摘要:

197 T I 3 E A N A L Y S T . NOVEMBER, 1881. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. THE next General Meeting of this Society will be held at Burlington House, on Wednesday, the 16th inst., at 8 o’clock. ANALYSES OF GRAPE JUICES, AND OF VARIOUS SAMPLES OF UNFERMENTED AND OTHER WINES. By J. CARTER BELL. MY reason for these investigations was that the Salford inspector brought me some samples labelled “ Pure Grape Juice,” (1 Unfermented Wine,” d 6 Sacramental Wine,” &c., kc., some of which I suspected were not genuine, and as I was unable to find any recent reliable data as to what grape juice really is, I determined to ascertain for myself; I therefore bought several samples of grapes and squeezed the juice from them myself. Other samples I obtained from Mr. Frank Wright, of London, who is well known in the temperance world as a maker of pure unfermented wines.He imports large quantities of grapes from which he presses the juice ; gome of the grapes were squeezed by him in my presence. The following list gives the names of the pure grape juices operated on :- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. White English hot-house grapes. Black English hot-house grapes. Almeira, 1879. Do., 1880. French Cluster, 1878. Portuguese Cluster, 1879. Purehased in England, and juice expressed in my presence. Bordeaux, 1880. A mixed must, consisting of Carbenet Sauvignion, Malbea and Verdat Varieties. Oporto, 1880. “ The Bastardo,” from the Alta Douro. Pinenu. (The Champagne grape). From the Cot d’or. Folly Blanc. (Cognac grape). Blanque tt e.Grenach, No. 1. Grenach, No. 2. Granache’ Clairette. I Congress. From vineland, New Jersey, U.S. Madeira Videilho. Zldadaira Tints. purchased in England, and juice expressed by myself. 1 Chiefly used in the production of ‘‘ Vin 0rdina”lre.” From the vineyards of Perpignan. 1 From a vineyard in the vicinity of Tarragona. ITHE ANALYST. The following table gives the specific gravity; also the total acidity calculated ag tartaric acid, and the ash from 100 c.c., and the percentage of ash which is soluble and insoluble in water ; all results in percentages :- No. Speaiflc Gravity. 1 .. 1083 .. 2 .. 1071 .. 3 .. 1071 .. 4 .. 1056 .. 6 .. 1058 .. 6 .. 1078 .. 7 .. 1079 .. 8 .. 1088 .. 9 .. 1065 .. 10 .. 1077 .. 11 .. 1100 .. 12 .. 1084 .. 13 .. 1076 ..14 .. 1096 .. 15 .. 1102 .. 16 .. 1070 .. 17 .. 1107 .. 18 .. 1101 .. Acid. -70 -60 *60 -70 1-17 *39 a97 -67 1.12 -75 -60 -75 1-61 1.50 -90 .75 *75 -60 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. Ash. *356 -331 -311 -258 -273 -252 -298 -261 -289 -266 -284 -291 -289 -305 -348 *395 .267 -318 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ash Boluble. 90.56 89.42 84.40 78.57 76.32 88.09 56.65 72.79 70.24 70.88 72-12 68.77 63.51 67.41 63.95 74.74 59.27 63.99 em .. I . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ash hBOlUbk. 9-43 10.57 15.69 21.43 23-68 11.91 43.34 27-20 29.76 29-11 27-88 31'22 These samples had under- 36-48 1 Eone nome fementation.and contained a consideiable 32.59 I quantity of vol. aoid. 36-05 25.26 40.73 36-00 All the above samples, except 13 and 14, were unfermented.Fermentation had been arrested by the addition of salicylic acid, or by raising the juice immediately upon expression to the boiling temperature. The last thirteen musts in this list were pressed on their respective vineyards. They were not submitted to analysis until six months after their arrival in this country. Samples NOP. 4, 7, 8, 14, 15 and 16, had deposited varying quantities of potass bitartrate in the stock vessels. In these cases the acidity, total ash, and soluble ash given in the above tables are therefore somewhat below what would have been yielded by freshly expressed and filtered juices. On comparing these results it will be observed that in no sample examined was there a total absence of those inorganic constituents which are frequently regarded as essential to the constitution of the grape.The variations in their proportions is, however, most striking. Confining to the proportions of total, and of soluble and insoluble ash, it will be Been that the total ash ranges between *258 per cent. and -395 per cent. ; and it is remark- able that each of these extremes was furnished by a juice which had stood in the stock vessels for several months, and had undoubtedly deposited a condiderable quantity of its mineral constituents. The extreme of variation in the proportion of soluble ash is 56-65 to 90.56 per cont. of the total ash; aud of the insoluble ash the variations are from 9.44 to 43.34 per cent. of the total ash. These variations, when viewed from the point of view of the professional analyst, are instructive in two or t,hree particulars.I t is obvious that in attempting to determine whether a particular sample is or is not pure juice of the grape regard must be had both to the species of grape and to the time when the juice was expressed, whether old or recent. The considerationof age would not, however, apply in the case of a sample of which it is admitted that it contains a large admixture of water, as in the case tried at Salford. In that case it was admitted by the defence that the sample con- sisted of one-fifth grape juice, and four-fifths water. Such a mixture does not deponit theTHE ANALYST. 199 salts of the grape, but only some light flocculi which contain merely infinitesimal quantities of inorganic constituents.Table giving the number of grainEt of chief constituents of ash from one gallon of grape juice from each of the above samples :- Phosphoric no. Total Aah. Potash. Soda. Ohlorine. Sulphurio ~~~~~~& Lime. Magneefa. Ek:Fi $&yir p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e Bilioa. Alkalies. Iron. 1 249.20 135.21 8.71 1-31 26.21 18-16 1-62 2.41 *12 *21 18.12 *21 2 231.70 119.31 7.61 2.00 23.14 10.12 1.82 3.01 -20 *12 22.35 -20 3 218.12 108.3 9.70 1.47 25.34 13.56 2.10 3.75 -14 -35 25.00 *70 4 181.16 88.16 3.58 -65 18-42 10-50 6.19 4-25 -18 *45 18.91 -60 6 191.03 92.52 0.56 1.20 22.48 4.21 4.04 3.89 1.48 -98 30.52 -31 6 176.33 88.96 2-95 2.80 19.71 10.12 3.48 3.87 1.88 -77 10.50 -28 7 205.10 69.55 2.40 3.10 14.70 12.06 12.11 8.76 -47 -75 49.76 -17 8 182.70 74-62 10.01 1.70 13.37 1.12 13.21 9.31 *68 1.90 10.43 *63 9 202.30 87.64 2.07 2-07 14.26 7.06 12.55 3.25 2.64 1.35 38.50 -35 10 186.20 76-72 1.15 -71 9.86 *42 26-60 8.40 1.96 2.24 9.24 *30 11 219.24 94.15 3.62 1.65 16.34 11.40 11.20 10.80 1-23 1.54 35.00 -15 12 203.56 79-00 6.21 2-03 16.02 4.58 11.20 17.36 1.12 1.68 26.88 -40 13 202.38 71.40 4.34 3.57 18.43 3.64 12.32 22.68 3.40 3.71 3024 .84 14 213.92 81.76 7.50 3.20 23.62 2.99 10.00 9.22 1.12 -84 49.00 1.19 15 243.90 97.35 5.43 3.05 24.48 1.25 13.16 31.36 4.20 6.44 21-56 2.46 16 241-85 107.20 20.62 1.01 10.65 17.02 10.71 7.00 -94 -63 17.32 *70 17 186.90 69.60 3.34 1-04 25-56 1-59 10.64 18.69 -70 1-22 37.61 1.22 18 222.60 80.95 9.10 2.36 20.78 2.52 7.95 11.94 1.29 -98 48.01 -87 Chief constituents in 100 parts of ash, calculated in percentages on the total ash :- Iron Alumina Lime Alkalies. phate.phate. No. Potash. 8oda. Chlorine. ?%$%? Lime. Magneria. Phos- Phosphate. Phos. Bilioa. 1 54.235 3.493 *525 10.513 7‘284 -660 ,966 -048 .084 7.268 *084 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 51.434 49.646 48.660 48.413 50.086 33.170 39.980 42.418 40.354 46.426 38.789 34,557 37.527 39.039 37.948 31.233 35.620 3.051 10.539 1.979 ~293 1.663 1.148 5.360 1.003 -607 1.784 2,910 2.100 7.344 2.180 7.292 1-750 6.283 -862 ~673 -363 -626 1.587 3.390 -927 1.026 -383 *828 1.001 1.760 1-501 1.251 -292 -559 1.060 9.975 11.614 10.170 11-766 11.179 7.189 7.319 7.051 5.294 8.221 7.868 9.112 11.062 10-040 3.137 13.678 9.336 4.362 6.219 3.038 2.198 3.445 5,756 -596 3.419 -219 5-623 2.160 1.762 1-377 *503 6.096 -832 1,112 0704 -962 3.418 2-113 1.958 5.410 7.080 6.078 13.991 5-521 5.260 5.962 4.590 5.277 3.791 5.575 3.498 1.297 1.720 2.349 2.036 2.179 4.178 4.990 1-673 4418 5.324 8.180 10.977 4-231 12.575 4.980 9.793 5.253 -086 -064 -104 -776 1.052 -225 .364 1.227 1.030 -606 *6 26 1.640 -514 1-684 0332 -367 *567 *051 *160 -251 -612 -433 ,359 1.020 *653 1.178 *760 -789 1.795 3.850 2.582 -220 -642 -431 9.635 11.424 10,444 15.970 5.911 23.73 5.57 15-72 4.860 17-255 12.640 14.636 22.491 8.645 3.131 19.710 a10124 -086 *320 *332 0164 0157 -131 -337 -169 .162 ,076 .189 -406 *546 -988 -248 -641 985 The following are eamples of unfermented and other wines brought and obtained from various places :- No. 1.-Label on bottle : 6 L Bell’s unfermented juice of the vine, pure uncoloured virgin No.2.-“ Unfermented wine, sherry, manufactured from the juice of the grape.” No, 3,-66 Unfermented wine, port, manufactured from the juice of the grape.” fruit of the vine, nutriment of the grape without the irritant.”200 THE ANALYST.Comparing the analyses of the ashes of the above three “ Wines,” as given in the suc- ceeding tables, with the ash from pure grape juice, there will be no difficulty in deciding that these three samples are not genuine grape juice. new wine,” stated on the label to be “the best unfermented wine introduced, the guaranteed fruit of the vine, free from alcohol.” This wine contained 11, per cent. of proof spirit ; it also gave No. 5.--L6 Purest unfermented wine for the administration of the Lord’s Supper, care- fully bottled by - .The selected wine of the temperance fraternity.” This wine is alleged to be unfermented, and to consist of the juice of the grape boiled down to one-fifth of its original bulk in order to deprive it of its spirit. The low specific gravity and the proportion of ash prove that it has not been boiled down. The presence of 30 per cent. of proof spirit also stands as a witness to prove the absence of boiling. No. 6.--“ Pure and genuine unfermented fruit of the wine; .” This wine contained 2+ per cent. of proof spirit. No. 7 : L 6 Castle Tent, bottled Itnd guaranteed by .” The label represents this to be an unfermented sweet wine, with only the small amount of spirit necessary for its preservation. This wine contained 14 per cent. of proof spirit. This is similar to No. 7.No. 4.-6L very low ash. No, 8.-Castle Rota Tent. No. 9.-“ Unfermented wine, free from alcohol and unintoxicating, preserved in Z’UCUO bY This wine is prepared from grapes, specially imported from Andalusia, Burgundy and the Medoc, for this purpose; it is guaranteed to be the true fruit of the vine.” This sample was bought from a shop in the Borough of Salford by the Salford inspector. It did not contain alcohol, and the analysis of the ash is similar to the analysis of pure grape juice ash. . ash No. 10.-Ureek wine from the Island of Scio, “ unfermented.” No. 11.-White grape wine, fermented, from the Island of Scio. No. 12.-Deidesheimer, pale alcoholic wine. No. 13.-Diedesheimer Aucolee, a pale alcoholic wine. No. 14.-Italian juice, from Palmi, Calabria. Specific gravity of the wines; also the total acidity calculated aa tartaric acid, and the from 100 cc., and the percentage of ash which is soluble and insoluble in water :- No.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1s 14 Speaific Uravity. ...... 1100 ...... 1004 ...... 1107 ...... 1087 ...... 1015 ...... 1071 ...... 1125 ...... 1158 ...... 1078 ...... 1017 ...... 990 ...... 995 ...... 996 .. .... 1096 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Acid. -67 .. -61 .. -59 .. 5 6 .. -37 .. 1.125 . . -75 .. -75 .. -67 .. -72 .. -71 .. -84 .. *60 .. *73 .. Ash. -033 -030 -034 -190 a261 -342 -593 -570 -290 -368 -158 -165 -194 *347 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ash Boluble. 30.30 33.33 36.23 76.84 69-77 61.40 75.00 69.80 74.48 75.80 70.58 62-59 54-54 74.94 .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ash Insoluble. 69.69 66-66 61.76 23-15 30.27 36-50 24.96 30.17 25-62 24-20 29.41 37.45 45-41 25.05THE ANALY8T. 201 Table giving the number of grains of chief constituents of ash from one gallon of wine :- No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Potash. 5.04 1.97 3.30 58.10 64.89 89.11 148.62 135.24 93.92 85.05 47.32 61.81 50.12 126.70 soda. 2.30 2.31 1.67 4.55 11.12 5.10 10.69 17.94 1.50 23-38 5.62 1.20 2.13 3.01 Phogphoric 8111- Acid united phuric Chlorine. to Alkalies. Acid. -14 -104 9-00 .14 *lo4 8.56 -14 -228 9-40 2.80 4.27 8.542 9.80 7.12 30.710 4.34 7.12 26-60 18.20 20.809 83.51 29.12 21.985 68.88 1.32 5-210 23.12 10.54 41-37 16.08 1.359 8.43 12.68 2.128 5.884 15.827 2.786 10.405 11.216 3.547 30.141 16.613 Lime. 1.734 1.596 1 -05 9.80 14.49 25.90 17.22 15-40 5.52 7.175 3.191 3,693 7.977 9.035 Chief constituents in 100 parts of ash :- Magnesia.'216 ,378 -67 7-77 9-839 17.516 18.014 16.187 4.2 1 16-60 3.53 3.822 5.083 5.976 Bulphurio Phosphoric No. Potash. Soda. Chlorine. Acid. Acid. Lima. Magnesia. 1 21.808 9.952 -605 38.943 *450 7.503 -934 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 9.401 13.876 43.663 35.501 37.203 35.887 33.877 46.246 31.233 42.763 47.655 36.888 52.073 11.024 7.030 3.419 6.083 2-129 2.576 4.594 -738 1.750 6.080 *925 1.567 1.237 *666 -588 2.104 5.361 1.812 4.382 7.394 ~650 6.770 1.228 *162 2.044 1.455 40.683 39.513 6.419 16.801 11.105 20.109 17.254 11.384 13.678 11.467 12.197 8-250 12.387 *495 -957 3-208 3.900 2.970 -676 5.507 2-565 *832 7.617 4.533 7.654 6.826 7.597 4.4 10 7.364 7.917 10-813 4.346 3.857 2.718 5.575 2.883 2.847 5.865 3.713 1.800 2.814 5.1345 5.383 7.313 1,095 4.054 2.072 9.793 3.196 2.946 3.738 2.456 Iron phate. -190 -240 *29 2.25 -60 2.83 2.83 151 1.283 -491 -945 *641 2,401 Phos- .. Alumina Lime phate. phate. -482 2.219 *474 2.303 *942 3-696 *690 1.120 Phofi- PhoR- 1.850 10'92 2.980 -77 5.570 39.65 5.430 53-90 1.000 33.67 1.960 23.49 -418 11.928 1.260 23.975 ,933 21-305 2.429 28.305 Iron Alumina Lime phate. phate. phate. -022 2.085 9.601 1.142 2.216 10.962 1.218 3.956 15.523 1.690 *518 -841 -328 1.002 5.974 .. 1.244 -321 -681 1.341 9.523 -708 1.360 13.501 -743 -492 16,579 -366 -642 19.710 -443 -377 10.779 -728 ,971 18.484 ,471 *684 15.680 -986 -998 11.664 Phos- PhoE- PhoE- Oxide of Silica. Copper. -476 -945 -560 *945 1.12 .. *875 .. -84 .. 1.12 .. 1.61 .. -40 .. -28 .. 1.106 .. -735 .. -105 .. 1-365 . . -434 a864 Copper Silica, Oxide. 1.877 3.651 2.265 4.508 2.352 3.969 -841 .. 0478 .. -350 .. *270 .. *403 .. -196 .. ,641 .. -999 .. ,566 .. *077 .. -561 .. In several instances the quantity of liquor at my disposal was very small, thus pre- venting me from making duplicate analyses.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600197

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALY8T. 201 ANALYSES OF LIEBIG'S EXTRACT OF MEAT, AND OF AN I'MITATION OF THE EXTRACT. BY C. ESTOOURT, F.I.C., F.C.S. A FEW months ago I received a sample pot, duly labelled, &c., purporting to contain the genuine Extractum Carnis Liebig, which I was informed had been imported into this country from Italy. I was also informed upon good authority that the imitation was made principally from horse flesh, that it had been offered at a slightly reduced price, and had been purohased in considerable quantities by one or two large establishments in the city of M'anchester. Being of opinion that the comparative analyses of both the genuine and the imitatioD might be of some value to Public Analysts in other towns where the article was offered, I obtained from a large firm of wholesale druggists here, a Elample of undoubtedly genuine202 THE ANALYST.Liebig’s Extract to compare with the imitation. The latter in general get-up, labels, signature, and every detail would inevitably deceive anyone who merely judged by the appearance of the article. Total Solid Matter . . . . . . . . . . water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . Aeh Insoluble in Water . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . P, 0, Phosphoric Anhydride, in Soluble Phosphates HSO, Sulphuric Acid, in Soluble Sulphates . . Akalinity of Soluble Ash, expreeeed as NaHO . . PEB-CENTAQE ClOYPOBITION. Imitation. Genuine. 82.0 . . 88.0 18.0 . . 12.0 1.0 . . 0.0 23.10 .. 21.31 1.32 .. 1.48 1.765 .. 4.627 0,451 .. 0.606 2.401 . . 2.160 14.21 .. 8-12 It will be observed that the main differences between these two samples are due to the exoess of NrtCl and the deficiency in Phosphoric, which, together with the presence of fat, characterise the imitation sample. NOTE ON WILLIAMS’S NITROUEN PROCESS. BY THOS. P. BLUNT. WILLIAMS’S zinc couple method may be conveniently and accurately worked without distillation, in the case of any water, by adding oxalic acid to a double quantity of the sample, dividing, and using one portion, simply cleaned by subsidence in a stoppered bottle, as a comparison liquid for testing against the other, treated with the zinc couple in the usual manner. Of course, where dilution is used it must be carried out on each portion, The advantages of this modification are two-fold-(1) an equal turbidity is produced by Nessler solution in both samples, and (2) where the oxalic acid has contracted traces of ammonia, as is so often the eaee in a laboratory, the error introduced is corrected.QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A SOLUTION OF ‘‘ CITRATE OF MAUNESIA,” SOLD BY A NEW YORK MANUFACTURER. BY EDO CLAASSEN, Cleveland. HAVING found it difficult to prepare a solution of citrate of magnesia that will remain clear and not precipitate, and further, that the solution of citrate of magnesia sold by a certain firm always poesesses these properties, I undertook some time ago to examine the same in regard to the presence of magnesia and citric acid. The usual analytical method of destroying by evaporation and subsequent ignition all organic substances, in order to determine the fixed bafies, was employed by me in this case. I, therefore, evaporated about 4 oz.of the liquid in 8 silver dish to dryness, ignited the residue perfectly, and mixed the clame with water and as much hydrochloric acid as was necessary to give the solution an aaid reaction. The solution was then separated from a small quantity of coke, and a part of it was mixed with ammonia in excess, and with solutions of ammonium chloride and eodium phosphate. No precipitate was formed, not even after several hours’ standing. Magnesia was not present. The rest of the liquid was then tested for theTHE ANALYST, 203 presence of potassium and sodium, and only the last one found present. Another part of the original so-called (‘ citrate-of-magnesia solution ” was now tested in regard to the acids that might be combined with the sodium, and it was ascertained that, besides a little salphurk acid, no other acid besides tartaria was in the liquid. The so-called solution of L 6 citrate of magnesia ” was, therefore, nothing but a solution of sodium tartrate, and it could now at once be explained why this solution alwaya keeps well, and never forms a deposit.--New Remedies.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600201

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST, 203 ON THE PURITY OF COMMERCIAL IODIDE OF POTABBIUM, BY 0. KMPAR. THE method which is employed by the author to determine the per-centage of pure iodide is very simple, and has the additional advantage that it is not interfered with by the preeence of carbonate, bromide and chloride. HgCIa+4KI = 2KCl+HgI,.2KI. It depends upon the following reaction :- Four molecules of iodide of potassium are, therefore, exactly decomposed by 1 molecule of corrosive sublimate, so as to form a soluble double salt. If, now, an excess of corrosive sublimate is added, the double salt is again decomposed and merondo iodide is separated. HgCla+HgIa.2KI = 2KC1+2HgIa. As soon as this separation begins, the reaction is terminated. The normal solution of corrosive sublimate is prepared by dissolving 2-71 grams of the salt in sufficient water and diluting to 100 cubic centimetres.1 cc. of the solution, according to the above equation, indicates 0.06643 gram of iodide of potassium. When using the process, 10 grams of the iodide of potassium are dissolved in 60 grams of water, and 5 cubic centimetres of this solution are used at a time for trituration. This quantity in run into a beaker, placed on a sheet of white paper, and the above volumetric solution is allowed to flow in from a burette divided in A, until a permanent reddish yellow opal- escenoe ensues. Just before this occurs, the liquid itself assumes a reddish- yellow colour, which may be regarded as a sign of the approaching end of the reaction. It is best to prepare the solution of the anblimate each time fresh. The author has examined many commercial samples of iodide of potassium by thin method and haa found the per-centage of the true salt to vary between 88 and g9+ per cent. He considers that the commercial salt should aontain at least 96 to 97 per cent. of pure eak-Schwsiz. Woch. f. Pharm. LEAD IN BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM. maa9lr has found bromide of potassium in the market which is contaminated with lead. It is soluble to a clear liquid only after addition of an acid ; the larger crystals are remarkable by their transparency and their form, being a compound of octoedere and cubes. In testing for lead, sulphurio acid cannot be used, since the resulting snlphate of lead is soluble in bromide of potassium. But if hydrosnlphuric acid or sdphide of ammonium ia used, no doubt can arise.--Phc~m. Zsit.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600203

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

204 THE ANALYST. THE ADULTERATION OF BALSAM OF PERU. BY ALFRED SENIOR, M.D., F.C.S. THE adulteration of balsam of Peru has been practised to a large extent and with some degree of success, for several years past, principally in the north of Germany. The adulterants employed are rosin, gum benzoin liquefied with a little alcohol, storax, copaiba, and in some cases castor oil. In a communication to the Pharmaceutische Zeitung (XXX., 222,) Prof. Fliickiger deals with the problem of the examination of Peru Balsam for impurities. Pure balsam of Peru is a mixture of about two-thirds, as a maximum, of benzyl cinnamate or cinnameni, and one-third, as a minimum, of a brownish black resin ; it also contains about four per cent. of cinnamic acid, besides small quantities of other substances, The specific gravity determined at llio C.varies from 1.158 (minimum) to 1.147 (maximum), and inasmuch as all the adulterants are lighter than the pure balsam, the specific gravity of the sample is an important item. Samples should be regarded with suspicion when the specific gravity is below 1-14, or perhaps as the extreme limit, 1,158. Among other physical characteristics, the consistency of the specimen is important ; adulterated samples usually yield The benzyllic cinnamate is easily extraoted from the balsam by shaking with three times its weight of carbon disulphide, the solution, which, if the balsam be pure, is nearly colourless, being evaporated and the residue weighed. The quantitative determination of this constituent is not always of much value, owing to the varying amount of this substance contained in different specimens of balsam: in some cases, however, it is valuable, the effect of adulterants being to increase the weight of what ought to be nearly pure benzyllic cinnamate. The substance remaining after the treatment with carbon disulphide is the rosin, the weight of which should be nearly two-fifths, or at any rate exceed one-third, of the original weight of the balsam operated upon.If adulterants have been added, the weight will be less than this. For the estimation of the cinnamic acid, the author proposes the following method : fifty parts of balsam are boiled with a mixture of twenty parts of lime and five hundred parts of water, for two hours, care being taken to replace any water which evaporates during the process.At the end of this time the boiling solution is filtered, the substance remaining on the filter being twice washed with two successive two hundred parts of boiling water. I n this way all the cinnamic acid is obtained in solution as calcium cinnamate. The filtrate and washings are now evaporated to two hundred parts, treated with excess of hydrochloric acid and allowed to stand for some time. The cinnamic acid which will have separated in crystals, is collected, and after pressing between bibulous paper, dried partially by exposure to the air and finally on the water-bath. The weight ought to equal from three to four per cent. of the original sample. The determination of this constituent, however, is only of importance when considered in relation to the amounta of the other substances present.After the above treatment there remains upon the filter a mixture, the condition of which affords an important indication of the purity of the balsam-pure samples yield a ‘‘ soft, pliabIe mass ; ” when adulterated the mass is more or less hard. So important does Prof. Fliickiger consider this indication that he propoeee a special test based upon it, for the determination of the general purity of balsam of Peru. If two parts of the balsam are triturated with one part of slacked lime a soft, kneadable or somewhat pliable, tenderly divisible maas ” is obtained if the balsam is pure; in faaot thick, thread-like attenuated drops.”THE ANALYST. 205 the mass presents exactly the characteristics that one would expect from such a mixture. Where, however, storax, alcoholic extract of gum benzoin, rosin or copaiba were added to the extent of ten per cent., the mass became solid, hard and unkneadable. If this test is found by other experimenters to answer with all genuine specimens of balsam of Peru, Prof. Fluckiger suggests that as a test of purity, it should be ordered that “ten drops of Peru balsam shall furnish with four grammes of slacked lime a mixture which remains soft.” The only case where this test could not be applied is when castor or other fatty oils have been used as adulterants. These substanceB, however, would be revealed by heating the lime mixture, when they would be rendered evident by their odour and would also be detected by the treatment with carbon disulphide.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600204

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 205 GERMLESS MAIZE. THE importance of maize to the distiller and to the brewer is becoming generally recognised in this country, but it requires to be degerminated to be used to the highest advantage. The removal of the germ greatly enhances the value of the maize for the purposes of the distiller, and the degerminating process promises to be exceedingly valuable as a means of preparing the grain in question, By degermination its value is increased, by increasing the proportion of starch, so as to yield, it is said, 5-26 Ibs. more of proof spirit for every 100 lb. of maize employed. By the reduction of the proportion of oil to some- thing like that contained in barley malt, and by reducing to some extent the amount of nitrogenous compounds, the spirit from germless maize is, it is found, not only larger in quantity, but better in quality than that from the whole grain, while the extracted germs, though detrimental in distilling, are, it is said, more valuable for feeding purposes than the article in a whole state.The germs contain a larger amount of oil than linseed cake, while the nitrogenous matter, so valuable as a flesh-former, is largely increased by the degermi- nating process. Messrs. Muir and Son are said to be working the process upon a large scale, and to the entire satisfaction of distillers, brewers, and starch makers, who are their largest customers. As an article of feed for horses, when reduced with hay, chaff, or straw, the germ, as extracted by the process of the Messrs. Muir, wa understand, commands a high price, ratifying the statement made by Mr.Gladstone in his budget speech respecting the enhanced value of the cereal in its degermed state for distilling, brewing, starch-making, and for feeding purposes. Distillers as a class are not less alive to their interests than any other class of manufacturers, and there may be a good future in store for the Muir proaess. -Miller. DISPLAOEMENT OF THE SODIUM BASE IN SODIUM CHLORIDE BY COPPER HYDBATE.- Copper hydrate in a moist state possesses the singular property of liberating a certain quantity of alkali, if it is brought in contact with certain saline soIutions, such ag sodium and potassium chloride, potassium bromide, sodium sulphate, &c. The displacement of the alkali takes place even at temperatures as low as 4" and 6* C.If copper hydrate, well washed and moist, is added to a solution of sodium chloride of 10 per cent., the liquid in a few minutes acquires an alkaline reaction, which increases on standing. Meantime the hydrate is converted into a pale green powder containing chlorine. Moist copper carbonate aots in a similar manner,--. Comptes Bend.SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyserr of English Public Water Supplies in October, 1881. All results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. OXYGEN, Absorbed in HARDNESS, Clark's Scale, in degrees. Phosphoric Acid in Phosphates. Description of Sample. Date when drawn. Appearance in Two-foot Tube. Examination Microscopical of Deposit. 15 m i n s at 8oo Fahr. ANALYSTS. 4 hours at 800 Fahr. Before 3oiliig. After 3oiling Kent Co... . . . . New River . . . . East London . . Southwark & Vauxhall . . } West Middlesex Grand Junction Lambeth .... Chelsea . . . . . . -255 -210 -199 -150 -138 -161 -160 -140 -150 lone *092 -033 -385 *055 -042 -411 -338 -324 lone trace -077 -438 -190 -395 a082 Lone - Wigner & Harland. B. Dyer. Wigner & Harland. J. Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wynter-Blyth. J. Muter. A. Dupr6. *0078 -0028 -0067 -0042 -0056 -0069 *0042 *0080 *0001 -0049 -0056 ,0043 .0063 -0096 4016 ,0005 ,0020 *0098 -0072 ,0039 ,0115 ,0035 ,0044 p0070 80014 -0029 -0021 *0026 none a0020 .0010 none .0010 none none 90020 -0019 *0011 *0010 9040 none 4006 -0030 none -0032 4007 -0015 -0042 *0026 -0005 a028 .0080 *0260 -0840 *0560 a0620 -0840 -0561 -0780 none -1460 *1550 -0485 none ~0468 -0324 ,0131 ,0120 ,0072 ,2520 .1184 ,0483 ,1177 9084 .0080 -3002 none 22-00 15.0° 14.9O 145O 13*1° 14*1° 14.5' 13.5" 17.5' 4.2O 9.10 3.2' 12.6O 7.7O 4.50 17.5O 5 * 2 O 16*0° 6.4O 4.70 2.8O 14.0° 6-0° 24.0' 10.80 27.8' 1.91 1-14 1.49 1-24 1.17 1.22 1.49 1.16 1.08 -60 1.19 *45 2.06 -90 +90 1.40 1.47 1.05 -56 -67 -84 -99 5.30 2.12 1.49 1.47 6-4O 15*0° 5-30 3.50 2.4' 3-90 3.50 2.5O 4-50 3-90 5-50 3.0° 4.0° 2.20 4-40 6*OC 4-20 7.5O 3*0° 3-90 2-8O 5-0° 3.5O 4.50 4-50 14~0~ 31.80 18.76 23-20 20.10 19.35 20.00 20.16 19-04 22.72 7-80 17.25 6.30 23-80 16.80 8-63 34-50 9.24 22-60 8.96 6.40 7.00 23-10 22.20 34.62 18.90 30.80 trace trace trace trace trace trace trace trace none none trace none none none none traces none trace traces none trace trace trace trace traces none pale blue green clear p.g. yel. s. turb. c. v. p. yellow yellow green pale yellow c. v. p. yellow. c. p. grnsh. bm. clear f. blue 3. opq. pty. yell. v. turb. grsh. yel. r. turbid yellow pale blue green greenish 3. turbid yellow c. pale blue pale blue f. green 9. turb. yel. gm. yellowish !. brnsh. yellow .. brown opaque pale blue cloudy c. oolourless light brown greenish satisfactory satisfactory vegetable debris satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory none siliceous and veg. matter layey subs. & veg. mtter. vegetable debris algs & sand nineral matter veg. deb. satisfactory slight none aovg. orgnsms. min. mtr. none iat., conferv.,vortic., &c. none satisfactory animalcula veg. debris vegetable matter none -0120 none a0300 ,0330 -0031 *0308 -0320 none *0200 ,0140 *0285 none ,0148 ,0188 ,0044 .0040 ,0072 ,0153 ,0160 ,0684 -0014 none -0268 none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none s.mossy none none none s. peaty none none slight none none weedy none Bath . . . . . . . . Bradford.. . . . . Birmingham .. Bolton.. . . . . . . Brighton ...... Bristol . . . . . . . . Bury (Lan.) .. Cambndge . . . . Canterbury.. . . Croydon . . . . . . Darlington . . . . Edinburgh . , . . Exeter . . . . . . . . Grantham . . . . Hsstings . . . . Ipswich . . . . . . King'sLynn .. Leamington .. J. W. Gatehome. F. M. Rimmington. A. Hill. W. H. Watson. Wigner & Harland. F. W. Stoddart. W. H. Watson. J. West Knights. S. Harvey. C. Heisch. W. F. K. Stock. J. Falconer King. F. P. Perkins.A. Ashby. H. F. Cheshire J. Napier. W. Johnstone. A. Bostock Hill.SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in October, 1881. All results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. Date gig. Appearance in Two-foot Tube. 3ct. 20 ,, 13 ,, 13 ,, 13 ,, 19 ,, 14 ,, 10 ,, 8 ,, 14 ,, 4 ,, 17 ,, 1 ,, 7 ,, 19 ,, 14 ,, 6 ,, 10 I , ,, 8. yellow yellow brown yell. grn. 8. turb. c. colourless s. turb. f. yellw. turbid, greenish f. yellow p. grnsh. yellow p. blue green s. turbid f. yellow v. f. green f.turb.colourless c. colourless f. grnsh. yellow clear c. f. green s. yellow yellowish OXYGEN, Absorbed in HAFDNESS, Clark's Scale, in degrees. Phosphoric Acid in Phosphatee. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. Description of Sample. ANALYSTS.6 mine at 800 F a . Before loiling. 4 hours at 80° Fahr. After loiling. I Leicester.. . . . . Liverpool . . . . Maidstone- Wtr. Companj Public Conduit Mmchester . . . . Newark . . . . . , Newcastle -on- Tyne.. . . . . Norwich . . . . . . Nottingham . . Pertsmouth .. Reading ...... Rochdale . . . . Rugby . . . . , . . . Sdford . . . . . . Bhrewsbury .. Southampton.. Swansea . . . . . . Whitehaven .. Wolverhamp ton 1 none s. peaty 1-12 1.0 8 2.33 2-14 *73 1.43 -76 1.90 2-76 1-12 1.10 -60 1.42 -60 1.45 *77 *80 -34 1.33 traces traces traces tracee none trace trace traces none trace trace none . h. tracer none traces h. trace trace traces traces -075 *077 9860 0860 none -055 -040 -049 1.840 -190 ~155 none *092 none -296 *480 none -007 *084 ,001 1 -0 02t none none -003 1 -0009 trace traces none trace *0007 -0007 00017 -0014 -0005 -0028 *OW7 none none *0023 .0056 -0014 *0003 -0065 4039 *oOw -0060 *0070 -0031 -0049 ~0014 -0168 -0021 *0010 -0049 -0063 -0017 -0042 -0030 -0462 -0260 -0056 ,0431 -0191 *0770 -0366 none none *0030 -0007 ~0337 ,0257 -0030 -0290 -0020 *0100 ,0201 -0730 -0691 -0364 -0156 -1835 .0455 -1220 -0680 -0100 none -0560 none -0840 ,0392 -0070 *0990 -0040 -0180 -0389 7.70 5-30 17-9O 17.5O 2-00 1 7 ~ 0 ~ 16-0° 13*0° 17.6' 13*8O 15.1' 2-20 20.00 3.0° 23.0' 12-6O 1*5O *40 1 3 ~ 7 ~ 5-40 4.7" 6*6O 6-2O 2-00 9-00 5.0° 4.2O 12.6' 2-00 4.70 200 lo*oo 2.5' 7.0' 4.6O 2-60 *40 6- 2 O 16.33 8.40 33.60 32-13 4.84 35.81 18-90 16.40 38.40 19.50 19.20 3.20 22.40 3.50 25.00 18.60 3.71 1.87 20.86 vegetable debris amorphous matter satisfactory satisfactory 8.mineral amorphous matter satisfactory satisfactory veget. deb. earth anim. decayed veg. diatoms aatiafactory satisfactory ag. debris, desmids, diat. none none satisfactory none satisfactory liatoms, vegetable debris W. L. Emmerson. A. Elmetham. M. A. Adams. M. A. Adams. W. Thomson. A. Ashly. J. Pattinson. W. G. Crook. Wiper & Harland W. J. Sykes. J. Shea. T. A. Collinge. A. P. Smith. J. Carter Bell. T. P. Blunt. A. Angell. W. Morgan. A. Kitchin. E. W. T. Jonee. none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none Abbreviations:--a., dear; t, faint; h., heavy; p., pale; v. h., very heavy; v. E., very elight. ERItBTA.-h the September Table the Nottingham Chlorine should have been 1.49 instead of *149 ; Reading Chlorine should have been 1.10 instead of e l l .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600205

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

208 THE ANALYST. Kent ............ New River ........ I East London .... Southwark and 0 Vauxhall ...... West Middlesex . . s Grand Junction . . Lambeth ........ T m PUBLIC WATEB SUPPLIES OF ENGLAND. VALUATION, AOUORDING TO WIGINER’S VALUATION SOALE, OF THE ANALYSES PUBLISHED THIS KONTK. IN the following table we give the avsrage valuation of those public water supplies reported on this month from January to June, and the valuation of the July, August, September and October waters. 30 26 32 34 30 30 37 I S Chelsea ......... ./ !i Bath .............. Birmingham.. ...... 33 - Bolton ............ Bradford .......... Brighton .......... Bristol ............ Bury .............. Cambridge.. ........ Canterbury ........ Croydon .......... Darlington ........ Derby.. ............ Dublin ............Edinburgh.. ........ Exeter ............ Grantham .......... Bastings .......... Huddersfield ........ Ipswich ............ .. 53 24 22 28 17 27 33 18 23 28 20 27 23 27 .. .. - 6 I c, - 27 17 39 28 24 23 29 26 19 37 17 53 23 27 35 26 22 30 39 13 21 16 20 26 30 ~ .. .. ~ - U E 4 - 20 17 20 31 29 25 31 32 20 26 19 59 25 24 22 16 96 13 20 23 32 25 30 - .. .. .. 28 - - J ul 8 - 27 21 20 27 39 30 26 36 29 17 44 21 30 24 21 12 50 ~ .. .. .. .. 24 23 .. .. .. .. ~ - 6 8 29 24 35 30 33 31 33 37 13 36 28 36 22 29 30 22 15 74 a U - - 23 .. .. 31 18 70 27 28 .. - King’s Lynn ............ Learnington ............ Leeds .................. Leicester ................ Liverpool .............. Maidstone Water Company ,, Publio Conduit. . Manchester .............. Newark ................Newcastle-on-Tyne , , , , . . Norwich ................ Nottingham ............ Plymouth .............. Portsmouth ............ Reading ................ Rochdale.. .............. Rugby.. ................ Salford ................ Sevenoaks .............. Shrewsbury ............ Southampton. ........... Sunderland ............ Swansea ................ Tunbridge Wells ........ Warwick.. ... I .......... Whitehaven ............ Wolverhampton ........ - 0 &a- $2 2 - 94 26 35 42 36 39 36 22 39 37 36 39 29 30 25 9 41 18 20 23 43 26 16 34 9 46 .. - - 3 - 10 28 24 29 34 28 17 46 40 49 46 22 20 7 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 14 34 17 39 * . - - u 3 3 - 48 26 22 26 41 30 25 29 41 43 36 38 26 34 9 21 17 40 19 .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 32 - - P m - .10 .... 23 47 31 27 28 .. 68 33 42 28 27 23 46 21 19 40 15 35 10 10 15 .. .. .. ~ a4 24 25 37 38 31 49 33 57 34 62 24 25 5 69 15 21 40 12 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 33 Owing to considerations of epace we have omitted from this table those places aB to which we have published no analyses during the past four months. In the case of the metropolitan waters, the average valuation of the supplies for October is 2.2 higher than the valuation for September, which was itself 3.5 higher than that for August, the average valuation for October being 31.5, while that for the fist six months of the year was 81.2. The increased valuation is tolerably fairly distributed among the different companies, except the West Middleeex, which shows a considerably decreaed figure in oxygen absorbed.All the samples are, however, still well within the limite of first-class water, and quite fit for a public water supply. Among the provincial supplies reported on this month, the moat pure are Rochdale, with a valuation of 5 ; Whitehaven, 10 ; Swansea, 12 ; Bath, 13 ; Canterbury and Salford, 16 each; and Exeter, 18. In most of these cases there is a slight but quite perceptible improvement upon last month’s reports. In the case of Whitehaven the figure of last month’s valuation should have been 10 instead of 30. Following these best waters, we have Shrewabury with a valuation of 21 ; Brighton, Cambridge and Croydon, 22 each ; Learnington and Portsmouth, 24 each ; Leioester andTHE ANALYST. 209 Reading, 25 each; Hastings, 27 ; Bolton and Ipswich, 28 each ; Bristol 29, and Bury 30. There are comparatively few changes of note in these figures, the most important change being probably that of Bolton, where a considerable increase on the proportion of oxygen absorbed has increased the valuation from 17 to 28.The valuations of Bradford, Eing’s Lynn, Liverpool and Newcastle show an improve- ment over the results of last month; while on the other hand the analyses of the waters from Darlington, Edinburgh, Grantham, Maidstone, Manchester, Nottingham, Rugby, and Wolverhampton give less satisfactory indications. On the whole the general autumn and winter deterioration in the character of the Elupplies is making itself shown all over the conntry . OCCURRENCE OF ABSENIC AND VANADIUM IN CAUSTIC SODA. SIN,, caustic soda is no longer exclusively made from crude soda and lime, but is also produced directly from red liquor, the product is often contaminated with undue proportione of chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, even nitritea, and sometimes cyanogen oompounde.The author has now also met with arsenic and vanadium in caustic soda. The latter impurity may be disregarded, being rare and very minute ; but the former is more serione. A sample of this caustic soda, dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, and the solution tested directly in Marsh’s apparatus, yielded a strong arsenic mirror. Assay by means of precipi- tation with hydro-sulphuric acid, &c., yielded 0.16 per cent. of arsenic acid. The same sample contained also 0.014 per cent. of vanadic acid. The latter may be recognised by passing through t-i solution of the caustic soda a current of hydro-sulphuric acid, when the liquid will finally assume an intense reddish-violet. This is filtered and acidulated with dilute sulphuric acid, when a precipitate will be obtained which, after being washed, will produce with borax a yellow bead in the outer blow-pipe flame, and a green bead in the inner. On heating the precipitate in the air, a reddish-yellow mass is obtained which is soluble in ammonia with a, yellow colour. The latter solution, slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid, yields a bluish-black precipitate with infusion of nutgalls.-Dingier's Po I. Journ .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600208

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 209 MILK ANALYSIS AT MANCHESTER. The following correspondence will be of interest to our readers :- To THE EDITOR OF “ THE MANCHESTER CITY NEWS.” Sir,-In your issue of Saturday last you report a case in which a farmer was fined 40s. on the report of Mr. Estcourt, the city analyst, that it contained “ eight per cent. of added water,” although evidence was given on behalf of the defendant that no water had been put in. Permit me to give my experience of a recent oocurrence :-On the 9th August I was at a farm in Chadderton, when a desire to I‘ test ’’ the analyst of the City of Manchester came upon me. I have long had an opinion of my own about the value of certain analyses. With the consent of the farmer I weLt into the shippon-it was then milking time-and I saw two of the cows milked.The milk from each cow was poured into a larger milk pail, and about a quart of this liquid was poured into a jug, and a bottle was at once filled from the jug. I put a cork into that bottle, and conveyed it to Mr. Estcourt’s office in Manchester, on my next journey thither on the 12th. I asked Mr. Estcourt’s assistant what it would cost to analyze it, and I was informed 15s. 9d., which sum I paid. I was next subjected to a cross-examination, which reminded me very foroibly of the process which a young lady would have to undergo if she paid a visit to a gipsy in order to obtnin a look into futurity. Let me here say that for obvious reasons I gave a feigned name and address-that of a friend in Lower Broughton. I n due course I received the report of the analyst, which stated that the sample contained “ added water,” and that it was deficient in fat.210 THE ANALYST.My curiosity was excited, and I determined to gratify it. I therefore visited Mr. Estcourt again and this time I was the “ pumper.” The result of what came out in our conversation, of which I took notes in Mr. Estcourt’spresence, was that the sample of milk which I took to him had from 20 to 50 per cent of “ added water,” according to the standard of quality set up as the ideal standard, but at the lowest standard of pure milk fixed, it contained the former quantity of ‘‘ added water.” ‘‘ Now as to the fat, Mr. Estcourt ; you say it is deficient in fat. Has fat been abstracted ? ” His reply was “ Yes.” ‘‘ What percentage ? ” “ Taking the quality of the milk as a low one, from four to ten per cent of fat has been abstracted.” I am prepared to prove that the milk in question was pure milk, just as it came from the cow, and that it contained no added water whatever, nor had any fat been abstracted from it when handed in for analysis, and I challenge Mr.Estcourt to have the matter tried. fairly out. Mr. Headlam may well exclaim, in connection with the case he tried, that “ it was a most extraordinary thing that there was water in the milk, when nobody appeared to have put it there.” Mr. Estcourt’s explanation will probably be that some of the cows are more cunning than honest to the farmer who supplies them with food and shelter. I have said nothing here but what has been proved and admitted on oath before magistrates, and remain, without further comment, yours truly, Union Street, Oldham. S.WALL. In reply to this communication, Mr. Estcourt sent a letter, from which we take the About four years ago a farmer, named Cheetham, of Chadderton, was fined in the Oldham Police Court €20 and costs for milk adulteration. On July 13th last, among the samples received from the Oldham authorities for analysis, two were returned by me as having been skimmed-one to the extent of 36 per cent., the other 60 per cent. On attending court at Oldham, on 4th August, in these cases, I found the vendor of the two samples was the same farmer, Cheetham. The cases were heard, and the defence offered was that the summonses were short-served. The cases were dismissed and the magistrates granted fresh summonses to be heard 20th August.Between the two hearings the f m e r , who might easily have obtained an independent analyses of the two duplicate samples which were delivered to him on 13th July, engaged Mr. Wall to assist him in preparing a sample, ostensibly to test the modern method of milk analysis, in reality to mystify the authorities. As will be seen, the defendant dterwards admits in his evidence the accuracy of the method. The S. Wall sample however-taking his own statement in evidence-wasfore milk, and was therefore not milk such as ordinary purchasers expect to get. I t was milked from two cows only (selected by the farmer), not from the herd, as were my samples. It was milked on 9th August, yet not delivered at my laboratory until the 12th.When received here it was not sour, or curdled, as samples of milk are found to be after three days’ keeping by ordinary persons. All these facts do not lend much aid in proof of its identity with the milk said to have been obtained from the cows at Chadderton. As stated in my report to Mr. Wall, the sample had (taking good milk as standard) been watered and skimmed. As to the verbal information Mr. Wall received, and which he wrote down, with his book under the edge of my writing table, he has either ignorantly or designedly confused and inverted the sense, for I distinctly told him that there was, taking good milk as a standard, three per cent. of water added and forty to fifty per cent. fat gone, which fact in his evidence he practically admits by &&ng that it was fore milk.In the reports of the case, the farmer and his wife both state that in one case they sold only the fore or first part milked, and kept the last portion of the milking to be used by them for making butter. In the second case they declare they skimmed the milk. In my certificate, when I find a deficiemy of oream, I can only state the fact that the cream has been abstracted, and on this point the defendant corroborates my certificate of analysis. In conclusion, Mr. Estcourt says, “alluding to the last paragraph in Mr. Wall’s letter, the report of the case proves him to be, to say the least, unreliable, for no part of what he says was proved and admitted on oath before magistrates.” following :- The following is an abbreviated report of the case referred to, the italics being ours :- At the Oldham Borough Police Court, on 20th August, before Mr. Knott and other magistrates, James Cheetham, of Chadderton, was summoned for a breach of the sale of Food Act.Mr. J. Ponsonby, solicitor, defended him. J. E. Drew, inspector, utated that on the 13th of July he purchased a quart ofTHE ANALYST. 21 1 milk from the defendant, a sample of which he took to Mr. Estcourt, the analyst. In reply to Mr. Ponsonby, witness said he did not ask for “ fore ” milk ; he did not know the term. He did not notice that the milk was of a bluish tint. Mr. Estcourt, then stated that 36 per cent. of the fat had been abstracted fron the sample. Mr. Ponsonby asked Mr. Estcourt how long it would take for cream to rise to the top.Mr. Estcourt: I t depends upon circumstances. Mr. Ponsonby : Would there be a change in half an hour? Mr. Estcourt : I have no doubt there would. Mr. Ponsonby : How is fat abstracted ? Witness : Ordinarily by skimming. Mr. Ponsonby : You are of opinion that the milk has been skimmed ? Witness : Yes. Is 36 per cent. an unusual quantity of fat to abstract ? I think 36 per cent. leaves an unusually small quantity to sell for new milk. Mrs. Cheetham, wife of the defendant, was then called, and she stated that on the morning of the 13th ult. the milk, after standing at the door in some cold water to cool, was put into a can. The ‘‘ afterings ” was kept to make butter and cream. The defendant corroborated his wife’s statement, and added that when Drew came to him he said ‘‘ Sell me a quart of fore milk.’’ There was more fat in the after milk than in the fore milk.Stephen Wall was then called. He stated that he procured a sample of milk from the defendant’s cows on the 9th. He saw the two cows milked, and the milked poured into one can. It was fore milk. Some of it was poured into a bottle, which he delivered to Mr. Estcourt’s assistant on the 9th. The Bench ruled that this evidence had no bearing on the case, as it related to milk procured at another time. Dr. Sutton then stated that there was another case against defendant. Drew stated that he purchased a second sample of milk from the defendant, which he called night’s milk. Witness paid 4d. for it. Mr Ponsonby : What do you mean by night’s milk ? Witness : I don’t know, sir ; it is a term of his own.Was that can marked pure milk ? I won’t swear that at all. Mr. Estcourt stated that on analysis he found 60 per cent. of the fat had been abstracted from the sample submited to him. Matilda Cheetham, defendant’s wife, stated that on the night of the 12th the milk was skimmed. The milk was sold as skimmed at 3d. per quart. Defendant stated that he told Drew that the milk was “ night’s milk ” skimmed. He paid 3d. for the milk, which was the usual charge. Dr. Sutton here said this case was a very important one. Sixty per cent. of fat abstracted meant so much starving of children and infants. I t was no wonder they found weak children when they were fed on this “ material.” After hearing Mr. Ponsonby’s defence, the Bench retired, and, on returning into court, Mr. Knott said that in the first case the magistrates were unanimously of opinion there must be a conviction. The defendant would be fined $10 and costs. I n the second case they were also satisfied there must be a conviction, and a penalty of 5210 and costs would also be inflicted in this instance. Mr. Ponsonby : I give notice of appeal. The milk sent out was morning’s fore milk. Mr. Knott : There will be time enough for that,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600209

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 211 LAW REPORTS. Heavy Fiizes f o r Adulterating Bread with Alum :- At Ramsgate, William Popple, of 78, High Street, pleaded guilty to selling, on the 11th August, to the prejudice of a customer, bread not of the nature, quality, or substance demanded.-&ifaria Cashford, the wife of a police-constable, said she waa employed by Mr. May on the 11th August to go to defendant’s ghop where she purchased a 2-lb. loaf and paid 3@. for it. She handed the loaf to Mr. May who was at the door, and Miss Popple, who served witness, called her father, and Mr. May told him he intended to have the bread ana1ysed.-Mr. Edward S. May, Inspector of Nuisances, said he received the loaf mentioned from the last witness, which he requested her to purchase. He saw defendant and told him he intended to have the bread analysed by the Public Analyst.Witness divided the loaf into three212 THE ANALYST. parts, one of which he gave to the defendant, another he delivered to Mr. Sidney Harvey at Canterbury on the same day, and the other he produced. On the 17th August witness received a certificate stating that the sample was adulterated with alum to the extent of more than 27 grains to R 4-lb. loaf, and he (Mr. Harvey) added : b b I am of opinion that the addition of alum to bread renders the same indigestible and injurious to health.”-Defendant, in reply to the Bench, said his bread turned out rather queer for two or three days, and lie fell back upon (‘ that stuff ; ” it was unusual for him to use it, and unfortu- nately Mr. May had one of the loaves.-The Chairman said defendant had made no tangible excuse, and the Bench fined him $5 and 11s.costs. John Sutton, of 18, Queen Street, pleaded not guilty to a similar charge.-Mrs. Cashford proved purchasing a 2-lb. loaf for 3ad. of Mrs. Sutton. Mr. Sutton was called into the shop and the Inspector told him he should have the bread ana1ysed.-Mr. May said he received the loaf in question from the last witness (whom he employed), in the shop, and told defendant he should have it analysed by the Public Analyst, whose certificate, dated the 18th August, he now produced. It stated that the sample received from witness on the 11th August, and marked 31, was adulterated with alum to the extent of more than 13 grains in a 4-lb. loaf.-Defendant said if there was anythiDg in his bread, it was in the flour when he purchased it.-The Chairman said that, although there was less alum, the Bench found no difference in the cases, and defendant was fined 5% and 11s.costs. I n reply to the Bench, Mr. May sdid he submitted ten samplesl to the Public Analyst, but these were the only two cases he had brought against bakers for adulterating bread with alum. The analyst, however, remarked that in all the samples tliere was from three to six per cent. of moisture more than good bread ought to contain, arid pointed out that this excess of water in the bread was a b b serious fraud ” which did not fall within the scope of the Act of Parliament. A Tremendous Fine :- At West Hartlepool, recently, two heavy penalties were inflicted by the county magistrates for milk adulteration.I n the first case, a farmer, named Thomas Robinson, charged for the third time with the offence, and the analysis showing that 33 per cent. of water adulterated the milk, was fined $50 and Costs, or three months’ imprisonment. In the second, Frederick Levers, EL milk-seller, whose milk on analysis showed 22 per cent. of water, was fined S l O and costs, or six weeks’ imprisonment. A third, where a slighter adulteration was proved, was adjourned for the appearance of the original seller. Decision as to the 28 Days’ Limit .Required by the Act :-- At Sunderland, Hamilton T. IIardman, provision merchant, and the occupier of a stall in the Market, was lately charged by William NcKay, inspector of nuisances to the Corporation, with selling butter adulterated to the extent of 76 per cent.with foreign fats, on the 30th June. Mr. F. M. Bowey, Deputy Town Clerk, appeared in support of the charge, and Mr. Marshall defended. The inspector proved buying the article as butter, and a certificate from Dr. Yeld, the borough analyst, stated that it was adulterated to the extent named. Mr. Marshall said he had an objection to the summons to raise. The alleged offence was committed a t noon on the 30th June, and the summons was not served until the evening of the 28th July. He contended that as more than 28 days, allowed by law, had elapsed, the summon8 must break down. Mr. Bowey, in reply, said if the summons had not been served within 28 days, as regarded the hours, it had been legally served as regarded the days themselves. The Bench overruled the objection.Mr. Marshall said his defence to the charge was that the defendant’s son, a little boy, who had perhaps somewhat carelessly been left in charge of the stall, had inadvertently sold butterine for butter, and even though an offence might thus have been committed, he asked the Bench to deal leniently with the defendant. The Bench considered the case proved, and fined the defendant 5s. and costs, a distress warrant to be issued in default. A Milk- Vendor Sentenced to Imprisonment :- At Ramsgate, Edward Coleman was summoned for selling to the prejudice of Edward Stephen May, milk not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded.-Defendant pleaded not guilty.-Mr. C. J. Mercer appeared for defendant.-Mr.May said that on Tuesday, the 9th August, he met defendant with his cart at the top of Meeting Street, and asked him for a pint of milk. Defendant took the milk from one can, and witness paid him 2id. for it, telling him he intended to have it analysed by theTHE ANALYST. 213 public analyst. He divided it into three parts, one of which he delivered to Mr. Harvey the same day. He produced a certificate, dated 11th August, from that gentleman, which stated that the sample was adulterated with 15 per cent. of added water.-Cross-examined : Did not think defendant told him he bought the milk of anyone. Did not say he never put water in it, or that he had had it from three different people, and he thought it was quite pure.-Mr. Mercer said that practically there wae no defence to this case, as his client had not thought fit to get a certificate from whom he bought it.He suggested that the first customers got the best of the milk, and submitted that 15 per cent. of added water was not a great deal.-The Chairman notified their intention to convict in this case, but said they wou,ld hear the other sUmmonS against the defendant before deciding upon the penalty. Defendant (Coleman) was then further charged with having in his cart, on the same date, certain ‘‘milk,’7 apparently for sale as food for man, which had been condemned by two of Hcr Majesty’s Justices as bcing unfit for the food of man.-Defendant pleaded not guilty.-Mr. E. 8. Nay said that on Tuesday, the 9th August, he was coming down High Street, and on looking up George Stieet he saw the defendant with a horse and cart.Upon observing witness, defendant whipped up the horse and drove up into Meeting Street. Witness then went back up High Street, and, on looking up Meeting Street, saw defendant get out of his cart with the intention of serving two of his customers, but as soon as he saw him (Mr. May) he turned his pony round and drove off to the end of the street again and round the corner without serving hie customers. Defendant was just about to drive off when witness overtook him. He then purchased, as stated in the previous case, one pint of milk, which defendant took from One can in the cart. After purchasing it, witness asked defendant why he served him from that particular can, and he replied that it was ‘‘ all the same sort ” in the other two cans.Witness asked him to open the lid of the centre can, which he did, and it was empty. He then asked defendant to open the lid of the third can, which he declined to do, again stating it was “ ail the same,” and there was no need for him to open it. Witness then removed the lid, and found the can contained :ibout a gallon of liquid which looked like milk ; he seized it, and took it out of the cart, as being unfit for the food of man. After setting it down on the pavement he gave defendant an opportunity of explaining why he was carrying it, but he gave no explanation whatever. Witness brought the contents of the can before two of Her Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, on the 11th ult., when defendant was present, and an order was made condemning the “ milk ” as unfit for the food of man.Witness produced a sample of the ‘‘ milk ” taken from the can he seized (a mixture resembling soap-water, with lumps of apparently soap floating in it). Witness sent a similar sample to that produced, taken from the can, to the Public Analyst (Mr. S. Harvey) from whom he received a Certificate stating that it cousisted of water with less than one per cent. of milk. There was no other matter detected in it, and witness asked the analyst to look especially for blood. The can seized was very filthy inside, and there was a bad smell about the contents. The witness said that he would like to add that he had had scveral complaints froin the defendant’s customers.-Cross-examined : He had not discovered that this water was used to bathe the pony’s leg ; he had discovered just the contrary. Defendant gave him no explaniltion as to what the water was for until six hours afterwards, when he stopped him coming from the station at ten o’clock at night, and said he wished to tell the “ truth ” about it.Defendant said his pony was frightened by a bicycle, and slipped down on the kerb in Effingham Street, cutting its knee, and he got tlie water from a person’s house in the neighbourhood to bathe it with, using the rag that was on the top of the can. Defendant told witness he used the rag as he had no other. He did not explain that the colour of the water was caused by using the milky rag and soap. Defendant a t the same time told witness that he used the can seized for collecting fowls’ victuals in, and that it had nothing to do with the milk.Wit- ness had every reason to believe that the water was carried in the cart to mix up with the milk.- Witness added to his evidence in chief that he had examined the pony’s knees with Police-Constable Axon, and there was not the slightest symptoms of any recent injury. After some corroborative evidence had been given, MI-. Mercer, for the defence, said he was instructed that this was a malicious prosecution. The statement made to him by his client (who could not be put in the witness box) was that on the day in question his pony was frightened by a bicycle and that it fell down on to the kerb in Effingham-street and cut a piece out of its knee about the size of a five-shilling piece. He went to his sister’s and procured some water which had soap in it to bathe the pony’s knee.Unfortunately, Mr. May caught him and tried to suggest that it was in his cart for the purpose of adulterating the milk ; he submitted that it was not likely a man would run such a risk. He (Mr. Mercer) had sent for the defendant’s sister who supplied the water, but she had not arrived, and as this was a most serious case for liis client he asked for an adjournment to enable her to get there.-The Bench expressed the opinion that defendant had ample time to get his sister there.-Mr. l’dercer said the214 TEE ANALYST. sister had been sent for, and he hoped their Worships would give him the opportunity of calling her, as defendant, he admitted, ought to be severely punished if he were found guilty. In conclusion, he sub- mitted to their Worships that the summons must fail, inasmuch as the defendant had been summoned there for selling ‘‘ certain milk,” whereas the analyst said there was no milk, only one per cent., and that was to be accounted for by defendant having used the milk rag in the water to bathe the pony’s knee.-The Magistrates retired, and after a short absence returned to the Court, when Mr.Mercer said he thought his witness was present, if they would allow him to call her.-The Chairman said that if it was only as to her giving defendant the water it would not alter his decision. He then said that in the first case-which was that of selling adulterated milk-defendant would be fined 40s. and 10s. costs, or one month. In the other instance-where the “ milk )) was unfit for the food of man-the Bench con- sidered it a very gross case, and they would send him to prison for one month’s hard labour without the option of a fine.-Defendant paid the ~ O S ., and was removed in custody. Sarah Austen, of 12, La Belle Alliance Square, was summoned for a similar offence, and her m n appeared.-Mr. May having given evidence, put in the analyst‘s certificate, which stated that the milk was adulterated with 11 per cent. of added water.-Defendant’s son said they could not be answerable for the milk ; it was the dairy farmers who adulterated it and derived the benefit.-Fined 30s. and 11s. aosts. The money was paid. HORDER v . MEDDINUS.-CO~~~~ adulterated with 75 per cent. of chicory. Coffee asked for by purchaser after sale, but before delivery.Vendor labelled it a mixture, &c., on proof of which fact the magistrate refused to convict. Case remitted to magistrate because he had not found whether the statement of the mixture was for the purpose of concealing fraudulent increase in the bulk of the article. Semble that it was-otherwise vendor’s defence good.-44 J.P. 234. NEW YORK STATE ADULTERATION AcT.-With reference to the list of groups of drugs and food, and the chemists to whom they had been assigned for examination, published in our September number, we are informed that the work now being done in the State of New York on the examination of food is only preliminary, and that later each analyst, will examine whatever samples are submitted to him by the proper authorities, without regard to any particular group previously examined.BY the Act recently pasaed by the New York State Legislature, the State Board of Health were authorized to investigate the subject of adulterations in food, and they have already begun work. Inspectors have been appointed to collect and analyze samples of butter, beer, baking powder, bakers’ chemicals, cocoa, cordials, canned food, confections, cereals, cheese, meat extracts, fish and fish extracts, fruit essences, ether, gelatine, honey, ice-cream, milk, molamw, lard-oil, olive-oil, quinine, sugar, syrups, soda-water, spices, spirits, tea, wine, and all pharmaceutical preparations. I t may be remembered that parti81 investigation of this kind was made some time ago by the City Board of Health, They found that in the case of sugar of one hundred and nine gamples, forty-five only were thoroughly pure and good ; fifty-one, however, contained only accidental dust, while eight were marked dirty, and five were dirty. Still, in no case wa8 there any intentional adulteration, and all the samples were free from glucose, which substance is now largely introduoed. It is not likely that much which is really injurious will be found, though adulterations may be numerous enough. Still, in the matter of teas, coffee, spices, con- diments, confectionery, and diseased or putrid meats, there is no doubt room for plenty of investigations.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060211b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYBT. 216 CORRESPONDENCE. [The Editors are not responsible for the opinions of their Correspondents.] TO THE EDITOR OF “ THE ANALYST.” Sm,-The enclosed letter is, I think, so amusing, that it might be inserted in THE ANALYST, along with the reply. I need scarcely add that I was not asked to proceed with the analysis ; but it is only fair to the merchant to say that I tasted his whisky and found it very good. Yours faithfully, W. WALLACE. Oct. 24th, 1881. (Enclosure.) - , Oct l l t h , 1881. DEAR SIR,--.Per this post I have written Mr. - 9- Street, Glasgow, to send you from his Customs’ Bonded Warehouse a labelled bottle of my blended whisky lying in bond there. Will you kindly let me know your fee for analysing the same and granting a certificate somewhat like the following.I wish to push the sale of a really good whisky in this Island (-) in place of the new and inferior whisky generally sold. I believe my blend possesses all I state on other side. Yours truly, Dr. WALLACE, Analytical Chemist, 138, Bath Street, Glasgow. ‘‘ I have obtained from the Custom’s Bonded Warehouse in Glasgow a bottle of your ‘ Old Highland Whisky,’ and after a careful examination and analysis of it, I find it to be an absolutely pure, old, well matured, mellow whisky. It is an excellent and wholesome medicinal and dietetic stimulant, without a trace of fuse1 oil.” CITY ANALYSTB’ LABORATORY, 138, Bath Street, Glasgow Oct. 14th, 1881. SIR,-I shall be glad to make an analysis of the sample of whisky, and to give an honest opinion regarding it, my fee for which is -.My certificate is not likely to be quite so flattering as the form you send in your letter. If the spirit were absolutely pure it would not be whisky at all ; and as I am not a medical man, but only a chemist, I cannot give any opinion as to its medicinal and dietetic qualities. Yours truly, W. WALLACE. OLEFINES I N SHBLE AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. To THE EDITOX OF “THE ANALYST.” SIR,-I was away from home when the proof of my paper “ On the Relative Proportions of Olefines in Shale and Petroleum Products ” was sent to me for correction, and hence it has been printed with some errors, which I shall be obliged if you will allow me the opportunity of correcting. 1. On page 178, line 10, after “ brominated” insert the word ‘‘ oil.” 2 . On page 179, lines 2 and 3, for “the sulphate ” read “ thiosulphate.” I must also protest against the spelling adopted by the printer, who evidently has strong opinions on the subject of chemical nomenclature.I should not like the readers of THE ANALYST to think I was responsible for such a term as “ paraffine.” I may take this opportunity of protesting against the loose terminology adopted by chemists, from whom we might look for better things. It is bad enough to have the terminative ine applied to glucosides as well as organic bases, but it becomes intolerable when used for hydrocarbons. We might do much to prevent such abuses of our scientific language by greater care ourselves. There is no reason why we should not write ‘‘ benzolene,” ‘‘ gasolene,” and ‘‘ vaselene ” for the petroleum products ; and I should much like to see the ethylene series of hydrocarbons called olefins or olefenes, instead of 0le3~8.BenzoE, too, is an objectionable name, and when used should be limited to the complex mixture of hydro- carbons from coal tar, of which benzene ie the leading constituent. Yours truly, ALFRED H. ALLEN.216 THE ANALYST. WHAT IS ADULTERATION OF FooD?-A~ American contemporary says : A recent decision in a caw of alleged adulteration of buttermilk is of interest in connection with our present now adulteration laws. The judge in this cam quashed the indictment (which was for watering the milk), and defined adulteration aB the addition of some unwholesome ingredient for the purpose of cheating, by making the purchaser pay more than it waB worth.THE Correspondence Sciant9yue gives some details of the new method of ext magnesia from sea water. The magnesia can be precipitated by lime, like any more con- centvated solutioD. After precipitation and allowing to stand during a day, one cubic metre of sea water gives a precipitation of gelatinous magnesia equal to a volume of 80 litres. A dilute quantity of phosphoric acid is then wed, and the final precipitate is oonsidered to be a good fertilizer. The method has not yet been tested on a large scale. Mr. J. Falconer King, City Analyst, Edinburgh, has been appointed Publie Analyet for the County of Roxburgh. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been recently published, and can be obtained from No. 1880 5282 1881 781 868 894 896 963 968 980 983 1002 1027 1040 1048 1063 1161 1202 1212 1225 2179 2543 2997 the Great Seal Office, G). De Laire .. . . . . Name of Patentee. H. J. Haddan . . . . . . H. Guiliani . . . . . . J. J. Sachs . . . . . . W. H. Atkinson . . . . . . H. J. Haddan . . . . . . W. Weldon . . . . . . Do. . . . . . . A. Parkes . . . . . . T. & G.Priestman & J.Longshaw. J. A. Berly . . . . . . A. A. Common & H. F. Joel . . J. Imray . . . . . . J. H. Johnson . . . . . . E. Carey & H. Gaskell . . . . M. P. W. Boulton . . . . J. A. Dixon . . . . . . Do. . . . . . . Do. . . . . . . A. J. Boult . . . . . . C. Semper . . . . . . Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. Title of Patent. Prioe. Preparation of VaGalline . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Extracting Oxygen from Atmospheric Air Preparation of Vegetable Substances for Food .. . . Refining Camphor . . . . . . . . . . . . Dry Copying Ink . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Soda . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Cellulose, &c. . . . . . . . . Treatment of Tan Liquors for Manufacture of Ink . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . do. . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Maltose . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Ores, $0. . . . . . . . . . . Purification of Alkaline Solutions . . . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Caloric Engines Heated by Internal Combuetion of Gas Production of Colouring Matters from Para-Nitroben. Manufacture of Colouring Matters and Preparation of a new Mono-Sulpho Acid of Beta Napthol . . , , zaldehyde, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . Production of Metaoxybenzaldehyde . . . . . . Manufacture of Soap . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphate of Alumina . . . . . . 6d. 4d. 6d. 6d. 2d. 6d. 2d. 6d. 4d. 6d. 2a. 2a. 2d. 4a. 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 2d. 4a. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist; The Brewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal; The Sanitary Record; The Miller; Journal of Applied Science ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New Y o k ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Oil and Drug News ; The Textile Record of America; Sugar Cane; Country Brewers’ Gazette; The Medical Record; Oil and Drug Journal ; The Canada Lancet ; The National Live Stock Journal ; Relative Advantages of Wind, Water and steam, by S. B. Godin.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600215

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC