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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 17, No. 238 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 17,
Issue 238,
1901,
Page 117-146
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摘要:
Issued 31/5/ 1901 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. EDITED BY THE SECRETARIES. Extraordinary General Meeting, May 15th, 1901. Professor EMERSOX REYNOLDS,Sc.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The PRESIDENTstated that this Meeting had been convened in accordance with a requisition, signed by 66 Fellows of the Society, to consider the decision of the Council to hold the Ordinary Meetings of the Society during the ensuing session on Wednesdays at 5.30 p.m. After a discussion in mhicb, amongst ot,hers, the following Fellows took part: Dr. Lewkomitsch, Dr. Moody, Mr. A. G. Bloxam, Mr. Cassal, Dr. Armstrong, Mr. Hehner, Mr. Tyrer, Mr. Pakes, Prof. Tilden, Prof. Ramsay, Dr. Crossley, Dr. Forster, Prof. Dewar, and Mr. F. J. Lloyd, moved and Mr.HEHNERDr. ARNSTRONG seconded the following resolution :-“That in the opinion of this Meeting the change proposed in the day and hour of Meeting mill prevent the attendance of a large pro-portion of the junior and other Fellows who have hitherto been regular attendants ;that the said change is contrary to the best interests of the Society, and that it is desirable that the question be reconsidered by the Council.” The resolution was declared by the President to be carried. The numbers being asked for, a division was taken, with the following result :-For the resolution, 92; against, 3. A certain number of Fellows abstained from voting. 118 May 16th, 1901. Professor EMERSON Sc.D., F.R.S., Presi-REYNOLDS, dent, in the Chair. Messrs.IIIcKenzie, Fergusm, Woodhridge, Robertson, Jennings, Dodd, Neil, Mees, Wayland, and Dixon were formally admitted Fellows of the Society. The following certificates were read for the first time :-Hubert Haigh’ Barker, 3, Waverley Place, St. John’s Wood, N.W. ; George Dean, 2, Scriven Grove, Knaresborough ; Thomas Henry James Eling, 32, Hill Top Avenue, Shepherd’s Lane, Leeds; Edward Kenneth Hanson, Haclley Wood, N. ; Frederick Thomas Harry, 106, Sanclmere Road, Clapharn, S.W. ; Edmard Horton, 8, Orford Street, Chelsea, S.W. ; Christopher George Kiddell, 24, Queen’s Gardens, Musmell Hill, N.; Robert Tabor Lattey, Trinity College, Oxford; F. G. Macdonald, Government Laboratory, Durban ;Frank Oram, Market Place, Romsey ;John Edward Purvis, University Chemical Laboratcry, Cambridge ; Gerald Theodore Sylvester Sichel, R.N.Hospital, Haslar, Gosport ; Duncan Randolph Wilson, Magdalen College, Oxford. The PRESIDENTread the resolution passed at the Extraordinary General Meeting (see p. 117) which he stated had been that afternoon brought before the Council, by whom it was being carefully considered. Dr. ARNSTRONG,referring to the ruling given by the President at the previous meeting that a paper read in the absence of the author could not be discussed, drew attention to Bye-law XIV, and contended that this bye-lam expressly provided that every paper communicated to the Society should be open to discussion. He stated that during the whole course of his experience, extending over 30 years, it had always been the practice of the Society, when the occasion arose, to discuss papers read in the absence of their authors.Dr. PERKIN,in reply to a question by Dr. Armstrong, said that in the past papers had often been discussed in the absence of their authors. Dr. DIVERS said that having been resident in Japan when most of his papers were sent to the Society, he had always been willing that they should be discussed. Prof. DUESTANpointed out that Bye-lam XIV evidently supposed that authors mould be present to read their papers, and its directions could not be literally followed at the present time. In these matters, however, the Bye-law gave large discretion to the chairman. Nr. W. P. BLOXANasked whether it was within the power of the President to closure or prevent discussion on any paper read to the Society.119 The PRESIDEWTreplied that as a general rule he should not think of doing so. Mr. BLOXAMremarked that probably Dr. Armstrong mould recollect when he read a paper on ammonium sulphides, Dr. Armstrong, as President, had prevented any discussion whatever on that paper. The PRESIDENTconsidered that the Bye-law read by Dr. Armstrong assumed the presence of the author at the meeting, Criticism on a mere abstract in the author’s absence, and without his assent, seemed contrary to the fair general principle which governed most public meetings. On the other hand, he saw no objection to questions relating to poiiits of nomenclature or detail which could be elucidated by reference to the original paper, should the latter be available at the time.Dr. ARMSTRONGsaid that such being the President’s opinion, and ae he could not accept the ruling as correct, it would be necessary for him to raise the question again elsewhere. Of the following papers, those marked * were read. *78. “Derivatives of methylfurfural.” By H. J. H. Fenton and Miss M,Gostling. The authors have already (Twns., 1898, 73, 554 ; 1899, 75, 423 ; 1901, 79, 361) described the isolation, properties, and constitu-CH:F*CIT,Br tion of bromomethylfurfural, ‘x ,a well defined, crystalline CH: *CHO substance melting at 60’ which gives rise to remarkable colour reac- tions. Because of the interest which attaches to this compound owing to its relations with the carbohydrates and the bearing of its forma- tion on questions in plant physiology, it was considered desirable to make a further study of the compound and its derivatives.The following new compounds mere described : Chloromethylfurfurccl,m. p. 36-37’ ; ucetoxy-derivative, m. p. 55”; benxoq-derivative, m.p. 56-57’ ; difurfU.)’yZ-etliccy,e-dic~kdehyde,m. p. 119-1 20’ ; with its corresponding dihydmxone, m. p. 179-1 81’ ; dicurboxylic ucid, m. p. 267-269’; and dioxime, m. p. 182’. A very simple method of obtaining pure methylfurfural was also described. DISCUSSION. Mr, W. J. POPEasked whether bromomethylfurfural, which con- tains a bromine atom and an ethereal oxygen atom attached to adjacent carbon atoms, was capable of condensing with alkyl sulphides or tertiary arnines to yield sulphonium or quaternary ammonium derivatives.Mr. FENTON,in reply, said that both the chloro- and the bromo- derivatives of rnethylfurfural readily interacted with various amines. *79. ''Optically active nitrogen compounds and their bearing on the valency of nitrogen ; dextro- and laevo-a-benzylphenylallyl-methylammonium salts." By W.J. Pope and A.W.Harvey. The authors have prepared in a stnt'e of purity a number of substances owing their optical actiLity to the preseiice of an asymmetric pentad nitrogen atom. The externally compensated a-benzylphenylallylmethylammonium iodide of Wedekind when treated with silver d-camphorsulphonate yields d-benzylphenylallylmethylammonium'd-camphorsulphonate,which melts at 171--173O and has the molecular rotation [MID= + 218.1' in an aqueous solution containing one-fifth of a gram-molecule per litre ; whence the value for the d-benzylphenylallylmethylammonium ion is [MI, = + 166.4'.The residue from the preparation of this salt, when treated in aqueous solution with potassium iodide yields crude I-benzyl- phenylallylmethylammonium iodide which, on treatment with silver I-camphorsulphonate, gives the new salt, 1- benxyZ~lzenyIallylrrtethy2-Thisanzntonium l-curnplzo~sul~~~o~ut~.melts at 172-173' and has the molecular rotation [MID= -210.6' in an aqueous solution con- taining one-fourth of a gram-molecule per litre ;the molecular rotation [All,= -159*0°,is thence deduced for the ion of the I-base.These salts when treated with potassium iodide in aqueous solution give crystalline precipitates of the corresponding iodides which may be crystallised from alcohol without nndergoing inversion ; they are soluble in cold chloroform, and in this solvent have the specific rotations [aID= +55.2" and [aIu= -53.4' respectively. On warming the chloroform solutions, the rotation rapidly vanishes and a similar result is attained on allowing the cold chloroform solutions to stand for three days; the solutions on evaporation yield the externally com- pensated iodide in a state of purity, so that the inversion may be attributed to a dissociation into tertiary base and benzyl iodide.The bromides are prepared in a similar manner and have the specific rotations [ aID= + 64.1" and [a]D= -65.0' respectively in cold chloroform; the salts undergo inversion in chloroform just as the iodides do although appreciably less rapidly. d-BenxyZ~l~e~ayZaZlylmetl~yZ~mmoniu~~anitrate, C,H,*N(CCH,) (U,H,)(CH,)NOy is a colourless crystalline substance melting at 164-165', and in aqueous solution has the molecular rotation [MI, = + 165.3', a value 121 comparing well with that of the ion of the d-base deduced from the examination of the d-camphorsulphonate. d-Benxylpl~enylnllytrnethylanamoniummercuri-iodide, C1,H7*N(C,H,)(C,H,)(C1H,)I,HgII,, is obtained as a bright yellow crystalline compound by heating the pure d-iodide with one equivalent of mercuric iodide in ethyl acetate solution; it melts at 125-127" and bas the specific rotation La],= + 24.4' in ethyl acetate solution.The enantiomorphously related salt also melts at 125-127', and has the specific rotation [a],= -23.0' in ethyl acetate. It is concluded that these mercuri-iodides contain quinquevalent nitrogen. Attention was drawn to the persistency of the optical activity of these asymmetric nitrogen compounds except under the specific con- ditions which cause inversion. It should be noted that these substances are fundamentally distinguished from asymmetric carbon compounds in that they are electrolytes which, in aqueous solution, must be sup- posed to undergo electrolytic dissociation, giving an optically active ion of which the disrupted valency is one of those att,ached to the asymmetric atom ;yet even under these conditions no inversion takes place.DISCUSSION. saidDr. ARMSTRONG that when Messrs. Pope and Peachey first stated that they had succeeded in obtaining optically active nitrogen compounds, he had pointed out that the discovery was of special im- portance, because it seemed at, last to afford a means of deciding the longstanding dispute as to the valency of nitrogen in the ammonium compounds. The discovery was not in itself sufficient to disprove the molecular hypothesis advocated by Kekulh, as it was possible to formu- late the ammonium salts as molecular compounds, which it mas con- ceivable might have a tetrahedral configuration.But the subsequent discovery of optically active sulphur compounds by Messrs. Pope and Peachey might be regarded as complete disproof of the molecular compound hypothesis, and it was consequently legitimate to argue that nitrogen acted as a pentad in the ammonium compounds. Nevertheless, there could be little doubt that the '' superior " valency assumed by nitrogen in the ammonium compounds and by sulphur in the sulphonium compounds was in some way different in character from the lower or ordinary valency of these elements : that it was a I' conditional " valency, as nitrogen became pentad and sulphur tetrad only under special conditions and in a very limited number of cases. There could be little doubt that the direction in which valency could act was of importance, and the inquiry into this must play an im- portant part in the future.Reference was made to the behaviour of sulphur in thiophen as affording proof that the superior valency in some way became masked by the inclusion of the sulphur in the ring. The use made by the authors of the behaviour of double mercuric and platinic compounds as arguments against a change in valency was of a most ingenious character, as was also the reference to the evidence afforded by the stability of the active salts against the ionic dissoci- ation hypothesis : the suggestion t,hat a free affinity could not well act ‘‘ materially ” and serve to condition optical activity was par- ticularly worthy of note.Dr. HEWITTreferred to Mr. Pope’s remarks on the fact that the addition of mercuric iodide to optically active quaternary ammonium iodides gives rise to double salts in which the optical activity is pre-served, and the conclusion drawn that the valency of nitrogen remains unchanged, and the extension of this argument to the valency of sul-phur in the compounds of sulphonium iodides with metallic iodides. He considered it possible that the two active forms of a sulphonium iodide might add on mercuric iodide, the sulphur atom becoming hexavalent, and nevertheless the two resiilt,ing octahedral formuls be related to one another as an object is to its image. Dr. FORSTERsuggested that the numerical difference bet ween the rotation constants of dAdB and ZAZB might disappear if ZAZB were separated first, by adding I-camphorsulphonate to the racemic mixture, and inquired whether I-bromocamphorsulphonic acid would not be a useful substitute for I-camphorsulphonic acid.He questioned whether racemisation of the active ammonium iodide is due to dissociation on the lines indicated by MI.. Pope, pointing out that addition of ammonia should accelerate the change, Referring to the principle that a change of valency involves an alteration in the original valency directions, he wished to know why, if divalent sulphur forming part of a ring is prevented from becoming tetravalent on account of this principle, nitrogen does not lie under the same disabilit’y. Dr. H. MCKENZIEasked whether Mr.Pope had had occasion to con-firm Le Bel’s resolutionof inactive meth ylethplpropylisobutylammonium chloride by means of Penicillium glaucunz ; and, further, whether he had attempted to resolve Le Bel’s substance by aid of an optically active acid, such as a-bromocamphorsulphonic acid. Dr. MORGAN,in supporting the view that the nitrogen in the ring systems of the pyricline and acridine types is generally capable of assuming the quinquevalent condition, recalled the fact that naphth- acridine readily combines with alkyl iodides yielding quaternary iodides so stable that they can be crystallised from hot aniline without decomposition, indicating thereby that the cyclic nitrogen is able to 123 maintain its quinquevalency, even in the presence of an amine con-taining a nitrogen atom free from constraint as regards the direction of its linkings.Mi. W. J. POPE,in reply, observed that the new principle brought forward, namely, that during change of valency of an atom the valency directions might also change, appeared to be applicable when a bi-or quadri-valent sulphur atom became quadri- or sexa-valent respectively or when. a quinquevalent nitrogen atom became septa- valent; it is not necessarily applicable to the case of a tervalent nitrogen atom becoming quinquevalent because such a change might be effected by the two fresh groups attaching themselves to the nitrogen atom along a direction perpendicular to the plane containing the original three groups. The principle derived support from the fact that bivalent sulphur contained in a closed ring, and consequently restrained from altering its environment, cannot be caused to combine with alkyl iodides and become quadrivalent ; the 9%-alkyl derivatives of piperidine and tetrahydroquinoline, on the other hand, combine with alkyl iodides at least as readily as do tertiary bases in which the nitrogen atom is not contained in a closed ring. d-Benzylphenylallyl-methylammonium iodide undergoes inversion in chloroform solution about twice as rapidly as the corresponding bromide, but no experiments have yet been made with other salts.It is not immediately apparent how the inversion of optically active stannomethyl derivatives can be caused by dissociation, but the inversion is possibly due to dissociation of the stannic compound into a stannous compound and an alkyl salt.“80. c‘Reactionsof hydroxyoxamides.” By R. H. Pickard and W. Carter. Hydroxyoxamide and its mono-phenyl-, p-tolyl-, U-and P-naphthyl- derivatives, RNH*CO*CONHOH,react as hydroxamic acids, The general reactions of hydroxamic acids (Thiele and Pickard, Ann., 1899, 309, 189) can be carried out with these compounds, giving quantitative yields of substituted biurets, carbonyl di-carbamides, and allophanates. The monosubstituted phenyl-, p-tolyl-, a-and P-naphthyl-biurets, analogously substituted ethyl allophanates, and the sym-disubstituted carbonyl di-carbamides, CO(NHCONHR),, were described. The acetate of oxalodihydroxamic acid described by Hantzsch (Bey., 1894, 27, 801), is apparently a diacetate; it is acid in properties, and dissolves in a solution of sodium carbonate, giving a solution which, after warming, contains small quantities of h ydrazine.124 V1. The sym-trichlorobrornoanilines ; and chloro-and bromo-amino- derivatives of chlorobromoacetanilides." By F. D. Chattaway and K.J. P. Orton. The authors called attention to the great resemblance existing between the two similarly constituted sym-chlorodibromoanilines and their acetyl derivatives respectively. There is a similar resemblance be- tween the two sym-dichlorobromoanilines. The acetylchloroamino- derivatives, however, serve to distinguish the one isomeric aniline from the other, as they possess melting points lying several degrees apart.The following compounds have been prepared : 4-chloro-2 : B-dibronzo-miline, C6H,CIBr,*NH, (first prepared by Hofmann, Ann., 1845,53, 38), needles, melting at 97" (Hofmann does not record the melting point) and boiling at 301' under 760 mm. pressure; 4-chloro-2 : G-dibromo-cccetanilide, C,H,ClBr,*NHAc, flattened prisms or needles, melt-ing at 226-227' ; acetyZchloroamino-4-chZoro-2 : 6-dibromobenxene, C,H,ClBr,-NCIAc, short, four-sided prisms melting at 110-1 11' ; 5-chlor 0-4 :6-dibromoaniZine, C,H,ClBr,*NH, (first prepared by Langer, Ann., 1882, 215, 115), needles, closely resembling the isomeric aniline and melting at 95" ;2-chloro-4 : 6-dibronzoacetnniZideYC,H,ClBr,*NHAc, flattened prisms or needles, melting at 227'; ucet~lchloroamino-2-chZoro-4 : 6-dibromobenxene, C,H,CIBr,*NClAc, four-sided prisms, melting at 99-1 00' ; 2 : 6-clichZoro-4-bromouniZine,C,H,Cl,Br*N H, (first prepared by Fittig and Eiichner, Ann., 1877, 188,ZS), needles, melting at 92O (Fittig and Biichner give 93.5') ; 2 : 6-dichloro-4-bromoacetccnilids, C,H,Cl,Br*NHAc, flattened prisms or needles melting at 214' ; acety2 chloroumino-2 :6-dichloro-4-bronaobenze.ne, C,H,Cl,Br*NClAc, prisms melt- ing at 81' ; 2 :4-dicl~lo~o-6-bronioaniZine,C6H,Cl2Br*NH2, needles melt- ingat 83-5' ;2 :4-dichloro-6 brow oacetaniZide,C,H,Cl,Br*NHAc, flattened ~ prisms orneedles melting at 218' ;cccetylcl~loro~nzino-2:4-dichZoro-6-b~onao-benzene, C,H2Cl2Br*NC1Ac, four-sided prisms melting at 91-92' ; 2 :6-dibromocccetanilide, C,H,Br,*NHAc, prisms melting at 208-209' ; cccetylcldoroamino-2 : 6-dibronaobenzene, C,H,Fr,*NClAc) short prisms melting at 88' ; cccetylbronzoanaino-4-chlorobenxene)C,H,CI*NBrAc, yellow plates melting at 91O ; acetylchloroamilzo-4-bromobenxene, C,H,Br*NClAc, rhombs melting at 108-109' ; acetyEbromoamino-2 :4-dichloi*obenxe,ze, C6H,CI,*NBrAc, yellow plates or prisms melting at 95-9 6' ; ncetylchloroanaino-4-chZoro-2-bron~obenxene,C,H,ClBr *NClAc, four-sided prisms melting at 74-75" ; cccetylhromoanaino-4-cli1ol.o-2-bromobenxene, C,H,ClRr*NBrAc, yellow rhombs melting at 85-S6' ; ucetyZchlo~ounti~ao-2-chZoro-4-b~~omobenxene,C,H,Cl Br*NClAc, rhombs or prisms melting at 88-89' ; c~cetyZbromocimino-2-chZoro-4-bromobenzene, 125 C,H,ClBr*NErAc, yellow, four-sided prisms melting at 110-1 11' ; acetylchloroamhzo-2 : 4-dib~omobenzene, C6H3Br,*NClAc, plates or rhombs melting at 56-57O ;acetylchloroc~mino-2: 4 : 6-tribromobenxene, C,H2Br,*NClAc, prisms melting at 109-1 109 ."82. "Replacement of bromine by chlorine in anilines." ByF. D. Chattaway and H.J. P. Orton. When tribromoaniline (NH, :Br :Br : Br = 1:2 :4 : 6) reacts with acetylchloroamino-2 : 4-dichloroacetanilide in chloroform solution, bromine is evolved, and in addition to an azo-derivative and another coloured substance, a chlorodi bromoaniline can be isolated. This aniline proves to be 4-chloro-2 :6-di bromoaniline. With sym-chloro- bromoanilines (2 -chloro-4 : 6-dibromoaniline, 4-chloro-2 : 6-di bromo- anilines, 2 :4-dichloro-6-bromoaniline, and 2 : 6-dichloro-4-bromo-aniline), it was observed that bromine was given off to a far greater extent from those anilines which possessed a bromine atom in the para-position relatively to the amino-group.Again, an aniline in which bromine had been replaced by chlorine could only be isolated in the case of those anilines where bromine originally occupied the para-position. Thus, 2 :4-dichloro-6-bromoaniline could be obtained from 2-chloro-4 :6-dibromoaniline, but not from 4-chloro-2 : 6-dibromo-aniline. Acotylchloroamino-2 : 4 :6-tribromobenzene (and similar derivatives of chlorobromobenzenes) gives off bromine when heated in a sealed tube with acetic acid.No pure chlorobromoacetanilide has been isolated. *83. The absorption: spectra of cyanogen compounds." By W. N.6' Hartley, F.R.S., J. J. Dobbie, D.Sc., W.A.,and A. Lauder, B,Sc. The authors described the results of an examination of the absorp- tion spectra of cyanogen compounds, more particularly of cyanuric acid, melamine and their respective esters. Cyanuric acid and methyl cyanurate (m.p. 135') are commonly represented as closed chain compounds in which the chain is formed of alternate atoms of carbon and nitrogen alteraately doubly and singly linked, while methyl isocyanurate (m. p. 175") is represented as a derivative of isocyanuric acid containing three keto-groups and having the carbon and nitrogen atoms only singly linked.From the circum- stance that pyridine, dimethylpyrazine and other similar substances, in which the carbon and nitrogen atoms are united by alternate double and single linkings, exhibit strong absorption bands, it was expected that cyanuric acid and its esters would likewise exhibit marked selective 126 absorption. On the other hand, it was anticipated that the esters of isocyanuric acid would behave like piperidine and other substances composed of a closed chain of singlylinked carbon and nitrogen atoms. The authors found, hqwever, no trace of selective absorption in any of the substances examined, and pointed out that in the absence of more satisfactory chemical evidence it is questionable whether the con-stitution of cyanuric acid ought to be represented by a structural formula so closely analogous to that of pyridine and of dimethyl- pyrazine. The spectrographic examination confirms the view generally accepted on the evidence of chemical reactions, that cyanuric acid and methyl cyanurate (m.p. 135") are similarly constituted and that the relations between melamine and triethylmelamine (m. p. 74") are correctly repre- sented by the commonly accepted formulE. 84. '(The nutrition of yeast. Part 111." By A.L. Stern, D.Sc, The author has determined the effect of varying the concentration of the sugar, the temperature of fermentation, the amount of seed- yeast, and the time, on the nutrition of yeast. The experiments were made in exactly the same manner as those previously described (Trans., 1899, 75, 202); the sugar used was dextrose, the nitrogenous nutriment, asparagine ; and the inorganic nutriment, potassium phoshate, magnesium sulphate and calcium sul-phate ;and the yeast a pure culture from a Burton pitching yeast.The conclusions drawn are :-(1) Any increase of nitrogenous or inorganic nutriment beyond a definite limit will not increase either the amount of nitrogen assimil- lated by the yeast, or the weight of the yeast. This limit is but little greater than the largest amount which the yeast is able to assimilate under the conditions cf the experiment. (2) Any increase of the sugar is accompanied by an increase of the weightof nitrogen assimilated and of the weight of the yeast, This increase goes on up to the strongest concentrations which can be coni- pletely fermented.The rate of increase is greatest at the lowest con- centrations, and falls off gradually as the concentration rises. (3) Temperatures between 12' and 25' have but little influence on the weight of nitrogen assimilated and the weight of the yeast crop. At higher temperatures reproduction is weakened. (4) The weight of the nitrogen assimilated and of the yeast crop is composed of two quantities: the weight of the seeding pZus a quantity dependent on the composition of the solution. (5) The growth of the yeast is during a portion of the fermentation 127 proportional to the amount of sugar fermented, and proceeds as long as any sugar remains unfermented.From a consideration of these deductions, and of the work of others, the author concludes that there is an essential difference between the functions of the inorganic and nitrogenous nutriment on the one hand, and of the sugar on the other ; that the former supply only material to the yeast, whilst the latter supplies both material and energy. Whether fermentation is caused by an enzyme or not, the author does not yet consider definitely determined, whilst there is certain amount of evidence to support this supposition, there is none to negative it. 85. ‘‘On the colloid form of piperine, with especial reference to its optical refraction and dispersion.” By H. G. Madan, The author has examined the conditions under which crystalloid piperine is converted into the colloidal allotropic form of the substance. He finds that while cryatallised piperine when heated to its melting point, 135’, solidifies on cooling into a transparent resin-like substance, the latter, when thus prepared, is not permanent, but reverts sponta- neously in the course of a few months into t,he crystalloid form.The same change takes place quickly and completely when the substance is heated to 100’. If, however, piperine is kept for an hour at a temperature of 180°, the resulting product is much more stable if not absolutely permanent as a colloid. It does not become crystalline when heated to 100’ or above, nor has the lapse of 24 years had any effect in changing it back into the crystalloid condition. The results of a determination of the ref;.active indices of colloid piperine for some of the principal spectrum lines were given, from which it appears that, while its refraction is very high (pD= 1*GS4), its dispersion is quite extraordinary, the visual spectrum being nearly four times as long as that given by a prism of dense flint glass having the same refracting angle. The coefficient of dispersion (p~,,-p~~) is 0.142, while that of carbon disulphide is only 0.057.86. “Note on pyromucylhydroxamic acid.” By R. H. Pickard and A. Neville. The reactions of pyromucylhydroxamic acid have been studied with a view to obtaining t’he furan carbamides and carbamates by the method of Thiele and Pickard. These are, however, uncrystallisable oils, which decompose on hydrolysis.Pyromucylhydrox~mic acid, C,H,O*CONHOH, obtained by hydrolysing ethyl pyromucate with hydroxylamine, melts at 124O and forms a benxoyl derivative, which melts at 134’. 128 87. '' The condensation of ethylphenylketone with benzaldehyde." By R. D.Abell, B.Sc. Under the influence of a 20 per cent. solution of sodium ethylate, ethylphenylketone reacts with benzaldehyde to form (1) 1:3-diphenyl-2-methyl-trimethylene glycol, colourless needles m. p. 98-99' ; (2) impure benzalpropiophenone, as a yellow oil, boiling at 2 10-2 13' (23 mm.) ; (3) 1:3-dimethyl-1 :3-dibenzoyl-2-phenylpropane,C,5H2402, plates, m.p. 162-163'. If sodium methylate be similarly employed, only the first two are obtained, whilst a solution of potassium hydroxide in aqueous alcohol gives only benzalpropiophenone, which may be more satisfactorily pre- pared by using hydrochloric acid gas as the condensing agent, If the first substance (the glycol) be oxidised by means of chromic acid, methyldibeazoylmethane is produced, and this, by the action of hgdrazine hydrate, gives 3 :5-diprTlenyl-4-l)net~~~~ru~o~ewhich melts at 222-22 3'.Benzalpropiophenone readily unites with bromine to form benxalpro-piophenone dibrornide, which is obtained as a viscid green oil by adding a solution of bromine in chloroform to one of benzalpropiophenone in the same solvent. Benzalpropiophenone with phenylhydrazine gives a hydrazone, C22H20N2,yellow needles, m. p. 127-128'. As it seemed probable that for the preparation of the third substance the previous formation of benzalpropiophenone was necessary, a mixture of equimolecular quantities of benzalpropiophenone and ethylphenyl- ketone was treated with sodium ethylate, when a compact crystalline mass was obtained which by recrystallisation from alcohol was separated into two isomeric compounds having the formula C,5H2402, one in the form of plates, m.p. 162-163', identical with the 1 :3-dimethyl-1 :3-dibenzoyl-2-phenylpropanementioned above, and the other as needles, m. p. 121-122'. Sodium methylate cannot be used instead of the ethylate in this reaction. When the isomeride, m. p. 162-1663', was heated with alcoholic ammonia, much resinous matter was formed together with a small quantity of a substance crystallking in needles, m.p. 155-156', which from the percentage of nitrogen found may be either triphenyl-dimethyl dihydropyridine, C25H23N,or triphenyldimethyl pyridine, C,,H2,N.This substance was also obtained by the action of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on both isomerides. 129 88. “A new method for the determination of hydrolytic dissociation.” By B.C. Farmer, B.Sc., Ph.D. The usual method for the determination of hydrolytic dissociation by the velocity of saponification of an ester is not applicable in certain cases, particularly those in which the acid or base under investigation is diacultly soluble in water and is precipitated during the reaction. The author has therefore devised a new method, in which the free acid or base is determined by distribution between two solvents.An aqueous solution of the salt of a weak acid or base is shaken with a known amount of benzene or some other suitable solvent, which extracts onIy one of the dissociation products. From the amount extracted, the degree of hydrolysis of the salt can be calculated, the coefficient of distribution for the substance between the two solvents having been previously determined. The method was tested with a salt of hydroxyazobenzene. The values obtained at different dilutions agreed with those required by the law of dilution given by Arrhenius. The mean values found for the hydrolytic dissociation of a salt of hydroxyazobenzene at 25O were as follows : Dilution in litres .........32 50 64 80 100 Percentage hydrolysis ...... 0.91 1.09 1-24 1.32 1.60 Owing to the intense colour of the hydroxyazobenzene, the estimations had to be carried out gravimetrically. In most cases, volumetric methods could be used with advantage, both as regards rapidity and accuracy. Similar experiments with weak bases have not yet been attempted. 89. “The production of some new metallic borides.” By S. A. Tucker, Ph.B., and H. R.Moody, B.S,,116.8. The authors describe the formation and properties of four new borides, those of zirconium, chromium, tungsten and molybdenum. These compounds were prepared by bringing an intimate mixture of the metal with boron under the influence of a temperature produced by a current of from 200 to 275 amperes and 60 to 75 volts in the electric furnace, Combination takes place in a few minutes with the formation of compounds which are crystalline, hard, of a high specific gravity, not easily attacked by acids, and having very high melting points. The compounds thus prepared have the following formulz Zr3B4, CrB, WB,, and Mo,B,.Tie authors were unable to produce the borides of copper and of 130 bismuth in a like manner, and it seems therefore as if boron had no affinity for the members of the copper group, but that it combines readily with the members of the iron group. 90. The action of lead thiocyanate on the chlorocarbonates. Part 11. Carboxymethyl- and carboxyamyl-thiocarbimidesand their derivatives." By R.E. Doran. The author has already described (Trans., 1896, 69,324) the pre- paration and properties of carboxyethylt hiocarbimide and its deriva- tives, and this continuation of his work deals chiefly with the thio- carbamides, thioureas, and thiocarbamates obtained from its methyl and amyl homologues. No attempt was made in this case to isolate the parent substances, but the following compounds were prepared, identified, and are described in detail. ab-Cc~~*boxynzr!t~~ZphenyZtkiocarba~zide,CH,O*CO*NHCS NH*CGH5, white needles, 113. p. 158' ; ab-cai.boxymet7~ylben~yZt~~iocnrbnmide, C~I,O*CO*NH*CS*NH*CH,.C,H,,needles, m. p. 134" ; ab-cwb-oxy nzeth yI-0-to ZyZ thiocar banzide, CH,O*CO*NH*CS*NH*CGH,*CH,, reedles, m. p. 1'72"; ab-ccc~~box~~net?~~l-p-tolylthiocarb~~~~~~de, CH,O*CO*TU'H*CS*NH*C,K,,CH,,short prisms, rn.p. 158"; ab-curb-oxymethyl-a- nc~~hthylthiocarbami~e, CH,O*CO*NH*CS*NH*C10H7, needles, m. p. 193" ; ab-carboxyi~~etl~~l-~-nc~~~~th~lthiocarba~~zicle, CH,0*CO*NH*CS*NH*C,,H7,minute needles, m. p. 184O; ab-ccwb-oxymethylmethylthiocarbamide, CH,O*CO*NH*CS*N~I*CH,,needles, m. p. 146' ;a b -cccrboxymethy Zetl~ylt7~iocnrbamide, CH,O-C O*NH*CSNH* C,H, , needles, m. p. 86' ; ab-ccL?.box?/methyZisobutylthioca?.banzicEe, CH,0°CO*NH*CS*NH.C,H9,long prisms, m. p. 83" ; cai-boxymethyZthio-ui-eu, CH,O*CO*N:C(NH,)SH, short prisms, m. p. 166' ; carboxpaethyl-piperidylthiourea, CH,O*CO*N:C(SH)*N:C5H1,,needles, m. p. 97"; carb-oxymethy~hen~~lsemithiocurbaxide,CH,O* CO*NH* C(SH):N*NH*C,H,, glistening plates, m.p. 180' ; nzethyl cal.boxymethylthiocarb(~naute, CH,O*CO*NH*CS*OCH,,feathery needles, m. p. 46' ; ethyl carboxy- methylthiocacrbamate, CH,0*CO-NH*CS*OC,H5, needles, m. p. 83' ; benxyE carboxpaetl~ylthiocarbamate, CH,O*CO*NH*CS*OCH,*C,H,, cream-white needles, m. p. 103'. Derivatives of carboxyamylthiocarbamide : ab-Cu?.boxyamyZpheny Ithiocurbanaicle, C,HI10 C0.N H CS*NH*CGH,, white needles, m. p. '37-98O ; ab-cnrboxyanayZ-o-to~~ltiliocu?~bu~aide, C,H1,0*CO*NH*CS*NH*CGH4,CH,,white needles, m. p. 96-97'. Carboxyamylthiourea was also obtained, but in too small a quan-tity to permit of it,s satisfactory identification. 131 91. “The chlorine derivatives of pyridine. Part VII. Some con-densation products.” By W.J. Sell, M.A., F.R.S.,and F. W. Dootson, M.A. A series of experiments having for their object the determination of the orientation of a compound, CloHCl,,N2,which has been obtained by the action of chlorine on pyridine hydrochloride, together with certain of its derivatives (Tyans.,1899, 75, 980) was described, This substance, which is the principal product of t,he chlorination, may be crystallised unaltered from chloroform or acetone, but if the solvent contains the hydroxyl group the compound is decomposed. With benzoic and other acids it reacts, giving a theoretical yield of the acid chloride in accordance with the equation Cl,HCI,,N2+ C,H,C02H =C,H,COCl +C,,HCI,N,O +HCI. The following formulx exhibit the relationship between the parent compound and certain of its derivatives : 0c1 c1 /\ c1 C1 H 92, 6‘ The diazotisation of dinitroanisidine and the constitution of the resulting product.” By R,Meldola, F.R.S., and J.V.Egre. A PAPER just published by Freyss (Bull. SOC.Ind. de Xuthouse, 1901, 70,375) anticipates some conclusions at which the authors have arrived as the outcome of an investigation upon which they have been engaged since last October. They are led, therefore, to place upon 132 record the results of those experiments which appear to give inde pendent support to the conclusions of the author above named. This work is an extension of that already published (M-eldola and Wechsler, Trans., 1900, 7'7,1172; PYOC.,1898, 14,226).The crystalline diazo-compound, obtained by the action of a nitrite on dinitrsanisidine in acetic acid solution, is a diazoxide of the formula : The proof of this constitution is given by several considerations, some of which appear from the experiments of Freyss, the most cogent, perhaps, being its ready convertibility into nitromethylresorcinol, C,H,*NO,*OH*OCH, = 1:2 :4. The authors find the most convenient method for bringing about this conversion is to dissolve the diazoxide in alcoholic sodium hydroxide. The decomposition takes place at the ordinary temperature, with the evolution of nitrogen and the forma- tion of aldehyde. On diluting the alkaline alcoholic solution with water and acidifying, the nitroresorcinol methyl ether separates in a crystalline form, and is best purified by steam distillation.The nitro- resorcinol ether gives the dimethyl ether of m. p. 72-73' on methyl-ation with dimethyl sulphate in the presence of alkali. The mono- and the di-methyl ethers are both nitrated by solution in cold, fuming nitric acid, the dimethyl ether dissolving at first with a green colour. The correspouding dinitro-derivatives have the constitutions : OCH, 31. p. 110.5". M. p. 154". The first of these crystallises from alcohol in large, yellow plates. The second crystallises in small, white needles from alcohol, and in very minute needles from boiling water ; it is obtained also (mixed with colouring matters) by the direct nitration of resorcinol dimet-hyl ether in acetic acid with excess of fuming nitric acid, and its constitu- tion as a derivative of resorcinol is thus confirmed.The nitroresorcinol monomethyl ether benzoylates very readily by the Schotten- Baumann method. The benzoyl derivative, C6H,.N0,*OC7H,0*OCH,= 1: 2 :4, crystallises from alcohol in flat, white needles melting at 95". The nitro-derivative, when dissolved in acetic acid, gives an intense blue colour on the addition of zinc dust. If reduced with zinc dust and 133 acetic acid in the presence of acetic anhydride, the acetamino-deriv- ative, C,H,*NHAc*OH*OCH, = 1 :2 : 4, is obtained. This crystallises from water in lustrous, flat, white needles, which become brown on exposure to the air. The melting point is 164-165'.The diazoxide is remarkably stable towards acids ; it can be boiled with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid and can be crystallised from boiling glacial acetic acid or from acetic anhydride without undergoing decomposition. It is decomposed on boiling with hydriodic acid solution and the product is iodonitroresorcinol methyl ether (Meldola and Wechsler, Zoc. cit., 1173), C,H;OCH,*OH*NO,*I = 1 : 3 : 4: 6. The azo-P-naphthol derivative described in the former note (Zoc. cit.) has the formula CGH,*NO,*OCH,*OH*N,*C,,H,.OH. In addition to the properties already assigned to this compound, it may be added that it is distinctly phenolic in character, dissolving in cold aqueous alkali with a dull claret-red colour and being precipitated unchanged by acids.The phenolic character is due to the hpdroxyl group in the para-position. An examination of the product of the action of ammonium sulphide on the azo-compound has shown that no amino-azo-compound is formed, and this is in accordance with the view that the nitro-group is not in the para-position with respect to the azo-group (Meldola, Tvans., 1883, 43, 425). The constitution of dinitroanisidine (m. p. 188') first described (Meldola and Wechsler, Zoc. cit.) follows from the fact that it is ob-tainable by the further nitration of both the nitroacetanisidides re- sulting from the nitration of o-acetanisidide : The authors have proved this directly by the nitration of carefully purified specimens of the mononitroacetyl derivatives.No. I was prepared by the reduction of dinitroanisole and acetylation of the nitroanisidine (Meldola, Woolcott, and Wray, Trans., 1896, 69, 1330). No. I1 was prepared from the corresponding nitroanisidine, the latter being obtained pure, by a modification of the method formerly de-scribed ( Z'TOC., 1898, 14, 226). The mixture of nitroacetyl derivatives resulting from the nitration of o-acetanisidide is boiled with dilute alkali till completely hydrolysed. The mixed nitroanisidines on being dissolved in hot dilute sulphuric acid deposit, on cooling, silvery scales of the sulphate of the p-nitro-compound, CGH,~N02*NH,*OCH, = 1 : 4: 5, the sulphate of the isomeric compound remaining in solution. The crystalline sulphate gives pure p-nitro-o-anisidine on treatment with dilute alkali and crystallisation of the product from hot 134 water.In order to characterise further the two nitroanisidines and the dinitroanisidine, the benzoyl derivatives have been prepared : =C6H3*N02*NH(C7H,0)*OCH, 1: 4 : 5, white silky needles from alcohol, m. p. 149-150' ; C,H,*N0,*NH(C7H,0)*OCH, = 1 :3 : 4, slender ochreous neeedles from alcohol, m. p. 160-161*; C6H2*(NO2);NH(C7H,O)*0CH3=1 :2 :5 : 4, ochreous scales from acetic acid, m. p. 185-186'. The constitution of the y-nitro-o-anisidine mas proved by two methods differing from those adopted by Freyss, as well as by con- version into the p-nitro-guaiacol of m. p. 104'. The latter compound, of which the discovery is assigned to Rupe (Bey., 1897,30, 2446), was first described by one of the authors (Meldola, Pvoc., 1896, 12, p.125). The p-nitro-o-anisidine when diazotised and the amino-group replaced by iodine in the usual way, gave an iodonitroanisole which crystallised in straw-coloured needles melting at 127°-128'. The constitution of this compound might hare been expected to correspond with that of the nitro-aminophenol, m. p. 201'--202', obtained by Friedlander and Zeitlin (Ber., 1894, 27, 196) by heating p-nitrobenzenediazimide with sulphuric acid. Some of the nitroaminophenol was prepared by this method and converted into the corresponding iodonitrophenol which crystallises from alcohol in ochreous needles xrielting at 146'-147'. The silver salt of the latter, which is a brick-red amorphous powder, on treatment with methyl iodide, gave the same iodonitroanisole m.p. 127'-12S0, as that obtained from p-nitro-o-anisidine : 31.p. 201-202". 11.11. 146-147". 11.p. 127-128". The other method consisted in combining the diazotised nitroanis- idine with P-naphthol in the usual way and reducing the nitroazo- compound to an aminoazo-compound by ammonium sulphide. The nitroazo-compound is obtained as a scarlet precipitate on mixing solutions OF the diazonium salt and ,&naphthol dissolved in sodium hydroxide, It crystallises from glacial acetic acid, in which it dissolves with difficulty, in filamentous needles of a dull red colour with a slight metallic reflex, Its melting point is 269O. It dissolves in alcoholic soda with a violet colour and with a similar colour in strong sulphuric acid, the latter solution becoming redder on dilution with water. The solution in alcoholic soda becomes red on heating with ammonium sulphide and on dilution with water the aminoazo-compound, ~H2*C6H3~OCH3~N2~C,,H6~OH,separates out in bronzy scales.The 135 melting point of this compound is above 300O. It dissolves in alcohol with a bordeaux-red colour which becomes orange on adding hydro- chloric acid. Ii;dissolves in hot aqueous hydrochloric acid with a dull red and in strong sulphuric acid with a magenta-red colour, becoming more orange on dilution. The reducibility of the nitro-group without the separation of the nitrogen atoms of the azo-group may be taken as proof that the two groups are in the para-position with respect to one another.The constitution of the nitroanisidine of Cahours eldola do la, Wool-cott, and Wray, Zoc. cit.) was further proved by converting it into the correspsnding iodonitroanisole by replacing the amino-group by iodine by the diazo-method. The iodonitroanisole, C6H,*N02*I*OCH, = 1 :3 :4, melts at 95-96' and is identical with that described by Reverdin (Ber., 1896, 29,998). Experiments were in progress to obtain direct evidence of the con- stitution of the dinitroanisidine at the time of appearance of the paper by Freyss. The triaminoanisole obtained by reducing the dinitro- anisidine with tin and hydrochloric acid forms a crystalline hydro- chloride, but it is very unstable, passing readily into a deep violet colouring matter on exposure to the air.The dinitroacetanisidide does not give an anhydro-base on reduction, an observation which is in harmony with the view that the acetamino-group is not in the ortho- position with respect to a nitro-group. On the other hand, that the triaminoanisole contains two amino-groups in the ortho-position is proved by the formation of an azine with phenanthrenequinone. On heating together equimolecular weights of the triamine and the quinone in glacial acetic acid, the aminoazine is gradually formed, and on adding hydrochloric acid the hydrochloride is completely thrown out on cooling as a dull red precipitate. The free base is an ochreous powder which dissolves in alcohol with a magnificent green fluorescence.It does not readily crystallise, but separates from boiling toluene in the form of brown nodules having a melting point of about 237O, but softening before this temperature. The base thus obtained contains one molecule of toluene and has the formuh : The result of this investigation thus confirms the conclusion that on diazotising 3 :4-dinitro-o-anisidine in acetic acid, it is the 4-nitro-group which is eliminated, probably in accordance with the scheme : The more exact nature of the mechanism of the change will be made the subject of further investigation. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. I. Donations. Cohea, J. B. Practical organic chemistry for advanced students. London 1900.From the Aut'hor. 11. By Purchase. Ahrens, F. B. Anleitung zur chemisch-technischen Analyse. Ill. Stuttgart 1901. Meyer, 0. E. The kinetic theory of gases : elementary treatise, with mathematical appendices. Translated from the second revised edition by R. E. Baynes. London 1899. Bredig, Georg. Anorgarrische Fermente. Ill. Leipzig 1901. Klocker, A. Die Garungsorganismen in der Theorie und Praxis der Alkoholgarungsgewerbe. Ill. Stuttgart 1900. Migula, W. Compendium der bakteriologischen Wasserun tersuchung nebst vollstiindiger Uebersicht der Trinkwasserbakterien. Ill. Wies-baden 1901. Nietzki, Rudolf, Chemid der organischen Farbstoff e. Fourth edit,ion. Berlin 190 1. Wedekind, Edgar. Die heterocyklischen Verbindungen der organ- ischen Chemie.Leipzig 1901. Pamphlets. Wendt, Gustav. Ueber einige unvollkommenheiten des Subst'anz- gesetzes und ihre Abstellung. Berlin 1900. Wislicenus, Johannes. Sir Edward Frankland, Leipzig 1901. From the Author. 137 At the next meeting, on Thursday, June 6th, the following papers will be communicated :-‘‘A laboratory method for the preparation of ethylene.” By G. S. Newth. “Oroxylin.” By W. A. H. Naylor and C. S. Dyer.‘‘ Some relations between physical constants and constitution in benzenoid amines. 11.” By P. Gordon and L. Limpach.‘‘ The constitution of the acids obtained from a-dibromocamphor.” By A. Lapworth and W. H, Lenton. 6‘ The decomposition of chlorates. IV. The supposed mechanical facilitation of the decomposition of potassium chlorate.” By W.H. Sodeau. RESEARCH FUND. A meeting of the Research Fund Committee will be held in June. Applications for grants, to be made on forms which can be obtained from the Assistant Secretary, must be received on or before June 10th. 13s CERTIFICATES OF CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION AT THE NEXT BALLOT. N.B.-The frames of those who sign from ‘(General Knowledge ” are printed in italics. The following Candidates have been proposed for election. A ballot will be held on Thursday, June ZOth, 1901. Adams, Ormsby Gore, Staw ell, Victoria, Australia. Lecturer on Chemistry and Mineralogy, &c. Studied Chemistry, kc., at Otago University (New Zealand University) for three years, 1896-1898. Was Assayer and Analyst at Tasmanian Smelting Com- pany’s Works at Zeehan, Tasmania, 1900.At present, Lecturer on Chemistry, Uineralogy, &c., at Stawell School of Mines, Victoria, Australia. Holds Diploma of Associate of Otago University School of Mines, and also Certificate of Metallurgical Chemist and Assayer from the same institution. Orme Masson. Fred. W. Steel. D. Avery. C. R.Blackett. A. W.Craig. Ashwell, Guy, Standard Bank, Eulawayo. Analytical Chemist and Assayer. Charles M. Stuart. Thomas Purdie. Frank Clowes. J. Emerson ReynoIds. Edwurd T.Shelbourn. Aspinall, Thomas, 42, Gilnow Road, Bolton. Analytical Chemist. Research in Sewage Purification and general interest in Chemistry. Walter Ratcliff e, William B. Mason. Jno. L.Whiteside. Frank flcuddeva. J. Carter Bell. Geoyye J. Alleiz. 139 Aston, William George, 4, Dalkeith Road, Ilford. Chemist in the Laboratory of the Gas Light and Coke Company’s Tar Product Works, Beckton. Scholar for three years at People’s Palace Day Schools. Scholar for two years at the East London Tech- nical College (People’s Palace) Day Classes. Passes in Honours at the South Kensington Examinations in Organic Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical, and Inorganic, Practical. Joint Author with Dr. Hewitt of papers, ‘‘Bromination of Benzeneazophenol ” (Trans., 1900, 77,712) ;‘‘ Bromination of Benzeneazophenol,” Part I1 (Tvans.,1900, 77’810). J, T. Hewitt. Edgar S. Barralet. Frank Dixon. William A. Rugginz. T. Wilton. Samuel Clift.Barker,Hubert Haigh, 3, Waverley Place, St. John’s Wood, N.W. Analytical Chemist. Articled pupil to Professor Bayne for three years in Analytical Chemistry ; at present, junior Assistant and Demonstrator at the Royal Veterinary College. James Bayne. W. B. Bottomley. Hubert E. Lindley. Percy A. E. Richurcls. Bemarcl Dyey. Beaven, Eden Sloper, 5, Boreharn Terrace, Warminster. Maltster and Chemist. Interested in the Chemistry of Agriculture and Malting. Author, with J. IN.H. Nunro, D.Sc., of papers in J.R. Agriculturul Xociety, on ‘‘ Manurial Conditions Affecting the Quality of Malting Barley,’’ March, 1897, and June, 1900. J. Henry Gilbert. N. Story Maskelyne. Samuel Rideal. E. R. Moritz. John M. H. Munro. Horace T. Brown.Bedford, Fred, 9, Market Place, Slesford, Lincs. Teacher of Chemistry. Three years’ practical experience in the Analysis of Water and Food-stuffs, and in Organic Chemistry gener-ally. Second Class Honours in Chemistry at London Inter. B.Sc. Advanced Stage Certificates Science and Art Department, Inorganic :ind 140 Organic Chemistry. Lecturer in Chemistry under Kesteven County Council. Desirous of increasing my knowledge of Chemistry. Reginald B. Brown. J. T.Kewitt. Hudson Donaldson. Chapman Jones. Alex. W. Bain. James C. PhiEip. J. H. Allworthy. John MeCrae. Bridges, Joseph Samuel, 45, Thistlewaite Road, Clapton, N.E. Principal, Walthamstow Science and Technical Institute, Senior Professor of Biology, City of London College.B.Sc. Lond. ; Honours in Chemistry. Lecturer and Demonstrator in London laboratories for 178 years. Research in Physiological Chemistry at King’s College. Isaac Sydney Scarf. E. J. Jackman. Chapman Jones. Harold W. Harrie. J. C. Mascarenhas. Crabtree, Arthur, 9, Bigg Market, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Science Lecturer in Physiology, Hygiene and Chemistry. Science Lecturer in Newcastle Day and Evening Schools. Student of Chemistry, Xlem., Adv., and Honours, for six years under Drs. C. Gerland, R. H. Pickard, and G. Smith, and obtained many certificates. For a few years Teacher of Physiology and Hygiene under the Science and Art Depart. The Society’s publications would be most useful to me in my further studies and labours. Robert H.Pickard. Wm. Lewins. T. W. Lockmood. C. Gerland. R. S. Cahill. James Foulds. Dean, George, 2, Scriven Grove, Knaresborough. Senior Science Master, King James’s Grammar School, Knares-borough. M.A. Cambridge University. First Class, Part I, Natural Sciences Tripos, 1896 ;First Class, Part 11, Natural Sciences Tripos, 1897 (with Chemistry as special subject). Author of “Equivalent Weight of Cyanogen ” (Proc. Chem. SOC.,1898, p. 174). Author of ‘‘The Atomic Weight of Nitrogen ” (Trcms,, 1900, p. 117). G. D. Liveing. H. J. H. Fenton. W. J. Sell. James Dewar. Alexander Scott. 141 Eling, Thomas Henry James, B.A., 32, Hill Top Avenue, Shepherd’s Lane, Leeds. Chemistry Instructor, Southern Higher Grade School, Leeds. Graduate of Oxford University, with Honours in Chemistry.V. H. Veley. J. E. Marsh. W. W. Fisher. J. Hembrough. John Vatts. Hanson, Edward Kenneth, Hadley Wood, N. Student of Natural Science, First Class Natural Science Tripos, Part I, 1900. Desires admission in order to enjoy the advantages of membership, use of library, &c. M. M. Pattison Muir. H. J. H. Fenton. S. Ruhemann. W. T. N. Spivey. R. 8. MorrelI. Harry, Frederick Thomas, 106, Sandmere Road, Clapham, S.W. Chemical Student. A three years’ Chemical course at Finsbury Technical College, obtained Certificate, and am now engaged in Research at the Central Technical College. Henry E. Armstrong. William A. Davis. Gerald T. Moody. T. M. Lowry. Edwin C, Jee. Horton, Edward, 8, Orford Street, Chelsea, S.W., Chemical Student.I studied Chemistry for 3 years at Finsbury Technical College, obtaining the College certificate in 1900. Since October, 1900, I have been engaged in research work under Dr. Armstrong at the Central Technical College. Henry E. Armstrong. Edward W. Lewis. Gerald T. Moody. James Rloir. William A. Davis. Sidney S. Napper. Kiddell, Christopher George, 24, Queen’s Gardens, Muswell Hill, N. Science Master and Lecturer under Herts County Council. B.A. W. B.Hards. J. W. Shepherd. Henry E. Armstrong. G. T.Morgan. M. 0. Forster. James C. Philip. 142 Lattey, Robert Tabor, Trinity College, Oxford, Student of Chemistry. H. Brereton Baker. Allan F. Walden. D. H. Nagel. Harold Hartley.F. R. L. Wilson. Lehmann, Adolf Ludwig Ferdinand, Bangdore, Mysore, India. Agricultural Chemist to Gov. Mysore. Graduate University of Toronto (B.Sc.), 1889. Assistant Chemist Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, 1890-1893 ; Chemist La. Exp. Station, New Orleans, La., U.S.A., 1893-1894 ; Student Wislicenus, Leipzig, Germany (Ph.D.), 1894-1897. Dissertation ‘‘ Dibenzopldiphenyl-butadien and its Reduction to Tetraphenylbenzoyl ” (A~zncden,302, p. 195). Lecturer on Organic Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kings- ton, Canada, 1897-1899. J. Walter Leather. W.H. Ellis. Frank T. Shutt. 7V. €2. Lang. Frank G. Wait. W. Lash Miller. Lowson, William, 83, Kyrle Road, Clapham Common, London. Assistant Analyst in Government Lab.Six years’ experience in Pharmacy and registered as Chemist under Pharmacy Act; three years’ training at Yorkshire College, Leeds ; B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C. Demonstrator in Chemistry at, Yorks College. T. E. Thorpe. John 3lcCrae. Arthur Smithells. Julius B. Cohen. H. &I.Dawson. Macdonald, F. G., Government Laboratory, Durban. Analytical Chemist and -Assayer. Four years assistant chemist, Roxburgh Sugar Refining Co., Greenock. Three years with Messrs. Tatlock and Readman, City Analysts, Glasgow, part of which time as R student and the remainder as an assistant. Two years Assayer to Durban Roodepoort Gold Mining Co., Transvaal, three years Cyanide Manager to the same company, At present in the Government Laboratory, Durban, as temporary assistant, as my services are still retained by the Durban Roodepoort G.If. Co. E. Nevill. R.K. Tatlock. Angus Smith. It. T. Thomson. John Clark. 143 McLaren, Daniel, B.Sc., Erookdale, Grey Street, Stalybridge. Science Teacher, Graduate in Science (Chemistry and Physics). St. Ands. “ Forrester Prizeman ” (Chemistry). 2nd “ Neil Arnott ” Prizeman (Physics). Teacher of Chemistry since 1890. Principal and teacher of Chemistry, Technical School, Stalybridge. Thomas Purdie. Albert Morris. Joseph Brierley. Jas. Grant. John Allan. Oram, Frank, Market Place, Romsey. Pharmaceutical Chemist. Senior Medallist in Chemistry and Materia Medica. W.B. Randall. David Howard. J. Brierley. Peter MacEwam. Harry Wilson.Thomas Tyrer. Powell, John, Balliol House, Wentmorth Street’, E. Teacher of Physics at the Goldsmiths’ Institute, New Cross. Am a B.Sc., London. William J. Yope. A. W. Harvey. Stanley J. Peachey. M. 0. Forster. Henq. A. iMiers. Purvis, John Edward, University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge. Assistant to the Professor of Chemistry, Cambridge University. M.A. (St. John’s College, Cambridge) ; Associate Royal College of Science (Ireland) ; Associate Institute of Chemistry. G. D. Liveing. Alexander Scott. James Dewar. H. J. H. Penton. W. J. Sell. Russell, James Bertram, 356, Padiham Road, Burnley, Schoolmaster. B.Sc. (Lond.). Late Scholar and Associate of University College, Cardiff. Formerly Lecturer in Chemistry for the County Council of Hertfordshire.Author of “Notes on Volumetric Analysis.’’ For 5 years Senior Science Master, Grammar School, Burnley, Claude M. Thompson. Q. S. Turpin. E. P. Perman. H. B. Dixon. W.H. Perkin, jun. 144 Sandford, Thomas, 2, Market Place, Ulverston. Analytical Chemist. Analytical Chemist to Messrs. Harrison, Ainslie and Co., Ltd,, Ulverston, Charcoal iron makers and mines owners. Student under E. Richards, Esq., F.I.C., and F. B. Last, Esq., F.C.S. Frank B. Last. Geo. R. Thompson. Gilbert Howard Daniel. Bichd. Spencer. Jccnzes E. Feryuson. Sheppard, Samuel Edward, Ravensmere, Bromley Road, Catford, S.E. Student in the Chemical Department of University College, London, Passed Intermediate Examination in Science (Honours).Reading for B.Sc. (Honours) Examination at the London University. William Ramsay. Edward C. Cyril Baly. Norris W. Travers. Lionel M. Jones. Charles 31. Stuart’. Sichel, Gerald Theodore Sylvester, R.X. Hospital, Haslar, Goeport. Surgeon R.N. Assistant Instructor, &c., to Surgeons on entry into R.N. Lecturing and demonstrating in practical analytical work and 011 serum therapeutics since Feb. 1900. Admiralty analyses of water supplies of the service, foods, liquors, and general hygienic laboratory work since Feb. 1900. F.R.C.S. (Eng.) ; L.R.C.P. (Lond.) ; late H. S. Guy’s Hospital. Thos. Stevenson. Walter C. C. Pakes. John Wade. William J. Pope. Chas. Nills. Smith, Andrew Biggam, Queenstown, Cape Colony, S.A.Analytical Chemist. Student of Chemistry in Andersonian College, Glasgow, under Prof. Henderson, D.Sc., from March 1892 to April 1895. For some time Chemist with the Scottish Oil and Chemical Go., Keppochhill, Glasgom, now with M. Armstrong, Chemist and Druggist, Queenstown, Cape Colony, South Africa. G. G. Henderson. Thomas Gray. James Robson. Matt,hew A. Parker, A. Htcntbokdt Sexton. 14.3 SpencerJohn Davidson, 2, Hawk Hill Place, Perth Road, Dundee. Assistant Chemist and Assayer in tlie Muntz Metal Works, Birmingham. I was an assistant Chemist in the laboratory of Mr. G. D. Macdougald, F.I.C., Public Analyst of Dundee, for three years, and I am engaged in research work for the firm with whom I am at pre- sent engaged. John S.Lumsden. James Walker. John Foggie. Jas. Braik Nc~o12, Percy Y. Frcmkkcmd. Tankard, Arnold Rowsby, 67, Surrey Street, Sheffield. Analytical Chemist. Analytical and Literary Assistant to Mr. A. H. Allen. UDdertaker of various investigations recorded in Conzntercicd Organic Analysis, ChenzicnZ News, 8tc. Alfred H. Allen. G. E. Scott-Smith. *P.J. Hartog. J.3.Tiiorpe. George Yoang. D.L.Clqmzan. TVm. A. Bone. Tatam, George William Gerald, Mercers’ Hall, Cheapside, E.C. Chemist in charge of the Laboratory and Gas Testing Department of the Gas Light and Coke Company’s Nine Elms Station. I am a past student of the City and Guilds of London Institute, Finsbury, where I obtained the Diploma in the Department of Applied Chemistry. Raphael Meldola.Ernest H. Roberts. F. Southerden. Otto Hehner. GVseviZZe WiZZiams . Whitton, William Arthur, Bristol Brewery, Brighton. Brewer. Two years pupil to H. E. Wright, Esq., F.C.S. Nine months pupil to Messrs. Matthews and Lott, Analytical Chemists. Two and a half years 2nd Brewer, Cheltenham Original Brewery Go. Ltd., now Brewer, Bristol Brewery, Brighton. Desirous of keeping myself informed in Chemical Science. Herbert Edward Wright. Arthur A. Leon. Chas. Geo. Matthews. Jns. O’XuZZiuan. WiZZiam Fyew. 146 Whittle, James, 30, Bridge Street, Morpeth. Chemist. Interested in Agricultural and Photographic Chemistry and desirous to obtain the Society's papers, &c. William Dlair. Geo, F. Merson. R. E. S. Richardson. Fyedk. G'ilde~dale.Frank R. Dudderidge. John Gibson. Wilson, Duncan Randolph, B.A., Magdalen College, Oxford. Lecturer in Natural Science at Magdalen College, Oxford, First Class in the Final School of Naturnl Science (Chemistry) at Oxford, 1898. PzcbZicatio?z. Luther und Wilson, (I Ueber das elektro-motorisches Verhalten von Stoffen mit mehreren Oxidationsstufen " (Zeitschr.f.physik. Chenzie, 1900, 488). Henry A Miers. W. W. Fisher. V. H. Veley. H. L. Bowman. J. E. Marsh. D. H. Nagel. John Watts. A. Vernon Hwcourt. RI('HARD CIA\; AND SOSS, LIMITED, LOSDOS AXD BUSGAY.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL9011700117
出版商:RSC
年代:1901
数据来源: RSC
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