摘要:

T H E A N A L Y S T . MARCH, 1881. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. AN EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING was held on the 16th February last, at Burlington House, Piccadilly. Mr. Heisch, on taking bho chair for the first time as President, thanked the Members for the honour they had done him in electing him to that position, and apologized for his absence at the Annual Meeting on account of being snowed up at Croydon, and the telegraph wires being also broken he could not communicate with the Secretary. The Requisition for the Meeting having been read, Dr. Bartlett proposed, Dr. Tripe seconded, and it was unanimously resolved that the following be an additional Rule of the Society That in the event of the resignation or death of any Officer, or of the voting by ballot for the election of an Officer of the Society resulting in an equality of votes, it shall be in the power of the Council to declare the office vacant, and to fill it up for the remainder of the current year, at their first Meeting after the date of such occurrence.” An ordinary General Meeting was then held.The minutes of the Meeting having been read, were confirmed. Dr. Bartlett and Mr. Maxwell Lyte having been appointed Scrutineers, opened the ballot papers, and reported that the following gentlemen were duly elected Members of the Society :-Thomas Stevenson, M.D., F.C.S., F.I.C., of Guy’s Hospital, Public Analyst for Bedfordshire, Surrey, &c. ; Horace Swete, M.D., F.C.S., Public Analyst for Worcester, &c. ; W. Douglass Hogg, M.D., F.S.P., Chemist, of Paris; P. Vieth, Ph.D., F.C.S., Analytical Chemist ; H.J. Yeld, M.D., F.C.S., Public Analyst for Sunderland ; W. John- stone, F.C.S., F.I.C., Public Analyst for King’s Lynn ; J. J. Broadbent, F.C.S., Analytical Chemist, of Charing Cross Hospital. Letters were read from Prof. Fresenius and Dr. Hoffman accepting the Honorary Membership of the Society, and were ordered to be entered on the minutes. The following were proposed for election and will be balloted for at the lvlarch Meeting. As Members-W. D. Sykes, M.D., Public Analyst for Portsmouth ; John Parry, Public Analyst for Penryn ; Henry Liepmann, Ph.D., F.C.S., Analytical Chemist, Leadenhall Street, London. As Associates-W. Fox, Assistant to Mr. J. Baynes, of Hull, and D. A. Sutherland, Assistant to Dr. Drinkwater, of Edinburgh. The following papers were then read: -‘$ On a Simple and Expeditious Process for Determining Nitrates and Nitrites in Water Analysis,” by M. Whitley Williams, 6 t On the Action of Permanganate on Potable Waters at Different Temperatures,’ by G. W. Wigner and R. H. Harland. The next meeting of the Society will be held at Burlington House on Wednesday, the 16th March.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600035

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

86 THE ANALYST. A SIMPLE AND EXPEDITIOUS PROCESS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF NITRIC ACID IN WATER ANALYSIS, WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE ESTIMATION OF NITROUS ACID. BY M. WHITLEY WILLIAMS, F.I.C., F.C.S., formerly Chemical Assistant in the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Read before tha Society of Public Analysts on 16th February, 1881. IT is well known that when zinc is immersed in copper sulphate solution it becomes covered with a spongy deposit of precipitated copper. If the solution of copper sulphate be sufficiently dilute, this deposit of copper is black in colour and firmly adherent to the zinc. It is, however, not so generally known that the zinc upon which copper hae thus been deposited possesses the power of decomposing pure distilled water at the ordinary tempera- ture, and that it is capable of effecting many other decompositions which zinc alone cannot.Among these is the decomposition of nitrates, and the transformation of the nitric acid into ammonia. Messrs. Gladstone and Tribe have shown that the action of the I ‘ copper-zinc couple ” (as they call the conjoined metals) upon a nitre solution consists in the electrolysis of the nitre, resulting in the liberation of hydrogen and the formation of oxide of zinc. This hydrogen is liberated upon and occluded by the spongy copper, and when thus occluded it is capable of reducing the nitre solution in its vicinity. The nitrate is first reduced to nitrite of potassium, and the nitrous acid is subsequently transformed into ammonia by the further action of the hydrogen. I n a paper lately read before the Chemical Society I have shown that even in very dilute solutions of nitre the nitric acid can be completely converted into ammonia in this manner with considerable rapidity; and I have further shown that the reaction may be greatly hastened by taking advantage of the influence of temperature, acids, and certain neutral lsalts which increase the electrolytic action of the couple, I there showed that carbonic acid-feeble acid as it is-suffices to treble the Epeed of the reaction, and that traces of sodium chloride (091 per cent.) accelerated it nearly as much as carbonic acid.A rise of a few degrees in temperature was also found to haden the reactien in a very marked degree. The presence of alkalies, alkaline earths, and salts having an alkaline reaction, was found to retard the speed of the reduction.Upon those experiments I founded a simple and expeditious process for estimating the nitric and nitrous acid in water analysis, which, when used with skill, may be applied to by far the greater number of waters with which the analyst is usually called upon to deal. Before describing this process I will first say a few words upon the nature and use of the copper-zinc couple, ahout which considerable misapprehension appears to exist even in the best iriformed quarters. This appears very plainly from the description of the copper-zinc couple process given in the Handbook of Water Analysis, recently published by Frankland, in which mistaken directions are given for making the couple and applying it to the estimation of nitric acid in water analysis.There are two kinds of copper-zinc, one (the ‘‘ dry couple”) intended for anhydroue reactions, the other (the wet couple”) intended for hydmgenizations in watery or alcoholic solutions. These two are quite different reagents, differently prepared and different in their application, It is the “ wet couple” alone which is adapted to bydro- genizations, such as the transformation of nitric acid into ammonia ; but in the handbookTHE ANALYST. referred to, the dry couple is described as being used for effecting this transformation, a purpose to which I believe it has never been applied, and for which it would certainly be very inefficient. The wet couple, with which alone we have now to deal, is prepared in the following manner :-The zinc to be employed should be clean, and for the sake of convenience should be in the form of foil or very thin sheet.It should be introduced into a flask or bottle, and covered with a solution of copper sulphate, containing about S per cent. of the crystallized salt, which should be allowed to remain upon it until a copious firmly adherent coating of black copper has been deposited. This deposition should not be pushed too far, or the copper will be so easily detached that the couple cannot be washed without impairing its activity. When sufficient copper has been deposited the solution should be poured off, and the conjoined metals washed with distilled water. To use this couple for the estimation of nitrates, in the manner I am about to describe, it should be made in a wide-mouthed stoppered bottle.After washing it is, of course, soaked with distilled water ; to displace this, it is first washed with some of the water to be analysed, and the bottle filled up with a further quantity of the water. The stopper is then inserted, and the bottle allowed to digest in a warm place for a few hours. If the bottle be well filled and Stoppered, the temperature may be raised to 30° C., or even higher, without any fear of losing ammonia. The reaction will then proceed very rapidly; but if it be desired to hasten the reaction still more, a little salt should be added (about 0.1 grm. to every 100 c.c.), or if there be a n j objection to this, the water may have carbonic acid passed through it for a few minutes before it is poured upon the couple.In the case of calcareous waters, the Bame hastening effect may be obtained, and the lime may at the same time be removed by adding a very little pure oxalic acid to the water before digesting it upon the couple. In my paper communicated to the Chemical Society I showed that nitrous acid always remained in the solution until the reaction was finished. By testingfor nitrous acid the completeness of the reaction may be ascertained with certainty, and perhaps the most delicate test for nitrous acid that can be applied for this purpose is that of Peter Uriess, in which metaphenylene diamine is the reagent employed. When a solution of this substance is added to a portion of the fluid, and acidified with sulphuric acid, a yellow colouration is produced in about half-an-hour if the least trRce of a nitrite be present.The reaction easily detects one part of nitrous acid in ten millions of water. When no nitrous acid is found, the water is poured off the couple into a stoppered bottle, and, if turbid, allowed to subside. A portion of the clear fluid, more or less according to the concen- tration of the nitrates in the water, is put into a Nessler glass, diluted if necessary, and titrated with Nessler’s reagent in the ordinary way. This proaess may be used for the majority of ordinary waters-for those that are coloured, and those that contain magnesium or other substances suffioient to interfere with the Nesaler reagent, a portion of the fluid poured off the couple should be put into a small retort and distilled with a little pure lime or sodium carbonate, and the titration of the ammonia performed upon the distillates.About one square decimetre of zinc should be used for every 200 C.C. of a water con- taining five parts or less of nitric acid in 100,000. A larger proportion should be used with waters richer in nitrates. The couple, after washing, may be used for two or three The wet couple is then ready for use.38 THE ANALYST. waters more. When either carbonic or oxalic or any other acid has been added to the water, a larger proportion of Nessler reagent should be employed in titrating it than it is usual to add. I have found 3 C.C. to 100 of the water sufficient in almost all cases. I n calculating the amount of nitric acid contained in a water from the amount of ammonia obtained in this process, deductions must of course be made for any ammonia pre-existing in the water, as well as for that derived from any nitrous acid present.To ascertain the amount of nitrous acid in a water, Griess's latest method should be adopted. A one-half per cent. solution of metaphenylene diamine in very dilute sulpharic acid should be prepared, and a dilute sulphuric acid containing one volume of oil of vitriol to two volumes of water. One C.C. of each of these solutions are added to 100 C.C. of the water in a Nessler glass, and the yellow colouration produced (if any) is imitated by means of a standard solution of potassium nitrite with the same reagents. This standard solution is prepared from silver nitrite, prepared by precipitation, and re-crystallized from boiling water.A weighed amount of this pure dry silver nitrite is dissolved in boiling water, decomposed with a slight excess of potassium chloride, and diluted to a convenient strength. The solution I usually employ contains 001 of a milligramme of NO, in 1 C.C. A solution of ten times this strength is kept in stock in bottles quite filled and tightly stoppered, and is diluted when required for use. To ensure accurate results the solutions to be compared should be simultaneously started and allowed' to stand at least twenty minutes before their tints are compared. They should be at the same temperature, for I have observed that the colouration is developed much more rapidly in warm than in cold solutions. There are other conditions which affect the rate of development of the colouration, but these appear to be of a chemical nature and not easily controlled.I n these cases only the final tints of the solution should be regarded, The lengthy time required for the full development of the colour, renders it difficult or at least laborious to prepare a solution of exactly the same tint as that under analysis, and it is therefore desirable to adopt some method of making the titration, which, while sufficiently accurate, shall dispense with the necessity for making a long series of trials. I have usually effected this with the aid of Nesder glasses made from pieces of stout glass tubing, about 30 mm. bore and 200 mm. long, ground at the edges and closed at one end with a glass plate cemented on with Canada balsam.The tubes are of exactly equal bore and are graduated from end to end in millimetres. They are used in the following manner : The solution to be titrated and the test solution are made in the usual way, both columns of fluid being of equal length. The test solution is made as nearly as can be guessed to equal in tint that to be titrated. UsutGlly one will be somewhat deeper than the other; the height of the deeper solution is read off upon the millimetre scale, and a portion of it with- drawn by means of a pipette until the shortened column is equal in tint to the other, when its height is again read 08. The amount of nitrite in the shortened column is taken as being equal to that in the other glass, and a simple proportion will give the amount of nitrous acid contained in the solution titrated.In this way the titration can be made very expeditiously. The metaphenylene diamine solution should be decolourized with animal charcoal when- eyer neoessary. Dr. Dupr6 said he was very glad that Mr. Williams had given them the paper and hopedTHE ANALYST. 89 it would be the forerunner of other papers from other chemists who were not actually members of the Society. With regard to the estimation of nitric acid he had the strongest evidence that the indigo process was absolutely useless when certain kinds of organic matter were present. He was certainly not prepared for its absolute failure, but there was no doubt about it, and they must go to another method. Be was very favourably impressed with that described by Mr. Williams, and although it might take a longer time than the indigo process for a single water, yet if a number were to be examined it did not much matter, as after starting the waters something else could be gone on with ; thus the actual work did not take more time than the indigo process, and in many cases would give accurate results where the indigo process would not. He could certainly speak very strongly of the failure of the indigo method in certain waters, and the probability was that it broke down in nearly every case. It broke down entirely in the presence of urine in water, and aImost entirely with albumen in water. It was only an approximate method at best.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600036

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 89 [PRELIMINARY NOTE.] ON THE ACTION OF PERMANGANATE ON POTABLE WATERS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. By G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S., F.I.C., and R. H. HARLAND, F.C.S., F.I.C. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 16th February, 1881. THE criticism to which the series of water analyses now being published by the Society of Public Analysts will be subjected, renders it e~pecially necessary that every detail of the processes used should be placed on such a basis that as far as possible comparison may be made with what has been previously done. In the case of oxygen absorbed from permanganate of potash, the instructions issued to the analysts have made in two respects a distinctly new departure, viz., the time during which the permanganate is allowed to act, has been increased from three hours, which has hitherto been the general custom, to four hours, and the temperature at which the action takes place has been increased from the 60° adopted by many analysts, or the so-called ‘‘ normal ” temperature adopted by others to a definite standard temperature of 80° F.Both of these changes have the effect of increasing the amount of oxygen absorbed, but there appear to be no data on record to show what the amount of this increase is. We have therefore made a series of experiments on two water supplies, one being from deep chalk wells and the other a river water, and on one of them after admixture with a definite proportion of urine, and on another portion of the same water after admixture with a definite proportion of raw sugar, thus making four different waters, two of which were purposely contaminated.We have treated each of these four samples with permanganate by the addition of 100 grains, or, if necessary, more, of the standard solution (each water grain of which corres- ponds to *0001 grain of available oxygen) to 1-20th gallon of the water, and titrated the solution back after treatment with hyposulphite of soda in the usual way. This experiment has been made in each case at the different temperatures of 609, 80°, 909 and 100* F.,40 THE ANALYST. and at each temperature the water has been allowed to stand for one hour, two hours, four hours and six hours. From this we get two series of figures, one showing the increase in the amount of oxygen absorbed by waters of different degrees of purity, according to the length of time that they remain in contact with the permanganate, and another showing the amount absorbed by the same water, standing for the same time, but at different temperatures from 60° to looo.All these results have been obtained in flasks, closed at the top by a glass marble while the action was going on, and the hyposulphite has been titrated with permanganate afresh each day in distilled water, Another series of experiments, conducted in open beakers, in which specially pure distilled water was in every case worked side by side with the samples, and after standing the full time titrated as a standard, gave results as nearly accordant as may be when the correction found by the distilled water was applied. I t will not do, however, to work in this way without this correction.In one experiment with a eample of water treated with permanganate at a temperature of 70° for three hours, the oxygen actually absorbed in a covered beaker was -016, and that in an nncevered beaker 0032. In another experiment on a different sample the amount of oxygen actually absorbed in a covered beaker was *004, and in an uncovered beaker *028. But the error in each case was always perfectly eliminated by the correction due to the titration of the diluted water standing for the same time. Taking the chalk water, it will be noticed that the amount of oxygen absorbed in six hours is, speaking in general terms, from three to six times as much as that absorbed in one hour. But the influence of the longer time is shown much more stronglyat low temperature than at loo0 F.In the ease of the river water the increase of time has not had nearly BO much influence.THE ANALYST. 41 The difference between the oxygen absorbed at 60" being only about one-third, and at 1004 only about one-half. Taking the case of the sample polluted with urine, the difference between the one hour and six hours determinations is almost the same as in the river water alone, while in the case of the same polluted with sugar the increased action is very much greater, varying from about two-fold to eight-fold. I n the same way the increase of temperature appears to tell on the chalk water in the proportion of something like a two-fold absorption of oxygen at looo as compared with that at 60°.In the case of the river water about half as much more oxygen is absorbed at the higher temperature as at the lower. The water contaminated with urine shows a slightly higher increase with a higher teaperature, while in the caw of the water admixed with sugar the increased amount absorbed at the higher temperature is remarkably variable, In one hour the 40° of increased temperature only shows some 40 per cent, increase in absorption ; two hours shows an increase of some 250 per cent. ; four hours shows some 420 per cent. increase ; and six hours nearly 600 per cent. From these results it is clear that further experiments on waters containing sewage in active decomposition, and on river water in various degrees of purity, and with varying oxidation after contamination, are necessary before we can definitely decide what influence temperature has on this most important reaction. We have already made some other large series of experiments on the matter in flasks with a water seal, but the experiments are not complete enough to lay before the Society yet.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600039

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 41 A PROCESS FOR THE INDIRECT VOLUMETRIC ESTIMATION OF GLYCERIN. Ey JOHN MUTER, Ph.D., F.I.C. I HAVE been for some time engaged in an attempt to apply the power of glycerin in arresting the precipitation of cupric hydrate by potassium hydrate to its volumetric estimation. So far as I can discuver, no process of- the kind has ever yet been proposed for quantitative purposes, and an even fairly accurate method for rapidly estimating glycerin in commercial solutions of it, and in the ley from the saponification of fats, is not in existence. My experiments, although unfinished, give such good hope that the difficulties now met with may be overcome, that I think it advisable to mention the matter as it now stands. At present I can only give the process and its results, as tried on known solutions of pure glycerin, my research into the best methods of separating it from the bodies acting similarly on copper being still incomplete, but such will I hope soon follow, and then the whole will be perfect.Meantime, even a good approximate process to within a per cent. is at least a desirable advance. A great difficulty in getting reliable results, lies in obtaining for such experiments truly absolute glycerin, and although that which I used was supposed to be so, and agreed with the stated specific gravity, still, I do not pretend as yet to lay down the actaal power upon copper in figures, but content myself with doing a check analysis with so-called absolute glycerin each time I standardize my solutions. It will be seen from the42 THE ANALYST.subjoined figures, taken at random from a mass of analyses, and showing both the best and the worst results obtained by this method, that the process even now works fairly well:- Glycerin taken. Glycerin found. i.000 -985 -905 9 2 2 -9GO -905 -500 -498 ,505 0502 -504 -501 0250 -248 -251 -254 ,252 -249 The first and second results are the worst I ever had, and were obtained a t the com- mencement of the work, while the others represent the later trials; after experience and employing pure cyanide, they begin to come out very close to the truth. The process is as follows : Take one gramme of absolute glycerin, and wash it into a long stoppered graduated tube, having a stopcock at 50 C.C. from the bottom. This tube ie the same as that used in my process for the rapid estimation of olein in fats (as described and figured in THE ANALYST, vol.ii., page 74, and can be obtained from Mesws. Orme & Co., Barbican, E.C., who sell them as ‘‘ Muter’s Olein Tubes”). Now add 50 C.C. of a strong solution of potassium hydrate (1 in 2), and then a weak solution of cupris sulphate very gradually and with constant shaking, until a fair amount of cupric hydrate is produced which remains undissolved. Make the whole up to a given bulk, and then close the tube and set it aside to settle. When perfectly clear, run off from the tap into a beaker a given volume of the deep blue liquid, and add to it the slightest possible excess of nitric acid; then pour in a definite excess of ammonium hydrate, bring the beaker under the burette charged with volumetric solution of potassium cyanide, and run in till decolourized.The number of C.C. of potassium cyanide used, after calculating to the whole bulk originally in the tube, represents one gramme of glycerin. This result has, however, to be corrected by going through the blank experiment with the same amounts of everything, but without glycerin, and deducting the C.C. of cyanide taken from that before found; this is necessary, because cupric hydrate is not quite insoluble in the strong alkali used, but once made and deducted, the difference gives the true value in glycerin of the cyanide solution, and that once standardized, any number of samples can be quickly analysed. I now use absolutely pure potassium cyanide, made from hydrocyanic acid, which I obtain from Germany, together with the absolute glycerin, through the agents of the firm, Megsrs.Burgoyne, of Coleman Street, E.C. The source of the small error still apparent lies perhaps to same little extent in not making allowance for the space occupied by the precipitated cupric hydrate, but more especially in the inherent difficulty of working the cyanide estimation of copper to a perfectly constant point. I intend to try Bernsthen’s method of titration with sodium hydrosulphite in an atmosphere of hydrogen, with indigo as an indicator, in the hope that it may prove better, but meantime the process can claim to be as accurate as the ordinary cyanide estimation of copper will permit. I am engaged in a re-analysis of butter and other solid fats, with the view of proving, by the aid of this method, whether they are all really triglycerides or not, and hope soon to lay the results before the Society. In minute operations like these, I estimate the copper by dectrolysis on platinum, which givea the required aoonrscy.THE ANALYST. 43 I may also mention that I am now trying whether better results cannot be obtained by titrating the glycerin-copper solution with pure glucose, or by using excess of glucose, igniting the precipitate with hydrogen, and weighing as metallic copper.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600041

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 43 THE ANALYSES O F THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES OF ENGLAND. WE publish in this number the second series of reports on the public water supplies of England, and we are able to include this month a report on the supply of Edinburgh as a first instalment towards monthly reports on Scotch and Irish towns as well. I t will be seen that with one exception-Nottingham-we now include analyses of the supplies of every one of the 20 large towns comprised in the Registrar-General’s weekly reports, and we hope our next table will contain this one missing place, As we anticipated in our last issue would be the case, this systematic and uniform series of analyses has excited much interest not only among the authorities of the towns whose supplies have actually been reported upon, but in those of many other towns, some of whom knowing the character of their supplies to be good, were anxious to be included in the scheme, while others, doubtful as to the character of their water, naturally desired to be exempted from it.We are also enabled in our present issue to give descriptions of the sources of supply and method of filtration (if any) empIoyed in 20 towns not included in the previous report, making a total of 34 reports of this kind published up to this date, and we hope to complete these in our next number by giving similar details with regard to all the other towns. It is far too early to attempt to go into any detailed examination of the variations which are taking place in the different waters, but one fact is evident to the Water Committee who have examined these reports previous to publication, viz, : that, talring the whole of the supplies the country through, the character of the water supplied in February to the towns reported upon, was almost uniformly worse than that supplied in January.Probably ihe cause of this may be attributed in some degree to the exceptionally heavy fall of snow which occurred in the latter part of January, and which appears in a large number of cases to have increased the mechanical impurities as well as the dissolved impurities in the waters. Another advantage which has accrued from this publication has been the determination on the part of a number of analysts to report waters which are sent to them for personal examination and analysis, precisely in the same form that has been adopted by the Water Committee.Such a step must be an immense advantage to the profession at large by ensuring a means of making a fair comparison between analyses made at different times by different analysts, as it is notorious that hitherto there haa been no analysis in which such varied forms of reports have been used as in the case of water. Two more papers on Water Analysis are published in our present number, one of which gives another alternative method for the estimation of nitrates in potable water, which may fairly be submitted to a comparative test as against the three methods already sanctioned by the Committee as a temporary arrangement. This comparison will show whether it possesses any advantages which mould entitle it to be used at the expiration of the term of six months as the method to be finally adopted.The offer to send copies of the “Instructions to Analysts’’ to those interested, ha8 been taken advantage of so extensively, that it has been neceesary to issue a second edition44 THEE ANALYST. with slight emendations and additions, and the Secretary of the Society of Public Analysts will, as before, be pleased on receipt of a stamped envelope to send a copy to anyone who may desire it. The difference between the analysis of the Kent supply in January and that published in this number is accounted for by the fact that the sample has come principally, if no1 entirely, from a different well. We hope next month to be able to print the analyses of the water taken simultaneously from all the different wells of this company.The analysis given under the heading ‘‘ Trafalgar Square Well Water ” is from the Artesian well in that square used to supply the fountains, and a small portion of which is, we are informed, also used for drinking purposes. PROVINCIAL TOWNS. BradJard.-The supply is obtained from three sources-1, The moors above Oxenhope (high level) ; 2, Springs at Chellow Dean (intermediate level) ; 3, Reservoirs at Barden and Chelker (low level). The total capacity of the reservoirs is 1,154,000,000 gallons, and the daily consumption 7+ to 8 million gallons. The geological formation of the sites of the reservoirs is the carboniferous, peat, clay, millstone grits, and shales, with a few beds of coal. Birmingham.-The sources of supply of this water are of two kinds-first, from certain streams outside the town, viz., the river Bourne, the Perry and Witten and Plants brooks ; and, second, several deep wells sunk into the red sandstone.The waters from these two very different sources are mixed in reservoirs before distribution, and the portion derived from streams is submitted to filtration more or less perfect. BristoL-The Company commence to take their supply from the Chew Hill Head Spring on the Mefidip Hills, about 16 miles from Bristol and 430 feet above the Bristol Floating Harbour. From this point the ‘( line of works ” passes through the parishes of Litton, East and West Harptree, Chew Stoke, and Winford, with about ten miles of iron tubes and tunnel driven as much as 170 feet from the surface of the ground.Some deep- seated springs are taken up en route. At the Winford end of the tunnel the water is dis- charged into the store reservoirs at Barrow Gurney, about 4+ miles from Bristol, 300 feet above the Floating Harbour. At Barrow Gurney rises the Cold Bath Spring, which is also taken. Water is also obtained, when required, by pumping from deep wells at Chelvey, near Nailsea, about nine miles from Bristol. Derby.-The supply is derived partly from springs in the millstone grit at Little Eaton and Cocksbench, and partly from two 9 ft. culverts, which run along for some miles on either side of the Derwent, at a distance of 21 feet from the river, and below the level of the river bed. These culverts are built of bricks without mortar, about 4 inches thick, and are immediately surrounded by several feet of coarse gravel, They are filled with water from the hills on either side of the river.The waterworks are at Little Eaton, some two and a-half miles from the town, and here the culverts are connected by two 24-inch iron pipes which pass under the river. The water rises in two wells and flows into a reservoir at the works, which also receives the water from the springs. It is pumped up thence into filtering beds consisting of 18 inches fine sand, 1 foot fine gravel, 1 foot coarse gravel, 18 inches boulderetones, 18 inches rough sandstone, and fitlls by gravitation into the town. The supply is about l a million gallons daily, of wbich about 900,000 gsllons are derived from the springs at Little Eaton and Cocksbench.The water, although slightly coloured with peat, is very soft and good. These constitute the gravitation sources of supply.THE ANALYST. 45 Droituich.-This water has been supplied to the town within the last two years, all water "being previously saline. Prospecting for water a hill of gravel and pebbles (a glacial drift) was found meamring 4 miles by 9 mile, and containing water the chlorine in which did not exceed 3 grains per gallon. Round the area the chlorine ranged from 12 to 72 grains. Mr. Prichard, C.E., put in numerous star adits, with large stoneware pipes pierced with holes as at Warwick. 60,000 gallons per day are delivered, being pumped up from a reservoir, into which the adits fall, to a covered tank 100 feet above the level, and then delivered to the town by gravitation.The water is generally very pure, but the late snows and heavy floods have evidently polluted it, falling into the adits at a lower level. Grantlzum- The water is derived from the Oolite limestones to the south of the town. A portion comes from springs and headings in the water-bearing strata at Stroxton, about three miles from the town. This is delivered by gravitation through iron pipes to the service reservoir. The larger portion is collected from various springs at Little Ponton, extending to a distance of two miles from the town; and conducted by an iron main to a reservoir at the pumping station whence it is pumped up to the service reservoir. Some water was formerly taken from the Stoke River, a tributary of the Witham, and from a spring at Great Ponton.Both these sources of supply were objectionable, the river water not only being very turbid after rain, but being also polluted with sewage above the intake, and the spring being subject to surface pollution. The supply was much improved last year by ceasing to take water from the last two named sources, and by increasing the aize of the collecting main from Little Ponton, whereby the yield of pure spring water is greatly augmented. The service reservoir is 133 feet 6 inches above the level of the centre of the town. It is covered over and has a capacity of 678,600 gallons. The water is delivered to the town on the constant system. The works belong to a private company formed in 1850. (This supply will only be reported on bi-monthly.See ANALYST for January, page 22.) HuU.-The supply is from the underlying chalk strata, which stretch for miles all around. The natural outflows of the underground waters are various springs in the low-Iying districts and the broad channel of the Humber. The site of one very copious outflow at Springhead-4 miles west of Hull-was 18 years ago made into a pumping station; shafts and bores were sunk and the supply now exceeds 6,000,000 gallons per day, drawn from a mean depth of 60 feet below the surface. The overplus of the night's pumping is sent into reservoirs at Stoneferry, 8 miles from Springhead, and these supply an extra engine which assists the Springhead engines during the working hours of the day. As the town increases steadily, and the supply in ordinary seasons is very little beyond the demand, new works are now in progress for increasing this supply.An adit or tunnel 4,000 feet long and from 50 to 60 feet below the ground level is under construction. It is intended that new bores at and near the end of this adit shall send additional water to the Springhead pumping shafts. The adit will also form a useful underground reservoir. Liverpool.--This supply is derived from two distinct sources : viz., from a gathering ground at Rivington, near Chorley, and from deep wells in the red sandstone formation. The mater thus obtained is mixed, generally in abont the proportion of two parts of Rivington and one part of well water, previous to distribution. The gathering ground at Rivington is partly of a peaty nature, but in other respecta is well adapted to the purpose.Of the wells there are four, or counting the Bootle deep borehole, five. Of these the Green Lane Well supplies the greatest quantity. The population supplied is about 700,000-the service being oonstant. Borings were made which gave P good water. A few feet below the adits the water is saline. The gathering grounds are to the N. and W. of the town.46 THE ANALYST. Llandrindod-This water is collected in the Radnorshire Hills, and after passing over a large surface of Trap rock, with veins of calcareous spar, is stored in a reservoir, which is cut out of the rock and covered over, from whence the water is distributed to the houses by gravitation. Nswark-on-Twnt.-The water is derived from a series of culverts dug in the gravel by the side of the Trent for a distance of fifty yards, about two miles above the town.The water filters through the gravel into the culverts, and is pumped into a covered service reservoir having a capacity of 500,000 gallons, situated on some high ground outside the town. The water is delivered directly from the mains on the constant system. Plymouth.-This water is derived from the peat bogs on the Dartmoor granite hills, passing through an open seat about twenty miles in length. After heavy storms from the south-west it is frequently much stained with peat, and it also contains salt driven in from the sea. At ordinary times it is very soft, of fair colour, and of good quality, though there is said to be much room for improvement in the filtering arrangements. Portsmouth.-The water is obtained from copious surface springs which rise from chalk, partially in the parish of Bedhampton and partially in the parish of Havant, eight miles from Portsmouth, from whence it is pumped into reservoirs, the capacity of which is 8,000,000 gallons, on Portsdown Hill, two and half miles from and about 140 feet above the town ; from thence it descends by gravitation and is distributed over the district.The supply is constant, and the Company supplies an estimated population of 135,000 people. Reading.-Reading and its suburbs have a constant service from the works, which are in the hands of the Corporation. The water is derived from the River Kennet. The intakes are about two miles above the town. There are two sets of works pumping by water power with auxiliary steam power at times.The older works pump by water wheels to large reservoirs in the Bath Road, holding about four days supply, filling through filters of small superficial area with twelve feet of water above five feet of gravel, shingle and sharp sand. The new works pump by turbines. They have two settling reservoirs and three filters each about thirty yards square. The subsidence is assisted by the water being caused to pass upwards and then over a wall or weir before it enters the filters. The filters have three feet of gravel and sand, with about two feet of water above, so that they fiIter more slowly and under less pressure than at the older works. None of the filters or reservoirs are covered from the sun, and during flood time the filters require constant cleaning.Both works are used at times, Above Reading there is the town of Newbury not yet sewered, at a distance by the windings of the river of about twenty miles. The river runs through a flat open country, but is liable to floods both winter and summer, when much vegetable and inorganic matter gets washed down. Rugby.-The water supply is principally derived from the drainage of pasture lands. Advantage being taken of the gradient, the water flows to a settling tank, passes through a filter bed, and is pumped up to a tank on the top of a tower. In dry weather, when the sur- face supply is short, water is pumped from a. reservoir near the river Avon, which is kept filled from a well in the immediate vicinity.Sevenoaks is supplied with water from a well a.bout 120 feet deep, sunk through Kentish rag into the Folkestone Beds, and about one-third of a mile from the town ; but a portion of the water comes from a tunnel close by. The supply is ample, there being sufficient (at 15 gallons per head per day) to supply a town of 35,000 inhabitants. I t is pumped from this well into a covered reservoir by Knole Park and near the Tunbridge Road from whence it descends by gravitation to the town. The Company are now building a new The water filters too quickly and under pressure.THE ANALYST. 47 concrete reservoir, about 150 feet higher than the present one, to supply the increasing wants of houses built on a higher level. The consumption, during 1880, was less than 14 gallons per head per day, including trade and street watering.(This supply will only be reported on bi-monthly. Stourport.-This water is supplied by the Kidderminster Water Works, and is derived from an Artesian well, shaft 120 feet, then 10-inch borehole 600 feet; and also from another well, 35 feet, with a Winch borehole 200 feet deep, from the new red sandstone. The quantity supplied is about two milIion gallons per diem. Sunderland.-The water supplied to this borough is obtained from the dolomite or magnesian limestone, by means of shafts sunk to a depth of 46 fathoms, at Ryhope, Seaham, Dalton-le-Dale, Humbledon Hill, Cleadon, and Fulwell, and is in the hands of the Water Company, who, in addition to Sunderland, also supply Ryhope, Seaham, North and Smth Hylton, Ford, Boldoii, South Shields, Jarrow, and Hebburn. The delivery last year was at the rate of 4,593,000 gallons per day.The supply per head of the population of Sunderland-exclusive of that supplied for manufacturing purposes, which average 10 gallons a day-is at the rate of 12 gallons per day, making a total of 22 gallons per head per day supplied for all purposes. The supply is continuous, so that practically there is no limit as to its use. White?mven.--This has a constant water supply, derived from Ennerdale Lake, about nine miles distant from the town. The water is conveyed in iron pipes, coated with Dr. Angus Smith’s preparation. The service reservoir, situated outside the town, is small and uncovered. The substrata of the Ennerdale valley (the source of the supply, consists of clay slate (skiddow slate) highly altered, Ennerdale syenitic granite, and Borrowdale series of volcanic rocks. Wolusrha~~ton.-The supply is about 24 million gallons per day, 18 million gallons of which is derived from the River Worf at Cosford, about nine miles from Wolverhamp- ton and three from Shifnal in Shropshire.The balance of the supply is well water, of which the main portion (say $-million gallons) is derived from an ArteEian borehole into the new red sandstone at Cosford ; but about &million gallons come from the new red sandstone by two other wells, situated respectively at Goldthorn Hill and Tettenhall pumping stations, within a mile or two of the town. Vorcester.-The water is taken from the Severn one mile above the city, passed through filter beds of sand and gravel (which are cleansed weekly), then pumped up to a reservoir on a hill, and supplied by gravitation to dwelling houses.1,600,000 gallons are pumped daily. The water contains peat and (whitewater) kaolin from the decomposition of feldspathic rocks in Montgomeryshire. The purest water, and largest in quantity, is derived from the river Vyrnwy, which joins the Severn a few miles above Shrewsbury. Pollution of Severn : flannel mills, lead mines, zinc, sewage of Newtown and Welshpool. Pollution of Vyrnwy: peat and kaolin, sewage of Oswestry. Pollutionof Severn after junction: sewage of Shrewsbury, Bridgnorth, Stourport, mills refuse of Kidderminster and Stourport, salt refuse of Droitwich. The oxidation of pollution in the Severn is very remarkable, chiefly owing to the admixture of Vyrnwy waters, which partly also dilute the polluted waters.(6 White Water” cannot be removed by the sand filter beds. At present the town water is not so good as usual, owing to the continued flooda. See ANALYST for January, page 22.) I t is not filtered.SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public V a t e r Supplies in February, 1881. All Tesults are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. OXYGEN, Absorbed in HARDNESS, Clark's Scale, in degrees. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. Description of Sample, Appearance iu Two-foot Tube. Phosphoric Acid. ANALYSTS. I hours at 80° Fahr. 2 mins. at SOo Fahr. After boiling. Before 3oiling. Kent Go.. . . . . . New River . . . . East London .. Southwark & Vauxhall . . } West Middlesex Grand Junction Lambeth .... Chelsea . . . . . greenish c. yellow greenish yellowish urine yellow clear yellowish . greenh. brown v. slight none v. slight slight none none none none 1-84 1.05 1-20 -99 1*02t 1.20 -99 1.06 -8488 -2420 *3000 *1200 -1550 -1477 -1200 -1800 none *0096 -0014 -0007 -0009 -0007 -0022 none 0087 *0028 -0071 -0112 *0078 *0064 -0133 *0067 none -008 4 -0020 *0045 -0020 *0078 .0045 *0070 -0340 -1132 -0760 -1120 -1190 -0796 -1232 *0714 17.4' 15.1' 16.6' 14.0" 14.2' 14.4' 16.0' 16.5' 4.50 4.40 8-00 7.5' 3.9" 4.6' 7-0' 6-0' 30.00 19.88 24.80 20.16 19.16 21.00 21.88 21.00 satisfactory none satisfactory satisfactory amorphous matter none satisfactory Wigner & Harland. B. Dyer. Wigner & Harland.J. Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wynter-Blyth. J. Muter. A. Duprh. none traces h. traces traces traces traces traces trace traces none none trace h. traces none traces none none none none trace none traces h. traces trace traces trace traces none trace -0028 9007 none none -0035 ,0007 -0070 .0010 none *0021 *0016 *0006 -0126 -0046 *0032 *0021 -0005 -0006 *0028 moo07 *0014 -0028 ,0280 none *0043 -0010 4040 none none none ~0030 -0160 .0040 -0030 -0264 *0084 *0168 -0040 a0140 -0005 %238 11.6' 4.30 12.6' 16.3' 17.4' 7.0' 15.5' 13.5' 36.7" 16.6' 5.9' 2.7' 2.0" 15.6' 15-5O 28.0' 4.0' 7.9' 5.2O 7.2' 16.0' 4-90 3.7' 4.20 1.2' 5.0° 5.0' 6.5' 5-70 4.2' 6.1' 5.40 2.7' 2.00 3.4' 4.6' 15-9" 3.0° 4.1" 4 * 6 O 2.6O 5.3O 18.83 7.80 24.80 21.40 25.20 10.92 23.00 19.60 39.48 25-48 7.68 7-00 4.50 19.30 22.82 28.00 5.32 14-00 9.24 9-66 32.97 reget.debris, minl. mattr ,morphous peaty matte satisfactory sand diatoms desmids satisfactory traces mineral none satisfactory vegetable debris, sand reget. debris, myceliun peaty matter diatoms cotton fibres peaty matter satief actory Bacteria diatoms and 1 satisfactory sand, peaty matter vegetable matter satisfactory vegetable debris satisfactory ( a leech 1 A. Hill. F. M. Rimmington. Wigner & Harland. F. W. Stoddart. J . West -Knights. S. Harvey. C. Heisch. L. Archbutt. H. Swete. H. Swete. J. F. King. F. P. Perkins. G. Jarmain. J. Baynes. W. Johnstone. A. B. Hill. T. Fairley. Wigner 6t. Harlend. A. Smetham. H. Swete. If. A. Adams. -0470 ,1800 none -0280 -0103 ~0170 -0136 a0357 -0700 *0655 -0568 *0142 -0230 -1263 -0161 *1316 -1680 -1120 *0316 -0630 1.40 -75 2-20 -79 1-40 1 -47 1.19 -90 2.25 1.52 -72 -91 -45 3.00 2.46 1.26 -62 -92 1.02 *71 2.45 ~2160 none -2000 *0520 -2300 a3380 trace -0432 -1564 -2635 trace *1772 *0035 *2760 -4364 none none -1700 -0620 -0250 :288C Birmingham .. Bradford.. . . . . Brighton.. . . . . Bristol . . . . . . . . Cambridge . . . . Canterbury.. . . Croydon . . . . . . Derby . . . . . . . , Droitwich . , . , Dudley . . . . . I Edinburgh . . . . Exeter . . . . . . . , Huddersfield . , Hull . . . . . . . . . , King's Lynn .. Leamington . . Leeds . . . . . . . . Leicester . . . . Liverpool . . . . Llandrindod . . Maidstone . . . . .turb. f. grn.ylm f. dirty yellow :.pale green blue .brownah. green paIe blue c. pale blue slight green v. good bluish green greenish brownish '. yellow turbid jrownish yellom good dirty yellow greenish light brown urine yellow light brown bluish green c.colourless none none none none none none lgt. earth none none none none none .rain watr none .cyd. veget matter none peaty none peaty none none -0077 a0048 *0035 -0042 -0007 *0140 -0036 *0098 *0042 a0056 -0042 -0049 -0030 -0028 -0021 ,0942 -0146 *0014 -0063 .0028Description of Gample. Mmchester.. . . Newark . . . . . . I Newcastle -on- Tyne.. . . . . Norwich . . . . . . Oldham, Piethorn} Do. Strinesdalc Do. Hanging- Leee} Plymouth .... Pontefract . . . . Portsmouth *. Reading . . . . . . Rugby . . . . . . . Salford . . . . . . Bheffield . . . . . . Shrewsbury .. Southampton. . Stourbridge .. Stourport . . . . Sunderland.. . . Swansert . . . . . . Whitehaven .. Wolverhampton Worcester . . b . Trafalgar Sq., 1 Well Water, Lon.) SOCIETY O F PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in February, 1881. A l l results are expressed in GBAINS PER GALLON. Appearance jn Two-fwt Tube. v. s. turbid yellowish { brwn. turbid} f. yellow p. grnsh. yellow yellowish green, slight opaque ple. grnsh. tinge pale greenish yellow gel. grn. 8. opaq. f. yellow v. turbid c. f. yellow turbid yellowish yellow turbid brown v. s. yellow I. greenh. yellow {greenish b l u i turbid grnh. yellow c. pale blue c. yellow f. green v. turbid brown opaque c . pale, { grnsh. p l l w - . } i s 3 5 B h 32% IR ass none none none ,eget. mttr ,eget. mttr eget. mttr eget. mttr slight none none none v.slight none none none none none v. slight none none none slight none a .% 3 *49 1.12 .87E 1.55 -71 a85 -78 *95 3.72 1.26 -95 1.18 *60 -50 1.39 -98 2.30 2.10 1.95 -90 -36 1-26 1.83 11.70 Phosphoric Acid. none trace trace f. traoes trace trace trace none traces traces trace h. traces none none traces h. traces none none trace traces trace h. traces trace trace m 6 . g 2 gg zz R none -0079 *0510 .tracs, .loo0 -1700 -2000 -0500 1.1000 -2620 -1400 *3150 none none -3700 -1423 -0123 *6176 -2500 none -0114 ,1610 .0290 trace d .* 8 a 4 -001 9 -0012 -0010 braces *0098 -0082 -0083 .0010 *0005 ,0032 .0007 -0056 *0010 -0021 -0030 moo56 ,0014 ,0028 -0017 ,0007 none ,0007 none none e . 's .s .2 g $3 *0029 -0088 *0090 -0100 *0050 -0152 -0043 -0116 4050 -0042 *0056 ~0126 -0050 -0056 -0060 -0041 -0042 -0031 -0028 *0070 -0018 .o n 9 W 8 4 so022 OXYGEN, Absorbed in 2 mjns. at 80° Fahr. *0139 -0098 -0060 -0029 *0040 *0040 -0040 none .0056 -0056 *0140 none none -0040 -0080 .0010 *0010 -0060 *0020 none ,0033 ~0010 none 4 home at 800 Fahr. -0924 -1 382 -0950 -1031 *loo0 .0800 -0860 *0640 -0500 -0333 *0700 *OX0 -1050 SO280 ~0680 -1176 -0720 none *0040 '0113 ,1299 -1 680 -0031 HARDNEW, Clark's Scale, in degrees. Before 3oiling. 1 . 6 O 16.0' 15.7' 15.0° 2.4O 5.2O 2.2O 5.0" 40*0° 14.6O 14-0° 3.50 5.0' 20.8O 12.3O 16.7O 7*1° 9.6O 2*5O a 5 0 14-4O 10.4O 8.0" After loiling. 1.5' 10.80 6*2O 4-2O 2.3' 4.90 2.20 5.0" 28-80 3.9O 4-50 3.0" 4 80 5.2" 4.0° 5.2' 1-5O 3-70 2.00 -50 7.0" 5.8O l.OO + aa - 3.22 zga ;?f E-l Cdm a 4.76 26-93 20.50 18.20 6.30 11.80 8.06 5.00 50.40 19.74 17.40 18.90 4.00 6.03 24-80 19.70 31.36 9.80 25.00 4.55 3-10 20.44 16.54 57.96 Microscopical Examination of Deposit. s. mineral deposit amorphous organic { mttr. mvng. organms.} amorphon s vegetable debris, hair vegetable debris, sand veget. debris and fibres algse animalcub trace sand vegetable debris much {decomposed, diatoms} amorphous matter iron rust from pipes satisfactory none vegetable fibres vegetable debris Band, vegetable debris sand, vegetable debris vegetable debri s none ( vegttable debTis, moving organisms } reg. deb. amsebre. diatms. moving organisms, animal and vegetable debris, sand, clay ANALYSTS . W. Thomeon. A. Ashby. J. Pattinson. W. G. Crook. Wigner & Harland. T. Fairley. B. Dyer. J. Shea. A. P. Smith. J. C. Bell. A. H. Allen. T. P. Blunt. A. Angell. H. Swete. 8. Swete. H. J. Yeld. W. Morgan. A. Kitchin. B. Dyer. H. Swete. A. DuprB. Abbreviation8 M., clear; f., faint ; h., he8vy ; p., pale ; v. h., very heuvy ; v. s., very alight. ERRATA.-In last month's table the Oxygen of the CROYDON water absorbed in 4 hours should have been *0130 instead of *0300.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600043

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. CORRESPOXDENCE. [The Editors are not responsible for the opinions of their Correspondeats.] LARD ADULTERATION. To THE EDITOR OF “ THE ANALYST.” SIR,-I am afraid ‘‘ An Interested Chemist ” did not notice the point of my letter, or else I did not make it sufficiently clear. I did not find fault with the lard having too high a melting point, but too low a one. In Wynter-Blyth’s book, the melting point is said to vary from 1 0 7 . 6 O to 1130 F. I am perfectly aware that thelard is pressed to extract the oil, but that would not account for the melting point faEZing to 9 2 O . Some lard that I prepared myself, and which had not been pressed, melted at 112.6”. Again, granting, for the sake of argument, that pressed lard is better suited for culinary purposes,THE ANALYST.51 the shop lards that I tried were decidedly inferior in this respect, for I purposely experimented with each in making pastry. The lard having the lowest melting point made the worst crust, it scarcely rose a bit, and was tough ; whereas the pure article made 8 puff paste an inch thick. I have been told by a grocer in this town that the lard manufacturers melt down all the pig’s fat. If so, it is wrong to call the product lard. It has no more right to bear that name than dripping has to be called suet. I think it probable that this may be the true explanation of the difficulty, since I find bacon fat melts at 90°, and I did not observe any marked differences in the proportions of soluble and insoluble acids. I am, &c., RUQBY, 12th Feb., 1881.A. PERCY SMITH. AMMONIA I N WATERS. To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIR,-In the determination of free and albuminoid ammonia in waters, I have always had a dilZculty with regard to the connection of the retort with the condenser. I had a large number of glass tubes made about 27-in. long, 1Q-in. bore one end and tapering to &in. bore at the other end. The neck of the retort, wrapped with tin foil, I inserted in the condensing tube. These tubes were continually breaking on the slightest strain or bumping of the retort ; besides, the steam inside the tube and the cold water on the outside had also a tendency to make the glass more liable to fracture. Again, the securing of the glass tube in the condensing box was difficult to contend with-indiarubher tubing, bound up carefully, would, after a little time split. At last I resolved to try condensing tubes of the above size, made of block or fine tin. They were made by Messrs. Johnson, Matthey & Go., and I have found them to answer admirably. The tubes are connected with the condensing box by means of solder, this doing away with any possible leakage. Before using them in water analysis, I found it necessary to steam them out ; that is by connecting the retort and distilling off a litre or two of water through the tubes, the condenser being empty meanwhile. Any brother analyst, having the difficulties to:contend with as I used to have, will find it advantageous to try the above. I may add, the condenser I used is a copper box about Win. long, 5-in. deep and 34-in. wide. This filled with water stands firmly on a stand made for it, the tin condenser passing obliquely through the box. Yours faithfully, SWANSEA, Feb. 22nd, 1881. W. MORGAN.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060050b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 51 ANALYSTS’ REPORTS. Mr. Alfred Stokes, Public Analyst for the parish of Paddington, in his report for the quarter ending December 25th, 1880, mentions a sample of milk which contained no less than 40 per cent. of added water, and a sample of whisky which was diluted with 76 per cent, of water. At the Quarterly Meeting of the Bristol Town Council, recently held, Mr. F. W. Stoddart, Public Analyst, presented his report for the past quarter, in which he said he had received from the inspector and the public sevcnty-one samples of food, and of these he found twelve to be adulterated and one to be unfit for food. A sample of butter forwarded by one of the public was found to contain less fat than butter. Five samples of butter forwarded by the inspector were found to be genuine.Two samples of coffee and chicory, three samples of mustard farina, two samples of mustard, and two samples of coffee, all furnished by the inspector, were found to be genuine.-In a discussion which took place on a report of the Watch Committee, Mr. A. W. Warren said he wished to call attention to the article sold in shops under the name of butterine. It was sold largely retail in Bristol, and he saw in London notice was being taken of the article, and the public were protected from it. He thought the public should be protected in Bristol, and the Watch Committee ought to take steps relative to the sale, as the stuff w a ~ sold in enormous quantities. I t was a combination of low fats treated in a chemical way and coloured with annatto : but there was no butter in it.The stuff was sold as butter, and he hoped that this and other articles, which were sold under other names than what they really should bear, would receive proper attention.-Mr. H. G. Gardner, wholesale grocer, said he agrced with the statement that articles should not be sold under other names than what they really bore, but he would be sorry to see wholesome fat prohibited from being sold to poor people, as butter was at such a high price. Butterine was quite wholesome, and the only objection he had to it was when it was sold as butter ; and he had as much objection to that as Mr. Warren could have. The fat was as wholesome as butter, and half the price.-Mr. A. Baker did not think they need discuss the merits of butter and butterine, but the attention of the Public Analyst should be called to dl kin& of article8 of But, for goodness’ sake, let it be sold!52 THE ANALYST. food, and not merely to one ; let justice be meted out all round.-Mr. M. Whitwell said he had been in America and seen the whole process of making butterine, and, although it contained no butter, it was, he could say, an extremely wholesome article. I t was made from the best fat that could be got, the stearine removed, and then churned with milk.-Mr. Cordeux said the attention of the analyst had been directed to other articles besides butter during the quarter. The discussion then dropped.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600051

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

52 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Butter or Butterine ?- At the Aston Police Court, Birmingham, on Feb. 5th, before Messrs. A. Hill, J. D. Goodman, and J. T. Collins, William John Bryant, dairyman, of 160, Aston Road, Birmingham, was summoned by Benjamin Bolt, an inspector under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, for selling one pound of butter not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded by the purchaser. Mr. J. Ansell appeared for the prosecution. On the 10th ult. the inspector sent a youth into defendant’s shop for a pound of tenpenny ‘‘ butter,” with which he was supplied. The inspector then went into the shop and told the defendant that the butter would be analysed. The defendant’s sister, who had served the butter, said it was not butter, but ‘‘ butterine ” or ‘‘ oleine.” In reply to Mr Buller, solicitor, who appeared for the defendant, prosecutor said he was not deceived, as he believed it was butterine or oleine.Mr. Buller for the defendant contended that aa the actual purchaser did not state that the butter was bought for the purpose of analysis, the summons could not be supported. He also urged that there was no such an article a8 ‘’ tenpenny butter,” and that the lowest price for butter was 1s. 2d. per pound. The defendant was in the habit of placing a ticket on the article describing it as fine oleine, but on the morning in question the ticket was taken away to be cleaned. The magistrates considered the case proved, and fined the defendant 5s. and costs. Mr. Buller asked for a case on the point he had raised that the purchaser did not state the butter was for analysis, and the magistrate granted a case. At West Bromwich Police aourt, on Monday, Mr.Thomas Brady, grocer, Meeting Street, was charged with selling adulterated butter on the 17th inst. Mr. Topham appeared for the defendant. Alfred Toy, assistant inepector, stated that when he entered the defendant’s shop he asked the daughter who was behind the counter, to sell him one pound of butter, which she did, and for which he paid 1s. 2d. Mrs. Brady afterwards came in and said that she had the butter from Mr. Garratt, wholesale dualer, West Bromwich. Mr. Horder, inepector under the Act, said that a sample of the butter had been sent to the analyst, who certified that it was a fictitious article, containing 8 per cent. of butter fat.For the defence it was stated that Toy went into the shop and asked Mrs. Brady for a pennyworth of milk, and while she went into the dairy to fetch it, Toy asked her daughter to supply him with “ that pound of butter ” which was in the window. While the daughter was in the act of reaching the butter to Mr. Toy, Mrs. Brady came back with the milk, and said that it was not butter, but oleine, and that it was from -Ah. Garratt, of West Bromwich. Toy said he suppoeed it was made at West Bromwich, and he therefore divided the article into three parts. The case was dismissed. The price of salt butter was now 1s. and upwards per pound. Constituent8 of Chemical Food for Infants :- Sheriff Balfour, of Glasgow, had before him, on the 10th inst., a case in which a grocer carrying on business in that city was charged with contravening Section 7 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, he having on the 13th ult.sold a bottle of compound syrup of phosphates, or chemical food for infants, which was represented to contain, in every teaspoonful, two grains and a half phosphate of lime and one grain of iron, but which when analgsed was found to contain only about a third of a grain of phosphate of lime and a quarter of a grain of iron. He was liable to a penalty of $20. The accused tendered a plea of guilty, and Mr. Bell, who appeared on his behalf, briefly addressed the Court. He pointed out that his client bought the bottles from a manufacturing chemist wholesale, and did not know the ingredients. He also mentioned that the difference in price between the ‘‘ food ” aa sold and as it should be sold was only ad.per lb. The Sheriff observed that the offenoe was not a serious one. His Lordship imposed a fine of 323. Sdling Diluted and Impoverished Milk : - James Dearnley, milk dealer, of Almondbury Bank, Huddersfield, was charged with selling diluted and impoverished milk. Mr. Kirk, the sanitary inspector, said that on the 24th December he Eaw the defendant hawking milk in Moldgreen, and he instructed a person named William Beaumont to obtain from him a pint of milk. He obtained the milk, for which he paid twopence. He (Mr. Kirk) was in a poeition to hear what was said. As Boon &B Beaumont had paid for the milk he informed the defendantTHE ANALYST. 53 that he had bought it for the sanitary inspector, whereupon the defendant said he was having him He (Mr.Kirk) then went up to him, took hold of the milk, told him he was the sanitary inspector, that he had bought the milk for analysis, and asked him if he wished to retain a part of it. He had no sooner said that than the defendant seized him by the right arm, tried to upset the vessel containing the milk, and he so far succeeded that three parts of it were spilled ; but there was a sufficient quantity retained for analytical purposes. Witness reminded him of the serious position in which he was placing himself, when the defendant said he was determined he should not have any of his milk. The milk was analysed, md the analyst’s report showed that it contained 42 per cent. of added water, and it had also been deprived of 85 per cent. of its butter fat ! Witness said it was one of the worst cases he had ever had ; and Mr. Jarmain, the Borough Analyst, said he never before analysed so bad a sample. This, he said, took place when there was an outbreak of scarlet fever in the town, and when the patients were requiring a milk diet. The defendant said Mr. Kirk was exaggerating the case, and he was sorry it had arisen. The defendant said the milk was just as he got it from other farmers, but, on being pressed by the Bench for their names, he was unable to give one of them I The Chief Constable informed the Bench that in June, 1879, the defendant was fined € 5 and costs for a similar offence, and Mr. Kirk added that in that case the whole of the cream had been removed. The defendant asked the Bench to be as merciful as possible. He was told that the case was a serious one, and he ought to sell good milk. He would be fined $210 and costs, and the Mayor said he richly deserved a heavier penalty. on ; ” and asked him where Mr. Kirk was.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600052

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 53 NOTE OF THE MONTH. The National Board of Health of the United States of America, which, at the present time, really seems to be doing a large amount of extremely useful work, has just issued the following notice, which clearly shows that the authorities on the other side of the Atlantic are becoming aware, like ourseIve8, of the great necessity there is for a uniform and systematic analysis of Public Water Supplies :- A careful study of the chief methods in use for the chemical examination of potable water, so far as organic matter is concerned, has been undertaken by order of the National Board of Health. I t is particularly requested of the correspondents of the board, of medical men throughout the country, and of others interested in sanitary matters, that any well-marked case of disease which may seem on medical grounds fairly attributable to organic impurities in drinking water be promptly reported to Dr.J. W. Mallet, University of Virginia Post-office, Albemarle County, Virginia, with a few lines stating clearly the medical nature of the case, and the character of the evidence on which the water in question is suspected of having actually caused disease in persons who have used it, It is further desired that a sample of each auch water be forwarded for examination, but net until notice has been received from Dr. Mallet that ths analysts ara ready to proceed with it, since it is important that no useless delay should occur between the shipping of the sample and its investigation in the laboratory. In notifying any one who may be able to furnish specimens of suspected waters that may be forwarded, clear instructions will be sent as to the quantity of water required, and the mode of collecting, packing, and shipping it.I t is particularly desired that no case be presented on doubtful or vague evidence, since one important object of the inquiry demands that all such be rejected, and only those cases examined which involve the strongest grounds for believing that mischief has really been caused by organically foul drinking water. The cost of packages and transportation for samples will be borne by the Board of Health.54 THE ANALYST. I n order to distinguish genuine butter from so-called oleomargarine, Hager, we read, saturates cotton-wick with the melted sample, lights, and allows it to burn for two minutes, and judges its quality by the smell.Artifioial butter gives the well-known offensive odour of an extinguished tallow candle,- Provisioner. ~~ A public laboratory for the analyis of anything sold as food has been established in Paris by the Prefect of the Seine, the fees being limited to from five to twenty francs, according to the difficulty of tho operations.-Z’rovisioner. Dr. Ebenezer Evans has been appointed Public Analyst for the county of Anglesey, at one guinea per analysis, vice Owen, resigned. Mr. James Napier, F.C.S., has been appointed Public Analyst for the borough of Sudbury, at five guineas per annnm and fees. Mr. A. W. Stokes, F.C.S., has been appointed Public Analyst for the parish of St. Matthew, Bethnal Green, vice Tidy, resigned.RECENT CHEMICAL PATIENTS. The following specifications have the Great Seal Office, NO. 1880 Name of Patentee. 2516 C. D.Abe1 . . . . 2605 G. W. Von Nawrocki . . 2610 J. H. Johnson . . . . 2665 W. R. Lake . . . . 2682 E. A. Kirby . . . . 2706 F. N. Mackay . . . . 2719 C. G. Pfander . . . . 2729 L. Perrier.. . . . . 2736 2764 2784 2816 28.26 2831 2878 2886 2865 J. H. Johnson . . . . G. G. Andre . . . . A. Domeier and J. Marzell E.Edmonds . . . . J. Imray . . . . . . T. H. Gray . . . . J. A. Lund . . . . F. A. Zimmermann . . W. Brierley . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2908 B. H. Remmers & J. Williamson 2929 G, 0. Willis . . . . . . 4091 J. A. Dixon . . . . . . been recently published, and can be obtained from Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London.Title of Patent. Price. Manufacture of Betanaphthylamine, &c. . . . . . . 2d. Mechanically Incorporating Indiarubber with Hydro- Carbon Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Telephones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Protective and Insulating Casing6 for Underground Telegraph Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Treatment of Meat . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Manufacture of Snow.. . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Preparation of Materials for Clarifying Sugar Oils, &c.. . Steam Tension Manometer for Analysing Liquids and Studying Pressures . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Xanufacture of Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 8d. Manufacture of Artificial Alizarin . . . . . . . . 4d. Carburetting Air . .. . . . . . . . . . 6d. Telephones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Synchronising or Setting Clocks . . . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of Bitter Almond Oil, Benzoic Acid, &c. .. 4d. Extracting Ammonia during Distillation of Azotic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Medicated and other Aerated Waters . . . . . . 2d. Treatment of Vegetable Oils . . . . . . . . 4d. Refining or Purifying Sugar, &c. . . . . . . . . 4d. Colouring Mattere for Dyeing and Printing . . . . 4d BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemiat and Druggist; The Rrewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal; The Sanitary Record; The Miller; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New York ; The Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Oil and Drug News ; The Textile Record of America ; Sugar Cane; Practical Chemistry, by Hurrjt & Madan.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600053

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC