated gave the atomic weight Pr = 140.93. Excluding series (2) as it was vitiated by an error which became known only at a later period, and which caused Jones and v. Scheele to obtain the incorrect number Pr = 140.4-140.5, the mean result is Pr = 140.94. The above results only prove that the equivalent of praseo-dymium is 47, so that the atomic weight is either Pr1=47 or Pr*I=94, PPI = 141, PrIV= 188 or PrV= 235.In order to solve this question the molecular weight of the anhydrous chloride was deter-mined by the ebullioscopic method, absolute alcohol being used as the solvent. Several determinations gave numbers for the molecular weight approaching 247.4 (this corresponds to PrCI,), so that this fact, together with the analogies pointled out three years ago (Broc., 1898, 14, 71), proves definitely that the true atomic weight of praseodymium is Pr = 140.94. 66 49. ('On praseodymium tetroxide and peroxide." By B. Brauner. When the author published his preliminary note (Proc., 1898,14,71) he left unsolved many of the problems connected with the black higher oxide which he was the first to prove possessed the formula Pr204.This oxide was subjected to a new and careful investigation.The only method for obtaining this oxide pure is by fusion of the nitrate with nitre, the combustion of the oxalate employed by v. Scheele, giving a very impure compound. The pure praseodymium tetroxide has a sp. gr. of 5.978 (at 2Oo/4O and in a vacuum); the pure trioxide, Pr203,has a sp. gr. of 7.068. The molecular volume of Pr204=57.9, that of Pr20, =46*7, hence the volume of the active (the fourth) oxygen atom is + 11.2, an unusually large number for the volume of 1 atom of active oxygen. Hence we can understand the great instability of the salts of the type PrX,.The oxides, Pr20, and Pr,O, combine to form a complex oxide of the approximate composition Pr407,or more cor- rectly Pr1003s, sp. gr. 6.704, showing that slight contraction hasof taken place. The pure praseodymium tetroxide does not give the hydrogen peroxide reaction, and is a purely ozonic oxide. It gives free chlorine with hydrochloric acid, ozonised oxygen with oxy-acids; in acid solution, it oxidises cerous salts to ceric salts, man-ganous salts to permanganic acid, and gives the characteristic violet coloration with a solution of strychnine in sulphuric acid. It " cata-lyses " with hydrogen peroxide in acid solution. Praseodymium nitrate yields with hydrogen peroxide, with sodium peroxide and an alkali, the hydrated real peroxide, Pr205, belonging to the antoxonic oxides.To the same type belongs the acetate the composition of which may be represented by the formula Ac2:Pr"'*O* O*O*Pr'":( 0H)Ac +H,O. The maximum valency of praseodymium is tetrad, like that of cerium. The corresponding oxides have a smaller volume (greater density) than those of cerium, which it resembles most of all ele-ments, but no place has been found in the periodic system for an ele-ment possessing the physical and chemical properties of praseodymium and its compounds. 50. ('Note on neodymium." By B. Brauner. Applying the "sulphate method" for the determination of the atomic weight of neodymium as in th6 case of lanthanum and praseodymium, the neodymium material, purified with sodium sulphate, gave the atomic weight Nd = 143.80, the correction due to the presence of the acid sulphate being determined experimentally.Neodymium forms (in the dry way) a higher oxide, Nd,04, with such an extremely feeble 67 tension (potential) of the active (fourth) oxygen atom that on liber- ation with acids this oxygen passes through ferrous salt solutions without oxidising them. Many other rare earths will probably form higher oxides of the same type, but their preparation and investigation offer great difficulties. These acids seem to represent the extreme limit of osonic oxides, In addition to this, neodymium yields purely antoxonic compounds of the type R,O,, like the hydrated peroxide and the peculiar acetate, Ac:Ndl'l~O*O*O*Ndlll:(OH)*Ac+ 1320,strictly analogous to the corre- sponding praseodymium compounds, The difficulties of finding a place for neodymium in the periodic system are even greater than in the case of praseodymium.51. ''Contribution to the chemistry of thorium." By B. Brauner. The results obtained on studying the behaviour on hydrolysis of the salt, Th(C20;NH4),+7H20 (Trans.,1898, '73,951), were applied to the fractionation and purification of commercial thorium compounds. In this way, at the one end of the series the most basic, positive fractions mere obtained, that is, those which are most easily hydrolysed and eermed Th,, and at the other the most acid, negative fractions which aro most easily hydrolysed, and which are called Th,.After removing the trivalent rare earths by methods indicated (loc. cit.), the atomic weight of thorium contained in the most basic (posi- tive) fractions was determined, and the numbers Th, =2335 (by the oxalate method) and Th, =233.3-233-7 (by the sulphate method were found. The most negative (Tbs) fractions gave at first the atomic weight Th, = 232.5, and this by further purification of the material decreased to Thp=232*0 and 231.9. By working up a much larger quantity of material and trying to determine the atomic weight by the oxalate method, abnormal results were obtained owing to the easy formation of basic salts by the Th, material, a property not possessed by the ordinary thorium salts. An ext,remely careful set of analyses by the oxalate method gave RIV=236-3 whereas an analysis of the sul- phate precipitated by alcohol from an aqueous solution which must be strongly hydrolysed gave RIV=280.7. Ordinary thorium sulphate owing to only partial hydrolysis of the sulphate in the aqueous solution gives under the same conditions of precipitation RIV=234.6, that is, only a slightly basic salt.On further fractionation of the most negative (Thp) fraction, a material was obtained which, after conversion into the normal sulphate and its analysis, gave Th, = 220. This decrease of the atomic weight from 232 to 220 is accompanied by a decrease in the density of the 68 oxide from l0.2 to 9.6 along with the property of the p-fractions of easily forming basic salts-a property exhibited by no known earth, with the exception of zirconium, which, however, cannot be present, may be regarded as proving the complex nature of thorium.These thoroughly established facts have been known to the author for years, but he abstains from further conclusions, especially as the study of the very complicated spectral phenomena connected with the above research proceeds but slowly. 62. ‘‘Pheno-a-ketoheptamethyleneand its derivatives.” By F. S. Hipping and A. E. Hunter. The authors have continued the investigation of the ketone obtained by the action of aluminium chloride on phenylvaleric chloride (Kip- and Hall, Proc., 1899, 15,173), and have proved that it contains a seven carbon atom ring condensed with benzene in the ortho-position, as on oxidation with dilute nitric acid it yields o-phthalic acid.Pheno-a-ketoheptamethyleneoxime crystallises from dilute alcohol in lustrous needles melting at 105-109° ; t,he corresponding phenyl- hydrazone and p-bromophenylhydrazone do not crystallise readily, and are oxidised on exposure to the air. YH, is obtainedPheno a-ccminohei~tc6met?~ylene, CH,-CH,C,H,< CH(NH,)*CH,’ when the oxime is reduced with sodium amalgam in acetic acid solu- tion ; it is a strongly basic, colourless liquid which absorbs carbon dioxide on exposure to the air. The hydrochloride, CI1H,,N,HCI, is only moderately soluble in cold water, and crystallises in small prisms which do not melt at tempera-tures below 250’. The pkatinichZoPide, (C,,H,,N)2,H,PtC16, forms orange needles.The picrnte crystallises well and is only sparingly soluble. The sukphate forms thin, transparent plates and melts at about 229’; like the oxakate, it is only moderately soluble in water, The benxoyl derivative crystallises in felted masses of needles melt- ing at 171-172’. 53. Note on diphenyldinitroethylene.” By J. J. Sudborough. In the last number of the Bevichte (1901, 34, 619), Julius Schmidt describes two stereoisomeric s-diphenyldinitroethylenes, N0,*CPh:CPh*N02,the one melting at 186-187O and the other at 105-10’7’. Both compounds were obtained by the direct addition 0.f nitrogen peroxide to tolane. The compound melting at 105-1 07’ was prepared by hhe author several years ago (Diss., 1893;ITmns., 1897,71, 223 ; Richter’s Lexicon 11,1422) by the addition of nitrogen peroxide- to monochlorostilbene and the su bseyuent elimination of hydrogen chloride.The melting point was given as 104-105° and it crystal- lised in sulphur-yellow prisms and pyramids resembling those described by Schmidt. The molecular weight mas determined and the action of bromine investigated but no dibromide was isolated, and no definite reduction products were obtained, but according to Schmidt. the chief reduction product is upy6tetraphenyl piperazine. 54. Para-and ortho-cyanohydroxg-derivativesof pyridine.” By-J. Moir, M.A,, B.Sc. Holtzwart, by boiling an aqueous solution of the polymeride of acetonitrile, C4H6N2,obtained a condensation product, C8H80N, which he described merely as melting above 230’.The author has further investigated this substance which is marked by extraordinary stability, and finds that it melts at 305’ (cow.) and that it is, in all probability, a cyanohydroxylutidine of the constitution CH3 CH3 NO’‘ isomeric with the compound “CN (m. p.CH,J~)OH’ CH/,~)OH 288-289O) which Guareschi obtained from acetylacetonamine with cyanoacetic ester. This constitution is based on the fact, among others, that when hydrolysed by heating with strong solution of hydrogen bromide at 170’, it yields pseudolutidostyril, by exchange of hydrogen for cyanogen. All attempts to produce the intermediate carboxy-acid have failed. This acid has been obtained by Collie by an analogous reaction.Attempts to synthesise the cyano-compound from Collie’s acid and ester have also been without result, owing to the stability of the com- pounds in question, The mechanism of the condensation is evidently as follows : (1) CH,*C(NH,): CH*CN+ H,O-.CH,* C(OH):CH*CN(cyanoace tone). p3 7% 7% (2) NC*EH HO*C=yH 3NC*C--C=FH NG*G--C=yH4 CH,*C OH NC CH,*C*OHNiC CH,*C--N=C*OH The author has also found that the supposed third isomeride of C,H,ON,, prepared by von Meyer from a compound, C,H,N,, by the action of nitrous acid, is in reality identical with Holtzmart’s isorneride. It follows that C,H,N, is 3-cyano-2:4-climethyl-6-aminopyridine. A careful physical and chemical comparison of Holtzwart’s and 70 Guareschi’s isomerides has been made, and although they resemble one another very closely, they were found to be different.Both compounds form white, sparingly soluble needles of a very bitter taste ; they are not basic, but form soluble derivatives with the alkali-metals, and cannot be directly methylated. Both resist hydrolysis with strong alkalis and acids, but give pseudolutidostyril with hydro- gen bromide. They differ in their action on polarised light, and when mixed the melting point is depressed. Different compounds are ob- tained from each by bromination and nitration. The bromo-derivative of Holtzwart’s isomeride melts at 307-3083 ; that of Guareschi’s compound at 260-262’. The nitro-compound of Holtzwart’s isomeride melts at 262’ and forms yellow salts ; that of Guareschi’s compound melts at 271”, and forms white salts which give yellow solutions.This agrees well with the formuh assigned to them, the former having the nitro-group in the ortho-position relatively to the hyclroxyl, while in the latter case it is in the para-position. Again, Guareschi’s isomeride can be hydrolysed by warm fuming sulphuric acid, or by fusion with potash, whereas Holtzwart’s isomeride cannot. Or, reducing the two nitro-compounds, characteristic differences are obtained in the reactions of the amino-derivatives ;while that from Guareschi’s isomeride gives no colour with ferric chloride, and in alkaline solution has a strong blue fluorescence, the amino-derivative of Holtzwart’s isomeride gives an indigo colour with ferric chloride, and becomes cherry-red in presence of ammonia. These reactions are also given by Collie’s acid after nitration and reduction, whence it follows that they have the same configuration.The author failed to obtain, by the action of phosphorus penta- chloride on his compound, the substance C,H,N,, described by Holtz-wart. From the pseudolutidostyril obtained in these experiments, the following derivatives were obtained : (1) 3 :5-Dibi.onzo-~-lztticlostyl.il, melting at 253’ (corr.). (2) 5-~~~itro-q-lutidostyril,me1ting at 254’ (corr.). (3) 3-Nitro-q lutidostyd, melting at 196” (corr.). March 28th’ 1901. Anniversary Meeting. Professor THORPE,C.B., F.H.S., President, in the Chair. Dr. JOWETT were appointed Scrutators, and a ballotand Mr.WERNER was opened for the election of Officers and Council for the ensuing year, the ballot being closed at t,he conclusion of the President’s address. 71 The PRESIDENT,in beginning his address, said that the Chemical Society was founded about four years after the accession to the throne of the Gracious Lady whose recent loss they deplored, and the memory of whose virtues and worth as a moman and as a monarch would for ever abide with them. He was proud to think that this Society, in so far as it had ministered to the progress of chemistry, may have contributed in some measure to the lustre of a reign so pre-eminently associated with the development and spread of science in t.his country, and with the extension of those arts which rest upon chemistry.The Society was not unmindful of what the science owed to the Royal Family, and in particular to the late Prince Consort, whose appreciative interest in the fortunes of the Royal College of Chemistry, of which he was the President, and whose friendship for the eminent man who made it the first organised school of chemical research in this country, had directly ministered to its own activity, welfare, and usefulness. The Society had sought to give utterance to these sentiments in an Address, which it ventured to submit to his Majesty on his accession to the Throne, and in respectfully tendering its congratulations, and in offering its homage, it expressed the hope that his reign would be marked by discoveries in the science it represented not less brilliant than those which characterised the reign of his illustrious mother.The numerical strength of the Society was as follows : Number of Fellows, March 29th, 1899 .................. 2292 ,# ,, since elected ........................ 117 9t ,, reinstated by Council ............... 5 2414 Removed on account of nonpayment of two annual subscriptions ............................. 28 Withdrawn ............................................. 3 1 Deaths ................................................... 20 79 Number of Fellows, March 28th, 1901 ............... 3335 Foreign Members .......................................... 