摘要:

The industrial relations context in U.S. automobile plants changed significantly by 1959. Union locals became more occupationally homogeneous, and the bureaucratic grievance structure functioned more effectively as a restlt. Yet, unauthorized strikes continued, albeit less frequently, and their nature was transformed. Rather than the occupationally specific xvildcats of the 1940s and 1950s, the unauthorized strikes occurring in the 1960s and 1970s were often plantwide mobilizations led by local union officials. This article explores the organizational foundations of these mobilizations. The findings suggest that striking workers in solidarity-generating labor processes were significantly more likely to choose unauthorized courses of action. The effect of the positional power of workers at the plant level was weaker, but striking workers with high levels of positional power in atomized settings were more likely to initiate unauthorized action than were those with low levels of positional power.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.789

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A prevailing concern in the sociology of professions is the degree to which professional workers are committed to their employing organization. Corporatist organizations strive to maximize employees' commitment to the organization by enhancing employee integration, upward mobility, participation in decision making, and the legitimacy of the authority system. It is argued here that these corporatist properties act as incentives that are highly valued by professional workers and that they should increase their organizational commitment. On the basis of a sample of lawyers working in law firms the findings support this argument. The most significant variables appear to contribute to lawyers' professionalism and professional careers in that they provide a sense of collegiality, contribute to professional career opportunities within the firm, and allow for individual discretion and control.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.811

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data on children from the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) suggest that children aged 3 to 6 from the Deep South score lower than children in the north central states on PPVT-R, a standardized test of receptive vocabulary, while children in the Northeast and West and Border South score close to children in the north central states. We argue that regional variation in demographic composition/social class, and in patterns of family social capital as influenced by regional variations in subculture account for the findings. Descriptive analyses reveal regional differences in maternal characteristics and attitudes, family composition, parental working conditions, and children's home environments, most suggesting southern disadvantage. Multivariate analyses suggest that regional variation in maternal race and ethnicity account for the observed differences among girls. Among boys, these factors — in addition to maternal background, socialization, and very frequent church attendance; maternal working conditions; and children's home environments — contribute to explaining the differences.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.841

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Several studies have demonstrated that children in stephouseholds do not perform as well in school as children growing up with both biological parents, yet explanations for this relationship remain underdeveloped. Using a nationally representative sample of eighth graders from the 1988 National Education Longitudinal Study, I address two questions: (1) Do parental resources mediate the effect of living in a stephousehold on academic achievement? and (2) Does the sex of the biological parent or child affect these processes? Results indicate that interpersonal, economic, and cultural parental resources explain much of the difference in academic achievement among children from step- and mother/father households. Also, although both boys and girls tend to fare better in mother/stepfather than in father/stepmother households, children do not appear to be more disturbed by the entrance of an opposite-sex than of a same-sex stepparent.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.875

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Cross-sectional studies show that adults who grew up in conflict-ridden two-parent families or who experienced parental divorce report lower levels of psychological and marital well-being than do other adults. However, previous research has been unable to determine how parental marital conflict, divorce, and children's long-term outcomes are related. Using a 12-year longitudinal study, we find that the consequences of parental divorce depend on parental marital conflict prior to divorce. In high-conflict families, children have higher levels of well-being as young adults if their parents divorced than if they stayed together. But in low-conflict families, children have higher levels of well-being if their parents stayed together than if they divorced. In marriages that do not end in divorce, parental marital conflict is negatively associated with the well-being of offspring.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.895

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We use data from the 1987–88 National Survey of Families and Households to examine the consistency between expected and observed sources of support, and patterns of support during times of need for older Americans. We find partial support for the concept of social support convoys. Consistent with past research, we find that most older persons report they have someone, typically adult children, to turn to in emergencies. We also find that routine assistance is commonplace among the elderly. In contrast to past work, and inconsistent with the idea of convoys of social support that stand ready to assist elderly persons when they are in need, we find that support networks appear to be quite simple — persons are either receiving help or not. Furthermore, we find that support is not responsive to some needs, and inadequately responsive to others. A significant minority of elders are receiving no informal assistance; and elderly Americans in need are only slightly more likely to be receiving aid than those who are not.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.917

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article addresses the historical and social underpinnings of the conflict over ethnic minority rights in Bulgaria and Romania. In each country minority groups — ethnic Turks in Bulgaria and ethnic Hungarians in Romania — previously held dominant positions and were greatly restricted during the communist period. Attempts to reverse some of these restrictions have now led to a more open expression of ethnic tension and conflict. After an examination of the historical roots of these contemporary conflicts, we present data from national surveys conducted in 1991 and 1992 on tolerance for minority rights among ethnic Romanians and Bulgarians. Then, within this context, we develop and test a multiple indicator, multiple construct causal model of ethnic tolerance based on political ideology, democratic values, threat perception, and social background variables.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.939

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using the 1980 census to employ a two-stage estimation procedure in which county-group level estimates of minority employment disadvantage are derived from individual-level data, this research empirically assesses the race, ethnic, and space dimensions to black and Hispanic employment. Results show that a pervasive black disadvantage in employment exists that does not vary greatly by region of the country or between central city and suburban or rural areas. In only several areas is the black disadvantage near zero. By contrast, the labor force behavior of Hispanic males is often quite close to the rates reported by whites, once basic demographics have been considered. The pervasiveness of the black employment disadvantage and its striking contrast with Hispanic joblessness suggests that race and ethnicity play a key role in employment outcomes.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.969

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A new paradigm in the sociology of religion offers a compelling perspective on processes of religious affiliation. Drawing on rational choice theory, this paradigm views religion as a marketplace consisting of freely choosing individuals and competitive organizations. Religious affiliation is an instance of cultural consumption, guided by preferences that inform the actor's calculation of the relative costs and benefits of various cultural choices. In this article we examine the development of religious preferences that inform choices about religious mobility. Since cultural consumption is both individual and social in nature, we move beyond the rather narrow focus on socioeconomic factors and integrate family and organizational variables, hitherto treated as competing explanations of religious mobility, into an overall theory of religious mobility. Further, we move beyond the assumption of religious voluntarism, which underlies the new paradigm in the sociology of religion, to examine how religious choices are subject to constraints imposed on individuals.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.993

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article investigates growth rates of life insurance companies doing business in New York State between 1860 and 1985. We test the validity ofGibrat's law, which states that the growth rate of an organization is independent of size. We find that Gibrat's law does not hold in this complete organizational population. Rather, growth rates decline as a function of size, supporting the notion that the accrual of organizational inertia reduces the ability of organizations to capitalize on growth opportunities. We also test for an effect of size-localized competition (SLC) on organizational growth rates. Both a standard measure for SLC and an alternative measure that adjusts for population density show that competition between similarly-sized organizations decreases the rate at which organizations grow. Results indicate that the adjusted SLC measure should be used in future research that models first-order density dependence and size-localized competition.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1027

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP