摘要:

IKCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS O F183184 1!186 ’1571THE “ SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.”On the Estimation of Salicylic Acid, byDr. Muter, M.A., F.C.S. . . . 193Correspondence . . . . . . 195Recent Chemical Patents . . . . I98A New Test, for Alcohol . . . . 198Prosecutions under the Sale of Food andDr. Nills’ New Nesslerising Apparatus . . 201Drugs’ Act . . . . . 199PUBLISHED MONTHLY.[No. 11.1 31st JANUARY, 1877, [PRICE 6d. ,$~22’%$~%t.]CONTENTS.__-._ -~The Adulteration of Peas . . . .The i L Society of Public Analysts ” Extra-ordinary Meeting, Report of Council,Ordinary Meetinv. . .On Colouririg Matters?n Wine, by A. Dupe;Ph. D., F.R S., &c.The admixture of Oatmeal with Barley’Meal;by E. L. Cleaver, F.C S. . . ..-COMJilTTEE OF PURIJICATION.J. NUTER, PH. D., N.A., F.C.X.G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S.A. DOPBE’, PH. D., F.R.S., F.C.S.C. HEISCH, F.C.S.C. W. HEATON, F.C.S.ABSTRACTORS.A. If. ALLEN, F.C.S.J. FALCONER KING.A. WYNTER BLPTH, M.R.C.S.OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S.E. W. T. JONES, F.C.S.F. J. LLOYD, F.C.S

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87701FP023

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST.Now ready, crown 8v0, 600 p.p., cloth, price 12s. 6d. (postage 8d.),THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS;ORPRACTICAL INSTRUOTIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE INTRINSIC OR COMMERCIAL VALUEOF SUBSTANCES USED IN MANUFACTURES, IN TRADES, AND IN THE ARTS.By A. NORMANDY,Author of ‘LPracticat Ifitrodwtion to Rose’s Chemistry:’ a& Editor of Rose’s ( I Treatise on ChemicalArulysis.”New Edition, Enlarged, and to a great extent re-written, by Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S.With rtumerow Illmtrations.6‘ Will be found to be essential to the Analysts appointed under the new Act ....... In all cases the most“ In a book of nearly 500 pages, we have simple yet scientific instruction how to examine almost everyrecent results are given, and the work is well edited and carefully written.” Nutwe.article of consumption. Metropolitan.CROSBY LOCHWOOD & Go., 7, STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C.INTERESTING FACSl MILE RE PR I N TS.I n crown Svo., antique binding, or paper boards, 6s.; antique morocco, 21s. ; large paper copies, inHE COMPLEAT ANGLER ; Or, The Contemplative Man’s Recreation.roxburghe binding, 21s. ; antique morocco, &2 10s.By ISAACThis reprint of the first edition, published in 1653, is printed on paper similar to that ofThe quaint title page, the very clever drawings of fishes, and the antique head-pieces andWALTON.the original.tail-pieces, are also faithfully copied by a photographic process, which exactly reproduces the original.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I n crown Svo., antique binding, or in paper boards, price 7s. 6d.; morocco antique, 21s. ; largepaper copies, price, in roxburghe binding, 21s.HE PILGR’IM’S PROGRESS. A Reprint in Facsimile of the :First Editmion of 1618.The special characteristics of the first edition are carefully preserved-the colloquial language, quaintspelling, and curious side-notes, the peculiar forms and mixtures of types, the irregular use of capitals anditalics, are faithfully reproduced ; thus enabling the modern reader to realise the rude form in which JohnBunyan put his immortal allegory before the readers of his own day.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.Now ready, in small crown Svo., in antique binding or paper boards, 5s. ; or in antique morocco, 21s.HE TEMPLE.Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. By Mr. GEORGE HERBERT,late Oratour of the Universitie of Cambridge. With an Introduction by the Rev. Alexander B. Grosart,Editor of ‘‘ George Herbert‘s Works in Prose and Verse,” and of the Aldine Edition of (‘ Herbert’s Poems.”‘( Mr. Elliot Stock has done good service to all collectors of old and curious books by publishing in hisseries of facsimile reprints, the ‘ Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations,’ which George Herbert, the saintlyparish priest of Bemerton, bequeathed as a legacy to the Christian world, under the title of ‘The Temple.’I t is only now, for the first time, that an attempt has been made to reproduce the original work exactly asit came from the hands of Messrs.Buck and Daniels, Printers to the University of Cambridge, in 1663,the year of its Author’s death. This editio princep has been followed exactly, not only in its contents,but in such minute details as the stopping of the volume, which is reproduced exactly the saxe in type,binding, and paper, the latter being of a curious and not disagreeable brown, which looks to an inexperiencedeye at least as if it had seen the reign of Charles I.”--The Times.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I N THE PRESS,ARADISE LOST, by JOHN MILTON. A Reproduction in Facsimile of the FirstELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.Edition.HE PARENTS of a gentlemanly youth, aged 16, who has been well educated, T and having an elementary knowledge of chemistry, wish to place him with an Analytical Chemist.Address, stating terms, &c., to Medicus, 2, Chiltern View Terrace, Uxbridge, MiddlesexTHE ANALYST.I n Wrapper, 2s. 6d.On Roller and Varnished, 6s.1,jOOD CHART, giving the Names, Classification, Composition, Alimentary Value, Rates of Digestibility,By R. LOCRE JOHNSON,L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., &c.Adulterations, Tests, &c., of the Alimentary Substances in General Use.(6 One of the most useful publications of the time.”- Week@ Review.London : HARDWICKE & BOGWE, 192, Piccadilly, W.PRICE 2s. CLOTH.HE MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN FRUITS AND ROOTS T to be met with in the Jams and Preserves of Commerce. By ARTHUR ANQELL, F.’R.M.s., PublicAnalyst, County of Hants.To be obtained of GILBERT, High Street, Southampton,LATTNER’S QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WlTH THE BLOWPIPE, P Profusely illustrated, 515 pages, Svo., new, 1875.Published at 21s: Offered for a short time at 6s. 6d.LETHEBY on Noxious Trades, 1s. post free.Milk in health and disease, by A. HUTCHINSON SMEE.LETHEBY on the Right Use of Disinftctants, Is. post free.London : HENRY KIMPTON, Medical Publisher and Bookseller, 82, High Holborn.Circulating Library, 21s. per annum. List of Works on Chemistry, &c., gratis.I n the Press and will shortly be published a revised and fuller Edition ofUTTER; ITS ANALYSIS AND ADULTERATION. By OTTO HEHNER B and ARTHUR ANGELL, Public Analysts.PROCEEDINCtS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS,”Vol. 1, 1876.1‘ THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS gives in the present volume a very satisfactoryaccount of its first year’s work.4‘ It has been instrumental in introducing some improvements in an Act which wouldotherwise have been even less satisfactory than it is now ; it has secured very usefuldiscussions on the general questions involved ; has produced through its members .somevaluable analytical papers ; and above all has led to united action among Public Analysts.6‘ The present volume gives not only the record of the actual work of the Society,including abstracts of the discussions at the meetings, but also a reprint of the recentAct, all important public papers which have been issued in regard to it; reports ofprosecutions in any respect typical, and many letters, articles, and stray notes.TheCouncil has acted wisely in publishing the volume.”--lancet.‘ 4 This book should certainly be possessed by Public Analysts.”- Chemist and Druggist.‘ 4 This is rather more than it purports to be, since it contains a number of paragraphsand leading articles.”( 4 Many valuable papers are reprinted, and the book is not only practically useful,but also is an indication of healthiness and earnestness on the part of one of theyoungest of our scientific societies.”-Iron.THE ANALYST.Subscription-3s. 6d. per annum, post free.All communications to be addressed t o G . W. WIGNEB, 79, Great Tower Street,London, E.C.Printed by ALFRED BOOT, 7, Mark Lane, E.C., for the Proprietors; and Publishedfor the Proprietors by ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, E.C

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87701BP025

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE A N A L Y S T . T E E ADULTERATION OF PEAS. ON another page me reprint from The Times a report of a case in which an importer of foreign provisions was summoned before Mr. Knox, on a charge of selling preserved peas which were adulterated with copper, and consequently injurhus to health. The case presents several unique features which render it desirable that we should draw attention to it, and in doing so we must point out that we have no special report of our own, but rely upon that published in The Times.We note first that the defendant was charged with selling peas which were so adulterated as t o be consequently injurious t o health. This seems t o us t o have been aa absolutely unnecessary and even unwise step to have taken under the circumstances. The mere fact of the adulteration is sufficient for the summons i n a case of this kind, and evidence that the adulteration is injurious to health can be git-en at the hearing, the addition of the last clause to the summons can only have the effect of increasing the penalty, which it is in the power of the magistrate to inflict, and generally introduces some technical difficulty.The next point which claims our attention is the fact that a medical man, a Fellow of the Royal Society, should have appeared for the defence, and endeavoured to convince the magistrate that the adulteration of peas and preserved fruits with copper was not injurious t o health.His argument appears t o be based upon such a fallacy that it seems strange it should be listened to even for a moment.It is perfectly true that copper is found in minute traces in the human body, and Dr. Pavy thought fit to base upon this fact, an argument that copper might be legitimately used in the preparation of peas for human food. It appears to us that it would be equally rational to argue that because the human body contains serenty per cent. of water it is therefore legitimate for a milkman to add seventy per cent.of water to the milk which he vends for sale, or tbat because the human body contains minute traces of alumina it would be perfectly legitimate and justifiable for the baker to add alum to the loaf with which he supplies us. The special pleading of Dr. Pavy, and the clever Counsel by whom he was put forward had however its desired effect, the magistrate was so puzzled by what he called the wiciely different opinions of medical men, and was so greatly imprcssed with the importance of the case to the ‘( trade,” which he said would be I ( seriously affected,” that he adjourned his decision, in order that he might fully consider the evidence, and expressed a hope that one result of the adjournment would be t o induce qualified persons to discuss the question in medical circles and give him the benefit of their deliberations.We have carefully considered the question, and we have no hesitation whatever in giving Mr. Knox the benefit of our deliberations, by saying unhesitatingly that the smallest admixture of copper when contained in any preserved article of food, ought to be viewed as an adulteration. I t is well known that the copper is added solely for the purpose of improving the colour of the preserved vegetables, and so giving a fictitious value to an otherwise inferior article.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100183

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

184 THE ANALYST SOCIETY OF PUBXIG ANALYSTS. Extraordinary Meetifig at Bzcrlington Eozcse, Piccadilly, Janzcwy Ii’tF, 1077. THTS Meeting was called by the Council for the purpose of proposing the following resolution :- ( ( That the constitution of the Society as printed, be changed by altering the word ( two,’ in the last line but two of the second page, to the word ‘ three,’ so as to make the clause read thus- (( The afFairs of the Society shall be managed by a Council consisting of the President, three Vice-Presidents, the Treasurer, and two Honorary Secretaries, and not more than twelve other Hembers, five to constitute a quorum.” The resolution for this change was carried unanimously.After the Extraordinary Meeting an Ordinary Meeting was held, which was The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.The following Report of the Council was read, and it mas resolved that the same numerously attended, Mr. Heaton was voted to the Chair. be adopted and circulated among the Members. BEPOBT O F THE COUNCIL. IN consequence of the recent resignation of the ?resident, i t becomes the duty of the Council to submit a resume of the proceedings of the Society during the past year.They have to announce with regret the withdrawal from the Society not only of the President, but also of one of the Vice-Presidents, and of the Treasurer. Besides the secession of the gentlemen just referred to, seven other members have resigned during the year, the reason being in most of the cases that they had ceased t o hold the office of “ Public Analyst,” and consequently considered their further connection with the Society unnecessary. On the other hand the Council have to report the accession of fourteen New Members and of seven Associates.During the year the number of original papers read before the Society has been twenty-two, besides which nine others have appeared in The Analyst, which is receiving increased recognition both at home and abroad, as a scientific journal, and is attracting subscribers outside the Society.This paper not having been in existence a full year no accounts are now presented, but a balance sheet will be submitted after the exyirat;on of its first twelve months’ career, when the question of the further conduct of the paper and its connection with the Society will be considered and decided upon, The Council believe that the papers which have appeared have afforded much interesting information to members of the Society, both on processes of analysis and on the constitution of various substances, but it is t o be regretted that though the number of contributions has been large the names of the contributors have been few.It is therefore hoped t h d in the present year a much larger number of members will feel it their duty to contribute something to the common fund of information, The Sale of Food and Drugs Act has been carried out with fair success during the post year.There hss beeii an agitdtion amongst its opponents to get some alterationsTHE ANALYST. 185 made, with a view of rendering the Act even less of a protection to the public than it is at present, and should this attempt be made your Council will do their utmost to prevent any such alteration.It appears that the question of the purity of the Drugs supplied to the Public may be considered in the next session of Parliament, and in such case, your Council will be prepared to give all necessary attention t o the subject.The accounts as prtesed by the Council were read, and it was resolved to request Messrs. Cleaver and Dyer to audit the same on behalf of the Society, and report to the next meeting. Messrs. Adams and Hill were nomiiiated by the Chairman as Scrutineers ; t o examine the ballot papers for the election of Offieera and Council for the ensuing year and for the election of a Member.AEter examining the papers, they reported that the following had been elected as Officers and Council, viz : Dr. DOPR~, F.R.S., F.C.S., President. A. H. ALLEN, F.C.S. Dr. MUTER, M.A., F.C.S. A. H. CHURCH, M.A., F.C.S. C. W. HEATON, E.C.S., Trea;szarer. Hon. Secretaries. I CHAS. HEISCH, F.C.S. G. W. WIGNEB, F.C.S. As New Members of Council. and Messrs. A. W. RLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S.JOHN CLARKE, Ph.D, F.C.S. ALFRED HILL, M.D., F.C.S. E. W. T. JONES, F.C.S. W. W. STODDART, F.C.S. \ The Scrutineers also reported that Mr. R, 11. Harland, F.C.S., had been elected a Dr. Dupr6 having taken the chair as Prasident, read a paper on ( ( Artificial Colour- Messrs. Cleaver, Allen & Jones took part in the discussion, and Dr. Dupr6 replied. Mr. E. L. Cleaver read a paper on the “ Adulterations of Oatmeal.’’ Messrs.Jones, Muter, Allen, Hill, Hastie, Dyer, Church, Thomas, Wiper, Vogan and Dupr6 took part in the discussion, and Nr. Cleaver replied. Dr. Muter read a paper on “Sdicylic Acid.” Messrs. Heaton, Duprd and Bartlett, took part in the discussion, and Dr. Muter replied. The President thanked the authors of tho several papers in the name of the Society, and the meeting then adjourned. After the meeting many of the members of the Society and their friends dined together, and the unanimous opinion of the members present was in favour of having an annual dinner of the Society in the January of each year. member of the Society. ing Matters in Wine.”

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100184

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

186 THE ANALYST. NOTE ON THE DETECTION O F VARIOUS COLOURING MATTERS I N WINE. BY A. DUPE;, Ph.D., F.R.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts at Burlington House, on 17th January, 1877. FXOM time to time the public is alarmed by sensational statements about the extent to which the fraudulent colouration of wines is carried on, and the poisonous nature of the substances alleged t o be employed for this purpose.I am strongly inclined to believe that all such statemects are gross exaggerations, and shall be greatly obliged to any one who will send me a bottle of red wine, bought from an English wine merchant, which owes its colour to anything else than the colouring matter of the grape. I have not as yet met with a single sample of the kind. These statements, however, having been made, methods for the detection of foreign colouring matters in wine have to be devised, were it only to allay the fears of tphe public.At the meeting of this Society in January last, I read a short communication on this subject. I then showed that, whereas the colouring matter of a pnre wine is almost incapable of dialysis through parchment paper, several of the colouring matters, said to be employed for the fraudulent colouration of wine, dialyse readily.When carefully conducted the process yields reliable results, but in practice it is open to these objections. It is not possible always to secure parchment paper of the same substance, and the rate at which one and the same colouring matter dialyses through different papers varies accordingly ; besides this, most sheets have spots in which the paper is very much thinner than it is over the sheet generally, and if such spots are overlooked they may seriously interfere with the success of the experiment ; lastly, it requires great care to avoid the intermingling of the liquids, in and outside the dialyser, by capillary action.To obviate these difficulties I now adopt the following plan. Instead of putting the mine into a dialyser, I put into the mine a small cube of jelly about 9 in.square. (These cubes are made by dissolving 5 grms. gelatine in 100 C.C. of warm water, and pouring the solution into a square flat mould made of paper, of such a size as to yield a plate of jelly about f in. thick. From this plate the cnbes are cut with a sharp wet knife).After the lapse of from 24 t o 48 hours the cube is tzken out and washed slightly, and a slice is cut out through the centre of the cube and in a direction parallel with one of its sides. I prefer to cut the slice parallel with the side on which the cube has rested, This slice is now examined either by being placed on a glass slide which is then held up towards the light, or by placing it upon a sheet of white paper.I f the wine was pure the colour will be confined almost entirely to the edges of the slice, or will not have penetrated more than from &ina t o &in. into the jelly. The case is widely different if any one of the colouring matters given below, under group 6, was present. I t will then be found that the colour has penetrated more or less deeply into the jelly, frequently to the very centre, and may, in many cases, be recognized by its characteristic colour, which is more distinct in the jelly than it was in the wine. Thus rosaniline imparts to the jelly a beautiful red colour, a somewhat similar colour is imparted by the red colouring matter extracted from beet-root and red cabbage.Logmood colours the jelly yellowish brown, indigo blue, kc., &C.I n many cases the nature of the foreign colouring matter present may thus be detected by the colour of the jelly. I n some cases the slice may be examined spectro- scopically with good effect, in the cases of rosaniline, red cabbage, and beet root, for example. I n others again the action of dilute ammonia on the coloured dice will yieldTHE ANALYST.187 ~ characteristic results, such as decolourising the rosaniline slice, turning the red cabbage siice beautifully dark green, the logwood slice dark brown, &c. I n the case of logwood and cochineal the ammonia dissolves much colour from the slice, in the case of rosaniline, red cabbage, and beet root, the ammonia remains almost, if not quite, colourless.Similar tests will readily suggest themselves to every chemist. I n some cases it might, for example, be found advantageous to add some chemical, such as alum or borax, to the jelly, and t o observe the effect which these have on the colouration of the jelly. Group a Group b Colouring matters that penetrate but slowly into the jelly. Colouring matter of pure wine. Colouring matter of Rhatany root.Colouring matters that penetrate rapidly into the jelly. Rosaniline. Litmus. Cochineal . Red cabbage. Logwood. Beet root. Bra.zilwood. Nalva sylvestris. Indigo, Althea officinalis. An addition of 10 per cent. of any of the colouring matters of group 6, to a claret of ordinary colour, is sufficient t o yield very distinct results, in t)he case of logwood 5 per cent.is enough, while of rosaniline only 1 per cent. is required. By an addition of 10 per cent. of colouring matter, I understand that .& of the intensity of colour in the mixture is due t o the colouring matter added. I have not been able to procure any-of the colouring matter, or of the flower, of the hollyhock (althea rosea), said t o be largely used in France for the fraudulent colouration of wines.AS I find, however, that the colouring matters from Malva sylvestris and Althea officinalis, the flowers of which T. obtained through the kindness of Mr. Holrnes, of the Pharmaceutical Society, readily penetrate the jelly, I expect that the colouring matter of hollyhock will do the same. I hope soon to be able to continue these experiments with other colouring matters, and should be greatly obliged t o any one who would furnish me with any cdouring matter, known, or suspected, t o be used in the fraudulent colouration of wine.I n conclusion, I would express the hope that some of our members may be induced t o take this subject up and give us their experience at some of our future meetings. Any such process can only be placed on a sufficiently wide and secure basis by being tried and tested by a number of workers. After a short discussion, Dr. Dupri said, in the presence of mine the action of ammonia on various colouring matters is considerably altered, and by itself is an extremely unreliable test, although in conjunction with the spectroscope it sometimes yields good results. 1 have not as yet examined the colouring matters from elderberries, or cherries, but hope to do so soon. I am aIso, I am sorry to say, entirely ignorant of the nature of' the wonderful test paper lately brought forward by a French chemist.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100186

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 187 THE ADMIXTURE OF OATXEAL WITH BARLEY MEAL. By E. L. CLEAVER, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Pu6lic Analysts, on the 18th Jammy, 1877. IN a case recently decided at Hammersmith Police Court, I stated that all samples of oats which I had up to that time examined contained barley in varying proportions, and that, consequently, I did not consider that oatmeal could be obtained free from admixture with barley meal.188 THE ANALYST.This statement has been much disputed by oatmeal manufacturers, and I have, therefore, gone very fully into the matter, and the object of this paper is to point out the real facts of the case as to the actual amount of admixture that may arise from unavoidable causes. The oats at, present in the market may be roughly classed into three divisions: English, Scotch, Foreign; and if these are closely examined, it will be seen that most of the foreign contain considerable quantities of barley, in some cases to the extent of 10 per cent.A few kinds of foreign, such as Russian, some kinds of Swedish, and Archangel oats, however, contain but very littie barley indeed, The English also contain barley, but nst, on the average, to the extent of more than two.or three per cent., whilst Scotch are practically quite free from barley, although a grain may occasionally be met with.The pract'ce of growing an oat crop after a barley crop, doubtless, accounts for some of the admixture, but not to the extent above mentioned; and it must be borne in mind that as barley is, weight for weight, cheaper than oats, there is some incentive to mix the one with the other, That this is sometimes done there is no reasonable doubt, and I believe that notices have lately been sent to foreign ports, warning shippers against so doing.The next question that arises is how much of the mixed grain is used in the manu- facture of meal ? The greater part of the oatmeal a t present consumed is, I believe, manufactured in Scotland, and by tacit agreement between miller and consumer is supposed to be made from Scotch oats; indeed, a glance at the different varieties of oats will at once show the superiority of the Scotch over other oats for the manufacture into meal, as it is very broad in proportion t o its length, and has a remarkably thin skin.Towards the middle of the year, however, supplies of Scotch oats begin to run short, consequently increasing the price, and some makers are obliged to purchase other sorts for conversion into meal.The varieties occasionally used for this purpose are the finer sorts of Swedish and Archangel oats: which always contain small quantities of barley, but the amount so introduced into meal cannot be great, never exceeding one or two per cent,, and often below that quantity .I have, therefore, come to the conclusion that oatmeal can be obtained practically pure, and that any admixture of barley above one, or at the most, two per cent., is deliberately made for the purpose of cheapness, or obtaining more profit on the sale of the meal. I now pass to the consideration of the means of detecting barley in oatmeal.A method was published in the Chemical News, some time since, by Nessrs. Pattinson & Stead, and I think the method to be for the most part very good, but I have found that it is not easy to obtain the meal so evenly distributed under the slide as I could wish, and I also think that the continual rubbing the cover on the slide is apt to cause the barley granules to be moved out from under the cover, and to aggregate just outside its edge, the reason, I suppose, being that they are so much larger than the oat granules.The method I hare adopted is as follows:-I take the barley and oats, mixed in the proper proportion, according t o the standard required, and pound them well in a mortar. I then separate the husks, and pass the powder through a wire sieve of about 40 meshes to the linear inch.I then dry the powder at a gentle heat over a water bath, and put itTHE ANALYST. 189 into a stoppered bottle. Five grains of thc powder are put into a small mortar, and rubbed with liquid (that used by myself being a mixture of equal parts of Gly- cerine and Alcohol), for a few minutes, until a smooth paste is obtained.I then add more liquid and wash out into a small measure, and make up t o the hulk of Q a fl. oz. After well stirring with a glass rod, a drop is taken out, placed on the slide, a small glass cover dropped upon i t and gently pressed down. The slide is then ready for observation of the number of granules of barley starch which appear in the €old. When testing a sample of oatmeal, the meal is treated exactly as stated above, and compared with the standard sample, whence the admixture of barley is easily calculated. The advantages I claim for the method are, that- First.-The meal and standard samples are, by drying, deprived of their water, consequently the same weight of substance is taken in comparing samples, which would not be so if not dried, as oats and oatmeal contain different proportions of water.Second.-The danger of rubbing out the granules from the field is entirely obviated: Third.-The quantity of material under the slide is always constant in different experiments. The precautions to be observed, are : firstly-to thoroughly pound the material, and take care it all passes through the sieve; secondly-to well stir the liquid before taking out the sample drop, as otherwise, owing to the greater weight of the particles of barley meal, they will subside t o the bottom, leaving the supernatant liquid comparatively free from barley.Also care must be taken not to confound the large compound bodies of the oat with particles of barley starch ; but if the rubbing with the liquid in the mortar has been properly done, these bodies will all be broken up.They are easily seen by taking an oat grain, cutting out a morsel, and putting it on the slide with a drop of liquid. I f a cover is then gently placed on the drop without much rubbing, these bodies will appear all over the field. They are more pear-shaped than barley starch granules, and by rubbing the cocer over the slide can easily be broken up, and the field then presents the usual appearance of oat starch.Dr. Muter said that he had read the evidence of Mr. Cleaver, as reported in the papers, with feelings of regret, as it was just the description of evidence which so greatly tended to bring analysts, as a body, into disrepute ; especially when men, without giving proper attention to their subject, too frequently are apt to be pitted against those who have thoroughly studied and practised the matter that may, for the moment, be under discussion.Many of those present, no doubt, had already felt the absurdity of this so- called defence-evidence. Oatmeal was a subject upon which he could speak with some amount of authority, being a Scotchman who was brought up upon that most excellent diet, and having from the first moment of his possessing a microscope made it one of his amusements, even as a boy, to test the quality of the meal he consumed.The published statements of Hr. 'Cleaver having apparently made a sensation in the meal trade, he had been called upon to examine lately a larger number of samples than usual, and he could state positively that no sample of genuine ficotch oatmeal ever contained, unless by design, any distinct quantity of either barley or wheat.Of course190 THE ANALYST. oatmeal was a commercial article, and now and then a few granules of foreign starches would appear under the microscope ; but they were so few that no analyst would take any notice of them as deliberate impurities. B e presumed Nr.Clearer had led himself into error by examining samples of Russian oats, which are well-known in the trade to be imported for cattle-feeding purposes, and are not suitable for making oatmeal. Most samples of these oats certainly do contain corns not only of barley but of several other cereals, together with seeds of tares, &c., but even in the most unclean samples these few corns would never produce any distinct per centage, such as 15 or 20, in the manu- factured meal.It was necessary to be careful in examining any sample of oatmeal to see that one was not deceived by the round masses found in genuine oats, and exactly simulating barley, especially when using lamp light. On the other hand, if an adulter- ation of barley were really present it is necessary to be very careful, and calls for the employment of great experience.This is owing to the large number of small granules found in barley starch, measuring 000073, and which have, in many cases, a decided tendency towards a certain angularity that renders them very liable to be confused with the larger oat granules. He would not have much confidence in the ability of many analysts t o distinguish barley from wheat in the presence of oats.If, however, by the judicious use of the light and micrometer, the presence of barley be really established, the best criterion to go on for the estimation of the percentage, is the number of granules measuring $00292 which are found in barley to bear a very constant relation to the *00073 granules already referred to.I n conclusion he believed that his colleagues now present would bear him out in the fact that, given an admixture of say 5 per cent, they would consider it a most decidedly adulterated sample. Mr. Allen expressed his opinion that Mr. Cleaver had not sufficient evidence to justify him in going into Court to oppose the analysis in question, and Dr. Hill spoke to the same effect.Nr. Hastie, having thanked the president for being allowed the privilege as a visitor of speaking, remarked that he was much interested in the question, being a manufacturer in Scotland of oatmeal, and a wholesale dealer in London, and he could, with confidence, Bay that all the oatmeal which he manufactured and sent out was made from the finest Scotch oats that could be obtained. With regard to some remarks which had been made about oats and barley being grown together in some districts in England, such a practice is unknown in Scotland, and the only way in which a few grains of barley or wheat could get into a parcel of oats is from the thrashing machine, which may have been thrashing barley or wheat before the oats, and consequently a few g r h s of either may have been left in, but the proportion is so small as to be scarcely perceptible. He had had three samples drawn from the bins of oats in his mills in Scotland, two of which he found absolutely pure oats, but the third contained 2 grains of barley in 1,250 grains of oats, and he considered this as pure as they could be produced.To talk of 5 , 10, or 15 per cent.as not being adulteration was simply absurd ; there was no doubt whatever that a deal of the oatmeal sold in London was adulterated, but the present enquiry would, probably, have the effect of putting a stop to a practice that has been carried on for years. Mr. Dyer remarked that he had found considerable proportions of barley-meal in oztmeal sold for cattle-feeding purposes.He thought it possible that in some rare instances this admixture might be attribuhble to the custom which was Laid toTHE ANALYST. 191 prevail to a certain extent among farmers in some parts of England, of growing oats and barley as a “mixed crop,” the meal from the mixed grain finding its way into the market as (‘ oatmeal.” Mr. A. H. Church had analpsed both barley meal and oatmeal, and had examined many samples of the grain of these two meals.The casual weed seeds and barley grains which he had detected in such samples of oats as were used in the manufacture of oatmeal, if not originally below 1 per cent., would be reduced, and are reduced below that figure in the opcrations subsequent to kiln drying, to which the oats are submitted. He had found Scotch oats to be of remarkably good quality, while the oatmeal made from them, often contained 10 per cent.of fat, and less than 5 per cent. of moisture, when fresh. The speaker had, however, found that the barley-meal used for pig feeding was liable to a serious adulteration with a preparation, known in the trade as ‘‘ mixing stuff.’’ This substancc consisted of ground gypsum, to which from 10 t o 25 per cent.of coarse barley-dust or similar products from the cleaning of rice, or oats has lieen added. Nr. Thomas said he was connected with agriculture, and thrashing oats by portable steam machines led to a slight admixture mith other corn lodged in the machine from tt previous thrashing. It should not amount t o one part in 10,000, and more than one per cent.ought to be regarded as adulteration. Mr. Wigner pointed out that it was clear that Mr. Cleaver must have gone into Court mith the evident intention of upsetting Dr. Duprd’s analysis, if possible, and that such a course was not only unprofessional, but the evidence, as reported, and the paper read this evening showed that the gentleman in question had not made himself fully acquainted with the subject.He, the speaker, had himself examined the samples of oatmeal in question, and was convinced that Dr. nupr6 was within the bounds of truth, when he stated the adulteration at 35 per cent. He thought it was extremely to be regretted that a public analyst, whose duty it was t o protect the public from adulterations of every kind, should sacrifice his reputation by going into Court for the defence, when no legitimate case for defence existed, and suggested that Mr.Cleaver should write a letter to ( ( The Analyst,” stating that having considerably extended his knowledge of oatmeal since the hearing of the case, he is now of opinion that oat,meal can be obtained practically free from barley meal. Mr. Vogan said he thought it useless t o go into ingenious theories as to the way in which barley and wheat got mixed mith oats before grinding, because all who understood the manufacture of oatmeal were perfectly aware that there is in fact no such mixture t o any discernible extent in such oats as are used by honest manufacturers.He would be sorry to say anything unkind of Mr. Cleaver, but he thought that gentleman would have acted more wisely if he had made himself acquainted with the facts before he reported upon the meal.Mr. Cleaver came to Mark Lane, and was shewn round the market by the gentleman who was implicated, and saw many samples of oats, and he stated that lie found a large percentage of barley in all of them ; this was no doubt true, but unfortunately, the oats he saw were not such as are used for the pnrpose of making oatmeal.He (the speaker), was an old Mark Lane a a n , and although neither a chemist nor an analyst, he had heen familiar with the use of the miscroscope for many years, and his friend Mr. Hastie asked his opinion upon this subject, and introduced him to Mr. Cleaver when he came to Nark Lane, biinging with him a sample of oatmeal which he pronounced to be adulterated. Ur.Clearer showed us certain discs, which ‘( he would192 THE ANALYST. stake his life were barley granules.” He, (the speaker) took a portion of the impugned sample home, and ‘having made himself carefully acquainted with the appearance of barley starch by polarised, direct, transmitted, and diagonal, light he found the discs referred to, but was convinced that they were not barley at all, but the agglomerated granules always found in oats, Mr.Cleaver had evidently made an error, and he should take some steps to clear himself from the unpleasant position in which he had placed himself. Dr. Duprk after expressing the pleasure felt by the Society in seeing several members of the corn trade amongst them this evening, remarked that a speaker had alluded to the declaration of the magistrate, which had appeared in some of the papers, that an admixture of 15 per cent., or less of barley meal in the sample in question would be allowed to pass, but that a fine would be inflicted, if more than 15 per cent, were found.Knowing that the sample contained more than 15 per cent., he did not think it worth while to raise any discussion on this point. At the adjourned hearing, the magistrate however stated that this limit of I 5 per cent.was not t o be taken, as forming in any way a precedent for future cases, for he knew that Scotch oatmeal could be obtained with a much leas proportion of barley meal; unfortunately this statement did not appear in the papers. The Society is, however, indebted to Nr.Cleaver for bringing the subject forward this evening, since it has shown that, in the opinion of every one here present, practical men, as well as analysts, anything more than 1 per cent., or at most 2 per cent. must be looked upon as adulteration. He hoped that this unanimously expressed opinion mould once for all settle the question, and render a dispute between analysts on this point impossible for the future.I n conclusion, he expressed a hope that Mr. Cleaver would follow Mr. Wigner’s advice, and write a letter to “ The Analyst,’’ stating, that having considerably extended his knowledge of oatmeal since the hearing of the case, he is now of opinion that oatmeal can be obtained practically free from barley meal; l l r . Cleaver owed them he thought some amends, and he could not offer them in a better way than by writing the letter suggested.Mr. Cleaver, in reply, said that the published reports of the case were so erroneous that he was not surprised at the severe criticisms that had fallen from the several speakers, he would however, give them the true facts of the matter. A corn dealer was summonsed by the Westminster authorities for selling oatmeal adulterated with 35 per cent. of barley meal, and he came to him to analyse a similar sample.This he did, and found that it did contain about 20 per cent. of barley. The dealer then said that it was impossible to obtain pure meal, and in support of this statement accompanied Mr, Cleaver to Mark Lane, where they examined a large number of simples of oats, as imported, all of which contained barley, in one case to the extent of 15 per cent. Whether these oats were used in the manufacture of Meal was not asked by him (Mr. Cleaver), and he regretted not having done so, as it would have saved him great annoyance, still his evidence was correct, as far as it went; but he must acknowledge that the deduction drawn, that oatmeal cannot be obtained pure, is incorrect. With regard t o what Mr. Vogan had said, he thought there was some misunderstanding on that gentleman’s part, as he (Mr. Cleaver) merely told him that there were a few barley granules t o be seen, but not t o a great extent, and he had since told Mr. Hastie that i t Was under 1 per cent. He did not think that there was any chance of his having made a mistake, especially as regards confounding the compound bodies in the oat with barley starch, as he had particularly mentioned those bodies in hie paper.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100187

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 193 NOTE ON .4 SIMPLE METHOD FOR ESTINATING THE VALUE OF TION I N MILE AND SIMILAR ORGANIC SOLUTIONS. By DR. MUTER, F.C.S. Rsad defore the Society of Pu6lic Analysts, at Bwlington Bouse, on 17tJt January, 1877. BEING called upon to estimate the purity and value of several samples of commercial Salicylic Acid, and not having seen any process as yet published for that purpose, I was led to adopt the following colorimetric method, by which I find it possible to detect and correctly estimate *1 millegram.A standard solution of pure acid; (2) A weak solution of neutral ferric chloride ; and (3) the usual tubes and burette as used for nesslerizing. Some of the purest commercial acid obtainable is first perfectly purified by dialysis and recrystallieation, and the pure and bold crystals thus obtained, are kept for use, after properly drying. Oxe grm.of the chemically pure acid is dissolved iI; a litre of 'water, and a solution is thus obtained, each C.C. of which represents one millegram of Salicylic Acid.% 2. The Azdicator is a very weak solution of pure neutral ferric chloride, of such a strength, that 1 C.C. added drop by drop to 50 C.C.of bhe standard acid, just ceases t o give any increase in intensity of colour before the addition of the last drop or two. One grm. of the commercial sample (after well mixing) is dissolved in 1 litre of water, and 50 C.C. is put into one of the nessler tubes. To this, 1 C.C. of the ferric solution is added, and the colour observed after standing for five minutes. As many C.C.of the standard acid as may be judged necessary are introduced into another tube, made up to 50 C.C. with water, and the 1 C.C. of ferric chloride added. I f after five minutes the colours agree, then the experiment is finished, if not, it must be tried again exactly like nesslerizing. The number of C.C. of standard acid used indicates of course the real amount of Salicylic Acid present in the sample. The colour deepens very distinctly indeed for each & C.C.of the standard acid. To ensure perfect success, all mineral acids must be practically absent. ?he colour is affected at first by the presence of snzall quantities of acetic acid, but by standing for ten minutes instead of five it recovers itself. I am now experimenting to see what substances affect the colour, and hope to be able t o give a full list shortly, but in the meantime I find that the presence of neutral mineral salts generally does not interfere, provided they are such as have no action on the iron.The presence of certain albumenous bodies, notably casein, and the soluble ttlbumenoid of milk causes the colour to become reddish and bad for estimation, but these can be thoroughly eliminated as hereafter described.Betectioiz of Salicylic Acid in Milk, Beer, &c. The march of chemistry has caused quite a trade to spring up in tasteless antiseptics, which may be added t o milk, (hitherto COMMERCIAL SAMPLES OF SALICYLIC ACID AND ITS DETEC- The necessary appliances are ; (1) 1. Preparation of the Standard A c i d . 3. The process.*Note.-When intended for use in the analysis of milk, this solution had better be made in grains, (i.e.) 10 grains in 10,000 grains water.194 THE ANATAYST. without detection) so as to cause it to keep sweet for a day or two. The two articles at present sold for that purpose are Salicylic and BoraciG Acids, and the quantities added are, of course, so minute as not to appreciably affect the total solids.I have found that both may be easily separated from the milk by dialysis, and then made manifest. I n the present paper I have taken the Salicylic Acid first, and leave the detailed considera- tion of the boracic acid till a future meeting, as although I can quditativeZy prove its presence by dialpis; I have not yet succeeded in finding a process of even approximate estimation sufficiently delicate and convenient for the small traces with which we have to deal.To proceed therefore with the former antiseptic :-I take four ounces of the milk or beer and dialyse for twelve hours on a pint of distilled water, at the end of that time I take half-an-ounce o u t from the dialysed liquid, place it in a narrow tube, add a little of the ferric chloride solution, and look down over white paper, if no violet colour be produced, the milk is pure, but if it be tinged, then the dialysis is t o be continued for 48 hours.I n practice, I find that working with the usual small quantities added to milk, 48 hours is sufficient t o fairly equalise the amount of acid, both inside and outside the dialyser, so that on taking a portion for estimation, and calculating to the total amount of fluid, I have never got back less than 86’per cent.of what I put in, even under the worst circumstances. I f the presence of the acid be proved, and an attempt at estimation thus rendered necessary, four ounces of pure milk should be put on to dialyee, so as to give a comparison liquid. This is required because if the milk in the dialyser should go very sour, the colour with ferric chloride will be rendered more reddish, and will not be fairly comparable with the standard. The estimation is to be conducted by the colorimetric method already described, using instead of distilled water, the dialysed fluid from the pure milk or beer.I cannot say at present exactly the degree of accuracy I can claim for the quantitative process as I have not yet experimented in hot weather, or with a great variety of parchment papers, but I may say that I have up till the present got back, as a rule, from 50 to 60 per cent.of the acid put in, after 24 hours, and about 90 per cent. in 48 hours. I n the meantime the process is excellent from a qualitative point of view, while it can be said in favour of the estimation, that at all events the quantity cannot be over stated, and that is an important point for public purposes.Dr. Duprk remarked that the question whether the addition of salicylic acid to milk is, or is not to be looked upon as an adulteration, is one which cannot be decided off -hand. On the one hand, assuming that such addition really preserves milk, some milk becomes valuable, which would otherwise have been lost ; the public is so far a gainer.On the other hand, assuming the efficiency of salicylic acid, it will enable the dairy- man to carry on his business in a more slovenly and careless manner. He was of opinion that the chief cause of the early turning of milk was carelessness in washing out or scouring vessels which were to hold the milk.Cleanliness is at present essential in every part of adairy, but with the use of salicylic acid, this becomes more or less unnecessary, and sweet milk would be no longer a guarantee that the dairy is cleanly conducted; on this account, he felt strongly inclined toolook upon the presence of salicylic acid in milk as an adulteration. Be this however, as it may, the Society was greatly indebted to Dr.Muter for giving a ready means for its detection and estimation. Dr. Bartlett, who was not present during the reading of the first portion of the paper, observed that he was delighted-to hear that progress had been made in the detec-TI33 BNAZYBT. 195 tion and possible estimation of borack and salicylic acids in milk. He had erlcbuntered both during his somewhat large expntence of different samples of milk, re presenting over 4,000 gallons daily.When either of these acids is UELRd in minute quantities only, it is slightly antiseptic, and prevents for some short time the further development of lactic acid ferment germs. If, howewy, the germs are present in large quantities, or are derived from that advanced growth proceeding from the vigourous lactous tbrmen- tation, often taken up in the use of uncleansed utensils, neither boracic nor salicylic acids is able to stop the rapid incressse of acidity, even if employed in large proportions The more minute quantities are, therefore, more to be suspected. Dr.Muter’s plan of dialyais appears admirably suitable for the separation of the serum of the milk from the aolids, so that the solution of salicylic salts may be concen- trated, until it gives the well-known characteristic reaction of forming an inky- blue precipitate with peradts of iron, the colour disappearing on the addition of free hydr ochloric acid. I n reply to a question from Dr. Muter, Dr. Bartlett replied that he was only acquainted with one delicate test for boracic acid, and that was by forming nitride of boron, which gives a pewliar colour reaction to G solution of sulph-amido-benzoio acid,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100193

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TI33 BNAZYBT. 195 CORRESPONDENCE. To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIa,-It will perhaps interest some of your readers to learn that two or three years ago a Patent was taken out in America for the conversion of-ordinary fat into butter, by precisely the Bame agencies as are described in the valuable paper of Dr, Bartlett, in No, 10 of Th6 Anazyst. Fat of the cow, according to the Patentee, is transformed into a substance resembling butter, by simply digesting it at a blood heat for some length of time with pig’s or calf’s stomach.I f the time of digestion be regulated by analysis, there seems to be every reason for believing that a fat may thug be produced, identical with natural butter fat. As httle as we are able to distinguish between, say natural and artificial urea, so it would be impossible to discriminate between natural and artificial butter fat.Iam, $c., 25th Janzcary, 1877. OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S. To THE EDITOR OF “TEE ANALYST.” Sm,-In the published reports of a case of oatmeal adulteration lately decided at Hammersmith police court, I am reported to have said that oatmeal always contained barley meal to the extent of 15 per cent.or under.196 THE BNALYHT. I need hardly say that the accounts are ermneous, and, as I have been asked by several membew of the Bocieby of Public Analysts why 1 made such a statement, I tbink that some explanation in your columns would be desirable. What I said was as follows ;-- That I examined a large number of samples of oats as imported, and every one OC them contained varying quantities of barley in one case to the extent of fifteen per cent.The difference between the two statements b very great, and a glance at the paper read by me at the meeting of the Society of Public Analysts, will I think be sufficient to show my opinion on that subject. 18th January, 1877. I am, &c., E. L. CLEAVER. To THE EDITOR OF (( THE ANAZYLST.” Sm,-The substitution of salicylic acid for bisulphite of lime by brewers to German acid is I t s detection prevent secondary fermentations is rapidly becoming the fashion, imported at a low rate, some brewers using fifty pounds worth in a month.islbut a simple matter.* 1s.salicylic acid an adulterant in beer, and further, what isbeer legally nrrderthod. EDWARD MOORE. I am, &c., Brighton, 20th Janumy, 1877.To THE EDITOR OF “THE ’ANALYST.” Sm,-Having resigned my appointment as Food Analyst for this County, in consequence of increasing professional work, I would call the attention of those Public Analysts who are so usefully devoting their whole energies to their special department -to the subject of the adulteration and impurities of drugs. That this is a matter of pressing importance is the painful experience of the whole medical profession-and more particularly that branch of it whose prescriptions are at the mercy of any struggling dispensing chemist, whose drugs are necessarily obtained in the cheapest market.Many London Physicians direct their patients to go to some particular druggist, and even to ask for an especial dispenser by name, surely, sir, a sufficiently significant fact as regards (‘ town” drugs! What then is the condition of the country shops? We know that there is such an article as a town-hat and a country-hat, although issued by the same firm,-and we have some reason to believe that a similar vtlriety obtains in the matter of town and country drugs.Shortly before the much lamented death of my friend Dr.Anstie, I was in correspondence with him on the subject of ‘‘ Country Bismzcth,” out of a large number *Nom.-l”he detection of salicylic acid in beer is rendered simple by the process detailed in our present number, but we are not aware that any process for this purpose has previously been made public. EDITOR, THE ANALYST.”TRE ANAZPST. 197 of samples of Trisnitrate, obtained from ’‘ Chemists ’’ in various towns in the midland counties, almost all contained arsenic-and some to an alarming extent-now although this substance is only present as an imparity, I have personal knowledge of a case where the administration of Bismuth produced symptoms of arsenical poisoning, and its presence was subsequently confirmed by analysis.If considered only from a mediao-lggal point of view, to what important results might not this subject lead ! I am aware that many other mineral drugs contain arsenic as an impurity, but take bismuth as a type.Poisoning by arsenic, in continued moderate doses produces symptoms that have in certain cases been mistaken for those of typhoid fever. Bismuth has been administered as a remedy! Nary Cotton, at the Durham Assizes not long ago, would have undoubt- edly escaped by this loophole, had not her victims been too numerous, and other evidence too clear against her.This line was suggested to the Counsel for the defence ; the medic.al witnesses stated that the cases were treated for typhoid, and had taken bismuth ; the expert, Dr. Scattergood, of Leeds, said that bismuth did frequently contain arsenic, but only in small quantities ; still, pari pas24 this would have accounted for the presence of arsenic in the exhumed bodies, in many cases a sufficient evidence in favour of the accused.But it is not only mineral drugs that demand the attention of Public Analysts, a wider and more difficult field looms t o the front, viz., our tinctures, “as one star differs from another star in glory,” so does one sample of %ictwa Awantiz’ from another sample of the some simple stomachic, and so of other tinctures-of what vile ingredients are they composed ? consider the quality of the spirit dope-I have known the simplest Placebo produce violent headache after each dose.Again, take chloroform-how must the revered names of Duncan and Flockhart be abused! sulphurio ether too, and spirit of nitrous ether, and a host of other drugs would amply repay an analytical examination.A few well selected cases would arouse popular attention, and revolutionise, for a time at least, the whole drug trade; at present it is safer to trust t o one or two well-known firms-but every prescription that leaves our hands is felt to be an uncertainty, and the burden thus experienced by our profesaion calls for remedy at your hands-for with your assistance, Mr.Editor, the subject will be carefully investigated by the members of our well organised Society, and then, Sir, I do not doubt the result. Mr. Allen, of Sheffield, has already done good and courageous service in this field, and it is to him and his fellow-labourers that we confidently look for further and more brilliant results.Trusting that the importance of the subject will be sufficient apology for the length of this communication. I am, &c., Lincoln, Jamary 8th) 1877. BEO. MAY LOWE, N.D.198 THE ANALYST. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. THE following specifications have been published during the current month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Southampton Row, Chancery Lane, London.- 1876. X O . - 650 999 1256 1302 1337 1499 1619 1680 1697 1747 1782 1783 1796 1839 1851 1856 1865 1875 1893 1904 1927 1930 1977 1998 2001 2000 2053 2069 2080 2147 2305 2939 2398 2420 2501 2605 2516 2534 2535 2563 2591 2846 - Name of Patentee. C. Wright ... .. . E. Solvay ... ... W. R. Lake ... ... W. T. Carpenter ... F.W. Mackay ... K. M. L. P. Louttit ... Spalding and another.. . T. Bowen ... ... J. H. Porter ... ... H. V. Weyde ... ... J. Har reaves ... ... W. H. Gilberi :.'. ... B. Hunt ... ... Simpson and'otheis ... D. Esplavier ... ... A. Lloyd ... ... G. Barhandy ... ... Rawson & Slater . . . E. Solway ... .. H. Deacon ... ... W. Clark ... ... Downing & Hughes ... C. Humphrey ...... W. M. Browne ... W. M. Browne ... Coxeter and another ... W, E. Robinson ... G. Bischof ... F. W. B. Moh; ... J. Schwartz ... ... W. E. Newton ... E. Morgan . . . . . . P. Jensen ... ... F. W. Colls ... ... E. 8. Rrewer ... A. Browne ... ... A. M. Clarke ... ... A. M. Clarke ... ... Swindells and another T. B. Redwood ... S. Hjerleid ... . , . J. A. Juller I . . ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . I . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1.. ... ... ... Title of Patent. Treating Metallic Ores ... ... Manufacture of Carbonate of Soda Manufacture of Gas ...... Ditto ... ... Manufacture of Ice... .L. .. . Manufacture of Gas ... ... Treating Lye Waste ... ... Concentrating Sulphuric Acid . . . Filtering Water ... ... ... Photography . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphate of Soda .. . Manufacture of Gas ... ... Distilling Alcohol .., ... ~ Tanning . . . . . . . . . . . Preparation of Alizarin ,..... Artificial Manure .. . . . . ... Preparation of Cocoa Extract . , . Food for Cattle ... ... ... Purifying Sewage . .. Manufacture of Carbonste'of Sodh" Manufacture of Chlorine ... ... Treating Sewage Matter . . . ... Paper Pulp ... ... ... ... Treating Mineral Oils ... ... Purifying Turpentine . . . . . . Filters ... ... ... ... Surgical Batteries . . , . . . Treating Phosphatic Minerals .. . Purifying Water and Sewage ... Treating Spent Oxide ... ... Sugar , . . . . . , . . , . , Treating Refuse or Sludge Oil ... Milk Powder ... ... ... Tredng Nilrated Alkalies . .. Gas ... ... ... ... ... Bleaching Wool ... ... ... Extracting Essential Oils . . . . . Black Dye ,.. ... ... ... Preparing Bone Black ... ... Manufacture of Ammonia ... Manufacture of Gas ... ... Manufacture of Sulphate of Soda . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... , I . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... ... ..I ..I . . a ..< ..4 ..I ..< - rice. id. Id. id. ;d. id. id. id. ;d. id. 5d. Sd. ;d. 5d. 2d. 2d. Id. 1 d. 4d. 4d. ad. 6d. ad. 2d. 6d. 2d. 4d. 2d. 4 d. 4d. 2d. 2d. 4d. 2d. 4d. 2d. 2d. 3a. 2a. 4a. 2a. 4a. 4a.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100195

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

198 THE ANALYST. A NEW TEST FOR ALCOHOL. Pharm. Journaz, 131 No. 336,p. 463. Dr. Ed. W. Davy noticing a deep azure blue colouration as the result of the action of alcohol upon a solution of molybdic acid in strong sulphuric acid, proposes the re-action as a very delicate test for the presence of alcohol. The blue colouration is not confined to ethylic alcohol, but appears to be produced in the same way by methylic, propylic, butylic, and amylic alcohols.Three or four drops of the molybdic solution are placed in a small white porcelain capsule, heated slightly in the water bath, and then a few drops of the liquid t o beTHE ANALYST. 199 tested are added gently to the acid solution, if alcohol be present, blue colouration appears either immediately or in a few moments. Dr.Davy especially points out the ready way in which the test detects alcohol in chloroform, and asserts that he has found no chloroform in commerce which did not give the blue colouration. The abstractor would like t o remark that he believes a small per- centage of alcohol is added to chloroform by the very best manfacturers in order to prevent decomposition, and unless more than 6 per cent. of alcohol be found in any sarnple of chloroform, it would probably be unwise to report it as adulterated. A. W. B.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100198

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 199 PROEECUTIONS UNDElt THE SALE O F FOOD AND DRUGS’ ACT. AT MARLBOROUGH STREET.- Louis Barron Compton Street Soho importer of foreign provisions was summoned before Mr. Knox charged with selling French preserved peas which were adulterated with copper and consequently injurious to health. There were three other dealers summoned but it was arranged that one should be decisive of the rest. Mr. Jenkins on the part of th Board of Works, prosecuted ; Mr. Edward Lewis defended. I t will be rccollected €hat similar summonses were heard a t this Court about three weeks ago and were dismissed on technical objections taken by Mr. Lewis. It was then arranged as differences between analytical results were shown to exist that a portion of the peas should be sent to Somerset House to be examined by the Government Analyst.Frederick Taylor an officer of the Board of TQorks proved purchasing a tin of French peas a t the defendant’s shop. H e told the defendant they would be analjzed and a portion was left with him. Mr. Charles Piesse of 303 Strand analyst said he examined a portion of the peas and produced some of the copper. H e had no doubt that copper was present in the peas. H e found the result of his analysis was to discover 0.56 of a grain in a specified portion of the pcas. The quantity takcn for a continuance would in his opinion prove injurious to health cross-examined by Mr. Lewis witness said he was aware that Dr. Pereiera held that if six grains of copper were repeatedly given it would not be injurious to health ; but he did not concur in that view, as the opinion was given before the mode of analysis was as perfect as at present.The Government certificate of analysis was produced. It stated the quantity of copper a t 0.31 part of a grain. The analysis of Mr. Piesse showed 0.56 part of a grain. Dr. Evans District of London Officer of Health, thought that the quantity of copper found in the peas if taken repeatedly would be injurious to health. Cross-examined he said he could not say that a single dose would be injurious nor could he say how long i t would take to affect a person injuriously. Could not show any authority for the assertion that copper would destroy life. Mr. Lewis for the defence said what he had to establish was that by no possibility could the quantity of copper statcd taking evcn the analysis of Mr.Piesse prove injurious to health and he was prepared to quote the authority of eminent foreign and English chemists to show that a certain quantity of copper so far from being hurtful was a tonic anti-spasmodic and actually beneficial to health. Dr. Pavy F.R.S. of 35 Grosvenor Street author of a work on food and lecturer a t Guy’s Hospital, said he was of opinion that 0.31 of a grain of copper would not be injurious to health. I f a tin of peas were consumed at once he was of opinion that no injury to health would result. Copper was found in the human body-in the kidney the spleen and the blood T t was one of the natural constituents of the body. Drs. Odling and Dupre found a 20,000 part of a grain in sheep’s liver. Copper was found in many cereals and even i n the feathers of a particular bird.Nearly all kinds of food if cooked in copper vessels would be found impregnated with copper. The quantity of 0.31 grain of copper might be consumed daily by an adult without injury. I f any injury were occasioncd it would arise more from the peas than the copper. On the one hand if he gave an adverse decision an important trade would be seriously affected ; on the other if the theory that the peas were injurious to health was correct the public would be poisoned. It had been shown on the skilful cross-examination for tbe defence how widely medical men differed in opinion. Taking into consideration Mr. Knox said the question mas one of great public interest 200 THE ANALYST. ~ the importance of the case he would adjourn Lis decision in order that he inight fully consider the evidence, and he hoped that one result of the adjournment would he to iuduce qualified persons to discuss the question in medical circles and give him the benefit of their deliberations.The Times. ADULTERATION AT WIESBADEN.-A miller was recently (Dec. 2314 1876) brought before the Wiesbaden Police Court and charged with having admixed with his flour grouiid heavy spar for the purpose of fraudulently increasing the weight of the flour. He mas sentenced to three months’ im-prisonment and $50 fine with costs. At the Sheriff’s Court at Kilmarnock on the 12th January 18’17 Alexander Mills was charged with having sold a quantity of sweet milk which was adulterated with 16 per cent. of skim milk. A Sanitary Inspector deposed that he purchased 2d.of sweet milk which he told him he purchased in order to have it analysed by the public analyst. On the same day he took a sample of the milk to Dr. Wallace of Glasgow the Public Analyst he received the certificate produced showing that the milk contained 16 per cent. of skim milk. He had not previously received any specific complaints in reference to the milk, but met him a t his own door as he Fas coming from supplying his customers and bought 2d. of milk he oeered the defendant a sample but he refused to have it he asked for new milk there would be about twice as much left. The defendant was then examined and stated that his customers were supplied with partly morning milk and partly night’s milk he never adulterated his milk in any way, he protested against its being a fair sample on account of its beiug at the bottom of the can.He had previously refused to sell such milk as unfit for sale and lost money by doing so; it took him from an 14 to 2 hours to serve his customers and according t o his experience cream came to the top in less than that time so that it was gradually skimmed off he had served customers only five minutes previously but had had no complaints from them, The counsel for the defence contended that there was no evidence of the abstraction of the cream. The deficiency was quite sufficiently accounted for by the fact that the cream had ‘a tendency t o come to the top of the cans in which the sweet milk was carried. I n further support of his argument he quoted an opinion of Dr.Macadam and Mr. Wanlslyn in which they stated that a large percentage of cream would be inevitably abstracted in the way indicated. Sheriff Anderson in giving his decision, pointed out that the only question was had it been proved to the satisfaction of the Court that the milk was adnlterated as that was a Court of Law and not one for an inquiry into scientific subjects and as the statute in the interests of the public had pointed out a certain way in which articles of food should be shown t o be genuine or otherwise he was bound to take the report of the Analyst as conclusive evidence of the fact of the articles submitted to him being genuiue or otherwise. He had nothing to do with the opinion of Dr. Macadam or any other person all he had t o do was to be guided by the Analysts’ report and he therefore found the case proved.Under the circumstances he fined the defendant 5 8 THE ANALYST. 20 1 WE have received from Messrs Cetti & Co. of Brooke Street Holborn a specimen of a new piece of apparatus invented by Dr. E. J. Mills of the Andersonian University for the purpose of estimating the relative proportions of Colour in different samples of liquids. I t appears to be extremely well adapted for nesslerising and for taking the colours of sugar syrups and will certainly enable such estimations to be made with increased accuracy. From the illustration it will be seen that it con-sists of two graduated tubes drawn out below and corked with perforated corks. Through these corks are passed two glass rods carrying a t their upper ends two flat discs of opal glass like pistons whfch fit loosely into the tubes so as to allow the liquid to pass the pistons.To use the apparatus the tubes are filled with the solutions to be compared and the piston of the tube containing the standard solution is set at zero, and the piston of the other tube is then moved up or down until on looking down the tubes from the top on to the opal discs the two Rolutions appear The position of the piston is then read off and indicates the identical in colour. relative amount; of colour in the liquids THE ANALYST. O T T O 55 UPPER MARYLEBONIE flTREET PQETLAND PLACE, LONDON W., BALANCE MAKER, (Xany Years with L. OERTLING.) THE NEW IMPROVED SHORT-BEA EQ ANALYTICAL BALANCES. A S-PECLALITY. A descr$tion explaining the princiyle of these Balances post free on appplicatiole. All Balances axe adjusted by Mr WOLTERS himself under absolute guarantee

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8770100199

出版商:RSC    

年代:1877

数据来源: RSC