33 The names of those removed were :-Carl Bennert ; G.F. Brindle7 ; R. E. Brown ; James Crowther; 'VV. B. Edwards ; Sidney Fawns ; L. F. Goldstand ; D. A. Griffiths ; W. T. Gronow ; R. Glode Guyer ; W. G. Lasseter; H. E. Law; Herbert Lloyd ; J. A. MacParlane; E. MacSwiney ; S. M. Martin ; W.B. McVey ; E. E. Milnes ; H. J. Monson; R. H. Owen ;J. B. Reid ;H. J. Phillips; James Speakman ; 72 Thomas Stormouth ;J. B. Thornley ; H. W. Wallis ; A. W. Warwick ; R. H. Wilson. The following have withdrawn :-E. L. Allhusen ; J. Allport ; Prank Bastow ; F. Barker Cooke ; G. H. Cross ; Sir Michael Foster ; J. Frost; H. E. Gardner; J. F. H. Gilbard; William Goddard; Frederic Gothard ; Robert Hamilton ; Harold Ellershaw Head ; William M. Heller ; Henry Leonard Hinnell ; Alfred Kingsby Howard; Edgar Joseph; A.E. Lewis; C. T. Macadam; Fred Narsden ; James Mason ; John Charles Platts ; Percy Morrice Randall ; S. G. Rosenblum ; Edward Rosling ; James Spencer ; James H. Stebbins ; Sydney Steel ; William Ward ; A. Swainson Waterfield; P. A. Wier. The following have died :-Edmund Atkinson ; John Borlsnd ; Alfred Hunter Boylan ; William Harcourt Branscombe ; Sir John Conroy ; Henry Howard Crawley ; Thomas Flower Ellis ; Frank W. Harris ; Herbert A. Hotblack ; Sir John Bennet Lawes ; Stevenson Macadam ; Frederick Alfred Manning ; William McConnell ;William Parsons ; Richard Reynolds ; Saville Shaw ; George Smith ; C. J. H. Warden ; Augustus A. Wood ; Thomas M. Wyatt. The President offered on behalf of the Society its warm congratula- tions to its former President and Treasurer, Dr.Russell, on the attainment this year of his jubilee as a Fellow of the Society. Mr, Nevi1 Story Maskelyne, a former Vice-president of the Society, Sir David Gamble, C.B., and Mr. Edward Riley were also congratu- lated on reaching this anniversary. During the year, the Society had joined in the commemoration of the 40th year of the doctorate of Professor Markownikoff of Moscow, one of its distinguished Foreign Members. Since the last Anniversary, 188 communications had been made to the Society, a number greater than in any preceding year. In character, variety, and importance they compared not unfavourably with the contributions of any former period. Abstracts of all these had appeared in the Proceedings, while 106 have already been published in the Transactions.The volume of Transactions for 1900 contained 127 memoirs, occupying 1334 pages ; in the preceding year 120 papers were published, occupying 1166 pages. The President drew particular attention to the desirability of brevity in the papers communicated to the Society. The volumes for 1900 contain 3758 abstracts of papers, published mainly in Continental journals, occupying 1492 pages, arranged as follows :- 73 PARTI. Pages. No. of Abstracts. Organic Chemistry ................................. 712 1335 PART11. General and Physical Chemistry ............... 467 Inorganic Chemistry .............................. 383 Mineralogical Chemistry ......................174 Physiological Chemistry ........................ 336 Chemistry of Vegetable Physiology and Agri- culture ............................................ 368 Analytical Chemistry.. ............................ 675 -780 2403 Total in Parts I. and 11. ..................... 1492 3758 The number of abstracts dealt with in 1899 is 141 more than in the preceding year, though occupying 304 pages less. The volume for 1900 contained no less than four Memorial Lectures, giving an account of the life-work of Victor Meyer, Bunsen, Friedel, and Nilson. The Council had determined to issue those Memorial Lectures which had appeared up to the end of 1900 in a separate form. The President in this connection paid a special tribute to the late Prof.FitzGerald, who had delivered the Helmholtz Memorial Lecture, one of the most weighty of the series. A special reference was made to the bearing of the Copyright Bill upon the Society as a publishing agency. As regards the Library, 810 books had been borrowed, as against 790 last year; and 95 books, 327 volumes of periodicals, and 30 pamphlets had been added, as against 114 books, 397 volumes of periodicals, and 27 pamphlets in the preceding year. A number of books and periodicals not bearing in any way on the work of the Society had been removed from the library. Some pro- portion of these had been offered to and accepted by the British Museum ; the remainder will be disposed of either by presentation to kindred societies or otherwise.The need of shelf room was pressing in view of the fact that the present accommodation would be ex-hausted in two years. The library catalogue was within sight of completion. It included 6,300 author entries and nearly as many subject entries. An estimate for printing was in preparation. The President, referring to the result of the voting on the question of the day and hour of meeting, said the Committee had reported to the Council that the returns, however analysed, showed such a large 74 majority in favour of the proposed change, that the Council had decided that it should be provisionally tried during the coming session. The Ordinary Meetings of next session would therefore be held on the first and third Wednesdays of the month, at 5.30 p.m.A reference was made to the movement for a uniform system of atomic weights, and it was announced that the Atomic Weights Committee had decided to recommend (1) that 0= 16 be taken as the basis of calculation of atomic weights ;(2) that in assigning a number as the atomic weight of any element only so many figures should be employed that the last may be regarded as accurately known to one unit in that figure. Grants amounting to 2,160 had been made from the Research Fund in aid of chemical investigation. Dr. ARMSTRONGproposed a vote of thanks to the President, coupled with the request that he would allow his address to be printed in the Transactions. Prof. SMITHELLSseconded the motion, which was carried by acclnma-tion.The PRESIDENThaving returned thanks, Prof. TILDEN,F.R.S., the Treasurer, in giving an account of the Balance Sheet which he laid before the Society, duly audited, said :-The receipts had been :-By admission fees and subscriptions, 34290 ; by sale of Journal and advertisements, 32880 12s. 9d.;and by dividends on invested capital, 3464 14s. 4d. The total receipts from all sources amounted to S5668 29s. 8d. The expenses had been : -On account of the Journal, S3512 9s. lld. ; on account of the Proceedings, 2,250 15s. ; on account of the preparation of a new Catalogue, 251 16s. 4d. ; on account of the Library, 2,238 15s. lld. ~ House expenses, 32210 9s. lld.;the total expenditure being 2,4832 3s. 9d. The TREASURER, in concluding, proposed a vote of thanks to the auditors, which was acknowledged by Mr.PAGE. REYNOLDS,Prof. EMERSON F.R.S., proposed a vote of thanks to the Officers and Council. Prof. COLLIE,F.R.S., seconded the motion, which was unanimously adopted, Prof. DUNSTAN, F.R.S., responded. The Scrutators having presented their report to the President, he declared that the following had been duly elected :-President .-J. Emerson Reynolds, D.Sc., M.D., F.R.S. Vice-presidents who hccvejilled the ofice of President : Sir F. A. Abel, Bart.,G.C.V.O., K.C.B., D.C.L.,F.R.S.; H.E. Armstrong,Ph.D.,LL.D., F.R.S. ; A. Crum Brown, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. ;Sir W. Crookes, F.R.S. ; James Demnr, Ill. h.,LL.D., F.R.S. ; Sir J. H. Gilbert, P’h.D., LL.D., F.R.S. ; J.H. Gladstone, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. ; A. Vernon Harcourt, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.; H. Miiller, Ph.D., LLD., P.R.S.; W. Odling, M.B., F.R.S.; W. H. Perkin, LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.; Sir H. E. Roscoe, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.; W. J, Russell, Ph.D., F.R.S.; T. E. Thorpe, C.B., Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F0r.Sec.R.S.; A. W. Williamson, LL.D., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents : E. Divers, M.D., D.Sc., F.R S. ; C. E. Groves, F.R.S. ; Prof. Herbert McLeod, E.R.S. ; Prof. H. A. Miers, JI.A., F.R.S. ; T. Purdie, Ph.D., P.R.S. ; T. Stevenson, N.D. Secreturies : Wgndham R. Dunstan, LLA., E.R.S. ; A. Scott, M.A., D.Sc., E.R.S. J’oreign Secretary : Raphael Meldola, F.R.S. Treasurer : William A. Tilden, D.Sc., F.R.S. Other Members of Council : H.Brereton Baker, MA. ;P. D. Chatta-way, Ph.D., D.Sc. ; Frank Clowes, D.Sc. ; A. W. Crossley, Yh.D., D.Sc. ; A. E:. Dixon, M.D. ; Prof. J. J. Dobbie, M.A., I).Sc. ; H. J. H. Fenton, M.A., F.R.S. ; M. 0. Forster, Ph.D., D.Sc. ; D. Howard ; S. U. Pickering, &LA.,F.R.S. ; W. J. Pope ; James Walker, D.Sc. ANNIVERSARY DINNER. The Anniversary Dinner of the Society took place at the Whitehall Rooms, on Wednesday, March 27th, at 7 pm., when the following Fellows and their guests dined together :-Abney, Sir W. de W., K.C.E., F.R.S. Carr, Mr. F. H. Atlams, Mr. M. A. Carteighe, Mr. Alltlred, Mr. C. H. Central il’cws. Atkinson, Mr. G. D. Chancellor, The Rt. €Ion. the Lord. Chapman, ‘Mr. A. C. BarIet, Mr. S. Church, Sir W. S., Bart., M.D., Presi-Beadle, Mr.Clayton. dent of the Royal College of Physicians.Beaven, Mr. E. S. Clerk, Mr. D. Bevan, Mr. E. J. Collart, Mr. H. Blakesley, Mr. G. H., Master of the Collis, Mr. W. Mercers’ Company. Connah, Mr. J. Bowley, Mr. J. J. Crossley, Dr. Brough, Mr. B. H. Brown, Dr. H. T., F.R.S. DniZy Xews, The. Dewar, Prof., F. R. S. Callendar, Prof., F.R.S., Treasurer of Divers, Prof., F.R.S. the Physical Society. Dixon, Prof. H. B., F.R.S. Dobbie, Prof. Donnelly, Sir John, K. C. R. Dunstan, Prof., F.R. S., Eon. ,Yeci*etary.Dyer, Dr. Dyer, Sir TV. T. Thiselton-, K.C. M.G. Epps, RIr. James. Farmer, Prof., F.R.S. Fenton, Mr. H. J. H., F.R.S. Forster, Dr. Fowler, Rev. Prof., Yice-Chan,eello?-, Umkw-sily of Oxford.Furncaux, Mr. J. R., Mastel. qf the Leathemellers’ Company. Greenaway, Mr. A. J., Sub-Editor. Griffith, Rlr. G. Groves, 3fr. C. E., F.R.S. Guttinwnn, Mr. 0. Hall, 31r. Samuel. Harrison, hir. E. F. Hartley, Xr. H. 73. Harvey, RZr. E. W. Hehner, RIr. 0. Henley, R1r. F. R. Hill, Mr. A. Croft. Hill, hlr. C. A. Hopkins, Dr. F. Gowland Hodding, Mr. W. Howie, Mr. W. L. Rutchinson, MI-.C. C. Jackson, Mr. Henry. Jones, Mr. H. 0. Kellner, Dr. Kelvin, Rt. Won. Lord, G.C. V.O., Prcsi-dent of the RoyaZ Society of Edinbwyh,Master of the Clothworkcrs’ Con~pang.Kemp, Air. W.J. Kemyc, blr. A. B., F.R.S., Trensz6rcr of the Royal Society.Kenny, Dr. Kohn, Dr. Le Suenr, Rlr. H. R. Lewkowitsch, Dr. Ling, Xr. A. R. Lockyer, Sir Noiman, K.C.B.Luxmoore, Dr. MacEwan, Mr. P. McLeod, Prof., F.R.S. MacMahon, Major, R.A., F.R.S. Markham, hlr. E. Martindale, Mr. W. Maxwell, Rt. Hon. Sir Herbert, Bart.,If.P. Meldola, Prof., F.R.S., Poreiyn Seere-tary.Messel, Dr. Mond, Dr. R. Moody, Dr. lforley, Dr. Forstcr. Morris, Dr. G. H. hfortoo, Mr. E. H. Mowatt, Sir Francis, G. C. B. Secretary to thc Tmnswry.Rlnller, Ur. Hugo, F.R.S. Kicholson, Dr. Orton, Dr. Page, Bir. F. J. M. Perlrin, Dr. W. H., F.R.S. Pope, hlr. W.J. Power, Dr. Prideaux, Sir Walter, Clerk of the Gold-smiths’ Co?npany.Pritchard, Prof. Ramsay, Prof., F.R. S. Reynolds, Prof. J. Emerson, F.R.S., President-Elect. Robhias, Mr. J. Roberts, Sir Owen, Clerk qf the Cloth-workers’ Company.Robertson, Dr.Roscoe, Sir Heniy, F.R. S., Vice-C1iai.t-eellor, Uxiversity of London. Roundell, Mr. C. F. Russell, Dr. W.J., F.R.S. Ryder, Ah. G. L., C.B., Chair?mn B.M. Board of Custo./ns. Sadlcr, Col., 1I.P. Salanion, bir. A. Gordon. Schweich, Air. E. Scott, Dr., F. R.S., Hen. Sccrctary.Scott, Mr. E. L., Clcrk qf the Salters’ Company.Senton, Dr. E. C. Smithells, Prof. Spiller, Mr. Spooner, hfr. F. Standard, The. Steele, Ah. Et., Assistant-Secretary and Libmriait. S I evenson, Dr. T. Strutt, The Hon. R. J. Sullivan, Dr. Washington.Swan, hir. J. W., F.R.S., President of the ,Society of Chemical Industry. Thompson, Prof. S. P., F.R.S., President of the Physiccd Society.Thomson, Prof., F.R.S., Pmsident of the In&itute of Chemistry.Tliorpe, Prof., C‘.B., F.R.S., The Prcsi-dent.Tilclen, Prof. F.R.S., Treasz~~cr. Tims, The. Tutton, Xr. A. E., F.R.S. 77 Voelcker, Dr. J. A., Pyesident of the Werner, Mr. E. A. Society of Public Aiinlysts. Wilkinson, Mr. Williams, Mr. G., R.N. Wade, Mr. J. Wyllie, Mr. C. W. Watson, Mr. C. Wynne, Dr., F.K.S., Zditor. The following toasts were proposed :-By the PRESIDENT. 1. His Most Gracious Majesty the King. 2. Her Majesty the Queen Alexandra, their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, and the other Members of the Royal Family, By the TREASURER. 3. The Houses of Legislature, coupled with the names of the Rt. Hon. The LORDCHANCELLOR,and the Rt.Hon. Sir HERBERT MAXWELL,Bart., M.P., F.R.S. By the Rt. Hon. LORDKELVIN,G.C.V.O., F.R.S., President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and Master of the Clothworkers’ Company. 4. Prosperity to the Chemical Society. By Professor DEWAR,F.R.S. 5. The Learned and Scientific Societies, coupled with the names of Mr. A. B. KEMPE,Treasurer of the Royal Society, and Professor SILVANUSY. THOMPSON,F.R.S., President of the Phpical Society. By Professor EMERSON M.D., F.R.S., P?*esident-EZectREYNOLDS, of the Cheniicccl Society. 6. The Guests, coupled with the names of Sir W. S. CHURCH,Bart., M.D., President of the IZoyaZ College of ?l~ysicians, and Sir FRANCIS G.C.B.MOWATT, By Sir HENRY F.R.S., Vice-ChccnceZZo~*E. ROSCOE, of the University of London.7. The retiring President. In proposing the loyal toasts, THE PRESIDENT, while paying the Society’s tribute to the late Queen, said they could have no manner of doubt that the King would worthily follow in her footsteps. That the King would long rule over the splendid heritage to which he had succeeded, and that his reign might be marked with the same full measure of prosperity, intellectually and morally, which had graced the reign of Victoria, was their constant hope and confident antici- pation. THETREASURER,Professor Tilden, in proposing the toast of the Houses of Legislature, said they did not seek the honour of the pre- sence of so many members of both Houses at their dinner that evening solely for the purpose of enjoying their society.The fact was the Chemical Society, old and respectable as it wag, had to give a sort of account of itself in the face of the world, and nowhere was it so important that the objects of the Society, and the benefits they thought it conferred upon the community, should be recognised as in the Houses of Legislature. Some of them were rather anxious as to the part which science had to play and the position which science was to occupy in the national programme. Science demanded a much more influential place in the councils of the nation than had hitherto been granted it. The LORD CHANCELLOR, in responding for the House of Lords, said he had feared from the Treasurer’s speech that they were about to be subjected to a quantitative and qualitative analysis, but was glad to see it pass off into a homily upon the importance OF infusing into Par- liament a more scientific spirit.He was always glad to use the phrase Parliament, because although, for obvious purposes, it was desirable that it should be divided into two Chambers, he always liked to re- gard that great instrument of human enlightenment and freedom as being one, and he would lament anything which interfered with the working of that great constitutional machine. He believed that the House of Commons had that day been distingnishing itself in its energy to procure chemically pure beer. (Laughter.) He, unfortu- nately, had no such claim to make for the House for which for the moment he had the honour to respond.He did not believe they had been dealing either with beer or science during this Session, except so far as military science might be supposed to demand public attention. He accepted with the most perfect good faith the exhortation which he had received from the proposer of the toast, and so far as he could influence either public opinion or the action of the House of Lcrds, he would never forget what they owed to science. He had heard it whispered-he would not say by unkind friends-that their work in manufacturing Acts of Parliament was not absolutely per- fect, but the more they advanced in the scienoe of language, in perfecting precision in organising human thought and reasoning, the plainer they mould make to the popular understanding the meaning of an -4ct of Parliament.Nothinq could more induce to the making of clear laws than a scientific education, which would bring about an assiduity of reasoning and clearness of thought. Sir HERBERT Bart, M.P., in responding for the House ofMAXWELL, Commons, said though much had been said in condemnation of that House he submitted that its present nfernbers were not worse than those who had gone before. Though they might conduct their busi- ness in a may which would disgrace a self-respecting company, they were not so indifferent to the work of scientists as they appeared to be. They would, for instance, as soon condemn a witch to be burnt as discuss a subject of a scientific nature, such as that which had occupied them that afternoon, without taking the advice of the experts of the question. He asked that they would rather judge of the result of their labours than the way in which that result was attained.He took the opportunity of specially thanking the Chemical Society for the aid and hospitality it had recently afforded the Committee on Food Preservatives, of which he was Chairman. Lord KELVIN,in proposing the toast of THE CHEMICALSOCIETY, said he was perfectly appalled at the magnitude of the work he was asked to commend to their notice. When he thought of all that had been done in chemistry during the last century, he was con- vinced he would in no way be exaggerating when he said that chemistry was the first and last science of the nineteenth century.It only began to exist as a science at the close of the eighteenth century. He was R physicist and he could assure them that physicists had to go to chemistry all through their work. The physicist wanted to measure everything, and now in particular they wanted to know the weight of an atom of hydrogen and the number of molecules in a litre of hydro-gen. They were, he was glad to say, in a fair way of learning it, thanks to t,he labours of chemists. Chemists must stick to dynamics. The chemist had to do with the forces between particles of matter from the hundred-millionth of a gram in weight to the thousand millionth, and had to look to the forces between them, and tell the number of their particles in a litre of water or beer, and say how riiany of those atoms were arsenic, and how many atoms of arsenic might be allowed.They had learned within the month that some amount of arsenic might be allowed-that without arsenic man could not exist, that an essential in the composition of the human body was the seven- teen-hundredth of a gram of arsenic in the thyroid gland. Chemistry was the first and the last science of the nineteenth century, and only recently h3d given them what ancient chemists would have been glad to have seen-namely, liquid air and liquid hydrogen. He referred 80 eloqnently to the work of the great chemists of the past, especially of the first president of the Society, Professor Graham, and to that of Lord Rayleighand Professors Ramsay and De war.To their labours the physicist owed much,and there was no reason whatever why chemistry and physics shoilld not go hand in hand, helping one another and working cordially together for the advancement of knowledge. Some of the work of the physicist was looked upon as drudgery. Chemists knew a great deal about drudgery too, and did not shrink from it. Lord Rayleigh devoted himself to working painfully and laboriously at an object which looked trivial, the finding of the density of atmospheric nitrogen, and he discovered that it contained a gas that had never even been suspected before. That was a triumph for drudgery. In looking back to the early history of the Chemical Society he took some pride in thinking that Glasgow took its part, in that it provided the first president, and that Dr.Thorpe had been Professor of Chemistry at the Ander- sonian Institute there. The Chemical Society though but young, only 61 years old, had a glorious past, and he believed a splendid and prosperous future before it. The PRESIDENT,in reply, said no matter how they regarded the Society, whether from the point of view of its numerical strength or from the character of its scientific output or from the lower ground of its financial condition, he thought there was no consti-tutional infirmity about it. This happy result was largely to be attributed to that constant accession of strength they gained in the increase of membership. There was no English chemist of note who mas not proud of being a member of their body, whilst they had in their ranks almost every foreign chemist of prominence.The honorary membership of their Society was a distinction as highly prized as any mark of recognition which a body of scientific workers could bestow. There were signs of many changes in the chemical world, but whatever the future might have in store for them, he who occupied the presidential chair in the year 2001, and who in ushering in the new century sought to know what was being done when the preceding century was dying, would, he was convinced, do them the justice to recognise that they who collectively made up that body corporate were, according to their several rights and within the measure of their individual powers, doing what within them lay to further the true object of their calling as men of science, the attainment of the truth for the sake of the truth.Professor DEWAR, in proposing the toast of the learned and scientific societies, said that whenever an3 body of men had associated them- selves for the purpose of discovery, invention, or the verification of truth, then the Chemical Society was most desirous of recognising the advantage of their labours on behalf of the community and of chemistry 81 especially. Chemists were particularly deLirous of recognising the great benefits which accrued from the corporate action of so many minds in the multitudinous departments of scientific work. He spoke of the dangers of exaggerating the importance of porsonality in matters of scientific research, as scientific work mas always based on the labours of the past.Mr. A. B. KEMPE,Treasurer of the Royal Society, in reply, said there was one point on which the progress of their Society was not SO satisfactory as he could wish it to be. That was in the matter of financial support. It was true they had much to thank private bene- ficence for, aad he thought it was a matter of congratulation that His Majesty’s Government had in the person of Mr. Balfour recognised the value of pure science. As Treasurer of a scientific society, however, he felt, and he mas sure treasurers of other societies felt the same, that they might promote the interests of mankind rather more than they did at present, if they had a little more money to devote to the work.Professor S. P. THobwsoN, F.R.S., referred particularly to the great work chemists had done in the matter of artificial illumination. He trusted the century now opening would see still greater advances and that the scientific bodies wherever their work seemed to cross or coincide would work hand in hand for the good of all. REYNOLDS,Professor EMERSON President-Elect, proposed the toast of the Guests, which was responded to by Sir W. S. CHURCHand Sir FRANCISMOWATT. ROSCOESir HENRY proposed the health of t,he Chairman. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. I. Donations. Coux, H. de la. L’eau dans l’industrie. Paris 1900. From the Publishers. Dibdin, W. J. Lime, mortar and cement : their characteristics and analyses, with an account of artificial stone and asphalt.London 1901. From the Author. Perkin, F. 31. Qualitative chemical analysis, organic and inorganic. Ill. London 1901. From t’he Author. Shenstone, W. A. The elements of inorganic chemistry, for use in schools and colleges. Ill. London 1901. --Laboratory companion for use with Shenstone’s inorgnnic chemistry. London 1901. From the Author. 11. By Purchase. Frankel, Sigmund. Die Arzneimittel-Synthese auf Grundlage der Beziehungen zmischen chemischum Auf bau uud Wirkung. Berlin 1901. Juptner, H. F. v. Grundziige der Siderologie. 1st part. Die Konstitution der Eisenlegierungen und Schlacken. Iil. Leipzig 1900. Meyer, Arthur. Die Grundlngen und die Methoden fur die mikros- kopische Untersuchung von Pflanzenpulvern.Ill. Jena 1901. Bois-Reymond, E. du. Vorlesungen uber die Physik des organischen Stoff wechsels. Ill. Berlin 1900. Wischin, R. A. Die Naphthene (cyklische Polgmethylene des Erdois) ucd ihre Stellung zu anderen hydriirten cyklischen Kohlen- wasserstoffen. Braunschmeig 1901. Ashmole, Elias. Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum. London 1652. Ripley reviv’d : or, an exposition upon Sir George Ripley’s hermetico- poetical works. Written by Eirenaeus Philalethes. London 1678. At the next meeting, on Thursday, April 18th, 1901, the following papers will be communicated :-“Researches on moorland waters. Part 11. On the origin of the combined chlorine.” By W. Ackroyd. “Robinin, violaquercitrin, and osyritrin.” By A.G. Perkin. ‘‘Preparation of orthodimethoxybenzoin, and a new method of pre-paring salicylaldehydemethylether.” By J. C. Irvine. “Action of alkyl haloids on aldoximes and ketoximes. Part 11.” By Wyndham R.Dunstan and E. Goulding. ‘‘The supposed existence of two isomeric triethyloxitrnines.” By Wyndham R. Dunstan and E. Goulding.(‘Nitrocamphene, aminocamphene, and hydroxycamphene.” By M. 0. Forster. ‘‘Action of hydroxylamine on the anhydrides of brornonitro-camphane.” By M. 0. Forster. “The influence of cane sugar on the conductivities of potassium chloride and potassium hydroxide, with evidence of salt. formation in the latter case.” By C. J. Martin and 0. Masson. RZCfIlRD CLAY kKD SOSS, LI\IITEU, LOKDOX AND BUSGAY

ISSN:0369-8718    

DOI:10.1039/PL9011700053

出版商:RSC    

年代:1901

数据来源: RSC