摘要:

15 T H E A N A L Y S T . FEBRUARY, 1881. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. THE ANNUAL MEETING of this Society was held at Burlington House, on Wednesday, the 19th January, Dr. Muter in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The retiring President, Dr. Muter, delivered the following Valedictory Address :- In accordance with our now time-honoured custom, it becomes my duty to say a few words in the form of a Farewell Address, giving a sketch of the progress of the Society under my Presidency, and of the condition in which I hand it over to my succesgor, who will be elected to-night. When last year you were pleased to hear from my lips that our Society had held its own in spite of the desertion of some members who were wooing a new lovo, how much more satisfaction will you not now feel when I tell you that since then we have made an advance in number of nearly ten per cent.Our Society is special and, consequently, exclusive, and can never be numerically large ; but we stand to-night a com- pact band of over 100 Members and 14 Associates, all practical men, actively engaged in the practice of Analytical Chemistry, with the entire absence of amateurs and dilletanti. During the year we have gained elsven new Members and one Associate, and we have to- night propositions before us from myen gent1 emen desirous of becoming Members, besides a ballot for the election of one new member, and of two gentlemen recommendsd by the Council for election as Associates. I t is my painful duty to record that the grim tyrant, to whom we all must bow, has been busier in our ranks than heretofore, a8 we have to regret the death of three members, viz., Messrs.Stoddart, of Bristol; Edger, of Newcastle; and Dr. Proctor, of York; all good men and true, who did their duty in life, and let us hope not without reward. Of their personal merits I would speak more fully were they not sufficiently well known to all of us. Turning now to a more pleasant theme, let me for a moment call your attention to the work done by our Society in furtherance of its great object, namely that of increasing our knowledge of proper processes for the analysis of food and drugs. I find that this goes on steadily increasing, and that during 1880, we have had the large number of 44 original communications either made to us directly or published in our Journal, THE ANALYST, as against 41 for 1879.Of these we have had five each from our Secretary, Mr. Wigner, and myself, three each from Messrs. Allen, Hehner, and West-Knights, two each from Messrs. Perkin and Smetham, and one each Erom Drs. DuprB, Wallace, Bartlett, Cameron, Shea, and Messrs. Wynter Blyth, Lyie, Blunt, Dyer, Harvey, and Napier, the remainder being communications printed in THE ANALYST from gentlemen outside the Bociety. We have also had published in THE ANALYST Mr. Wiper’s usual able digest of the working of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, some abstracts by one of our Associates, Mr. De Koningh, and last, but by no means least, Mr. Hehner’s truly admirable and complete Alcohol Tables, without which no laboratory can be said to be fully furnished.I think, gentlemen, you will agree with me in saying that our Society could not put in a better claim for recognition as holding the first position in our special branch of chemistry, than is found in these statistics.16 THE ANALYST. Last year our justly respected Vice-president, Dr. Duprd, made a remark to the effect that, when our work became better known among chemists generally we would receive such recog- nition. These remarks have proved truly prophetic, as I can say, having heard it from more than one source, that this past year has seen n marked advance in the position of our Society in the minds of those scientific chemists whose opinions count for something. We have had to struggle with much openly-declared enmity, and still more secret back- biting, and as an instance, I may mention that one of our own members even had the bad taste to advise a gentlemen not to join ‘‘ a small society ” like ours.The advice, however, fell flat, the gentleman in question joined us, and I notice particularly that our advice- giving member’s name is conspicuously absent from the list of those who have helped by their work to show that quantity is not always synonymous with quality. Having thus briefly shown the state in which I hand over the Society to my successor, I may I hope be excused if I express my full belief that under his reign the present good state of affairs will be more than maintained ; because, if the gentleman who has been proposed be elected, as I have no doubt he will be unanimously, you will have a man far better qualified than myself to command respect both by his years and his experience, and who will, I venture to predict, fully realise our hopes raised by his past services to the Society, One word more and I have done, but that word is to be said in the most emphatic manner, as I feel it would be unjust for me to sit down without a mention of the chemists at Somerset House. Both personally and in my capacity as your President, many facts have come to my knowledge which enable me to bear public testimony to the immense pains and care exercised by Mr.Bell and his colleagues on the samples submitted to them. It is true that, in a few instances, they have been obliged to differ from the conclusions of some of our members, but they can only judge upon the sample they receive, and I am sorry to say I do not always believe the samples to strictly represent those sent to the analyst; but in most cases, where the samples were genuine, their conclusion has borne out that of the analyst.I make it purposely a point, from a sincere convichion of its truth, of making this justly complimentary reference the last of my public acts as your President. Now, gentlemen, iny task is over, and in bidding you farewell, let me urge you to work, observe, and communicate your results. Chemistry is essentially a science built up by the collection of small facts, and no observation, carefully made, however apparently simple, but will aid in attaining the grand aroana. Let us then continue to prosecute researches at every spare moment, so that Great Britain may continue to be, what she is undoubtedly at present, the nursery of the science of food analysis.Dr. Bartlett proposed, and Mr. Dyer seconded, a vote of thanks to Dr. Muter for the efficient manner in which he had conducted the business of the Society during the year, and the manner in which he had sustained the credit of the Society. The ballot papers were opened by the Scrutineers, Messrs. Hehner and Hobbs, who reported that the following gentlemen had been duly elected as Officer# and Members of Council for the current year :- President. C. HEISCH, F.C.S., F.I.C. Vice- Presidents. J. MUTER, PH.D., M.A., F.C.S., F.I.C. A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S., M. A. ADAMS, F.R.C.S., F.C.S. C. W. HEATON, F.C.S., F.I.C. F.I.C. Treasurer. Hon. Secrstary. Other Nembors of the Council. G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S., F.I.C. A. H. ALLEN, F.C.S., F.I.C. H. C. BARTLETT, PH.D., F.C.S. A. DUPRE, PH.D., F.R.S., F.C.S., F.I.C. J. WEST KNIGHTS, F.C.S. F. MAXWELL LYTE, F.C.S., F.I.C. J. W. TRIPE, M.D.THE ANALYST. 17 J. CAMPBELL BROWN, D.Sc.,F.C.S., F.I.C. OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S., F.T.C.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600015

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 17 THE ANALYSES OF THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES OF ENGLAND. THE purity of the water supply of the Iarge towns of England has been for a long time a prominent matter in the consideration of the public, and a matter of almost daily discussion in the leading London and Provincial newspapers, as well as a certain and somewhat lengthy source of argument year by year before Parliamentary Committees and in the House of Commons itself. A certain section of the public have taken the matter up from the standpoint that a water supply for drinking purpoms, ought to be not only free from all injurious constituente, but that, in order to be perfectly satisfactory, it should practically possess the characters of distilled .water as far as regards freedom from either organic or inorganic constituents.Following their opinion to its IogicaI conclusion, these persons naturaIIy condude that no river supply could by any chance be fit for household use, and that no mlttter how much the proportion of drainage matter which may find its way into a stream is oxidised, even by flowing 20 miles down the stream, its injurious effects were liable to be as bad as when it was originally ponred in.18 THE ANALYST. Others, again, hold that water from deep wells in the chalk strata, containing a large quantity of lime salts, although organically pure, is liable to produce, or any rate to increase, certain diseases, by introducing too large a quantity of earthy salts into the system. It is not the business of the Society of Public Analysts to decide between these and the various other statements which have been made, but the proposals for legislation which occur from year to year in reference to writer supplies, render it very desirable that authentic and reliable information as to the actual analyses of tho various waters used, not only in London, but also in the leading towns of the kingdom, should be in the hands of those whose duty and interest it is to guide the aationd deliberations on the subject.In order to meet this public necessity, the Society of Public Analysts have discussed the matter and decided to publish a monthly serins of analyses, which shall be made on a perfectly uniform system, somewhat more fill than thoso which have been previously in nse. This series will include not only monthly analyses of the London waters, and as far as practicable all the towns included in the Rogistmr-Goneral’s reports, but in addition to these, periodical analyses, at longer or shorter intervals 8s tho case may be, of the water of any other towns in which the supplies mem of a sufficiently public character, and the population is suficiently large to justify such a step.At present neither the Society nor its members (by whose signature the return8 are authenticated) express any opinion whatever as to the relative qualities of the waters, beyond those contained in the figures and facts of the analyses themselves, although it is possible that at a future time some such expression of opinion may be made. The details of the analyses are, however, so complete, that those who are in the habit of collating such results can form a fair judgment for themselves.There are several special features in the scheme which roquire notice. The analysts who are co-operating in it aro working on uniform instructions, and accordingly to absolutely uniform processes; the resnlt is that, for the first time, a fair comparison can be made between the water supplies of London and of the provincial towns. The analyses are not Drily fuller than heretofore published, but some important modifications have been made, especially as regards the temperature at which the determination of oxygen absorbed if made, which, although altering these analyses slightly from those which have preceded them, yet do in the opinion of the Society greatly increase the delicaoj of the analyses for the detection of pollution.The form in which the analyses are reported, namely, by giving the results in grains per gallon, has been adopted after mature deliberation, as that which, in the judgment of the majority, would render the analyses most valuable to those who have to consult the tabulated figures. The instractions under which the analysts are working are in print, and the Secretary will be happy to furnish a copy of them to any person interested in water analysia on receipt of a request for the same. The Editors of this journal will endeavour, from month to month, to publish the particulars of the sources of any public supplies of which it may be possible to obtain authentic and reliable details, and some of these particulars are published in this number.The returns for next month will probably comprise all the missing places in the Re&trar-C)eneral’s list of large towns, and probably some six or eight places not included among thoge reported on in this number.THE ANALYST. 19 DES~BXPTION OF THE SOURCES OF BUPPLY AND METHOD OF FILTRATION (IF ANY). LONDON COMPANIES. The Chelsea Company’s water, Grand Junction Water Company’s water, the Lambeth Company’s water, the Southwark and Vanxhall Company’g water, and the West Middlesex Company’s Tvater are all pumped from the Thames, but at somewhat different points. The mode of filtration also differs considerably. The following are the particulars of these supplies :- The Kent Water Company draw their supply entirely from deep wells in the ohalk.Of these there are two at Crayford, 150 feet deep, which yield over 2 million gallons per day; and an additional one, 150 ft. deep, has been sunk at Orpington. Three others at Deptford, and two at Shortlands, are 250 feet deep; and om at Plumstead is 500 feet deep. The Company have 9 reservoirs, the whole of which are covered. The Company supplies an estimated population of 303,300 people. New River Conzpaizy dram their supply partly from Chadwell Bpring, near Hertford, which produces between 4 and 5 million gaIlons daily ; partly from the River Lea, from which (at a point also near Hertford) they take from 15 to 22% million gallons daily ; while they have also deep wells a t several other placeg, from which large further supplies are drawn from the chalk 8s need requires.The subsiding and storage reservoirs for unfiltered water are capable of holding nearly 170 million gallons, and the covered service reservoirs for filtered water about 30 million gallons. The filtering beds consist of a 2 ft. S inches thickness of sand, or a 3 ft. thickness of gravel or other supporting material. The average rate of filtration is about two gallons per hour per square foot of filtering area. The Company supplies an estimated population of nearly one million people. East London Company draw their supply from the River Lea, at Chingford. They have also the power of taking a certain quantity from the Thames, at Sunbury, which they occasionally exercise. The capacity of the storage and subsiding reservoirs for unfiltered water is about 605 million gallons, and of the reservoirs for filtered water 12 million gallons.The filtration is effected through sand, 2 ft. 6 inches ; coarse gravel, 1 foot; boulders, 1 foot. The average rato of filtration is about 1.3 gallons per hour per square foot of filtering area. The Company supplies an estimated population of about 960,000 people. Southuiark and ‘Pauxhall Company.-The intake is from the Thames at Hampton, almost adjoining that of the Grand Junction Company. The reservoirs for unfiltered water are capable of holding nearly 66 million gallons, and those for filtered water about 18 million gallons. The filtering material consists of Harwich sand, 3 feet ; hoggin, 1 foot ; fine gravel, 9 inches ; coarse gravel, 9 inches. The average rate of filtration is about 1.5 gallons per hour per square foot of filtering surface.The Company supplies an estimated population of 684,000 people. V e s t Middlesex Company.-The intake is from the Thames at Hampton, very close to the intake of the Grand Junction Company. The reservoirs for subsidence and storage of unfiltered water are capable of holding nearly 92 million gallons, and the reservoirs for filtered water about 11 million gallons. The filter beds consist of Harwich sand, 2 ft. 8 inches ; Barnes sand, 1 foot ; gravel, 2 feet 3 inches. The average rate of filtration The water does not require filtration.20 THE ANALYST. is about I$ gallon per hour per square foot of filtering surface. The Company supplies an estimated population of nearly 430,000 people.Grand Junction Company.-The intake is from the Thames at Hampton. The capacity of the subsiding and storage reservoirs for unfiltered water is nearly 648 million gallons, and the capacity of the reservoirs for filtered water about 24 million gallons. The filter beds consist of layers, commencing from above downwards of Harwich sand, 2 ft. 6 inches; hoggin, 6 inches ; fine gravel, 9 inches ; coarse gravel, 9 inches ; boulders 1 ft. The average rate of filtration is nearly 14 gallons per hour per square foot of filtering surface. The Company supplies an estimated population of 390,000 people. Lambsth Company -The intake is from the Thames at Molesey. The reservoirs for unfiltered water hare a capacity of 125 million gallons, and those for filtersd water a capacity of about 30 million gallons.The filtering beds consist of Thames sand, 8 feet; fine gravel, 1 foot; coarse gravel, 3 feet. The average rate of filtration is 3-5 gallons per hour per square foot of filtering area. The Company supplies an estimated population of 463,000 people. Chdsea Company.-The intake is from the Thames at Molesey. The capacity of the reservoirs for the storage of unfiltered water is 140 million gallons, and for filtered in water 11 million gallons. The filtering beds aonsist of Thames sand, 8 ft. 3 inches ; shells, 8 inthes; gravel, 4 ft. 6 inuhes. The average rate of filtration is about 2 gallons per hour per square foot of filtering surface. The Company mpplies an esti- mated population of 225,000 people. It may be convenient to tabulate the details as to these London waters thus :- PD .. . . . . . . . . h i . : . . . . . . .Q) . . . . . . . . . P I k . . . . . . . . a , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : g 5 : : : : : : : : : 2 . . . . . . . r( 9 : : : . . . . . ,+ c m . . . . . . .THE ANALYST. 21 PROVINCIAL TOWNB. Cambridp.-The supply is obtained by means of a tunnel in the chalk rock, at Cherry Hinton, about two miles from Cambridge, from whence it is conveyed in cast-iron pipes, and pumped up to a covered service reservoir for the supply, Canterhwy.--This water is derived from springs in the chalk, which in this neigh- bourhood is about 700 feet in thickness. There are two wells, and the first water fissure tapped was at a depth of 328 feet below the surface, or 290 feet below sea level. The temperature of the water 8s pumped is 51° F.The water is softened by Clark’s process, in tanks, holding 100,QOO gallons each, and after the subsidence of the carbonate of lime, the clear water is pumped up to covered reservoirs, fom whence it deacends by gravitation to the city. Attempts, which will probably be successful, are being made to reoaloine the deposited csrbonate of lime, Eashr.--The water i.s drawn from the River Exe, above the confluence of its tributary the Cdme. A conduit conveys the water from thence to the pumping station, from whence it is pumped to the reservoir, filters and distributing reservoir at Danes Castle ; another reservoir for the high pressure service being p€aced at a higher level. The supply is intermittent. The sewage of Tiverton, which is situated about 10 miles above the works, is a source of pollution to the river.The River Dart, the water of which is highly colonred with peaty matter, discharges into the Exe, near Tiverton, which again interferes with the purity. The filtering material used is Haldon sand, which is composed of coarse grains 6f quartz derived from the disintegration of rocks, and sand from Pfiignton, derived from the degradation of rooks belonging to the new red sandstone series. A sediment left, on the eand is enfficient to necessitate the removal of three inchm of the snrfsce of the filtering beds every two months. Ht.6dders$sZd is mpplied from Blackmoor Foot reservoir, which has B oapacity of 700 million gallons. This reservoir is fed by two conduits, having a total length of about $even miles, one running from the millstone grit moorlands on the Mareden side, the other through similar moorlands on the Nerton side, where it takes in a mountain stream, which supplies a large proportion of the water.The conduits are cut through beds of peat, shale and clay. The shale is in places somewhat ochrey, bnt the clay is remarkably free from compounds of lime and magnesia. King’s Lynn is supplied from a stream called the Garwood River, a portion of which is diverted into the waterworks at a short distance outside the town, and drawn simulta- neously through a pair of filter beds. The river which brings the water to the town is about seven miles in length, and the water is mainly derived from one great water-bearing stratum in the chalk ; the river passes through the oolites, touchea the upper green sands, and finally traverses the silt at Lynn.Lee&.-The supply is collected in the valley of the Washbourne, about 15 miles north- west from Leeds; the gathering grounds are chiefly moorlands covered with peat and heather ; a small portion of the land is pasture. The substrata are shale in some parts, but chiefly millstone grit.SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS, Analyses of English Public V'ater Supplies i j i January, lE81. All results are ezpessed in GRAINS PER GALLON. OXYOEN, Absorbed i n HARDNESS, Clark's Scale, i E a .* 0 al 4 0 u a in & Before loiling. Description of Snmple. Appearance in !bo-foot Tube. Phosphoric Acid. Xcroscopical Examination of Deposit. reea. after 3oiling. ANALYSTS.1 mins. at SOo Fahr. 4 hours st 80° Fahr. Kent Co. . . . . . . New River . . . , East London , . Southmark & Vauxhall . . } West Niddleser Grand Junctior Lambeth .. . , Chelsea . . . . . , yale blne L, faintly tintei greenish pale yellow c. jellom niarlied yellow :reenis11 yellov f. yellow slight none none none none none slight none 1.35 -84 1.35 1.24 1.09 1.12 -96 -95 none traces h. traces traces traces traces traces h. traces *3000 -2930 -0800 -1690 a2600 -1254 -1570 -1460 a0009 .0020 .0055 *0005 -0013 *0011 *0007 -0010 ,0033 ~0010 -0117 ,0050 *0060 ,0053 *0070 ,0062 -0040 -0020 *0100 *oo2o *0050 *0038 .0047 ,0056 -0100 *0370 -0700 *0440 a0860 *0488 -1250 -0700 16.8" 14.4" 16.0" 17.5" 18.0" 15.1" 17.0" 16-50 8-80 4.1" 7.4" 5.0" 4.6" 4.0' 4.0" 7.5" 20 05 23.80 23-45 23.80 23.44 21.50 24-50 23-24 sand, vegetable debris none sand, vegetable debris satisfactory Amorphous organic { matter 1 none veget.debris, moving none [organisms B. Wigner Dyer. Cfi Harland. Wiper & Harland. J. Uuter. 0. Hehner. A. Wyn ter-Blyth. J. linter. A. Duprh. f . yeilow f. dirty yellow fniiit blue clear blue f. green v. good f. Fellow greenish blne brownish yelloT good milky opaque greenish light brown slightly turbid f.- yellow Peaty (dirty yellow 1 1 opaque I I yellowish opaque j c. yellow colourless iron-nish turbic colourless none none none none carthj none none none rain w none slight none peaty Peaty none none slight slight slight none none none slight slight 13.9" 4.2" 18.5" 7.0' 16.00 10.3" 2.8' 16.7" 2.1" 16.0" 16*1° 28.40 5.20 1-90 16%O 17-oo 2*7O 5.70 3.50 13.1O 4.0° 22.80 9-7O 21-00 22.60 7-80 24.50 10.64 23.80 2 1.00 7.00 23.13 4.60 22-80 28-75 3 0.80 6.44 4.75 21.30 22-80 5.40 10.00 4.09 19.88 5.81 27.60 25.80 21.00 Birmingham .Bradford,. . . . Cambridge . . . Canterbury.. . Croydon . . . . . Derby . . . . . . . Exeter . . . . . , , Granthani . . , Huddersfield , Hull .. . . . . . King's LSllll . Learnington . Leeds . . . . . , . Manchester.. . Nemcastle -on- Tyne.. . . . . ) Normich . . . . . Oldham, Piethorn j Do. Strinesdalc Salford . . . . . a Sevenoaks . . . I Sheffield . . . . . I Shrewsbury . I Snnderland. . . , Warwiek . . . . . . lb 1. -98 -75 1.57 1.47 1.12 -99 *84 1.12 -50 1.30 1.55 1.40 -62 a75 -88 1.90 071 *71 -50 1.22 -50 1.26 1.99 1-19 *1610 none -4030 -3460 traces -1100 -2300 -7220 -0080 *4100 -3260 none none none *OGOO traces *0800 -1100 none -2660 none -3700 *2500 -1540 -0020 none *COO7 -0006 *0100 *0031 *0007 *0010 *0070 ,0005 *0538 -0014 -0003 a0025 -0010 ;races -0087 ,0025 -0005 *OOGO '0021 ,0020 ,0017 ,0028 7.1" 3.7' 6.0" 4.0' 8.00 3.8" 2-80 5.5" 1.5' 3.5" 6.3' 17.5" 2.9' 1.7" 5.0" 4.5" 2-00 5.0" 3.0" 3.8" 4.0" 5.0" 3.8" 17.2" traces none 11.traces none traces none traces traces traces traces h. traces none traces traces traces traces v. h. traces r. h. traces none traces none traces traces -0080 -0168 *0039 .0040 none -0080 none noEe *CO20 TO13 *taco .0040 -0200 *C053 .0140 .0100 *OCiGO ,0040 uone ~0010 none sone 0660 0080 .0360 -1400 *0616 .ooso -0300 -0420 -0343 .0140 *0196 *0050 *OG30 -0140 *1100 -0516 .0700 -0630 .0820 -0700 ~0250 -0330 -0970 *0070 none ,0530 A. Hill. F. If. Rimmington. J. West-Knights. S. Harvey. C. Heisch. Wigner 6: Harland. F. 8. Ashby. P. Perkins. G. Jarmain. J. Bsgces. W. Johnstone. A. B. Hill. T. Fairley. IT. Thornson. J. Patticson. TV. G. Crook. W'igner 6: Harland. Wigner & Harland. J. C. Eell. B. Dyer. A. H. Allen. T. B. Blnnt. Wigner & Harland. A. €3. Hill. none none none traces mineral none trace vcg. matter none none none none { Amorplions matter organic ]- nom sand, peaty matter none Eone none vegetable debris animal and yegetable 1- 1 [ debris none none none none vegetable matter none -0070 *00%1 -0008 .0110 -0131 *0045 *0025 *COG0 *0021 *C028 -0035 *0030 -0090 *GO80 ,0072 ,0032 ,002 7 ,0030 0010 0049 0040 0028 0049

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600017

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 23 Magdala (napthaline pink). ........ Saffianin.,. ........................... Crysodin .............................. Alizarin .............................. Eosin ................................. Primrose (napthaline yellow). ..... Crysaniline ........................... Aurin ................................. Atlas orange ........................ Atlas scarlet ........................ .. ON THE IDEXTIFIGATION O F THE COAL-TAR COLOURS.‘“ BY JOHN SPILLER, F.U.S. DYERS and othere who are in the habit of using the coal-tar colours are familiar with a number of chemioal reactions by which the members of the series may generally be classified and identified. Differences are remarked in their relative affinities for various sorts of fibres, some colours being taken up freely by silk, others fixing better upon wool, and some few, like saffranin, exhibiting a special affinity for cotton.Again, as with the yellows, great differences are observed when the operator proceeds to work with a free acid or a weak alkali in the dye-bath. Primrose (naphthaline yellow) requiring the former, but not so with phosphorine (crysaniline yellow), which demands a neutral or even slightly alkaline bath, By the study of these conditions, aided by a few characteristic tests, it is often possible to identify colouring matters of unknown or doubtful origin, and it is with the view of extending the number of such readily available tests that I recommend a more frequent appeal to the colour reactions with sulphuric acid, For this purpose but small quantities of material are required, a few grains serving to impart a distinct colour to a comparatively large bulk of sulphurio acid, and the resulting indications are in many cases both specific and permanent.Oil of vitriol, which SO readily destroys nearly all organic structures, does not carbonise any of the coal-tar colours, or does SO only under severe conditions, as at high degrees of heat. Even indigo and madder, although of true vegetable origin, are known to yield up their colouring-matters to sulphuric acid, the old process of dyeing depending upon this fact. In the manufacture of garancine from madder the woody fibre and organised tissues are destroyed by the action of sulphurio acid, whilst the alizarin glucoside survives, and with it Turkey-red goods may be dyed.+ Instances might be multiplied as proof that colouring-matters, both natural and artificial, resist the attack of oil of vitrioI, and the large claw of snlphonates (Nicholson blues, acid roseine,” &c.) may be cited as establishing the fact that colouring-matters are not so destroyed, but form combinations with sulphuric acid.If, then, the body under examination be dissolved in strong oil of vitriol, a colour-test is at hand whereby useful inferences may be derived as to the nature of the dye, and often its exact identity disclosed. A few direct confirmatory tests may then be applied. Tho most remarkable colour reactions are the following :- Blue- black. Grass-green, becoming indigo-blue on strongly heating, Deep orange, turning almost to scarlet on heating. Ruby-red or maroon.Golden yellow. Difficultly soluble, first yellow, and colour discharged on heating. Yellow or brown solution, of marked fluorescent character. Yellowish brown, non-fluorescent. Rose colour, turning to scarlet on heating. Scarlet solution, very permanent on heating. * Read before the Chemical Section of the British Association, Swansea, Meeting. t See W. H, Perkin’s History of Alizarin,” Journ. Society of Arts, May, 1879.24 THE ANALYST. Biebrich scarlet, R. .............. Blue-black or deep purple. Aniline scarlet ..................... Golden yellow, permanent on heating. Indulin .............................. Slatey blue to indigo, according to shade of the dye. Rosaniline, regina, and all violets Yellow or brownish yellow. Phenyl and diphenylamine blues Dark brown solutions. Iodine green ........................ Bright yellow solutions, the former giving off iodine on Malachite green .................. 1 heating. Citronine ........................... Pale cinnamon or neutral tint. After vitriol the action of concentrated hydrochloric acid may be next tried, which distinguishes at once between saffranin and Biebrich scarlet, the former giving a violet solution and the latter being precipitated as a red flocoulent powder. Proceeding in this way, and combining the observation with the dyer’s usual test, every one of the substances named can be readiIy identified, and mnah time saved in the examination of dye-stuffs. 9 s $, 13. ............... Bluish green.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600023

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

24 THE ANALYST. ADUWERATION IN AMERICA. In continuation of the Abstracts of Essays in our last number we now give one or two others. 3!he third prize essay is by Dr. W. H. Newell, and the only clauses at all interesting to English analysts are those which are embodied in tho proposed Laws aa definitions of offences, and the following which relate to the appointment of Boards of Health and Analysts. STATE LAW BY “OVERCOME EVIL WITH GOOD.” An d c t , entitled, an Act to regulate the manufacture and sale of food, and the adulteration of the same. Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of- That the Governor shall appoint seven persons, who together with the Secretary of State and Attorney General, as ex-officio members, shall constitute the Board of Heallh of State of- The persons so appointed shall hold their offices for seven years.Provided : that the terms of office of the seven first appointed shall be so arranged that the term of one shall expire each year, and the vacancies as created as well as all vacancies occurring otherwise shall be filled by the Governor. They shall appoint a chairman, who shall call meetings as often as every.. , . . . . . . . . .months or when requested to do so by any three members of the board ; they shan in the month of.. , . . . . . , , . , make report to the Governor of their investigations and opinions during the year ending.. , , . , , , . . . . with such suggestions as they may deem necessary. The board shall elect a secretary from their own number, who shall superintend the work prescribed in the law, as the board may require.Every city or borough or incorporated tom, or any town governed by a commission, shall have a board of health, of not less than five, or more than seven members ; of which the keeper or recorder of vital statistics, and also one city physician, and city health inspector, shall be members, if there be such offioer or officers ; and the said board of health shall be nominated by the mayor, and approved by the common council or other governing board of the city, borough or town, to serve for not less than three years, hit not more than three of the number shall go out of office at one time, unless in ease of removal by death or change of residence. In such township of Stato outside of city limits, the township committee, together with the assessor, and the township physician, if there be such an officer, shall constitute the Board of Health for all of said township outside of city limits ; and shall have the same powers as are possessed by any city board of health, within the State, so far as this could relate to any unincorporated district.Every looal Board of Health of any city, borough, town or township, t hall on or before the first 01THE ANALYST. 25 each year, in addition to any other report that the local authorities may require, prepare an annual report, concerning the adulteration of food in their district, and shall therein answer any enquiries which have been addressed to them by the State Board of Health: in the case of cities the same shall be presented to the city authorities ; and the Board of Health shall on or before the fifteenth of the above month of each year, forward a copy of the same to the address of the State Board of Health.For the purpose of fulfilling the requirements of this Act, the State Board of Health may aid any local board to the amount of. . . . . . . . . . . . dollars in any one year ; and also for the purpose of fulfilling the requirements of this Act, the State Board of Health be authorised to expend.. . . . . . . . . . .dollars each year ; said expenditure to be accounted for each year, by itemized bills, audited by the president and secretary of the State Board of Health, and approved by the Governor. In case of any county having a county board of health nothing in this bill shall change or modify their former power or jurisdiction, and they shall possess all the authority herein granted to city or township boards : and they shall yearly report to State Board of Health in the same way, as is required in counties where there is no county board of Health ; nothing in this Act shall relate to or effect any city board of health now organised in any of the cities of this Statc, under the provisions of their respective charters.The State Board of Health and all boards of health appointed in the different counties of this State, shall take cognizance of the interests of the public health as it relates to the manufacture and sale of food and the adulteration of the same; they shall make all necessary investigations and inquiries relating thereto, and fulfil all the provisions of this Act.The clauses defining offences are as foUowB, and, as will be seen, are almost identical with the English Acts :- FIRm-For the purpose of this law the term I ‘ food ” shall include every article used for the food and drink, or in the food and drink of man and animals. SEcom-The standard by which the offence of adulteration shall be judged, or the degree in which the offence may have been committed, shall be : For simple articles of food, a fair average quality of the substances in their natural condition, or as best prepared by drying, grinding, packing, etc., without damage from their natural condition, For compound articles of food-the publicly known formulas or patents, whereupon they should be compounded ; or the labels, or descriptions, attached to the compounds as given, sold, offered, or held in possession.In the case of proprietary or proprietary private compounds, the constituents of which are legally held as secrets, the testimony of the owners of the private formulas shall be accepted 8s evidence of the character of the compound. PI~OVIDED, That nothiug harein contained, shall be construed so as to protect or permit the issue of any compound, which contains any poisonous or hurtful ingredients, not publicly stated and professed by the label, attached to the compound when given, sold, offered, or held in possession. THIRD-FOr the purposes of this lam, the offence of adulteration shall be 8s follows : The adding of one or more substances to another, or others, whereby the strength, purity, quality, or true value of the resulting substance or mixture, is reduced or lowered in its nature or composition, with the effect of tending to deceive the public by lowering such substance or mixture from its original and true value, or allowing the public significniice and common meaning of the name by which it was or is originally known or used.-(Examples : corn meal in flour; chicory, &c., in coffee; terra alba in cream tartar).The substitution of one mbstance for another, either wholly or in part, with the effect of tending to deceive or mislead the public, or anj part of them.-(Examples : artificial wines, liquors and mixtures, artificial mustard). The abstraction of any substance, with the effect that the separation shall reduce the value of the substame, and thus tend to deceive or mislead by changing the common significance of the name, by whioh as B whole the substance was originally applied to use.-(Cream from milk, partly exhausted coffee and tea).The application of a name commonly known or understood to indicate any substance, to any part or parts thereof, or to any other substance,with the effect of tending to deceive and mislead.-(Oleomar- garine for butter, potato starch for arrowroot). The admixture of different qualities of the same substance, with the effeot of teuding to deception md fraud,-(ClsPned provisions, damaged wheat in flour.)26 THE ANALYST. Any debasement or dilution of any substance, whereby it is reduced in intrinsic value and is yet liable to be given, bought, sold or used as though it were not debased or diluted.-(Examples , diluted milk and vinegar).Any mixing, colouring, staining, coating, polishing, or powdering, or any other alteration in the physical condition or sensible properties of any substance, with or without addition to or substraction from it, whereby damage is concealed, or it is made to appcar better or greater than it really is, either in quality, weight, or measure, or whereby impurities or defectivo quality are partially or wholly marked or hiddan with the effect of tending to deceive or mislead.-(Colouring or polishing of green coffee, bread from damsged or mixed flour, large bread of short weight). The giving, or selling, or offering for sale, or the possession of any adulterated article by any person whose business it is to make or to deal in articles of food, shall be prima facie evidence of the offence of adulteration.PIIOVIDED, That it be and it is hereby declared to be the sole and entire object and intention of this law to protect the public against deception and fraud in the cost and quality 01 food through adulteration, and all the provisions of this law shall be construed and applied in accordance with its sole object, by the rules of common law. No person shall adulterate nor cause nor permit any other person to adulterate any article of food, under a penalty in each case not exceeding.. ............... .dollars fine for first offence. But every offence after a conviction for a first offence shall be a misdemeanor, for which, on conviction, the person shall be imprisoned with hard labour for a period not exceeding., ................and fined not exceeding. ............... dollars. No person shall give, or sell, or offer for sale, or hold, under the ordinary conditions of saleable commodities, any adulterated articlos of food, under the same penalties as in the preceding section. No person shall give, or sell, or offer for sale, or hold, under the ordinary conditions of saleable articles, any food which may have become through natural or accidental causes, deteriorated, or adulterated, so as to be unfit for common use, under the same penalties as in the preceding section. The essay by Dr. 0, Wight, which is recommended for printing, embodies a draft bill, the principal clauses of which are as follows : The Peqplc of the State of............... .rep-et.ented in Senaie and Assembly, do e n a c t as follozvs : BECTION 1. Every pcrson .who, within thc limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly manufacture any poisonously adulterated food or drink of man, from the effects of which food or drink any othcr person dies, either within or without the State, shall be deemed guilty of manslaughter, and shall be punished by imprisonment, either with or without hard labour, not more than twenty years. SECTION 2. Every person who, within the limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly offer to sell or give away, or kllowingly manufacture, or knowingly transport or receive, any poisonously adulterated food or drink of inan, from the use of which food or drink any other person might die, shall be deemed guilty of an attempt to commit the crime of manslaughter, and shall be punished by imprisonment, with or without hard labor, not more than three years, and by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars.SECTION 3. Every person, who, within the limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly manufacture, any adulterated food or drink of man, from the use of which food or drink any other person receives serious injury to health, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished with imprisonment, with or without hard labour, not more than two years, or by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars. SEcrIoN 4.Every person who, within the limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly offer to sell or give away, or knowingly manu- facture, or knowingly transport or receive, any adulterated food or drink of man, from the use of which food or drink any other person receives serious injury to health, shall be deemed guilty of a misdeiiicanor and shall be punished by imprisonment, either with or without hard labour, not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars. Every person who, within the jurisdiction of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly offer to sell or give away, or knowingly manufacture, or knowingly transport or receive, any food or drink of man, which food or drink contains any additional Substance, beyond what may bc necessary for its collection, manufacture or presenation, A BILL TO PREVENT THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD AND DRINK, SECTION 5.26 THE ANALYST.Any debasement or dilution of any substance, whereby it is reduced in intrinsic value and is yet liable to be given, bought, sold or used as though it were not debased or diluted.-(Examples , diluted milk and vinegar). Any mixing, colouring, staining, coating, polishing, or powdering, or any other alteration in the physical condition or sensible properties of any substance, with or without addition to or substraction from it, whereby damage is concealed, or it is made to appcar better or greater than it really is, either in quality, weight, or measure, or whereby impurities or defectivo quality are partially or wholly marked or hiddan with the effect of tending to deceive or mislead.-(Colouring or polishing of green coffee, bread from damsged or mixed flour, large bread of short weight).The giving, or selling, or offering for sale, or the possession of any adulterated article by any person whose business it is to make or to deal in articles of food, shall be prima facie evidence of the offence of adulteration. PIIOVIDED, That it be and it is hereby declared to be the sole and entire object and intention of this law to protect the public against deception and fraud in the cost and quality 01 food through adulteration, and all the provisions of this law shall be construed and applied in accordance with its sole object, by the rules of common law. No person shall adulterate nor cause nor permit any other person to adulterate any article of food, under a penalty in each case not exceeding................. .dollars fine for first offence. But every offence after a conviction for a first offence shall be a misdemeanor, for which, on conviction, the person shall be imprisoned with hard labour for a period not exceeding., ............... .and fined not exceeding. ............... dollars. No person shall give, or sell, or offer for sale, or hold, under the ordinary conditions of saleable commodities, any adulterated articlos of food, under the same penalties as in the preceding section.No person shall give, or sell, or offer for sale, or hold, under the ordinary conditions of saleable articles, any food which may have become through natural or accidental causes, deteriorated, or adulterated, so as to be unfit for common use, under the same penalties as in the preceding section. The essay by Dr. 0, Wight, which is recommended for printing, embodies a draft bill, the principal clauses of which are as follows : The Peqplc of the State of.. ............. .rep-et.ented in Senaie and Assembly, do e n a c t as follozvs : BECTION 1. Every pcrson .who, within thc limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly manufacture any poisonously adulterated food or drink of man, from the effects of which food or drink any othcr person dies, either within or without the State, shall be deemed guilty of manslaughter, and shall be punished by imprisonment, either with or without hard labour, not more than twenty years.SECTION 2. Every person who, within the limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly offer to sell or give away, or kllowingly manufacture, or knowingly transport or receive, any poisonously adulterated food or drink of inan, from the use of which food or drink any other person might die, shall be deemed guilty of an attempt to commit the crime of manslaughter, and shall be punished by imprisonment, with or without hard labor, not more than three years, and by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars.SECTION 3. Every person, who, within the limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly manufacture, any adulterated food or drink of man, from the use of which food or drink any other person receives serious injury to health, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished with imprisonment, with or without hard labour, not more than two years, or by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars. SEcrIoN 4. Every person who, within the limits of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly offer to sell or give away, or knowingly manu- facture, or knowingly transport or receive, any adulterated food or drink of man, from the use of which food or drink any other person receives serious injury to health, shall be deemed guilty of a misdeiiicanor and shall be punished by imprisonment, either with or without hard labour, not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars. Every person who, within the jurisdiction of this State, shall knowingly sell or give away, or knowingly cause to be sold or given away, or knowingly offer to sell or give away, or knowingly manufacture, or knowingly transport or receive, any food or drink of man, which food or drink contains any additional Substance, beyond what may bc necessary for its collection, manufacture or presenation, A BILL TO PREVENT THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD AND DRINK, SECTION 5.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600024

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

28 THE ANALYST. ANALYSTS' REPORTS. At the Wiltshire Quarter Sessions, the report of the County Analyst, which was presented, stated that during the quarter analyses of salt butter, sugar, and coffee had been made. The salt butter was found to be adulterated with excessive water, but the samples of sugar and coffee were proved to be genuine. At Somerset Quarter Sessions on Tuesday, the report of Dr. H. J. Alford, the recently appointed County Analyst, was presented. He stated that during the quarter he had not received any samples for analysis from the general public, but 314 from the inspectors, this number being largely in excess of former reports. The adulteration discovered was not such as was prejudicial to health. Butter was fairly good, except salt butter ; chicory was mixed with coffee to a considerable extent, and the cocoa contained very little cocoa, but a good deal of starch.The reading of the analyst's comments excited much laughter among the magistrates, who used to have mere formal documents from the former analyst, RIr. W. W. Stoddart. Mr. P. M. Rimmington, Analyst for Bradford, in his report for the quarter ending December 31st, states that-"Fourteen samples of milk have been submitted to me for analysis. These were all genuine, and of excellent quality; two samples of artificial butter, or butterine so called, and three samples of confectionery. Four samples of pepper havc also been analysed, and found unadulterated. After a period of nearly six ycars, during which the Act has been in operation in the borough, ib; is reasonable to review the past, and see what has becn gained.The samples of milk analysed during the past quarter are the bcst as regards quality that I have had since the commencement. Formerly we could not obtain milk which yielded more than 4 to 6'per cent. of cream, or 2 to 2& per cent. of butter. Latterly thc yield of these constituents has been from 7 to 10 per cent. of cream, and 3 to 4 per cent. of butter. I thinl;, therefore, the borough may be congratulated upon having obtained a supply of good milk. About two years ago a good deal of attention was paid to the butter supply, and much of that which mas sold was found to contain 4 or 5 per cent. of salt, which was said to be quite necessary for its preservation, and 20 to 25 per cent. of water, and some prosecutions were instituted.Judging from those samples brought to me during the past few months, the proportions of water have been reduced to 11 or 12 per cent., and the salt to 1 or 2 pcr cent. At the commencement of the Adulteration Act, proceedings for adulterated pepper and some other articles of this class were numerous, but for the last two or three years there has not heen an instance of this kind of sophistication. On the subject of butterine perhaps I may be allowed to make some remarks. This artificial butter, when honestly made, is a preparation of beef suet, and so long as it is solcl for what it is, nothing can be said against it on the Score of wholesomeness-but assuming it to attain a more general use than it now has, the question suggests itself-What guarantee is there that it will always be obtained from sound and healthy beasts, and not from fat procured from other animals not usually killed in a daughter-house. It is very doubtful whether the greatest vigilance mould be sufficient to ensure the public from imposition andTHE ANALYST.29 perhaps danger in this way. The subject is an important one. On the one hand a fat which is mainly used for making soap and candles is converted into a useful and economical article of diet ; and on the other hand there is the possibility of nasty and unwholesome substances being foisted on the public under an alluring title. The subject has another phase of interest in relation to the public. The name This term at once suggests that the article is a compound or preparation of butter.But this suggestion is a false one, as no butter enters into its composition. I t is in this alluring idea, and the ease with which the terminal syllable can be dropped, that make it so easy to practice imposition, and sell it at a price double its real value.” butterine” has been fixed upon for this substance. “ PBEVIOUS SE~WAGE CONTAMINATION,” AS DEFINED IN THE Brewers’ Guardian.-This expression repeatedly occurs in analytical reports on water, and, judging from several inquiries which have reached us, its meaning is but imperfectly understood. When a water percolates from the surface to some depth in a well it passes through a series of strata, each of which gives up some soluble constituents. Near the eurface there is often an accumulation of animal and vegetable matters in a state of decay, which yield a considerable quantity of soluble nitrogenous matter, and even living organisms, to the water.Thus, shallow wells and rivers are not suitable sources of water supply, unless some efficient means of purification are adopted. When the water has to percolate into a deep well, even if it becomes charged at the surface with much organic impurity, it is gradually purified ; the nitrogenous constituents undergo oxidation in passing through certain strata, and are thus gradually converted into nitrates. Bhould any organic matters either escape oxidation or percolate direct into the well, they will gradually exert a reducing action, and by taking away oxygen again from the nitrates, convert these salts into nitrites.Thus both nitrates and nitrites are produced from organic matters, and the determination of the quantity of nitrogen existing in the water in the form of these salts, gives us the “ previous sewage contamination ” or the oxidised nitrogenous impurities which at one time were present in the water. The presence of nitrates in a well water must therefore be considered a suspicious circumstance; although not hurtful in themselves, they are undoubted evidence of the existence of organic impurities at some stage of the water’s progress, and it is possible that the oxidising action may not always be complete, and thus mconverted and previous nitrogenous matters may find their way into the well. Nitrites are even more dangerous, for, ag a rule, they are the result of the action of organic matters on already-formed nitrates, and tend to show that these organic matters have either not been completely oxidised, or have found their way into the well direct.CHIcAao.--At B recent meeting of produce dealers in this city, steps were taken and money subscribed towards looking to the prosecution of the dealers in adulterated goods, A committee was appointed to urge the prosecution of parties selling adulterated products as genuine. I t is stated that there are fifteen factories in this city alone engaged in manufacturing so-called butter made from tallow, end latterly even from lard, and throwing it upon the market. This compound is called ‘6 butterine ” or “ suine,” is made up in four grades, the best being 50 per cent.creamery butter and the other 50 per cent. an equal mixture of lard and beef tallow. As respects the fourth grade, its mysteries are un- fathomable. Cheese is similarly adulterated, with the addition besides of sonp-stone, caustic soda, and caustic potash. It is stated that these ingredients are at times so strong as to eat through the very staves of the barrels oontaining the article. Of course, the makers of such stuffs as these claim that they are not injurious. But such a claim must necessarily be false, and indeed is but feebly put forth. But this is not the point. Whether they are injurious or not, no party or firm should be allowed to sell any product which is not that which it purports to be. Nobody ought to be imposed on by persons selling under the broad regis of mercantile honour, fictitious, deleterious, and even poisonous substances. It is contrary to public morals and public policy. As a matter of public policy, the manufacture of such substances and their sale as genuine, no matter how low the prices, must most assuredly drive good, healthy and pure articles out of the market. Not only 60, but it will so injure the good name of the city and country as to cast suspicion upon their every product.-Chicago Journal of Commerce. A patent for the manufacture of oleomargarine has just been published. Beef suet is melted in water, to whioh are added salt, carbonate of potash, chlorate of potash, and nitrate of soda. The fat is then conveyed to a separate vessel and fine salt added, the whole being agitated and allowed to ~001, after which it is pressed-Grocer.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060028b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

30 THE ANALYST, LAW REPORTS. Workliouse X i l k in London.-Heavy Fines f o r Adulteration :- Collison Hall, jun., of the Short Horn Dairy Company, 21 and 23, White Lion Street, Bishopsgate, WRS suriimoncd before IIr. Lnshington, at the Thanics Police Conrt, for delivering to St. George’s-in-the- East Workhouse, to the prejudice of thc purchascr, a quantity of adulterated milk. There .was another ~unimons for supplying adulterated milk to St. Gcorgo’s-in-the-East Infirmary. Mr. Hannay, solicitor, clecended, and plcaded guilty on behalf of his client, but urgcd in mitigation of punishment that tho defendant had cnrried on business for more than forty years, and this was the first complaint against him that the milk he sold was adulterated. The milk referred to ncver camo to the defendant’s premises, but was taken direct from a railway station, where it arrived from the country, to St.George’s-in-the- East Workhouse. It must have been tampered with at the station or in transit, as tho carman who had been in chnrge of tlie milk abscoiided and left his horse and vehicle in the road. The defendant had exercised all the vigilance human ingenuity could do, and he had the foreman in court to prove what hc had asserted. I t was the custom at public institutions to test the milk before it was sent in, and then to inform the vendor whether it was adulterated or not, which ought to hare been done in thie instance. I n answer to Mr. Lushington, William Rains, sanitary inspector of St. George’s parish, said he took one sample of milk from the workhouse which mas adulterated vith 20 per cent.of water, and the other from the infirmary containing 20 per cent. of water. The afternoon dclivery at the workhonse was 45 quzrts, and rather more in the infirmary. He was not aware that the milk supplied by the defendant had been tested before. Mi. Lnshington said the defendant pleaded guilty to both summonses, for supplying the infirmary and workhouse of St. George’s with adulterated milk, and had entered into a contract to serve a very large quantity of unadulterated milk. Ho was bound to take sufficient steps to ascertain that the milk supplied by his servants was not adulterated, and it was not a case in which he could listen to anything like the infliction of a nominal pendty. He fined thc defendant &YO on each summons. U‘orkl~ouse Milk in Dublin :- In the Southern Divisional Police Court, Dublin, Jnnies Greunan, dairyman, has appeared s t the suit of the Guardians of the South Dublin Union, who alloged that he sold and delivered milk at the Workhouse which was adulterated with 20 per cent.of water. I t appeared that defendant was onc of tlic contractors for tho supply of milk to tlie Workhouse, and Alexandcr Frazer, storekeeper in the Workhouse, demanded one gallon of the forty-five gallons of niilk that was being delivered one morning at the Union. This he had aiialyscd by Dr. Cameron, who certified to 20 per cent. of added water. For the defence it was stated that the contract had been, from the beginning, executed by a dairykeeper nnmecl Collins, who had failed in getting the contract from the Guardians.I t was also urged that inasmuch as Frazer did not pay for the milk, he had not complied with the Act of Parliament. The Magistrate held that the Act had been complied with, and fined tho defendant $10, with two guineas costs, and refused to state a case. Collins received all the moneys paid by thc Guardians. Conviction for Refusing to Serve Inspector :- William Kennarbey, of Putney, was summoned at the same time and place for refusing to sell milk to the inspector in a street for the purpose of being annlysed. The defendant set up a defence that the inspector could only demand to be supplied at the shop. Mr. Shiel said the ilcfendant was wrong in his law. The inspector then proved that the defendant had been fined 30s.for selling adulteratod milk. Mr. Shiel now fined him 4Gs. and 2s. costs. Summons for Selling ( ( Prepared ” Cofee :- Peter Bratt, grocer and Italian wareliouseman, who has numerous cstablishrnents in the city and borougli, was summoned at the Salford Borough Police Court, on Thursday, before Mr. J. 3Iackinson the Stipendiary Jnsticc of the Borough, by the Corporation under the Salc of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, for selling to the prejudice of the purchaser a tin of coffee linom11 as “ Franck’s Prize Medal Coffee,” which, it wits alleged, was not of the nature, substance, and quality of the article demanded. Mr. J. C. Walker, Assistant Town Clerk of Salford, appeared in support of the summons, and Mr. Edge, barrister-at-law, appeared for the defendant. The case had been taken up by the Manchester and Salford Grocers’ Associstion.Mr. Walker, in opening the case, said that on December 13th, Mr. Thompstone, the inspector for the borough, called at the defendant’s shop, 189, Broad Btreet, Pendleton.THE ANALYST. 31 Mr. Bratt there carried on business under the style or firm of Bratt and Hobson. The inspector asked one of the defendant’s shopmen for a quantity of coffee known as Say’s coffee. The shopman said they did not keep Say’s, but they had Franck’s coffce and showed him a half-pound tin and recommended it. The inspector said he would take the half-pound tin, and paid 10d. for it, which was at the rate of Is. 8d. per lb. This he (Mr. Walker) contended was a fair marketable price for good coflfec. EIe should call witnesses who would tell the Court that coffee ranged from Is.6d. to 2s. per lb. Nothing was said 1,y the shopman until after the purchase was completed as to thc coffee being a mixtare of coBee and something else. Mr. Edge here interposed, and said Mr. TJ’allier had bettcr read the label on the tin of coffee sold to the inspector--a label which was on the tins of Franck’s coaee. Mr. Walker said he was coming to that point presently. The label went on to say a lot of praiseworthy things about this Frsnck’s coffee, and on the one side in very &mall type it said : “Purchasers must ask for Franck’s coffee which is sold as an admixture, and are particularly requested to see that every tin bears this label.” The inspector was not told that this was anything but coffee, and he (Mr.Walker) contended that the words ‘‘ sold as an admixture ” were not sufficiently distinct. According to the 8th Section of the Act the notice that the article was an admixture must be “ distinctly and legibly written or printed,” and the notice on Franck‘s label was not printed sufiicieiitly legible. His (Mr. Walker’s) second point was that on the authority of the case Liddiard 21. Reece, mliich mas before tho Court of Queen’s Bcnch on November 28th, 1879, and reported in the Justice of the Prace of April loth, a label of this kind was no protection to the seller, if the chicory, or whatever it might be, had bccn added for the purposc of fraudulently increasing the bulk of the article sold. Lidciiard D . Reece was a case almost similar to the present one.An inspector went into a shop and asked for half a pound of coffee, for which hc paid 9d. He took it for analysis, and after being told this the shopman pointed to the label on the wrapper, showing that it was B mixture of chicory and coffee. On analysis that coffee was found to contain 40 per cent. of chicory, and Mr. Justice Lush said, “ I think here the case finds that the coBee ’1yas fraudulently mixed with intent to increase the bulk. If so, I cannot see how the label protccts the eeller.” The fine imposed on the shopkeeper in that case was upheld, and hfr. Justice Lush said the conviction could not be interfered with. The Stipendiary : But in that case coffee was asked for. Did the inepector in this case ask for coffee? Mr. Walker : Yes ; this tin was put before him as Franck’s coffee.The fact of the words “ Franck’s coffee ” does not make it of any more value, and I conteiid that the seller should inform the purchaser of the contents of the tin. If a person asks for Franck’s coflee, he has a right to obtain coffee, and not a mixture of chicory and coffee. Mr. Walker then went on to quotc another case from the same number of the Justice of the Peace, Hodder v. Meddings, in support of his contention that the ingredients must be stated on the labcl, and that if anything had been added to the coffee for the purpose of fraudulently increasing the bulk the seller was liable to a penalty. Mr. MMrtokinson : But here in the present case a specific article is sold to the inspector which is known as Franck’s coffee, and which is stated to be an admixtuie on the label.Inspector Tliompstoiie was then called, and stated that he visited Mr. Bratt’s shop in Pendleton on December 13th. Therc were two assistants in the shop, named Percival and Scholes. Witness asked Percival for half a pound of Say’s coffee. He said, ‘‘ We have not got Say’s ;but we keep Franck’s prize medal coffee, and have half-pound tine.” Percival produced a half-pound tin, and he (witness) said “ I will take this coffee,” mentioning the word ‘( coffee” again. The coffee was in the tin produced, and he paid 10d. for it, which was a t the rate of 1s. 8d. per lb. Mr. Walker : Are you able to say that 10d. is B fair market pricc for coffee? -yes ; it is. Nothing was said to me about its being anything but coffee until I had paid for it and said I wanted it for the purpose of being analysed.I noticed there was no mention of chicory on the tin. I divided the coffee into three parts in the usual way, and submitted a portion to the Borough Analyst, whose certificate states that it contained 20 per cent. of chicory. Chicory can be bought at 4d. and 5d. per lb. retail. Mr. Mackinson (the Stipendiary), without calling upon Mr. Edge for his defence, said the summons must be dismissed. In the first place, he did not believe that the chicory had been added for the purpose of fraudulently increasing the bulk ; and, fwthcr, when inspector asked for Say’s coffee, he was told they had not got any, and was shown ;5 tin of Franok’s prize medal coffee, and he said ‘‘ 1’11 take it.” This Fraack’s coffee wad put LIP in tins and sold as (‘ prepared ” coffee, the label on each tin stating that it was an admixture ; and this was put before the inspector, and he said ‘‘ I’ll take this.” The fact of his saying, “I’ll take this coffce,” particularly mentioning the word ‘‘ coffee,” did not, in his (Mr.Mackinson’s) opinion, affect the case. There was not, to his mind, the slightest intention to defraud by the seller, and the sunlmons would be dismissed. Mr, Walker said, in case the Corporation thought it desirable, would the magistrate grant a case for decision in a higher court. Mr. Mackinson intimated his willingness to do so. Not mixture ?-NO.32 THE ANALYST. Butterine P~osecutions.-Heavy Fines :- At Worship Street Police Court, Mr. Alfred John Palmer, of 281, Roman Road, Old Ford, and Mr.James Summer, of 240, Roman Road, Old Ford, buttermen and cheesemongers, appeared to summonses taken out by the sanitary authorities of thc parish of St. Mary, Stratford, for selling as butter an article not of the nature and quality demanded. Mr. Summer, whose defence was that the public knew they could not have butter at Is. 2d. per lb., and that he was not at the shop himself, said he should appeal. Mr. Hannay inflicted a fine of S20 on Mr. Summer, and on Mr. Palmer one of 25, also ordering each defendant to pay 23s. costs. Selling Chicory and Cofee without a Label.-Conviction :- William Morley, provision dealer, of Higher Hillgate, Stockport, was charged before the magistratee in that town, with selling adulterated coffee. Mr.Thompson (from the office of the Town Clerk) prose- outed. I t appeared that Mr. Jacob Marshall, one of the borough sanitary officers, purchased a t the defendant’s shop half a pound of ground coffee, for which he paid 7d., the article being supplied by the defendant’s wife. The certificate of the Public Analyst showed that the sample contained 52.4 per cent. of chicory. Defendant said he had only recently begun in business, and both himself and his wife were ignorant in these matters. Re bought most of the mixture just as it was-certainly he mixed a little himself, and waa not aware that he was obliged to put a label on it. They sold it at 1s. 2d. per lb., which, as the Bench would be aware, was not enough for pure coffee. The presiding magistrate, &Ir.W. Raper, M.D., observed that it was a great fraud upon the public to sell an article of food like that- more than one-half chicory. Defendant was fined 40s. and costs. Butterine Prosecutions at Liverpool :- At the Liverpool Police Court, on Wednesday, before Mr. RafXes, stipendiary magistrate, James Burke, provision dealer, 40, Everton Road, was summoned for an offence against the Sale of Food Act, by having sold butterine as butter. Evidence was given by a person who visited defendant’s shop and asked for a pound of shilling butter, which he received and paid for. A sample of the article was sent to Dr. Campbell Brown, City Analyst, whose certificate, which was put in, showed that it was butterine. The defendant said the article sold was labelled butterine, but the magistrate held that this was not sufficient, and inflicted a fine of 20s.and costs.-Henry Anderton, provision dealer, 26, St. James’s Street, was convicted of a similar offence, and was fined in the same amount. Important Case under the New Act :- At Clerkenwell Police Court, on January 13th, George Locker, of Eggerton, near Burton-on-Trent, was summoned for having, on the 15th of December last, consigned a can of milk to the Dairy Supply Company, Limited, which, on analysis, was found to be adulterated with 13 per cent. of water. From the evidence of Inspector Rouoh, it appeared that on the day in question he met the milk upon arrival, snd took a sample from a can sent up by the defendant. This sample he handed to the analyst for the parish of St.Pancras, who certified to the above-mentioned adulteration. The defendant denied any knowledge of the addition of water, and stRted that he was prevented attending to the milk personally a t the time, owing to a domestic bereavement. Under the circumstances, Mr. Ricketts, who prosecutee for the Vestry of St. Pancras, said he would not press for heavy penalty, and the Magistrate fined Locker in the mitigated penalty of 25 and k!1 5s. 8d. costs. ( 4 Simpron ” Severely Punirhed :- At Belper Sessions, John Simpson, of Hazlewood, farmer, was summoned by Captain Sandys for selling adulterated milk at Hazlewood, on the 22nd November. The milk was consigned to London. James Slack purchased a pint of milk, which, on being analysed, was found to contain 28 per cent.of water. Defendant pleaded guilty. The chairman said it was a very bad case, the milk containing nearly one-third water. Defendant was fined $10 and costs. At Wandsworth, Mr. Corsellis, clerk of the Wandsworth Board of Works, attended in support of two summonses against Joseph Saunders and William Gabbett, both grocers, of Nine Elms, for selling to the inspector milk adulterated with water. In each case the sample contained 20 per cent. of water. Both defendants stated that they sold the milk as they received it. Mr. Shiel imposed a penalty of 20s. and 2s. costa in each case.THE ANALYST. 33 Analysis of Milk supplied to Public Buildings :- At the Northern Divisionnl Police Court, Dublin, Patrick Walsh, dairykeeper, of Lower Summerhill WRB charged with having sold milk not of the nature and substance of the article demanded. David Toler, food and drug inspector, said that on November 17, he found Thomas Walsh delivering new milk at the Military Prison, Arbour Hill, and purchased a halfpennyworth, telling him it was for the purpose of analysis. The man wanted to know ‘‘ was that a new dodge,-inspectors going to public buildings ? if it were, there would be no dairymen left in Dublin.” He delivered the milk to Dr. Cameron, who certified that it contained 14.3 per cent. of water, Mr. Ennis asked that the case should be dismissed, as Thomas Waleh, the seller of the milk, had not been connected in any way with the defendant. The magistrate accordingly dismissed the case. James Dunne, of Upper Abbey Street, was also fined S3, Dr. Cameron having certified for 21 per cent. of water. It transpired that the accused had been previously fined for a similar offence ; but the Law Officer of the Corporation stated that the law did not provide a penalty for previous convictions.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600030

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 33 ADULTERATION OF SOAPS. CONSUMERS of soap, says a writer in the Deutsche Industrie Zsitung, should not neglect to inform themselves of the absence of intentional adulterations. A very old trick is to increase the weight of soap with water, but as ordinary soap soon loses thia byevapora- tion in the air, this deception will not succeed unless the soap is sold off quickly. There are two other methods of overweighing. One consists in putting in chemicals that are adapted to hold this excess of water in the soap, so that it loses little or nothing in weight by lying. Another way is to add some mineral substances, soluble or insoluble, to increase the weight and diminish proportionally the value of the soap. When large consumers neglect to submit their soap to an examination they may suffer considerable loss.There is soap in the market that contains 75 per cent. water, and externally cannot be distinguished from soap that contains only 12 per cent. Gelatinous substances are most frequently used to retain the water in soap, m d a t the same time an excellent filling. Alumina in the hydrated form performs this service best. The author detected this substance in six samples of soap, which had over 60 per cent. water, and were sold by their manufacturers at the same price as another manufacturer sold soap with 24 per cent. Other gelatinous substances, like silica and organic substances, are used. They are easily detected by chipping up the soap and dissolving it in alcohol, in which they are insoluble, while pure soap is perfectly soluble.The undissolved residue may be filtered out and more carefully examined. Hot water will dissolve the gelatinous substances if they are organic, like gelatine or glue, leaving alumina, silica, &c., unaffected. By evaporating the aqueous solution and weighing the residue, the quantity of gelatine can be quantitatively determined. The silica and alumina can be dried, then ignitedin a platinum or porcelain crucible, and weighed. Waterglass is frequently added to soap, and, although it is not an injurious ingredient, auch soap can be made cheaper, and should be sold as waterglass soap. In Borne samples the author found starch, gypsum, chalk, clay, phosphate of lime (bone ash), and barytes, or blsnc fixe, as the adulterants. All these can be separated by dissolving the dry soap in alcohol.The alcoholic solution may be evaporated to dryness, dried at 212O Fah., and weighed. The author found more adulteration in the Berlin soaps than any other ; but in the little city of Munster, out of 12 aamples from different factories, 5 were adulterated. The author neglects to mention the fact that impure fats in a state of incipient decomposition are often employed, perfume being added to disguise the odour.34 THE ANALYST. The Cowkmper and Dairyman’s Journal says :-“ A defendant, rejoicing in the appropriate name of Simpson, has been fined by the BeIper magistrates for having too liberally dilnted a large quantit’y of milk intended for the London market. Though the water supply of the metropolis is by no means adequate to the requirements of the popula- tion, yet it is not at all desirable that water should be sent to us inmilk cans from Derby- shire.We are glad, therefore, that Mr. Simpson has to pay heavily for his attempt to do a service in this respcct. The milk which he proposed to pass off upon the confiding public of the metropolis as a genuine bovine extract was proved on analysis to oontain 23 per cent. of mzttcr. He had no defence to make for having thus attempted to cheat his customers, and accordingly pleaded guilty to the offence with which he wag charged. Considering that the London purveyors of milk add plenty of water to it after it arrives here, the dairy farmers who send it up from the country should be all the more careful to despatch it in an unadulterated condition. We trust that other enterprising dairymen of the Simpson’ clam wili take xarning from the trestment he has deservedly received at the hands of the administrators of justico at Belper.” Mr. William Morgan, Ph.D., of Swansea, has been appointed Publio Analyst for the town and county of Haverfordwest.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600033

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

34 THE ANALYST. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been recently published, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. No. 1880 Namc of Pal 1921 C. I-Iumfwy 2214 C. M. Warren 2227 P. Spence.. 2236 S. CohnG .. 22-1.4 W. Clark . . 2252 G. G. Andri! 2257 S. Siminoiis 2350 C.lVigg .. 2417 fi. S. Newall 2.158 G. Eest .. 24‘37 W. R. Lake 2322 J. B. Freeman 2323 J. Storm .. tcntec. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2395 H. A. Dufreni: .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Title of Patent. Prico. Decomposition of Certain Salts of Soda and Potash . . 2d. Distillation of Anthracene . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Purifying Sewage . . . . . .. . . . . . 4d. Electric Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of an Extract of Fish . . . . . . 2d. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Preventing Alterations in Cheques . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of Alkalies . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Appratus for Effecting Chemical Decomposition . . 6d. Apparatus for Purifying and Softening Water . . . . Gd. Manufacture of Vanillin . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Manufacture of Varnishes . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Effecting Oxidation, &c., by Interaction of Gases or Vapours with Liquids, &c. . . . . . . . . 6d. Preserving Meat . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist am1 Druggist; The Brewers’ Gnnrdian ; The British Medical Journal; The MedicalPress ; Thc Pharmaceutical Jonmsl ; Tlic Sanitary Itecord; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Clieinistry ; The Provisioner ; The Praciitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American C1iemic;d Society ; Lc Practicien ; Thc Inventors’ Record ; New Pork Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New Pork j The Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Oil and Drug News ; The Textile Record of America ; Sugar Cane.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060034b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC