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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 26, No. 370 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 26,
Issue 370,
1910,
Page 73-108
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摘要:
Issued 29/4/10 PROCEEDINGS OF THR CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 26. No.370. Friday, March 18th, 1910, at 5 p.m., Annual General Meeting, Professor HAROLDB. DIXON, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. and Dr. N. V. SIDGWICKMr. J. S. S. BRAME were appointed Scrutators, and the ballot was opened for the election of Officers and Council for the ensuing year. The Report of the Council on the progress of the Society duriqg the past twelve months was presented by the PRESIDENT,and t6e Treasurer, after making a statement as to the Society's income and expenditure for 1909, proposed a vote of thanks to the Auditors, which was seconded by Mr. A. C. CHAPMAN and acknowledged by Dr. J. A. VOELCKER. The adoption of the Report of Council together with the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts for the year ended December 31st, 1909, proposed by Dr.G. MCGOWAN and seconded by Dr. H. BRERETON BAKER,mas put to the Meeting and carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The Council is again in a position to report favourably on the progress of the Society, as indicated by an increase in the number of Fellows and in the list of papers communicated. On the 31st December, 1'308, the number of Fellows was 2,950. During 1909, 160 Fellows have been elected and 7 were reinstated, the gross total thus being 3,117. The Society has lost 25 Fellows by death; 43 have resigned; the election of 2 Fellows has become void, and 44 Fellows have had their names removed from the List for non-payment of Annual Subscriptions.74 The total number of Fellows, therefore, at the 31st December, 1909, was 3,003, showing a net increase of 53 over the preceding year. Tha names of the deceased Fellows, with the datesof their election, are : R. Bannister (1871). F. Korton (1854). J. Castell-Evans (1903). G. E. Perry (1888). E. J. Cox (1886). E. A. Pontifex (1848). C. B. Dudley (189s). T. H. Redwood (1887). C. Ekin (1864). W. B. Roberts (1880). J.Fuller (1886). W. J. ltussell (1851). C. Graham (1862). 1%'. Stewart (lS72). H. E. Harrison (1883). F. Stocks (1S74). W. H. Hudleston (1871). C. Thomas (1871). S. H. Johnson (1866). H, E. Thomas (18'74). J. .J. Kielty (1903). Sir T. Wardle (1835). L. Mond (1572).A. F. Watson (1893). J. H. Wilson (1878). The following Fellows have resigned E. W. Bealey. C!. P. Hines. J. 31.Murray. H. J. Brown. E. Houghton. P. G. Pennymore. T. S. Busher. A. Howard. H. Richardson. E. Catherall. R. 8. Hutton. H. E. Richardson. E. Cleminshaw. A. J. Hyder. J. Richardson. A. J. Cook. A. James. *C. J. Smith. J. W. Daniels. W. H. AT. Jones. T. Sout,hern. J. H. Davidson. J. Leicester. W. S. Templeton. F. R. Dudderidge. A. G. Levy. R. Tervet. E. J. Fairhall. R. D. MacKechnie. A. Tighe. C. Gordon. W. Mackean. S. Tolson. J. H. Gough. A. McMullen. A. J. Webb. H. W. Harrie. C. A. MacMunn. G. H. West. J. W. Helps. *C. Miiller. F. G. Wiechmann. and Professor Dr. Georg Lunge, whose name has been transferred from the list of Fellows to that of the Honorary and Foreign Members.The number of those Fellows elected previous to the year 1860 has been diminished still further by the death of Mr. Fletcher Norton, elected on December 18th, 1854, of Mr. Edmund Alfred Pontifex, elected December 4th, 1848, and of our distinguished Past-President, Dr. William James Russell, F.R.S., elected March 3rd, 1851. The number of Honorary and Foreign Members at the close of * Included among the seven reinstated Fellows. 75 1909 was 34. One election has taken place, and the Society has to mourn the loss of Professor Emil Erlenmeyer, and of Professor Julius Thornsen, who passed away early last year, making the total number of Honorary and Foreign Members at December 31st, 1909, amount to 33.The Council has much pleasure in congratulating the following gentlemen, who, during the past year, have reached their Jubilee as Fellows of the Society : Prof. Dr. Heinrich Debus, F.R.S. Mr. Thomas Fogg. Dr. A. G. Vernon Harcourt, F.R.S. Mr. Josiah W. Kynaston. Dr. Hugo Muller, F.R.S. Mr. Thomas W. Salter. Mr. John Spiller. During the year 1909, 300 scientific communications have been made to the Socisty, 827 of which have been published already in the Transactions, and abstracts of all have appeared in the Proceedings. The volume of Transactions for 1909 contains 2,219 pages, of which 2,133 are occupied by 236 memoirs, the remaining 86 pages being devoted to the Obitusry Notices, the Woleott Gibbs and Mendeleeff Memorial Lectures, the Report of the International Com- mittee on Atomic Weights, the Report of the Annual General Meeting, and the Presidential Address; the volume for the preceding year contains 222 memoirs, which occupy 2,188 pages.The Journal for 1909 contains 4,946 abstracts, which extend to 2,040 pages, whilst the abstracts for 1908 numbered 4,978, and occupied 2,112 pages. The abstracts for 1909 may be classified as follows : PARTI. No. of Pages. Abstracts Organic Chemistry .............................. 980 1,781 PART11. General and Physical Chemistry ........... 953 Inorganic Chemistry ........................... 565 Mineralogical Chemistry .................... 144 Physiological Chemistry ..................... 577 Chemistry of Vegetable Physiology and Agriculture................................. 304 Analytical Chemistry ........................ 622 1,060- 3,165 Total in Parts I. and 11. ............... 2,040 4,946 76 Since the last Annual General Meeting, three Memorial Lectures, dealing with the life-work of deceased Honorary and Foreign Members have been delivered. On the 3rd of June, 1909, Dr. Frank Wigglesworth Clarke paid this tribute to the late Professor Wolcott Gibbs; Sir William Tilden delivered the Mendekeff Memorial Lecture on October 21st, and Sir Edward Thorpe reviewed the thermochemical and other researches of Professor Julius Thomsen in a discourse given heforo the Society on February 17th, 1910.The year 1911 marking the hundredth anniversary of Avogadro’s celebrated memoir, the Council has voted a contribution of 2.10 from the funds of the Society towards the international commemoration of the event. Fellows have been invited also to participate in the celebration of Professor Korner’s seventieth birthday, which will be recognised on behalf of the Society by the presentation of an illuminated address of congratulation in May next. The rapid growth of the Library since the contents of the rooms at Burlington House were valued, has necessitated the preparation of a fresh estimate of replacement cost ;this has now been completed, and an arrangement based thereon will be concluded with the Insurance Company.During the past year the Chemical Society has become indebted to the Society of Dyers and Colourists for the gift of a reproduction in bronze of the plaque by Mr. F. W. Pomeroy, R.A., representing the late Sir William Perkin. Professor Meldolit has added to the collec- tion of photographs an interesting one of the Jury (Paris Exhibition, 1900), which included among its members the late Prafessor Mendeldeff, and the Society has also received valuable gifts of books from Mrs. J. Wilson, Mr. A. Gamble, and MY.F. Stocks. In chronological order, Past-Presidents the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Roscoe, Sir William Crookes, Dr. Hugo Miiller, and Dr. A. G. Vernon Harcourt have more than completed fifty years of Fellowship, whilst Professor William Odling, who has now been for sixty-two years a Fellow, and became President in 1873, is the sole survivor of the six Past-Presidents who were entertained to a banquet in 1898.Desiring to do honour to these gentlemen in the name of the Society, the Council, through the President, has invited them to a banquet to be held during the ensuing summer, believing that a considerable number of Fellows will be glad to assist at this interesting commemoration, details of which will be announced forthwith. With the object of meeting a widely expressed desire, the Report of the International Committee on Atomic Weights will in future, it is hoped, be published in September instead of in January. This will render it immediately useful to College teachers at the beginning of each new Session.In order to adapt the list of amended Atomic 77 Weights to the requirements of students, it is now printed on paper as well as on cardboard. The Council desires to place on record its high appreciation of the valuable services rendered to the Society by Dr. M. 0. Forster, who now retires from the position of Honorary Secretary, which he has held for the last six years. Dr. Forster has given unsparingly both his time and his energy to the work of the Society, and has ever been active in promoting its highest interests. The number of books borrowed from the Library during the year 1909 was 1,548, as against 1,339 in the previous year; of these, 347 were issued by post, as against 338 in the preceding year.The additions to the Library comprise: 142 books, of which 72 were presented, 4 18 volumes of periodicals (representing 243 journals), and 80 pamphlets, as against 159 books, 412 volumes of periodicals (representing 245 journals), and 36 pamphlets last year. The income of the Society for the year shows an increase of 32252 10s. lo&. over that of last year, the amounts being $7,387 8s. and $7,134 17s. 2d. respectively, whilst the expenditure has risen from &6,834 15s. to 27,028 39. 5d. This leaves in the Treasurer's hands a balance of 3359 4s. 7d. on the year's working, which together with the balance of $300 saved in 1908 has enabled the Council to authorise the purchase of &700 Canadian 38 per cent. stock. In the balance-sheet for this year there appears for the first time a valuation of the Library, Furniture, Bronzes, Busts, &c.This has been based on a complete inventory which has now been made in order to be used as the basis for the new Fire Insurance Policy which will'be arranged in June next, when the present policy expires. Thanks to the care of the Publication Committee and the Editor, the net cost of the annual publications (taking account of their increased sales) only shows a rise of about $25, and this, be it noted, includes the preparation for the next volume of the Decennial Indexes which is now fairly under way. The cost OF indexing no longer appears as a separate item in our accounts, as it has been entirely taken over by the Editor and is included in his salary.There has been a reduction-of nearly $100 in the cost of the Annual Reports, whilst house expenses and repairs cost about $50 less than last year. The chief items in the expenditure which are not of annual occurrence are the new cases for the Library costing 293 lOs., and the balance of the Dinner account, which was no less than $70 98. 6d. From the Research Fund grants were made amounting in all to 2369, and as this year there was the further outlay on the Longstaff Medal and its accompanying Honorarium, the expenditure exceeded the income by 33.1 178. Id., this deficit being met from the balance in hand. During the last six years grants have been 78 made to 183 out of 216 applicants, the total amount applied for having been $2,845, of which $1,673 was granted, and of this 357 has been refunded.In return, 160 papers have appeared in our Transactions, 18 in the Proceedings, and 22 in other journals. A vote of thanks to the Treasurer, Honorary Secretaries, Foreign Secretary, and Council for their service during the past year was proposed by Dr. BERNARD DYER, seconded by Mr. E. GRANTHOOPER, and acknowledged by Dr. M. 0. FORSTER,the retiring Hon. Secretary. The PRESIDENTthen delivered his address, entitled ‘‘ The Union of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Flame.” Dr. A. G. VERNONHARCOURT proposed a vote of thanks to the President coupled with the request that he would allow his address to be printed in the Transactions. The motion was seconded by Sir EDWARD THORPEand carried with acclamation, and acknowledged by the PSESIDENT. The Scrutators having presented their report, the PRESIDENT declared that the following had been elected as Officers and Council for the ensuing year : President : Harold B.Dixon, M.A., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents who have $filled the Ofice of President : H. E. Armstrong, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S. ; A. Crum Brown, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. ;Sir William Crookes, D.Sc., F.R.S. ; Sir James Dewar, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. ; A. Vernon Harcourt, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S. ; Raphael Meldola, F.R.S. ;H. Muller, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S. ;W. Odling, M.A., M.B., F.R.S.; Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.,; J. Emerson Reynolds, Sc.D., M.D., F.R.S.; The Rt. Hon Sir Henry E.Roscoe, LL.D., F.R.S. ;Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. ;Sir William A. Tilden, D.Sc., F.R..S. Vice-Presidents: J. Norman Collie, Ph.D., F.R.S. ; J. J. Dobbie, B$.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. ;M. 0. Forster, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. ;F. Stanley Kipping, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. ; A. Liversidge, LL.D., F.R.S. ; J. Walker, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. treasure^ : Alexander Scott, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Secretaries: A. W. Crossley, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. ;G. T. Morgan, D.Sc. Foreign Secretary : Horace T. Brown, LL.D., F.R.S. Ordinary Members of Council : Julian L. Baker ;George T. Beilby, F.R.S. ; William A. Bone, D.Sc., Ph.T)., F.R.S. ; Adrian J. Brown, M.Sc. ;Julius B. Cohen, Ph.D., B.Sc. ; Charles E. Groves, F.R.S. ; J. T. Hewitt, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. ; H. R. Le Sueur, D.Sc.; Alex.McKenzie, D.Sc., Ph.D. ; J. C. Philip, D.Sc., Ph.D. ; Sir Boverton Redwood, D.Sc. ;A. E. H. Tutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. 79 Thursday, April 21st, 1910, at 8.30 p.m., Professor HAROLDB. DIXON,M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. It was announced that the Council had appointed the following Committees for 191 0-191 1 : Finance Committee: Messrs. E. G. Hooper, G. T. Moody, Sir Edward Thorpe, Sir William A. Tilden, and the Officers. House Committee: Messrs. W. R. Dunstan, R. Messel, J. E. Reynolds, J. M. Thomson, Sir Edward Thorpe, Sir William A. Tilden, and the Officers. Library Committee : Messrs. E. C. C. Baly, B. Dyer, W. Gomlnnd, A. Harden, C. A. Keane, R. Meldola, E. J. Mills, J. M. Thomson (Chairman), Sir William A.Tilden, J. A. Voelcker, J. Wade, The Editor, and the Officers. Publicatio Committee: Messrs. M. 0. Forster, U. E. Groves, J. T. Hewitt, A. McKenzie, R. Meldola, Sir William Ramsay, Sir Edward Thorpe, and the Officers. Research Fund Committee: Messrs. H. 16. Baker, G. T. Beilby, J. N. Collie, A. D. Hall, A. Liversidge, R. Meldols, R. Messel, Sir Alexander Pedler, W. J. Pope, J. E. Reynolds, and the Officers. The President stated t‘hat, on the occasion of the Celebration of Professor Korner’s Seventieth Birthday, to be held on May 15th, 1910, the following congratulatory Address would be presented on behalf of the Society : PROFESSOR :WILHELMKORNER The President, Officers, and Council of the Chemical Sooiety gladly take advantage of the opportunity afforded by your Seventieth Birthday to offer you the felicitations of English Chemists on the occasion. It is now so usual to consider the constitution of benzene as established, that few are mindful of the times when the study of the immediate derivatives of the hydrocarbon was regarded by Chemists as of the first importance. In those days, you were the most active of the pioneer workers.It is universally known that the all-significant hexagon formula is the product of the genius of Kekuld, but some Chemists need to be reminded that yours were the hands which furnished the larger part of the experimental material required to give logical precision and practical value to KekulB’s conception. Gifted with unusual experimental skill, while Assistant to Kekulk 80 in Ghent, you prepared a remarkably beautiful series of derivatives of benzene, which were shown at the Exhibition of 1867 in Paris ; for this collection, on the recommendation of your patron Stas and at the instigation of Dumas, you received special recognition from the hands of the late Emperor of the French.The results of your labours were ultimately described in a comprehensive Italian monograph published in 1874 ; they were made known to English Chemists early in 1876, in an abstract of record length published in the Journal of our Society. In this memoir, you developed the method of determining the position of the radicles in the derivatives of benzene, by reference to certain simple di-deriv- atives, which has since been the accepted method.The Society that once numbered Faraday, the discoverer of benzene, among its Fellows, has peculiar pleasure in acknowledging the very special value of your work. Signed on behalf of the Chemical Society, (Signed) HAROLD President.I;. DIXON, ALEXANDER Treasurer.SCOTT, M. 0.FORSTER, Honorary ARTHURW. CROSSLEY,{ Secretaries. HOBACE Foreign Xecretai*y. T. BROWN, Dated this Eighteenth Day of March, One Thousand, Nine Hundred and Ten. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs. : Geoffrey Alfred Bracewell, 20, Heaton Grove, Bradford. Alexander Scott Dodd, B.Sc., 173, Bruntstield Place, Edinburgh, James Grieve, 127, Buchanan Street, Glasgow. John Haycock, Great Glen, nr.Leicester. John Huck, M.A., The Foundation, St. Bees School, Cumberland. Edward Tslbot Paris, 15, Montpellier Villas, Cheltenham. Rolaud Edgar Slade, M.Sc., Muapratt Laboratory, The University, Liverpool. James Harry Smith, 5, Turks Road, Radcliffe, Lancs. Thomas May Smith, ‘‘ Walla Crdg,” Osborne Road, Rornford. Ferdinand Bernard Thole, B.Sc., 23, Cowper Avenue, East Ham, E. Frederick George Williams, 5, Mayhill Road, Charlton, S.E. 81 Of the following papers, those marked * were read : *86. Tetranitroaniline.” By Bernhard Flurscheim and Theodor Simon. When m-nitroaniline, 2 :3-dinitroaniline, 3 : 4-dinitroaniline, or some of their derivatives are nitrated, a good yield of a tetranitroaniline is obtained, the yield being about two-thirds of the theoretical.Tetranitroaniline separates from acetic acid in yellow crystals, melting and decomposing at 212’. The meta-nitro-group is quanti-tatively and instantaneously removed by sodium acetate in aqueous acetone solution at the ordinary temperature, a trinitroaminophenol, melting at 174-175O, being formed. Since the latter is converted into trinitroresorcinol by boiling with aqueous potassium hydroxide, the constitution and changes are expressed by the formulae : Other reagents, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium chloride in aqueous acetone solution, boiling aqueous sodium acetate or bicarbon-ate, phenol, etc., also remove the nitro-group in the 3-position. Tetranitroacetanilide is similarly transformed into trinitroacetylamino- phenol, which can also be obtained from trinitroaminophenol by partial hydrolysis of its diacetyl derivative.Preliminary experiments have also shown that when 3 :5-dinitro-aniline is similarly nitrated, a nitroamine is first formed, which is subsequently converted into a compound which may be pentanitro- aniline. DISCUSSION. Dr. MORGANsaid that Mr. Clayton and he had noticed that when dimethyl-p-toluidine, dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, was treated with excess of nitro-sulphuric acid, 2-nitrodimethyl-p-tolu-idine was obtained, but on pouring the product into water at 30’ the diluted nitric acid produced further nitration to dinitrodimethyl-y-toluidine. This result corresponded with Dr.Fiiirscheim’s observa- tions on the nitration of m-nitroaniline and its derivatives with nitric acid of varying strengths, and it would be of interest to know whether the author had any explanation to offer of the singular fact that the weaker acid was the more efficient nitrating agent. Replying to the President’s question as to the sensitiveness of the meta-nitro-group, Dr. FLURSCHEIMsaid that, according to Blanksma, tetranitrophenol also loses a nitro-group when boiled with water, but 82 that the reaction of tetranitroaniline with neutral salts, at the ordinary temperature, had not been observed with tetranitrophenol. In con- nexion with the reaction mentioned by Dr. Morgan, no explanation was offered why a second nitro-group should enter the meta-position with regard to the amino-group more readily than did the first nitro-group.In reply to Dr. Forster’s suggestion, Dr. Fliirscheim stated that no attempt had been made to diazotise amines by means of the reactive nitro-group of tetranitroaniline, but that, in view of the re-action with phenol, it would probably be possible to do so. *87. “ A method for the approximate estimation of small quantities of lead.” By A. G. Vernon Harcourt A quick approximate test of the amount of sulphur in coal gas ms brought into use by the author many years ago. The gas, in which the sulphur was present as hydrogen sulphide, was led through an alkaline solution of lead, mixed with syrup, until the brown colour matched a standard.Having recently to arrange for the estimation of very small quantities of lead which are breathed in as dust by some of the workers in potteries, he has reversed the above process, and estimated the amount of lead by comparing with tt set of standards the coloration caused by an excess of hydrogen sulphide. Since the liquid coloured by lead sulphide fades gradually in daylight, standards the colour of which is fast are made by mixing tihe sulphates of copper, cobalt, and ferric iron, and diluting the mixture to match the colours given in a volume of 50 C.C. by quantities of lead varying progressively from 0.5 to 25 centimilligrams. Such dilute solutions are not coloured on addition of hydrogen sulphide in presence of even a small excess of the nitric acid used for their extraction, but it brown tint, paler or deeper according to the quantity of lead, appears on further addition of sodium acetate.To prevent precipitation of lend sulphide there must be sugar in the liquid and but little agitation. The estimations are made by placing the cylinder, in which the lead sulphide has been formed, on a sheet of white paper between the standards-consisting of the same volume of liquid sealed up in similar cylinders-which it most resembles, and comparing the depth of colour of the disks which form the upper surfaces of the liquids. If, for example, the lead sample is rather darker than ‘‘ 7,” but not so dark as ‘‘10,”the conclusion is that the amount cf lead present is more than 7, but less than 10, centimilligrams. The total volume of dilute acid used to extract lead from a weighed amount of dust or frit or glaze being known, and also the volume of the part taken for testing, the percentage of lead, or lead oxide, dissolved from the sample is calculated.83 DISCUSSION. Dr. VELEYremarked that as a solution coloured by lead sulphide could be matched against a solution made up of coloured sulphates of certain metals, t.he sulphide must be in a state of so-called pseudo- solution, or, what might be the same thing, in a colloidal condition. The experience of Dr. Harcourt that gentle stirring produced uni- formity in the solution, but that violent agitation caused a distinct sediment or precipitate, appeared to favour this view.Dr. Harcourt's observations accorded with his own, the result of many hundreds of colour obeervations, that daylight from a north window was, on the whole, the most uniform illuminant, although for matching clear-coloured solutions, a gas flame with mantle was less satisfactory. It was desirable again to pointl out that in all tintometer experi- ments the personal error was of a twofold character, namely, first, that of one person with another, and, secondly, that of one person with himself according to his state of health. The error from the latter was often greater than that from the former. The PRESIDENTasked whether the author had detected lead in the dust of the atmosphere of pottery works. Dr. HARCOURT,in reply to the President, stated that he had not analysed dust in the atmosphere of a pottery works, but lead could easily be estimated in an artificial dust prepared for special purposes.*88. '(Komppa's synthesis of camphoric acid." By Gustave Louis Blanc and Jocelyn Field Thorpe. In the year 1903 (Bey., 36,4332), Komppa published the preliminary notice of his synthetical preparation of camphoric acid. Last year (Annalen, 1909, 368, 126; 370, 209) he published the full experimental details involved in the synthesis. In the last of these papers (Annalen, 370,220) he described the preparation of a compound which he called methyl diketocamphorate, and to which he assigned the formula (11). He prepared this cam- pound by the action of sodium methoxide and methyl iodide on methyl diketoapocamphorate (I): YO*CH(C0,Me) yO-CH( CO2N CO~CH(C02Me)>CMe' CO*CMe( C02Me)2bLvl'2 (11.)-This substance (11).which was the basis of his synthesis, is a well-defined, crystalline compound, melting at S5-SSo. It was from the pure crystalline material that Komppa prepared camphoric acid (Zoc. cit., p. 221). 84 The authors have now found that the substance melting at 85-88' is not, as Komppa supposed, the C-methyl derivative (11),but the 0-methyl ether corresponding with the formula : The evidence in support of this view is as follows: when treated with cold aqueous potassium hydroxide, the substance melting at 85-88' is slowly hydrolysed, yielding : (a) An amount of methyl diketonpocamphorate (I)melting at 116', corresponding with 50 per cent. of the substance melting at 85-88" hy droly sed.(b) An amount of PP-dimethylglutaric acid melting at 101' from the residue corresponding with a further 40 per cent. of the above derivative hydrolysed. The substance melting at 85-88' is therefore hydrolysed to the extent of 90 per cent. in accordance with tEe scheme : ICO-CH( C0,Me) >CMe,--+ co*CH(C02Me)>CMe, -+b(OMe): C(C0,Me) COeCH(C0,Me) YO,H CO,H-CH2>CMe,.C02Hi-CO,H*CH, It would be in the highest degree improbable that a substance having the C-methyl constitution (11)would undergo hycirolysis in this manner, and the authors are therefore of the opinion that Komppa was in error in supposing that he obtained camphyric acid from the componnd melting at 85-88' on reduction and hydrolysis.DISCUSSION. Dr. PICKLESasked if the authors had carried out a methoxyl determination on the original compound melting at 85-88'. Supposing that the compound had the formula which Komppa suggested, might it not be possible that in the subsequent treatment to which it had been subjected, before it was identified as the 0-methyl ether, the methyl group had wandered from the carbon atom adjoining the carboxyl group Z Dr. THORPEreplied that, as the methoxy-derivative so readily regenerated methyl diketonpocamphorate on treatment with cold alkali, M. Blanc and he were of the opinion that no useful purpose would be served by repeating the process of reduction with sodium amalgam in alkaline solution, used by Komppa.85 *89. (‘Experiments on the Walden inversion. Part IV. The inter- conversion of the optically active phenylmethylglycollic acids.” By Alex. McKenzie and George William Clough. The authors have resolved y-phenylmethylglycollic acid into its optically active isomerides, and have also prepared &-and I-a-chloro- a-phenylpropionic acids. The displacement of chlorine in the latter compounds by the hydroxy-group has been investigated from the point of view of the Walden inversion. *go. (( Studies in fermentation. Part 111. The rSle of diffusion in fermentation by yeast cells.” By Arthur Slator and Henry Julius Salomon Sand. Facts of a directly experimental nature lead to the belief that during the fermentation of a sugar by yeast, diffusion usually supplies the latter with material so rapidly that convection currents in the solution do not play any part in determining the apparent velocity of the reaction, An investigation has now been carried out by means of the apparatus described previously, in order to determine the limiting conditions under which convection currents would begin to become a controlling factor of the rate of the process.These have been deduced from the following formulae, which were shown to represent with sufficient accuracy the changes of concentration in a stationary solu- tion in which uniformly distributed yeast cells are operative : C -C, =3B’/8r~Rand C, -C, =R/STKR. In this expression, C repre-sents the concentration of the sugar at any point of the solution not in the immediate vicinity of a yeast cell, C, the concentration on the surface of a cell, C, the concentration at its centre, R its radius, and K the diffusion coefficient of the sugar.3’ is the amount of sugar fer- mented per cell per unit of time, and was determined by experiment to be approximately 3 x lO-’4 g/sec. at 30°. DISCUSSION. Dr. HORACEBROWNfully recognised the importance of knowing the particular conditions under which diff usivity becomes a factor in limiting the specific activity of the yeast-cell. The results of an inquiry which he had made some time ago, employing the electrostatic analogy, were in substantial agreement with the conclusions of the authors, but he differed in some important points of detail, and considered that it was unnecessary to make any assumptions as to the particular mode in which absorption of the sugar takes place within the cell.The phenomena of steady diffusion induced by an 86 absorbing sphere in a diffusive field are closely analogous to those presented by an insulated conductor of the same dimensions which has received an electrical charge. In the former case, when the permanent state has been reached, there are produced around the sphere a series of concentric shells of the diff usate which in distribution, although with opposite sign, correspond with the shells of equi-potential in the dielectric surrounding the charged sphere.The variations in the gradient of concentration of the diffusate, as measured along the lines of flux, correspond exactly with the variations in the gradient of potential around the charged sphere, measured along the lines of force. In the special case of a spherical yeast-cell immersed in a solution of sugar, if the concentration of the diffusate at a remote point is represented by p, and that at the immediate surface of the cell by pl, then the gradient of concentration at the surface, on which the rate of absorption depends, will be represented by czcl,r being the radius of the cell. If E be taken as the total absorption in unit time, then : P=4rrr2'dk = 4nr(p -pl)k, k being the coefficient of diffusivity of the sugar. When actual values in C.G.S.units are substituted, and P has been experimentally determined, all the problems given by the authors can be solved by simple mathematical treatment, and without the necessity of making any assumptions as to the particular mode in which the sugar is dealt with in the interior of the cell or the amount of resistance introduced by the cell -membrane.His (the speaker's) determinations of the amount of sugar fer-mented by a single yeast-cell in a second of time at a temperature of 17-20' led to a value of F of 0.92 x 10-14 gram, The authors of the paper had found 3.0 x 10-14 for a temperature of 30'. Taking into account the temperature-coefficient, which had been previously determined by Dr. Slator, these two results mere almost identical.One of the probierns presented by the authors was to ascertain dhe minimal concentration, p, of a sugar solution which would be just sufficient to supply the yeast-cell with its requirements by diffusion only. From the above formula, and taking the value of 3' as 3.0 x 10-14, it follows that : that is to say, the minimal gradient of concentration at the surface of the cell must be 0.85 milligram per litre if these conditions are to be fulfilled. If the absorption of the sugar were complete at the 87 exterior surface of the cell, then p1 would be zero, and the required minimal concentration of the sugar solution, p, would be 0.85 milligram per litre. We know, however, that the metabolism of the sugar takes place within the cell, and therefore that p1 must have a positive value, which, however, cannot exceed 0.85 milligram per litre if the gradient is to remain constantl, and p is to be at a minimum.The values p and p1 can be evaluated by looking at the problem somewhat differently. Let it be supposed thatl all the fermentative processes are reversed, the activity of the cell as measured by P remaining the same. The cell will now emit sugar into the surround- ing medium, and when p is at a minimum, that is, zero, the concentra- tion p1 at the exterior surface of the cell must equal the gradient, that is to say, must be equal to 0.85 milligram per litre if the outward flow is maintained at P, This must also represent the minimal surface concentration when the cell is absorbing sugar and p is also at a, minimum ; hence, under these latter conditions, p =2p1= 1.70 milli-grams per litre, instead of 1.29 milligrams as found by the authors, By the same reasoning it could be shown that with maximal stirriog a concentration of 0.85 milligram per litre ought to be sufficient to supply the cell with its full requirements. In this way it seems possible to avoid all complications introduced by having to take into account internal diffusion, the rate of meta-bolism and diffusion within the cell being included in the value of pl, which can be evaluated by simpie means.Apart from all calculations of this kind, it is evident that diffusion can play but a very small part in limiting the activity of the cell when we consider the very large surface area represented by a relatively small amount of yeast.0.1 Gram of pressed yeast, corresponding with about 0.025 gram of dry substance, contains about 4x 108 cells, representing a surface area of 804 sq. cm. When this yeast is actively fermenting at 30°, this large area is called upon to deal with not more than about 43 milligrams of sugar per hour. Dr. SLATOR,in reply, expressed the opinion that it was not possible to calculate these limiting conditions unless diffusion in the yeast cell itself was taken into consideration. “91. (‘Syntheses of p-hydroxyphenylethylalkylamines.” By George Stanley Walpole. The methylamino- and ethylamino-homologues of p-hydroxyphenyl- ethylamine have been prepared in order that their physiological properties might be examined.The starting point was p-methoxy-phenylethylamine and the series of reactions employed may be 88 represented by the following scheme : MeO*C,H,-CH,*CH,*NH, --? MeO*C6H,-CH,*CH2*NHAc-+ Me0 C,H,*CH,-CH,*NAc(Alk) -+ HO*C,H4*CH2*CH2*NH( Alk). Another series of compounds was prepared similar to the above, but in which the benzenesulphonyl group replaced the acetyl group when- ever it occurred. In chemical and physical properties, p-hydroxyphenyl- etlqhaethylamz‘ne (m. p. 130’) and p-hydroxyphsnylethylethylamine (m. p. 157-158’) resemble the pwent substance, p-hydroxyphenyl- ethylamine, very closely. The hydrochlorides melt at 148.5’ and 184-185’ respectively. A dibenxoyl derivative, melting at 99”, and a platinichloride, melting at 205O, were prepared from the hydrochloride of p-hydroxyphenylethyl-methylamine.The platinichloride corresponds exactly with the data given by Blau for the platinichloride prepared from the base obtained by the destructive distillation of surinamine. There is no longer room for doubt, therefore, that the latter substance is, as supposed, methyltyrosine. 92. The condensation of anisaldehyde with resorcinol.” By Frank George Pope and Hubert Howard. In continuation of their previous work (Fvans., 1910, 97, 78), the authors have condensed anisaldehyde with resorcinol, and have prepared 2 :4-dihydroxy-4’-methoxybenxhyd~oland its derivatives. 10-Hydroxy-7-phenyldihydro-a/3-p?henonaphthacridinewas also described.93. “ The influence of persulphates on the estimation of hydrogen peroxide with permanganate.” By John A1 bert Newton Friend. The author showed a few years ago (Tran8., 1904, 85, 547, 1533 ; 1905,87, 738, 1367, and 1906, 89, 1092) that, in ordinary circum- stances, a correct estimate of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of potaseinm persulphate is not obtained by titration with per-manganate, for the amount of the latter used always falls short of that required theoretically. It was further shown that, for every molecule of peroxide not accounted for by the permanganate, a molecule of persulphate disappears. This suggests that the reaction H202+ K,S,O, = K,SO, + H2S0,+ 0, is also taking place during the titration. A P, however, it proceeds with extreme slowness in ordinary circumstances, the author assumed that it is here “catalytically ac-celerated by some oxide of manganese formed during titration.” In a recent communication (Oesterr. Chem.Zeit., 1910, No. 3), 89 Dr. A. Skrabal, whilst acknowledging the correctness of the experi- mental work, has suggested another interpretation. He says : “Nach unserer Meinung diirfte die von Friend beobachtete Erschei-nung dadurch besser charakterisiert werden, dass man dieselbe in die Klasse der induzierteu Reaktionen verweist. Wir nehmen also an, dass die Reaktion 5H2S,0, + 2KMn0, + 2H,O = K2S0,+ 2MnS0, +7H,SO, + 50, welche fur sich allein nicht oder nur ausserordentlich langsam verlauft, durch die freiwillige und rasche Reaktion zwischen Hydro- peroxyd und Permanganat indnziert wird .’ If, however, such were the case, it is clear that more permanganate would be required in the titrations than theory demands for the decomposition of the peroxide, the excess being measured by the extent to which the reaction between permanganate and persulphate is induced.Since less permanganate is actu-tlly required, such an explanation is seen to be untenable. In a private communication, Dr. Skrabal has kindly given the author permission to state that he acknowledges the error, which arose through his consulting abstracts of the author’s papers instead of the originals. He prefers, however, to regard the reaction which takes place between the persulphate and peroxide as “ induced ” rather than as catalytically accelerated by an oxide of manganese.This is merely a question of choice of terms, however, for induction is very frequently merely a special case of catalysis, neither of which is at present understood. 94. ‘* Amido-oximes and thioamides.” By William Fraser Russell. The conversion of thioamides into amido-oximes by the action of hydroxylamine is restricted to those thioamides of the type R*CS*NHR, those of the formula R*CS*NRRscarcely being acted on by hydroxyl- amine under the same conditions. The author has prepared a number of thioamides of the second type, and the effect of hydroxylamine on them was described. ‘695. Preparation of the acyl derivatives of the aldehyde-cyano- hydrins.Part 11.” By Oliver Charles Minty Davis. The reaction between acyl chlorides, aldehydes, and aqueous potassium cyanide (Trans., 1909, 95, 1403) has been further in-vestigated, and found to be quite general for all types of aldehydes. Benxoyl-EactonitTile, a-benxoyloxyisohexonitrile, and benxoyloxyocto-nitrile have been prepared ; they are oils of high boiling points. 90 With the exception of acetone, it was found impossible to obtain compounds from ketones analogous to the aldehyde-cyanohydrin derivatives. From acetone, benzoyloxyisobutyronitr~Ze, m-nitrobenzoyloxyiso-butyronitrile, and cclrbet~oxyisooxybzt~ron~tr~~~were obtained. The reactions of the acylaldehyde-cyanohydrins have also been investigated.96. (‘Some derivatives of tetramethyl ferrocyanide.” By Ernald George Jnstinian Hartley. Dry potassium ferrocyanide reacts readily with methyl sulphate at 80-90’ with the formation of potassium methyl sulphste and a substance which,could not be obtained pure, but probably has the composition Me,FeC,N,, 2MeSO,, 2Me HSO,. This, on further heating or on keeping in a vacuum, gives off methyl sulphate, and is converted into Me,FeC,N,,Me,SO,,H,SO,, a very stable substance soluble in water and methyl alcohol, and crystallising well from the latter solvent. It gives none of the usual reactions for iron or for ferro- or ferri-cyanides, but on ignition leaves a residue of almost pure ferric oxide. Both the above compounds give the same platinichloride as a very insoluble, crystalline precipitate from aqueous solutions.It has the composition Me,FeC,N,PtCI,. The formstion of the MeHSO, groups in the first-mentioned substance has not yet been satisfactorily explained, but is probably due to moisture introduced during the experiment. Preliminary experiments show that potassium ferricyanide reacts in a similar way, but the products have not yet been analysed. 97. ‘‘ The molecular refraction of thiocyanates and other salts.” By Augustus Edward Dixon and John Taylor. From previous observations (Hawtharne, Trans., 1906, 89, 556 ; Dixon and Taylor, ibid.,1908, 93,2153), it appears that, as calculated by the formula the mean refraction value of the group *SCNin organic combinations is about 23.3 units ;it is now shown that the refraction effect of this group in the thiocyanates of sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, and aluminium is considerably higher, the mean value being about 26 units.In this respect the *SCN group resembles the halogens, which give higher values in metallic salts than in organic combinations. 91 The refraction value of the group C,O, was found to be substanti- ally the same in potassium oxalate and in ethyl oxalate, the mean numbers being 21.6 and 21.8 respectively. For SO, in sodium, potassium, and ammonium sulphates, the mean value was 16.89 ;in various alkyl sulphates, 17.53, and in ethyl sulphate, 18.91 ;this was the only case noted in which an acid residue gives a lower value in metallic salts than in esters.Silicon thiocyanate showed in its chemical behaviour no sign of being a thiocarbimide: this agrees with the conclusion of Emerson Reynolds (Tram., 1906, 89, 397). 98. “Estimation of carbon in iron and steel and in iron alloys by direct combustion.” By Thomas Ernest Hull. In the process which is often recommended for determining the carbon-content of iron alloys (ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, silico-spiegel, etc.), namely, to ignite the drillings with powdered and ignited lead chromate, the author finds that, at the high temperature involved (800-960°), the lead chromate is decomposed into chromic oxide and basic lead chromate, and that the former is not retained in the usual drying apparatus, and consequently is absorbed by the potash in the potash-bulbs, thus leading to a high result in the amount of carbon found.There is no doubt that the decomposition of the lead chromate is solely due to the high temperature employed. The following method for the determination of carbon in iron and steel is found to be both simple and accurate. Tine finely-drilled sample is weighed into an asbestos host (made from strips of moistened asbestos millboard), which has been previously heated to full redness, and into which a layer of recently ignited silver sand has been intro- duced. The ignition in oxygen is carried out at 900-960°, the residual gases are dried by passing through concentrated sulphuric acid con-tained in a Mohr’s bulb, and the carbon dioxide is absorbed by 30 per cent.potassium hydroxide solution in the usual weighed bulbs. In the case of ferromanganese, etc., it is advisable to ignite the finely- powdered sample with zinc oxide. The porcelain or silica-glass tube is always packed loosely with asbestos and copper oxide. 99. 2-Methyl-1 :3-benzoxazine-4-one and related derivatives. ’’4L By William Longton Hicks. Salicylamide and acetaldehyde (paraldehyde) condense under the influence of hydrogen chloride at 80’ to form 2-methyvl-1 :3-beazmxime-The oxazine ring be ruptured 92 means of sodium hydroxide in pyridine solution, the resulting com-CO*N:CHMe ,pound being syn-ethylidenesnlicyhmide, C,H,<oH readily regenerates the oxazine on melting. The corresponding anti-form shows no such labile properties.100. “The examination of the atmosphere at various altitudes for oxides of nitrogen and ozone.” By Walter Hayhurst and John Norman Pring. Methods were devised to carry out accurately a qualitative examination of the atmosphere for the presence of ozone and oxides of nitrogen at various altitudes. Experiments were made system-atically on and above Glossop Moor, in Derbyshire, during three or four months in summer, and were supplemented by a number of tests on sea- and mountain-& at various places in this country. It was found that oxides of nitrogen were always present in quantities which vary largely from time to time, and that the amount of ozone was, in every case, too small to be detected in the experiments conducted at ground level and at intermediate altitudes (up to 8000 feet).It was shown, in consequence, that the amount of ozone is less than 0.003 milligram in the quantity of air dealt with in each experiment (between 1 and 10 cubic metres). Experiments at very high altitudes, ranging up to ten miles, were carried out with the help of free balloons, and in these the presence of small quantities of ozone, averaging about 0.2 milligram in 0.1 to 0.3 cubic metre of air, was detected ;the quantity of oxides of nitrogen was found to be rather less. 101. (‘Derivatives of 8-alkylphenazothionium.” By Edward de Barry Barnett and Samuel Smiles. Whilst thiodiphenplamine and methyl iodide when heated together yield the N-methyl derivative, these reagents in presence of mercuric iodide at the atmospheric temperature furnish the methyl-sulphonium iodide.This substance reacts with silver oxide, yielding S-methyl-phenaxothionium. 102. (( Preparation of substituted indoles from benzoin and secondary arylamines.” By Marion Brock Richards. Japp and Murray (Trans.,1894, 65, 889) showed that by heating benzoin with primary arylamines in presence of zinc chloride or of the hydrochloride of the amine, 2 : 3-diphenylindoles could be prepared. 93 The author now finds that, by employing secondary in place of primary arylamines, substituted diphenylindoles may be obtained. Thus by the interaction of benzoin and methylaniline in presence of zinc chloride or of methylaniline hydrochloride, 2 :3-diphenyl-1-methyl-indole is formed, according to the equation : C,H,-NHMe + COPh*CHPh*OH = C,,H,<%,l>CPh + 2H,O.In like manner, by employing other arylamines, corresponding diphenylindolcs have been prepared. 103. “The interaction of hydrogen and chlorine. The nature of photochemical inhibition.” By David Leonard Chapman and Patrick Sarsfield MacMahon. The nature of photochemical inhibition was discussed. Experi-ments on the inhibitive influence of ozone and chlorine dioxide on the interaction of chlorine and hydrogen in light (of which a preliminary account has already appeared) were described in detail. A description was also communicated of ex.periments which showed that the influence of chlorine monoxide on the rate of combination of hydrogen and chlorine is inappreciable.104. (( A new synthesis of thioxanthone and its derivatives.” By Eric Gordon Davis and Samuel Smiles.” (Preliminary note.) o-Carboxy benzenesulphinic acid, which is prepared by reducing the chloride of o-sulphobenzoic acid with sodium sulphite, ma.y be con-densed with benzene, naphthalene, or their derivatives in presence of dehydrating agents, yielding the corresponding thioxanthones. The preparation of o-carboxybenzenesulphinicacid is troublesome, but it is not necessary directly to prepare the acid in order to obtain the desired thioxanthone. Thus thiosalicylic acid in presence of suitable oxidising agents may be directly condensed with aromatic substances, giving the compounds in question.The yields obtained by the latter method are between 80 and 90 per cent. of the theoretical. A more complete investigation of the reaction and its products is now being made. 105. The action of phosphorus pentachloride on dibenzamide.” By Arthur Walsh Titherley and Elizabeth Worrall. Dibenzamide in presence of chloroform or ether reacts readily with phosphorus pentachloride, yielding a-chloro-N-benzoylbenzimide, C,H,*CCl:NBz, identical with the product of the action of phosphorus 94 pentachloride on a-benzilmonoxime (Beckmann, Annalen, 1897, 296, 279). a-Chlorobenzoylbenzimidereadily undergoes fission above 100’ into benzoyl chloride and benzonitrile, and with boiling water, benzoic acid and benzonitrile are formed.On the other hand, by the action of cold water for four or five weeks, or atmospheric moisture at 100’ for twenty-four hours, much dibenzamide is produced, together with benzoic acid and benzonitrile, derived by simultaneous fission. Di-benzamide is also produced in good yield by treatment with cold concentrated sulphuric acid and subsequent dilution with water. 106. (‘Amphoteric metallic hydroxides. Part XI.” By John Kerfoot Wood. The author has continued his investigations of the basic and acidic characters of various metallic hydroxides (Trans.,1908, 93, 411). The hydroxides now examined are those of zinc, glucinum, and lead. It is found that lead hydroxideis both the strongest acid and strongest base ;glucinum hydroxide is the weakest base, and zinc hydroxide the weakest acid.The order of acidity agrees with that arrived at by Hantzsch by other methods (Zeitsch. anorg. Chem., 1902, 30,302). The author agrees with Hantzsch in considering the formula of sodium plumbite to be Pb(OH)ONa, but differs in his views as to the formula, of the salt present in a solution of sodium zincate. The form of the curve showing the solubility of zinc hydroxide in solutions of sodium hydroxide of varying concentration points to sodium zincate having the formula Zn(ONa),. Glucinum forms a salt of analogous com-position to that of sodium zincate, but there is also some evidence in support of the existence of a compound having the formula Gl(0H)ONa. 107. “The action of methyl tert.-butyl ketone on ketols.Part I.” By Alfred Archibald Boon. The author has found that methyl tert.-butyl ketone does not con- dense in the presence of potassium cyanide with furoin; but with benzoin a y-diketone (C,oH,,O,) was obtained after prolonged action. This compound is almost colourless, soluble in most organic solvents, and melts at 110-111’. It forms a monoxime and a dioxime ; the latter decomposes at its melting point (210’). Only one substance, although two others appear to be formed at the same time, was isolated in the pure state when phenylhydrazine was allowed to act on the y-diketone. This compound, 1-anilino-2-tert.- butyl-4 :5-diphenyZpyrro.leor I :3 :4-triphenyE-6-tert.-butyEdihyd~opyrid-(tzim, melts at 167-168’, and was obtained in very small amount.95 The pyrrole-red reaction was given by the y-diketone, and from it was obtained : 2-tert.-butyl-4 :5-diphenylfuran, C,,H,,O, m. p. 68-69’ (Trans.,1904, 85, 1497), and the following pyrrole derivatives: a compound, C,H,,N, m. p. 98-99’, and l-phenyl-2-tert.-butyl-4:5di-phenylpyrrole, m. p. 202-203’. Several attempts were made to prepare a thiophen derivative from the compound C2,,H2,02,but without success. From the author’s experiments it would appear that the tert.-butyl group has some direct influence on the formation of the thiophen and furan derivatives. 108. ‘‘Contributions to our knowledge of oxonium compounds.” (Preliminary note.) By Alfred Archibald Boon, Kenneth XcKenzie, and John Fountain Reid.Aldehydes can be condensed with dimethylpyrone, giving coloured bases, which form intensely coloured oxonium salts with acids. From furaldehyde a canary-yellow base (m. p. ZOO’) was obtained, and from benzaldehyde, a pale yellow compound (m p. 169’). The salts are either bright red or bright yellow. The study so far indicates that the colour of the salts depends on the nature of the aldehyde used in condensation, as well as that of the acids employed in their production. The condensation takes place according to the following scheme : 0 0 Me/)Me + 2R*CHO--+2H,O + R*CH:CR()CH:CH*R \/‘ vGO co The investigation is being continued with aldehydes and similar compounds both from the chemical as well as the physico-chemical point of view; more particularly the determination of the sanity values of these bases is contemplated.109. “The effect of contiguous unsaturated groups on optical activity. Part V. Physico-chemical evidence of the structure of ‘a-disulphoxides.’” By Thomas Percy Hilditch. The possibility of applying the known relations between optical rotatory power and constitution to determining the structure of organic compounds was discussed. An attempt has been made to decide between the alternative formulae R-SO,*S*Rand R*SO*SO*Rfor the compounds known as “ disulphoxides.” The polarimetric examination of dicarnphoryZ-P- disulphoxide, methyl- and n-butyl-camphoryl-P-disulphoxides,and sodium camphor-/3-thiosulphonateindicates that whilst compounds containing identical alkyl groups, R, R, exist undoubtedly in the symmetrical form (true disulphoxides), those in which the two groups R,R’ are not the same may exist in the thiosulphonic form (when R differs widely in nature or mass from R’) or in the true disulphoxide form (when R approximates to R‘).No evidence of transitional forms has, however, been obtained. Additional evidence has been drawn from the behaviour of disulphoxides towards alcoholic hydrogen chloride. 110. The action of phosphorus pentachloride on some unsaturated‘( compounds.’’ By Reginald William Lane Clarke. Piperonylacrylic acid (3 :4-methylenedioxyphenylacrylic acid) when treated with phosphorus pentachloride at 160’ yields a :P-dichloro-3 :4-dichloromethylelzedioxyph~ny~~opionylchloride, showing that not only are the hydroxyl group and the two methylene hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine, but also that the substance unites with chlorine at the ethenoid linking.From this substance ap-dichloro-3:4-car6onyldioxyphenylpi-opionic acid, a-chloro-3 :4-car6onyZdioxypl~enylacrylicacid, CO<~>C, H~CH :cci CO,H, and a-chloro-3 :4-dihydrox yphenylacrylic acid (a-chlorocafeeic acid), C6H3(HO),*CH: CCl *CO,H, have been obtained. In view of this behaviour of piperonylacrylic acid, the action of phosphorus pentachloride on other unsaturated substances has been investigated under similar conditions. Cinnamic acid was found to yield aP-dicAloro-P-phenyl~opionyl chloride, C6H,*CHC1*CHC1*COCI.a-Chlorocinnamic acid gave aap-trichloro-P-phenylpropiony2 chloride, C,H,*CHCl- CCl,*COCl, froni which the corresponding acid and methyl ester were obtained.Phenylpropiolic acid gave ap-dichlorocinnamyl chloride, 2 :3-dichloroindenone, and 2 :2 :3 :3-tetruchlorohydrindone. Crotonic acid yielded afl-dichlorobutyrylchloride, and cinnamaldehyde gave an upyytetruchloro-a-phenylpropclne,different from that obtained by Charon and Dugoujon (Compt. rend., 1903, 136,94). 97 111. "Experiments on the synthesis of the terpenes. Part X (con-tinued). Synthesis of sylvestrene (d-carvestrene)." (Preliminary note.) By William Henry Perkin, jun. In a previous communication (Trans., 1907, 91, 480) the synthesis of dl-1-methyl-A1-cyclohexene-3-carboxylicacid (I)was described, and it was shown that the ester of this acid, on treatment with magnesium methyl iodide, is converted into dl-dihydrocarvestrenol or A1-m-menthenol-(8) (11).This tertiary alcohol is readily decomposed by boiling with potassium hydrogen sulphate, with elimination of water and formation of dl-carvestrene (111). (11.) The author has now succeeded in resolving dl-1-methyl-Al-cyclo-hexene-3-carboxylic acid by means of brucine, and the d-acid thus obtained distils at 142'/20 mm. and has [a]D + 70°, Ethyl d-l-methyl-A~-cyclohexene-3-carboxylate,which distils at 143-144°/100 mm. and has [a]D + 66O, reacts readily with magnesium methyl iodide, with the formation of d-dihydrocarvestrenol or Al-m-menthenol-(S), which distils at 108-111"/30 mm.and has the con- stitution represented by 11. It is remarkable that this tertiary alcohol is optically inactive, but that it is in reality d-dihydro- carvestrenol is shown by the fact that, when treated with hydro- chloric acid, it yields d-curvestrene dihydrochloride. This substance melts sharply at 72', has [a], + 22.0', and is identical with sylvestrene dihydrochloride, as was proved by direct comparison with a specimen of this hydrochloride, for which the author is indebted to Prof. Wallach. The latter melted at '72' and had [.ID + 22.6', and when mixed with the syu thetical dihydrochloride there was no alteration in melting point. Since sylvestrene dihydrochloride yields sylvestrene on treatment with aniline, the synthesis of this important terpene is complete, and these experiments prove conclusively that sylvestrene is the dextro- modification of carvestrene and has the constitution represented by the formula (111) given above.98 112. Synthesis of cotarnine.” (Preliminary note.) By Arthur Henry Salway. The bynthesis of cotarnine has been accomplished according to the following series of reactions : Myristicin. Myristicinaldehyde. 0- 0- Me0 CH2<O/ \CH:CH.CO,H\-/ -+ Me0 UH2*CH2*C0,H--+ 3-Methoxy-4 :5-methylenedioxy-cinnamic acid. B-3-Methoxy-4:5-methylene-diox yphenylpropionic acid. cH2<~~)CH2*CH2*CO*NH2\--+ Me0 8-3-Methoxy-4: 5-methylenedioxy-phenylpropionamide. Me0 B-3-Methoxy-4:5-methylenedioxy-phen yleth ylamine.0-CH2<O/ \-/\CH2*CH2*NH*CO-C,H7 --+ Me0 Phenylacetyl-6-3-methoxy-45-methylene-dioxyphenyle thylamine. 8-Methoxy-6 :7-methylenedioxy-1-6-Methoxy-7 :8-methylenedioxy-1-benzyl-3 :4-dihydroisoquinoline. benzyl-3 :4-dih ydroisoquinoline. 0--+ CH2<gT\CH2---CH2CH~<O/\-/\CH,-CH, \-/Me0 C(C7H7):kMaCl Me0 CH(C,H,)*kMe 8-Methoxy-6:7-methylenedioxy-1-1-Benzylhy drocotarnine. benzyl-3 : 4-dihydroisoquinolinemethochloride. 0--+ cH,<O/ \-/\CH2*CH2*NHMe Me0 CHO Cotarnine. 99 CHO An isomeride of cotarnine, CH2<g/’\CR,*\/ CH2*NRMe, has MeO-also been obtained in the above synthesis. 113. (( Note on the usually-adopted method of calculating additive physico-chemical constants.” By Herbert Stanley Redgrove. The author adduced several examples to show that, in calculating the molecular heat of combustion and the molecular heat of formation, the number and kind of affinity-bonds made and broken must be taken into account. ADDITION8 TO THE LIBRARY. I. Donations. Abderhalden, Brnil. [Editor.] Handhuch der biochemischen Arbeitsmethoden. Vol. I. ii., pp. xxvii+513 to 698. ill. Wien 1910. (Red 11/3/10.) From the Publishers : Messrs. Urban and Schwarzenberg. American Electrochemical Society. Transactions. Vol. XVI. Philadelphia 1909. (Reeference.) From Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin. Barnet Book of Photography. 9th edition. pp. 316. ill. Barnet 1907. (Recd. 26/2/10.) From the Publishers : Messrs. Elliott and Sons. Boerhaave, Hermann.A new method of chemistry. 2nd edition. Translated by Peter Shaw. [Vol. I.] pp. xx2+594. London 1741. (Reference.) From the Pharmaceutical Society. Duparc, Louis, and Basadonna, Mario. Manuel theorique et pratique d’annlyse volum6trique. pp. iv + 170. ill. Genhve 1910. (Xecd. 28/2/ 10.) From the Authors. Institute of Metals. Journal. Vol. 11. 1909. Edited by G. #haw Scott. pp. viii + 342. ill. London 1909. (Rflerence.) From the Institute. Royal Medical and Chirnrgical Society. The climates and baths of Great Britain. Vol. 11. pp. xvi+628. Maps. London 1902. (Recd. 10/3/10.) From the Society. Thomson, Thomas. A system of chemistry. 5th edition. 4 vols. pp. xii +567 [wanting v-viii], viii + 700, vii + 618, viii + 684. London 1817.(Recd. 11/3/10.) From the Pharmaceutical Society. Tutton, AEfi-ed Edwin Eoward. Crystalline structure and chemical constitution. pp. viii + 204. ill. London 1910. (Recd. 19/2/10.) From the Author. 100 11. By Purchase. Lunge, George. Coal-tar and ammonia. 4th edition. 2 vols. pp. xix+563, xiiif564 to 1178. ill. London 1909. (IZeccl. 22/2/10 .) Orthey, Hax. Die Metallhiittenchemie. pp. xiv + 532. ill. Leipzig 1910. (Recd. 8/3/10.) 111. The under-mentioned Pumphlels have been presented to the Librcwy by Professor Rorner. Korner, William. Sulla costituzione dell’ acido veratrico e del veratrol. (From the Rend. R. 1st. Lombardo, 1876, [2], 9.) Jntorno ad alcuni prodotti di trasformazione della chinolinn. (From the Rend. R. 1st.Lombardo, 1881, 121, 14.) Intorno all’ acido caffeico ottenuto dalla Cincona Cuprert. (From the Rend. R. 1st. Lombardo, 1882, [2], 15.) -Richerche sulla composizione e costitubuzione della siringina, un glicoside della Syringa Vulgaris. (From the Rend. R. 1st. Lombardo, 1888, [2], 21.) Korner, Tilliam, and Bertoni, Giacomo. Sintesi di due nuovi acidi isomeri a1 vanillico. (From the Rend. R. 1st. Lombardo, 1884, [2], 13.) Korner, William, and Bohringer, Christian. Intorno agli alcaloidi della corteccia di sngustura. (From the Rend. R. Ist. Lombardo, 1883, [2], 16.) Korner, William, and Contardi, ANgelo. Alcuni derivati nitro-alogenati della benzina, dell’ anilinn e dell’ acetanilide. (From the Annuario Soc. Chim. Milano, 1908, 14.) Korner, William, and Xenozzi, Angelo.Trasformazione dell’ acido aspartico in acido fumarico. (From the Rend. R. Ist. Lombardo, 1880, [2], 13.)--Eliminazione dell’ azoto dalla tirosina. (From the Rend, R.1st. Lombardo, 1881, [Z], 14.) --Intorno all’ azione de jodure metilico sulla loucina ed altre sostanze annloghe. (From the Rend. R. 1st. Lombardo, 1883, [21, 16.) --Intorno ad un nuovo acido isomero all’ aspartico. (From the Rend. R. Ist.Lombardo, 1885, [2], 19.) --Trasformszione degli acidi fumarico e maleico in acido aspartico e in asparagina. (From the Rend. R.1st. Lombardo, 1887, [2j, 20.)Korner, WiZZiam, and Wender, V. Intorno ad alcuni nuovi derivati di sostituzione della benzina. (From the Rend. R. 1st. Lombardo, 1886, [2], 19.) 101 Zanoni, G.Sintesi della P-metilpiridina (P-picolina). (From the Rend. 22. 1st. Lombardo, 1881, [2], 14.) Together with 16 reprints of papers published in journals already in the Library. BANQUET TO PAST PRESIDENTS. The Banquet will be held at the Savoy Rotel (Embankwent Entrance) on Thursday, May 26th, 1910, at 7 for 7.30 p.m., in honour of the following Past Presidents who have attained their Jubilee as Fellows of the Society : Served as Elected President Prof. William Odling, F.R.S. . . . ... 1848 1873-1875. The Rt. Hon. Sir Henry E. Roscoe, F.R.S. 1855 1880-2882. Sir William Crookes, F.R.S. ... ... 1857 1887-1889. Dr. Hugo Miiller, F.R.S. ... ... ... 1859 1885-1887, Dr. A. G. Vernon Harcourt, F.R.S. ... 1859 1895-1897.The price of tickets will be One Guinea (31 1s.) each (including wine), or Half-a-Guinea (10s. 6d.) each (not including wine). All applications for tickets must be received not 2ater than ETriday, May 2Oth, next. Tickets will be forwarded t:, Fellows on receipt of a remittance for the number required, made payable to “Mr. S. E. Carr,” and addressed to the Assistaiit Secretary, Chemical Society, Burlington House, W. At the next Ordinary Scientific Meeting on Thursday, May 5th, 1910, at 8.30 p.m., there will be a ballot for the election of Fellows, and the following papers will be communicated : “The correlation of rock and river-water analyses.” By H. S. 8he1toD. ‘‘The composition and synthesis of caoutchouc.” By S. S. Pickles.(‘The constituents of the flowers of Trifotium incarnatum.)’ ByH. Rogerson.‘‘The absorption spectra of nicotine, conine, and quinoline as vapours, liquids, and in solution.” By J. E. Purvis. ‘‘ Fluorones.” By F. G. Pope and H. Howard. “The triazo-group. Part XIII. Triazomethylcarbimide (triazo- methylisocyanate).” By M. 0. Porster and R. Miiller. 102 CERTIFICATES OF CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION AT THE NEXT BALLOT. N.B.-The names of those who sign from " General Knowledge " are printed in itdics. The following Candidates have been proposed for election. A ballot will be held on Thursday, May 5th, 1910. Bethwaite, John, 48, Northumberland Street, Workington, Cumberland. Analytical Chemist. Chief Chemist and Manager for Messrs.Hardy, Dougall & Co., Analysts, Maryport, London, Cardiff, and Duisburg (Germany). Studied at the Cumberland County Council Science School, Workington. Trained in the Laboratory of the West Cumberland Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. Afterwards Assistant Chemist at the Lowther Iron Works, Workington; and Chief Assistant, Messrs. Hardy, Dougall & Co. Pattinson B. Melmore. H. E. Wright. J. J. Morgan. J. M-. Dnvey. Robert Hellon. Bourdillon, Robert Benedict, Buddington, Midhurst, Sussex. Student of Chemistry. Have studied Chemistry at the Universities of Freiburg i.B. and Oxford during the last two years. Harold Hartley. N. V. Sidgwick. N. Garrod Thomas. H. B. Baker. D. H. Nagel. Brady, Oscar Lisle, 51, Upper Bedford Place, London, W.C.Student. Bachelor of Arts (Honours Chemistry) University of the Cape of Good Hope. For a short time lecturer in Chemistry at Grey University College, Bloemfontein. At present research student in Organic Chemistry at University College, London. William Ramsay. Samuel Smiles. J. Norman Collie. Percy May. H. Thacher Clarke. 103 Buswell, Henry Leslie Farmer, 169, Queen’s Gate, S.W. Analytical Chemist. Bachelor of Arts, Cambridge Science Tripos. “ Chloroform Apncea and its Causes,” in conjunction with D r. Collingwood, M.D., etc. Thos. Parries. Bancis H. Caw. ‘Reginald G. Halstead. J. B. Knight. Frank L.Pyman. F. 6. P.Revfry. C heetham, Thomas Patric k, Vrijheid, Natal, S.A. Teacher, Trained Cert., Bd.Edn., Eng.; Cert., First Class, Natal Ed. Dept. Undergraduate, London and ‘‘Cape ” Universities. Student and Teacher in Science for past ten years (Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geology, Astronomy). Lond. Matric. Chemistry, ’03. Read Lond. Inter. Sci., ’03-04. Teachers’ Course Chemistry, ’05-06. L.C.C. Class, King’s College, London. Orgnsg. Tr. C1. Science in Lond., ’06. Prep. Candidates for Teachers’ Govt. Science, 3rd Grade, Natal Examn., 1907. Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt. Technical Classes, Durban Tech. Inst., 1907. In charge of Matric. Class and All Science Teaching, Govt, Sch., Vrijheid, 1908 to present time. Hon. Meteorological Observer to Govt. Observatory, Durban ;at Vrijheid at present ; and have given popular Chemical Lectures in Durban and Vrijheid.TEos. William Dukes. J. S. Jamieson. E. Nevill. A. M. Neilson. A. B. Tonkin. Clarke, Herbert Edmund, 20, Grosvenor Road, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Chemist to Messrs. Cookson & Co., Ltd., Wellington Quay-on-Tyae. Second Class in Honours, School of Natural Sci., Oxford, 1907. Research B.Sc. degree, Oxford, 1909. Joint author with Mr. D. L. Chapman, M.A., of “The Measurement of a Homogeneous Chemical Change in a Gas” (J.C.S., Trans., 1908, p. 1638). Chemist at Messrs. Cookson’s Lead Works, Hay Hole, Wellington Quay-on-Tyne, 1909. H. Brereton Baker. A. E.Walden. W. W. Fisher. J. E. Marsh. N. V.Sidgwick. D. L. Chapman. Dickson, Thomas William, 153, Finborough Road, South Kensington, S. W. Assistant in Mathematical and Mechanical Department, City and 104 Guilds Central Technical College, London.Second Class Honours in Chemistry, Oxford. Mathematical and Science Master at Bilton Grange School, Harrogate, for one year. Assistant to F. W. Toms, Esq., Official Analyst for Jersey, for six months. J. E. Marsh. John Watts. F. W. Toms. ‘1.V. Barker. R. de J. Fleming Struthers. Andrea Angel. H. R. Le Sueur. Farrands, Harry, The College, Isleworth. Lecturer in Chemistry. Master of Arts, Oxford University. Second Class Hononrs degree in Natural Science (Chemistry), ’05. Lecturer in Chemistry, Borough Road Training College, Isleworth, to students reading for London University B.Sc. degrees, 1905-19 10. H. E. W. Phillips. Henry J.S. Sand. R. M. Caven. F. S. Kipping. Andrea Angel. Garland, Charles Samuel, 18, Derwent Grove, Dulwich, S.E. Associate in Chemistry of the Royal College of Science ;at present engaged as Assistant Demonstrator. T. E. Thorpe. G. T. Morgan. M. 0. Forster. A. Clayton. James C. Philip. W. Godden. Goldsbrough, Harold Albert, Churchside, Heme Hill, London, S.E. Analytical Chemist. Assistant to Dr. Philip Schidiowitz, F.C.S., of 57, Chancery Lane, W.C. Student of Chemistry under A. C. Chapman, Esq., F.I.C., F.C.S., and for two years at Finsbury Technical College. Holder of that College’s City and Guilds Institute Certificate. Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. Co-author with Dr. Philip Schidrowitz of (‘The Viscosity of Indiarubber and Indiarubber Solu- tions,” in Journal of Society of Cl~emicalIndustry, Jan.15th, 1909. Philip Schidro wi tz. George T. Holloway. R. Meldola. Alf. Chaston Chapman. 3’.Henry Styeatfeeild. Harrison, Edwin, 18, Old Swan Lane, Upper Thames Street, London, E.C. Manufacturing Chemist. Am desirous of being in touch with current scientific lit’erat ure. J. H. B. Wigginton. John C. Umney. W. Carter White. C. T. Bennett. Ernest J. Parry. 105 Jones, William Jacob, Queen’s Terrace, Llanrmst. Research Student. Fellow of the University of Wales. B.Sc. (Wales) 1908, 1st Class Honours in Chemistry. Joint author of papers : (1) “ A Crystalline Bleaching Powder,” (2) ‘‘ The Chlorination of Acetanilide,” (3) ‘‘ The Primary Interaction between Chlorine and Anilides,” all published in Trans.,Vol.95 ;also (4) “The Estimation of the Alkalinity of Blenching Powder,” Analyst, 1909. Kennedy J. P. Orton. J. J. Sudborough. H. 0. Jones. Claude M. Thompson. J.E. Coates. Kenner, James, 6 1, Marlborough Road, Sheffield. Research Assistant and Demonstrator in Chemistry in the Univer- sity of Sheffield. Ph.D. (Heidelberg) ; B.Sc. (London). Joint author with Dr. Hewitt and Mr. Silk of a paper on “The Bromination of Phenols,” and with Prof. Knoevenagel of a paper ‘‘Zur Darstellung der Sulfinsauren.” W. Palmer Wynne. J. T. Hewitt. W. E. S. Turner. Clarence Smith. F. G. Pope. Kwoh, Sea-Kwain, 125, Acomb Street, Manchester. Student. Research Student. Associate of Municipal School of Technology. Hold Certificate of Victoria University in Technological Chemistry. Jas.Grant. F. S. Sinnat,t. S. J. Peachey. E. L. Rhead. L. G. Radcliffe. F. G. Richards. Lamb, Samuel, May Villa, Birmingham Road, West Bromwich. Chemist (Messrs. Chance’s Glass and Lighthouse Construction Works). 1st Associate of Royal School of Mines. Honoursmau in Chemistry (org. and inorg.-theo. and prac.), Board of Education. National Scholar in Chemistry, 1905. S. Herbert Cox. F. W. Harbord. W. Gowland. W. H. Xerrett. E. 0. Courtman. Lewis, Frederick Charles, 20, Eskburn Road, Liverpool. Assistant Director Clinical Research Department, University of Liverpool. Assistant to Sir R. Boyce, F.R.S., one of the Public 106 Analysts, and Bacteriologist to City of Liverpool, etc.Has had extensive experience in Consulting Bacteriology ; also Pathology and Physio-Chemistry, including investigation and analysis. Has con-ducted researches into : 1. Cause and Prevention of ‘(Ropiness ” in Bread. 2. Cause of Deterioration and Liquefaction of certain Com- mercial Products (Joint). 3. Chemistry and Pathology of Degenerating Fibromyomata (Joint). 4. Chemistry of certain Organic Solutions Artificially Infected with Specific Bacteria. Gilbert J. Fowler. Avred Smetham. John Hanley. Prosper H. Marsden. James Ed. Southcombe. William Ramsay.Bernard Dyer. Lucking, Hubert Leslie, St. Mary’s, West Heath Road, Hampstead, N.W. Research Student. Ph.D. (Heidelberg). Studying Chemistry.Worked for a year under Graebe at Geneva, and four and a-half years under Curtius at Heidelberg. Doctor Dissertation ‘‘ Ein Beitrag Zur Kenntnis der Hydrazinate.” Thomas Callan. Arthur W. Crossley. H. Jermain Creighton. A& 0. Porster. Alexander Scott. Longman, Charles Herbert Bell, 32, Faringdon Street, Swindon, Wilts. Lecturer in Chemistry, Tient sin Anglo-Chinese College, Tientsin, China. Student at the Royal College of Science, London, 1906-09, and obtained the Associateship of the Royal College of Science in Chem- istry, 1909. Student at the Swindon Technical Institution Science Classes, 1903-06. Intermediate B.Sc. (London) 1905 in Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. In conjunction with the Vice-principal of the Tientsin Anglo-China College (J.B. Tayler, Esq., M.Sc., Victoria University, England, Member of the Society of Chemical Industry), we hope to take up research, more especially devoting our attention to native products, and desire to keep in touch with the work of investigators in other parts of the world. Thomas Hartley. G. T. Morgan. Thomas C. Davison. M. 0. Forster. James C. Philip. Mason,Horace George, The Grammar School, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. Science Master at above School. Graduahe (B.Sc. Eons. in Chem- istry) of Manches ter University. Have participated in research work, 107 and desire to take the journals with a view to doing more research work, and also to keep in touch with the latest developments of chemistry. W. H. Perkin.H. C. H. Carpenter. Ch. Weizmann. V. J. Harding. H. F. Coward. A. N. Meldrum. Needs, Francis Edwin, 7, Effingham Road, St. Andrew’s Park, Bristo!. Chemical and Bacteriological Assistant in the State Medicine Laboratory, Bristol (1906-1910). Ex-Student in Chemical Depart-ment, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College (1901). Late Assistant in the Wilts County Laboratory (1 902-?906). Ed ward Russell. Chas. J. Waterfall. Fredk. O’Brien. F. Wallis Stoddart. J. Wertheimer. Knowles, Preston. Newhaven, Camden Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex. Analytical Chemist. Four years as Pupil with Public Analyst of Bolton ; also Student of Electro-metallurgy at Municipal School of Technology, Manchester. Seven years’ experience as Chemist-five years as Chief Chemist-in Electro-chemical Works.Walter Ratcliffe. A. W. Cowburn. J. Harold Edge. James Porter Shemton. John E. Farmer. The following Certificates have been authorised for presentation to Ballot by the Council, under Bye-law I (3) : Baume, Georges, 44,Quai des Eaux, Vives, GenBve. Privat-docent l’universitk, 1”’ Assistant aux Laboratoires de Chimie Thdorique et Technique de l’Universit6. Densite des gaz SO,,( CH,),O, CH,Cl,C H4,C2H,,H,S. Compressibiliti: de quelques gaz aux basses pressions. Principe de 3 mdthodes de dktermination physico- chimiques du froids mol6culaire de gaz. Constants physicochirniquss de quelques gaz liqu6tiQs. Courbes de fusibilitd des mQlanges gazeux aux basses tempkatures. Publiks en grande partie J. Ch. phys. H. Le Chatelier.T. P. Hilditch. William Ramsay. 108 Cardoso, Ettore, Geneva, 3 Grand’ Rue. Assistant particulier au Laboratoire de Cbimie-Physique (Directeur : Prof. Ph. A. Guye). Docteur-&-sciences (Grenoble). (1) Have published the following : ‘<Recherches sur les compressibilites et les tensions de vapeur des mklanges d’ouyde de mkthyle et d’acide sulfureux: formation d’une combinaison entre ces deux corps (C.R., 1907, 144, 911 ;with Dr. Briner) ;(2) Sur la liqukfaction et la compressibilite des melanges giizeux; etude particulikre du cay oh le mglange donne lieu B une combinaison” (J. Ch. Phys.,19OS, 6, 641 ; with Dr. 6‘Briner) ; (3) Densites orthobares de l’anhydride sulfureux ” (Awh. Xc. Phys. Ncct. Gen., 28,392). W. Spring. T. P. Hilditch.William Ramsap. Shah,Motilal Kashalchand, Byculla Bridge, Ryculla, Bombay, India. Chemist and Manager, the Gujarat Candle Factory and Asbestos Works Company, Limited, Bombay, India. A detailed statement of Study, Service, Contribution to Science, Practice and Research, List of Awards and Testimonials, with extracts of opinions attached here with. Rixchi Ram Sahni. K CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SOFFOLK
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL9102600073
出版商:RSC
年代:1910
数据来源: RSC
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