摘要:

Responses were elicited from 490 individuals representing six diverse groups concerning their evaluations of 30 occupations as to prestige and 20 different occupational traits. The derived prestige-trait relationships were very similar to corresponding data of four previous studies. In fact, the same prestige-trait relationships were “very high” or “highly” related in the present investigation as were found in a previous study by the authors. The leading correlates of prestige were: “regarded as desirable to associate with” (.95), “intelligence required” (.94), “scarcity of personnel who can do the job” (.93), “interesting and challenging work” (.91), “training required” (.91), and “education required” (.90). A comparison of the occupational attitudes among the sample's subgroups revealed a high consensus of trait and prestige evaluation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.295

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Self-recruitment to dentistry provides an excellent case of the purposive or negotiated nature of occupational choice, especially of the skilled and professional occupations. Choices were made as compromises between reward preferences and expectancies of access to specific occupations; both of these career perspectives were developed with reference to familial occupational history, especially the occupational status of the father. Evidence is presented which indicates that dentistry was chosen because it combined high rewards with a reasonable degree of access; i.e., a minimax strategy was employed. Medicine, although possessing greater rewards, was rejected because of difficult access; while law, university teaching and accountancy, etc., were rejected because of perceived lower rewards.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.303

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Diffusion studies of the “adoption of innovation” can potentially provide a basis for a quantitative, empirically-based theory of social change. However, before significant advances can be made in this direction, rigorous attention must be directed toward clarifying the meaning of the principal concepts of diffusion studies and toward increasing consistency in the use of standardized terms from one writer to another. Also, theoretical concepts from diffusion research need to be linked to more general sociological theory, insofar as this is available. The present paper suggests possible ways in which these tasks can be undertaken. It makes use of mass communication data on the diffusion of the major media through the American society to illustrate the advantages of the conceptual framework which it proposes.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.314

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The classical approach to the study of the transformation of social movements (here called the Weber-Michels model) predicts that a movement organization will become more conservative and that its goals will be displaced in favor of organizational maintenance. Using organizational and incentive analysis, the classical approach is subsumed under a more general set of concepts which lead to predictions about growth and change. The movement organization responds to the ebb and flow of sentiment in the larger society, to its relations with other movement organizations and to success or failure. Leadership and schismogenetic tendencies affect the nature and vicissitudes of its goals, and the recruitment and commitment of members. Neither greater conservatism nor organizational maintenance are iron laws.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.327

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sociologists have not paid much attention to short-run variations in marriage and divorce rates, though they can be revealing of changes in both of these phenomena, as well as of changes in the larger social system. An analysis of these variations reveal an increasing degree of interdependence for both marriage and divorce decisions in the last century. It is suggested that this increased interdependence can be attributed to increased short-term variations in the socioeconomic conditions of the country; to an increasing interdependence of the different parts of the country; to an increasing sensitivity of these decisions to macro-socioeconomic conditions. The analysis revealed that only the last two factors could be retained. They are themselves tentatively interpreted as the result of the process of urbanization and industralization.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.341

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Attempts to radically alter the behavior of individuals have been notably unsuccessful and call for explanation. It is suggested that: (1) Radical change, as opposed to ordinary change, requires resocialization rather than ordinary socialization; (2) Resocialization requires an intervening process of desocialization, a process in which the efficacy of old values is erased; (3) Desocialization occurs when interpersonal relations disintegrate. Operant conditions of social disintegration, and hence desocialization, are described for prisons and other total institutions where staff-inmate conflict is an important system-maintenance device.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.355

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A review of marginality theory shows some gains on the psychological front but little advance, since Stonequist's work, in the sociological sector of the marginal situation and its effects on the structure and functioning of the group. Combining an hierarchical approach with the notion of inconsistency in rankings, a sociological definition of the marginal situation is suggested. Such a definition provides clarification of the nature of the marginal situation, a framework within which the variety of marginal situations may be located and also makes easier the hitherto neglected analysis of the effects on a group of being in such a situation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.363

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using a pre-coded questionnaire with approximately 400 student respondents, a moderate but general pattern of intercorrelation among eight “personal disturbance” measures was found. It is concluded that these variables—commonly alleged to be facets of alienation—form something of a multi-dimensional syndrome. Some methodological and substantive qualifications of this conclusion are made.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.370

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Historical analysis, including Weber's thesis, offers rich clues to the complexity and variety of relations existing between Protestant religious institutions and economic institutions. Several of the relationships between Protestantism and Western economic institutions are outlined. These relationships are mediated through Protestant historical traditions left unexplained by Weber's emphasis upon the religious doctrines of predestination (election) and the calling.Protestant views on (a) Education, (b) its own Minority Status, (c) Liberty and Freedom, and (d) Social Reform, suggest hypotheses to analyze when studying American Protestantism. The validity of interpretations of present-day Protestant life hold only if the methods of collecting data permit alternative properties to exhibit themselves.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.372

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper suggests to eliminate various difficulties concerning Weber's urban typology by offering some tentative modifications dependent on the needs of the researcher. The dichotomy of urban behavior, the appreciation and use of which is seriously hampered by an exceptionally poor translation, is one of the most important of Weber's typological dichotomies. In addition, due to the unfinished condition of Weber's opus there are several analytical ambiguities which need clarification. Recent outstanding contributions in the sociology of Islam, specifically of the Islamic medieval city, seem to support the validity of Weber's hypotheses. The evidence offered by recent studies of the ancient Mesopotamian as well as the Greco-Roman city is considered in relation to Weber's urban typological dichotomy.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.3.381

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP