摘要:

141 NOTE ON THE ISOLATION OF STRYCHNINE. By ALFRED H. ALLEN, Read bpfore the Society of Public Analysts, on 11th March, 1881. CHEMISTS who are in the habit of employing ether and chloroform for the separation of alkaloida and other active principles from aqueous liquids, will have noticed a marked difference in their behaviour. In the case of ether, the layer of solvent either separates in142 THE ANALYST. a few seconds from the aqueous liquid, or can be induced to do so with absolute certainty by adding more ether or by thoroughly cooling the liquid. I have never met with an instance in which ether refused to separate very rapidly, provided that it was used in such quantity that the etherial layer fully equalled in bulk the lower aqueous stratum. The behaviour of chloroform exhibits a great contr2st with that of ether; frequently many hours, and occasionally days, being requisite for its separation from the aqueous layer, and for the coalescence of the chloroform globules, Even then it not unfrequently has a rnilky appearance, which is rarely if ever noticed in the case of ether.Some operators by preference employ chloroform rather than ether in cases where either liquid is equally suitable, as it is in the isolation of quinine. This preference is probably generally due to the supposed advantage obtained by the greater density of chloroform, which causes its collection below instead of at the surface of the aqueous layer. I n certain other cases, however, there is the far stronger reason that chloroform is a greatly superior solvent for the substance to be extracted.Strychnine forms a notable instlance of this, being variously stated to require from 340 to 1800 parts of ether, but only 7 to 10 parts of chloroform for solution. Nevertheless, and doubtless in consequence of t'he trouble and delay in the separation of a chloroformic layer, Dr. Tidy and other eminent toxicologists recommend the use of ether instead of chloroform for the isolation of strychnine. I have myself, till lately, been in the habit of employing ether for the same reason, but now use a gsolvent which unites a high solvent power for strychnine with the property of ready separation from the aqueous liquid. This consists of a mixture of equal volumes of chloroform and ether. Such a mixture has a density of about 1.10, and hence is sensibly heavier than most aqueous liquids.I have however, recently employed it with solutions so largely loaded with sugar that the solvent mixture floated on the surface ; nevertheless, the separation occurred with great facility. In cases where the aqueous liquid approximates very closely in gravity to the solvent, separation can bt, readily induced by adding water (or better, ammonia). Of course, an additional quantity of chloroform or ether may also be added, but if the former be employed in notable excess the facility of separation is apt to be materially impaired, whilst if ether be added in considerable quantity the solvent power of the mixture for strychnine is materially reduced. That this last objection, however, hits no great weight is proved by the following results of experiments made by my pupil, Ur.Charles Harrison, to test the point. One gramme of commercial strychnine was dissolved in acidulated water, and the solution diluted to 100 C.C. Expertmerit I.-lO C.C. measure of the above solution (= -100 gramme strychnine) was treated with excess of ammonia, and the liquid agitated with 10 C.C. of a mixture of equal bulks of chloroform and ether. On drawingoff and evaporating the solvent, exactly -100 gramme residue was obtained. On again agitating the alkaline liquid with ether-chloroform, an additional weight of 404 gramme was extracted. Experiment II.-A repetition of the above experiment gave .087 gramme by the first extraction, and an additional -019 gramme on re-agitating, thus making a total of -106 gramme dissolved.These experiments sufficiently prove that the solubility of recently predipitatedTBE ANALYST. 143 strychnine in ether-chloroform is amply sufficient to ensure its solution in practice. It will be observed that the weights of the total residues obtained somewhat exceeded the original weights of the alkaloid employed. This fact is doubtless due to the strychnine 8s dried for a short time at looo C., retaining some water of combination. I propose to examine this matter more fully. It was found that when the solution of the strychnine in ether-chloroform approached dryness, it was exceedingly apt to decrepitate, thus occasioning loss of alkaloid. This tendency was avoided by adding a few drops of alcohol towarda the close of the evaporation. This precaution ie only necessary when perfectly pure strychnine is in solution. The small quantity of impurity usually extracted along with the strychnine when the methcd is used in toxicological investigations, appears to prevent the tendency to decrepitation. In the extraction of strychnine in such practice, I find it convenient to bring the acidulated aqueous liquid to a volume of about 20 c.c., agitate it with ether-chloroform to remove piperine, glucosides, &c., separate, render the liquid strongly alkaline with ammonia, and at once agitate with 30 C.C. of ether-chloroform. The separation usually occurs very rapidly, but may be induced with certainty by adding water or ether in the manner already described.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060141b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 143 ON THE SWEDISH LAWS FOR THE SALE OF POISONS. BY C. HEISCE, F.C.S., F.I.C. Read before the Society of Public dnulysts, on 27th June, 1881. You mill remember that when I brought before you an abstract of the Swedish decrees on the sale of poisons, I drew your attention to the fact that, though the production of a brown or black arsenical mirror in a tube of 2 m.m. diameter, from 50 Swedish square inches of paper hangings, or 25 of - textile fabrics was said to be enough to prohibit the sale of such goods, no hint was given as to the process by which such mirror was to be produced, nor of the quantity of arsenic it was supposed to represent. Since that time I have endeavoured to determine what is the smallest quantity of arsenic which will produce such a mirror, and as no process was mentioned, I used what I thought the best, the modification of Marsh's test, in which the arseniuretted hydrogen is passed through a red hot tube, and the arpenical mirror produced in the tnbe just beyond the red hot portion.I place before you three tubes. No. 1, diameter %-inch, contains arsenic from *001 gr. AS,O,. No. 2, +-inch diameter, arsenic from *00116 AS,O,, the same amount of arsenic as No. 1. No. 3, one-tenth inch diameter, the same amount of arsenic. Even this last is one-fifth larger than the Swedish tube, yet the arsenical mirror is absolutely opaque. How much farther one could go I cannot quite say, but half the above quantity gives not only a perceptible mirror, but when sublimed on to a micro-slide a good crop of octahaedral crystal of AS,O,.The only difference I can find in the results from AS,O, and AS,O, is that while a 0 0 1 AS,O, is all reduced and deposited in half-an-hour, *001 AS,O, takes over two hours for complete reduction. Professor Sell, of Stockholm, when asked what process was intended by the decree of November, 1879, replied that he could not say any particular process was ordained, but he should treat the sample with either H,SO,, or fuming nitric acid, wash and precipitate with H,S, and reduce with NA,CO, and KCy. This would certainly not give such good results with emall quantities as the Marsh test, and take muoh more time and trouble.144 THE ANALYST. A few days since we received from Dr. Wallace, of Glasgow, for exhibition to-night, a eample of carpet which had been condemned by the analyst in Stockholm, with the certificate and tube of arsenic attached, as directed by the act.A translation of this certificate I place before you, the parts in ordinary type being the official printing, those in italics the filling in for this particular article. On the certificate is the description of the process employed, which is much that contained in Profemor Sell’s letter, but more detailed. Dr. Wallace also gives us the process as described to him by the owner of the carpet, which is the same as that on the certificate, with this addition, that the fact of the mirror being euough to condemn the carpet was judged by observing if a black line on a white ground could be seen through it : if it could not the sale of the article wag prohibited I may mention that according to the best evidence we have been able to obtain, no injurious effects have yet been traced to a paper hanging containing as little as - 5 grains per piece of nine square yards, but beyond this it is not safe to go.This would correspond to *001 grain in 16 square inches, and from that quantity we can, as you see, obtain an opaque mirror. I n Sweden 50 Swedish square inches or 68 English are employed, and an opaque mirror condemns the article. If, however, the process mentioned on the certificate shown be universally employed, probably much larger quantities would be required to produce the same mirror as we obtain by Marsh from -001 grain. Dr. Wallace mentions that he cannot obtain satisfactory results by following the Swedish method, at which I think no one will be surprised.You will observe that on the certificate the fee, 3-50 is mentioned as the official one. This means 3 krona 50 ore, or 3 krona and a-half, the value of the krona is 1/1, so the fee is 3/99. This beats our adulteration fee hollow, but I suppose money goes farther in Stockholm. BUREAU OF TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY, STOCKHOLM, 40, DROTTINJGATTEN (QUEEN STREET), 40. At the Bureau of Technical Chemistry was left on the 8th instant by Nessrs. H. I. R8ynrann & Co., of Gothonburg, Q sample of so called tapestry carpet of various colours, the rsmainder of which is attached hereto. To be examined for the presence of arsenic. The result of the Chemical Analysis was as follows :- Size of piece operated on 25 square inches.That according to the present poison regulations, the trade in the same is forbidden. The glass tube attached hereto is that in which the arsenical mirror was received. The examination was carried out by breaking up the sample with fuming nitric acid and washing the mass with water, precipitating the heavy metals with sulphuretted hydrogen after concentration. Treating the precipitated sulphides with caustic ammonia, evaporating the solution so obtained to dryness, and reducing the residue with soda and cyanide of potassium in a stream of carbonic acid on the Von Babo-Fresenius method. All the reagents used have been found by me free from arsenic, which I hereby declare. Reference NO. 7521. balysis No. 30,170. Fee according to prescribed tariff, 3-50.Trades Chemist in Stockholm, A . WERNER CRONQ UIST. The following is the mode of testing for arsenio in textile fftbrics, &c., by the SwedishTHE ANALYST. 145 Government Analyst, as ascertained by a carpet manufacturer who recently visited Stockholm, and forwarded to the Society, together with the original certificate, by Dr. Wallace. The sample is dissolved by means of fuming nitric acid and the result (after evaporation) washed (dissolved) in water ; the heavy metals are precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen, and the sulphides obtained are treated with ammonia, and the solution thus obtained is evaporated to dryness and reduced by means of soda (carbonate) and cyanide of potamium in a stream of carbonic acid gas. The arsenic is reduced to the metallic state in a glass tube, the diameter of which must not exceed 2 millimetres. 220 square centimetres are operated upon, equal to 25 square inches Swedish, or 34 square inches English. If the glass (tube) is not transparent, so that a black line on white ground (such as a black line on writing paper) may not be seen through it, the goods are prohibited. The carpet in question contained about half a millegramme in 220 square c.m., or say about 1-20th of a grain in a square foot (Swedish).

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600143

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 145 ON A. MODIFICATION OF WYNTEB-IJLYTH’S APPARATUS FOR DIUESTIONS IN ETHER AS APPLIED TO MILK ANALYSIS. BY W. F. K. STOCK, F.C.S., F.I.C. Read befors the Society of Public Analysts on 27th June, 1881. OWING to the rapid diffusion of heat through cast iron, and the difficulty found in retarding this diffusion when working with thin sections, coupled with the obvious dif€iculty of applying Wynter-Blyth’s original apparatus to the use of platinum basins of conveniently small size, I have adopted the following simple modification. The concave iron vessel is replaced by a flat iron casting, which may be either rectangular or circular. This plate is one inch thick by six inches square or diameter. I n one side a half-inch groove is turned, not cast, to form a seat for the welted edge of a narrow tubnlated bell-jar, convenient dimensions for which are 7 inches high by 4+ inches diameter, 3 inch tubulure.This bell-jar is fitted with a long, light, Liebig’s Condenser, having a water jacket 20 inches long by 1 inch diameter, with an inner tube of 4 inch bore. The clearest conception of the use of this apparatus will perhaps be gained if I describe a fat determination by my present method. 10 grms. or so of milk are evaporated in a platinum basin 2) inches wide by +inch deep. This is done on the water-bath, and requires about an hour and a quarter. The basin and residue is placed in a 10-ounce beaker, 60 C.C. of dry ether are poured over it, and the beaker is of such a size that the ether covers the basin to the depth of nearly half-an-inch. The beaker and contents is placed within the groove on the cast iron plate, the bell-jar with condenser attached is turned over it, sufficient mercury is run into the groove to give a perfect seal, a stream of water is sent through condenser, and the whole is best left for a night.In the morning a low gas jet is placed under the plate, which stands on a strong tripod, and the ether is allowed to boil gently for an hour or more. A weighed beaker having been got ready, the gas is turned out, bell-jar removed, and the ether carefully decanted into the weighed beaker, the basin being first lifted and drsined by146 THE ANALYST. means of a pair of bright brass tongs. This is repeated three times, boiling for fifteen minutes each time. The remaining operations require no description.In practice I have three of these arrangements standing on one bench, and the same stream of water feeds them all. Of course they must be well apart for fear of accidental ignition of the vapour of the ether. There is an advantage in having the beaker to contain the basin, which is not at first men, but anyone using this apparatus would soon discover it, I t is that the ether in the beaker boils more rapidly than that in the basin, and the point of the condensing tube being ground off obliquely and directed to the centre of the platinum basin, there is a constant wash of pure dry ether, which rapidly displaces the contents of the basin, and tends largely to the proper and perfect solution of the fat. The following trials have been made with the apparatus.60 C.C. ether have been boiled for three hours continuously. Check Fats on milk gave :- Loss = 10 C.C. This was in winter. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Fat = 2.61 2.61 2-61 Another sample analysed by two operators at a diatance. Methods unknown to eaoh other. Wynter-Blyth modified. Unknown. Fat = 2-48 2.51 Difference : *03 per cent. For the information of analysts disposed to try the modification, I may just add that the plates cost 410 each with groove turned out, bell jars 1/6 each, indiarubber corks for aondenser, 6d. Tripods and condensers were made at home in my case, the latter being got out of old water anulysis condensers. NoTE.-I tried on several occasions to recover the ether, but I rapidly came to the aonclusion that the loss of the solvent was the truest economy. In the discussion which ensued, Mr. Wynter-Blyth said that he had never proposed his apparatus for milk, he rather proposed it as a useful thing in the laboratory; he himself naed Soxhlett’s milk apparatus now. He found his own apparatus very useful for miscel- laneous purposes; he used it for the recovery of ether more than anything else, especially when the ether wa0 in small flasks, and could be put into this apparatus without any oork and distilled over.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600145

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

146 THE ANALYST. ON THE DETECTION OF LEAD IN POTABLE WATERS BY MEANS OF POTASSIUM BICHROMATE. BY SIDNEY HARVEY. Read befors the Society of Public Analysts, on 27th June, 1881. THE dark color struck by hydrogen sulphide in samples of water suspected of metallic impregnation may be due to lead, copper, tin, and possibly other metals, and as the tone and intensity of tint produced by this re-agent varies in the case of the three metals above named, it becomes important before attempting any colorimetric estimation by means of standard solutions to decide which metal is redly present.THE ANALYST. 147 I have been in the habit for a considerable time past of employing bichromate of potash for the identification of lead and consider it to be the most efficient and delicate test for the purpose as well as very simple and easy in the mode of application. The following experiments have been undertaken to prove this :- Taken-Standard solution of lead acetate, strength 0-1 milligram metal in 1 C.C.-Canterbury water works water. -Small crystals of potassium bichromate, potassium iodide and sodium sulphate. Phillip’s precipitating jars were used in every case. EXPERIMENT 1.--143 C.C. standard lead made up to 1 litre with the water and Strength, 1 grain of metal per gallon. Sodium Su2phate.-Solution still bright in 24 hours. A very slight and doubtful Potassium Iodide,-Incipient yellow scales in half an hour. A complete deposition in Potassium Bichromate.-Immediate and very dense turbidity, precipitating in 8ix EXPERIMENT 2.-28*6 C.C.standard lead in 1 litre water (strength 1 4 t h grain in Potassium Iodide.-Clear and colorless solution 24 hours after. Slight trace of scales Potassium Bichromate.-Immediate and considerable turbidity, depositing precipitate EXPERIMENT 3.--14.3 C.C. standard lead in 1 litre water (strength, 1-10th grain per Potassium Bichronzate CrystaZs.-Very pronounced turbidity at once. EXPERIMENT 4.-7*15 C.C. standard lead in 1 litre water (1-20th grain per gallon). Potassium Bichromate Crysta~s.-Distinct turbidity in 15 minutes. EXPERIMENT 5.-3 C.C. standard lead in 1 litre water (1-50th grain per gallon). Potassium Bichromate Crystals.-Distinct turbidity in 30 minutes. I n all cases the jars used were set alongside similar jars containing water free from lead and tested in same manner. I n every case where bichromate was used and sufficient time was allowed for subsidenoe, the colored water could be poured off to the last drop without disturbing the lead chromate, which latter could then be shaken with a little distilled water and its color and properties better observed than when in a yellow fluid.I consider it of great importance that the re-agent should be added to the water in crystals and not in solution. The former is for some reaBon far more prompt and delicate in its effects. I also find that for the production of lead iodide (a very characteristic precipitate by the wayj a large quantity of potassium iodide is required for dilute solutions of lead. Snlphates are no bar to the detection of lead in water by bichromate. 10 C.C. standard lead (= milligram metal) were evaporated to dryness with sulphuric acid, heated to expel excess of latter. Residue moistened with dilute nitric acid, 5 C.C. water added, boiled and a little sodium acetate added. A crystal of biohromate added to the cleared solution gave an immediate precipitate of lead chromate. divided into three portions. deposit at bottom of glass. 12 hours of yellow plumbic iodide. hours, covering bottom of glass and considerable in amount. gallon). of iodide at bottom, but hardly visible. in six hours. gallon).148 THE ANALYST. TO conclude, about a litre of the water to be examined is brightened (if necessary) with drop or two of acetic acid and agitated in a Phillip’s precipitating jar with a few minute Lead, if present in the proportion of 1 part in 3+ crystals of potassium bichromate. millions, will be detected by the yellow turbidity or precipitate produced.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600146

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. !I’HE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES O F ENGLAND. VALUATION, ACCORDING TO WIGNER’S VALUATION SCALE, OF THE ANALYSES PUBLISHED THIS MONTH. IN compliance with the wish of many analysts we have decided to publish for the next six months the valuation of all the waters, the analyses of which appear in this journal, so as not only to enable the valuation scale itself to be put to a crucial test, but to give a clear indication of the variations which occur from time to time in the different waters. In the following table we give the average lahation of the public supplies from January to June-the valuation of the analyses published la& month (the June waters) and of those published this month (the July waters), We purpose using the January to June average valuation as a standard of calculation of improvement or deterioration, as the case may be, until the end of the presert year.Kent Co ................... New River ................ East London .............. Southwark and Vauxhall.. .. West Middlesex. ........... Grand Junction.. .......... Lsmbeth .................. Cheleea .................. Bath .................... Birmingham .............. Bradford. ................. Brighton.. ................ Brietol .................. Cambridge ................ Canterbury. ............... Croydon .................. Derby .................... Droitwich ................ Dudley .................. Edinburgh ................ Exeter.. .................. Grantham ................ Huddersfield ............. , Hull.. .................... Ipswiioh ..................Learnington .............. Leeds .................... Leicester.. ................ King’s Lynn .............. iverage to June. 30 26 32 34 30 30 37 39 12 33 53 24 22 28 17 27 18 39 45 28 20 27 23 23 27 94 26 35 42 June. 23 18 3ti 30 31 25 29 26 11 33 58 26 19 29 15 28 14 .. .. 25 18 30 20 20 27 131 21 34 30 July. 27 17 39 28 24 23 29 26 19 37 81 23 27 26 22 30 13 .. .. 21 16 26 30 110 28 24 .. .. .. Liverpool .............. Llandrindod ............ Maidstone Water Company ,, Public Conduit. Manchester .............. Newark ................ Newcastle .............. Norwich ................ Nottingham ............ Oldham ................ Plymouth .............. Portsmouth ............ Reading ................ Rochdale ................ Rugby .................. Salford ................Sheffield ................ Shrewsbury ............ Southamp t on ............ S tockport .............. S tourhridge ............ Stourport .............. Sunderland ............ Swansea ................ Warwick.. .............. Whitehaven ............ Worcester .............. Wolverhampton ........ Lverage to June. 36 13 39 36 22 39 37 36 39 23 29 30 25 9 41 18 22 23 43 17 37 37 25 16 34 9 46 55 June. 34 42 40 19 38 32 32 .. .. .. .. 27 20 8 58 21 18 .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 11 42 .. .. July. 29 34 28 17 46 40 49 46 .. .. .. 22 20 7 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 14 34 17 39 .. Taking the Metropolitan waters first, we find that the Kent company gives a figure slightly worse than last month, but better than the average. The New River water shows an improvement over last month, and a considerable improvement over the average. The East London is worm than last month, and no less than 7 on the valuation scale worse than the average, although even now it falls within the limit of first-class waters.The Southwark and Vauxhall, West Middlesex, and Grand Junction all show an im- provement-most marked in ths West Middlesex sample-whilst the Lambeth and Chelsea watere are practically identical in value with those published last month, Taken as a whole, the average valuation of the London supplies for July is 27, a figure whieh contrasta very satisfactorily with a large number of the analyses published from placesTHE ANALYST. 149 where the facilities for obtaining water are greater than in the case of the Metropolis. The figure shows that the London water, as a whole, is of good quality.Dealing next with the provincial supplies, the lowest and, therefore, most satisfactory figures of valuation are those of Rochdale, 7 ; Derby, 13 ; Salford, 14 ; Swansea, 14 ; Exeter, 16 ; Manchester, 17 ; Whitehaven, 17 ; Bath, 19 ; Reading, 20. Of these nine waters, seven show a distinct improvement in the supplies of last month, and two-viz., Bath and Whitehaven-show a slight deterioration. In the Bath analysis the deterioration is shown mainly by the presence of algs and diatoms accompanied by slight increase in the albuminoid ammonia. I n the Whitehaven analysis the increase is due almost entirely to a marked change in the albuminoid ammonia, which, although still low, stands at a figure twice as high as last month.There are eight other samples which show improvements on last month, and on the average of the previous six months, viz., Brighton, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Maidstone, and Wolverhampton ; and in seven of these the improvement is of importance. In Edinburgh the decrease of valuation is 7 ; in Leeds, 6 ; in Leicester and Liverpool, 5 ; in Maidstone, 6 ; and Wolverhampton, 7. Crogdon, Ipswich, Newcastle and Sunderland show very little change. There are six places where the character of the July supply appears to be worse than that of the previous month. Birmingham has an increased valuation of 4, Bristol of 8, Canterbury of 7, Huddersfield of 6, Newark of 14, Norwich of 17-and here the valuation is the highest yet recorded for that city. Nottingham has an increase of 14, but the valuation is not quite so high as in April and May. The supply of this town appears to be very variable in character. King’s Lynn shows the highest valuation in the whole series, as, indeed, has generally been the case month by month. I t is some slight satisfaction to note that the degree of impurity for July is somewhat less than it was in June, although still so high that the water must be ranked a6 at least third class.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600148

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 149 THE ANALYSES OF THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES OF ENGLAND. Bolton.-This borough and its suburbs are supplied with water by gravitation from three sources, viz., Belmont, Heaton, and Entwistle. The drainage area extends over about 3166 acres; and the water is collected in five reservoirs, the total capacity of which is 940,500,000 gallons. The geological formations of the districts consist of the shales and sandstoneg, which constitute the lower portion of the coal series, and upper millstone grit. The average annual rainfall at Belmont and Entwistle is 55 inches, and at Heaton 45 ; the average amount of water which may be collected being about 40 inches. The present water supply is 5,200,000 gallons per diem. The sample analysed (see table of July waters) is a mixture, as supplied, from all the three sources, and may be taken as fairly representing the water now supplied to the consumers.Filtering beds are now (Aug., 1881) being constructed by the Corporation. Hustings and St. Leonards.-The public supply of these towns is almost entirely obtained from wells ranging from 90 ft. to 350 ft. in depth, connected into sets of 3 or 4 each by headings. This supply is practically continuous, it being pumped into reservoirs (about sufficient for two days) and then conveved to the service pipes. Some of the waters containing iron are first pumped into aerating and filtering beds to free them. There are chalybeate springs in the neighbourhood. A little surface water is used, but this, though of fair quality, ig being gradually dispensed with by sinking new wells in the districts where the purest water is found.SOCIETY O F PUBLIC ANALYSTS.Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in July, 1881. All results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. 5.6' 2.0' 3.6' 3.5' 2.1' 2.8' 4.5" 2.5" 4.0' 4.1" 3.0' 3.2" 3.8c 1.8' 4.2' 4.0" 4.6' 6.0' 4.4' 5.0" 3.9O 2.8" 3.5" 2.0" 8.6" 5.5' 5.8' 2.9' 23.4 17.64 19.40 17.64 17.22 18.40 18-78 17.64 23.04 18.50 6.12 20.60 18.40 7-04 24.50 23-66 23.40 10.92 19.18 5.76 5.60 28.10 6.10 31.12 17.08 18.52 5.04 _ _ - Phosphoric Acid i n 'hosphatw OXYGEN, Absorbed in HARDNESS, Clark's Scale, 2 2 .5 g D $4 -0054 -0021 -0132 -0070 *0034 -0047 -0070 -0050 i n dc Before 3oiling. 16.4' 13.5' 1 5 O 0 13.5' 12.2' 12%" 14.0" 13.0" Date when drawn. July 19 7 ' 15 I , 15 7 ' 18 7 , 20 1, 19 '1 1 3 , I Description of Sample.Appearance in Two-foot Tube. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. ANALYSTS. 4 hours at SO0 Fahr. *0080 *0220 *0500 *0476 *0560 *0424 ~0560 -0450 2 inins. at 80° Fuhr. none *0020 none -0028 none -0012 -0028 -00.10 none satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory Wigner & Harland. B. Dyer. Wigrier & Harland. J. Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wyn ter-Blyth. J. Muter. A. DunrB. none none none none none none none none 1.56 1.14 1.16 1.24 1.05 1.04 1-24 1.26 -538 -147 -1 73 -090 -081 -096 -090 -140 00002 ,0014 *0012 -0014 .0007 none ,0007 *0010 Kent Co. . . . . . . New River . . . . East London . . Southwark & \ Vauxhall . . j West Middlesex Grand Junction Lnmbeth .. .. Chelsea .. . . . . pale blue cleas c . green. yellov c. f. yellow f. greenish yelm. pale yellow c. f. yellow c. greenishyelw, traces traces trace trace trace trace trace none traces none none traces trace none traces none trace trace trace none trace none none traces 1. traces n. traces none ~ J. W. Gatehouse. A. Hill. W. H. Watson. F. M. Rimmington. Wigner & Harland. F. W. Stoddart. W. H. Watson. J. West-Knights. S. Harvey, C. Heisch. W. F. K. Stock. L. Archbutt. J. Falconer King. F. P. Perkins. H. F. Cheshire. G. Jarmain. J. Napier. William Johnstone. T. Fairley. -185 *139 -029 none -368 *050 -034 -384 -412 *335 *022 -096 trace -127 ,297 -024 -395 -350 -360 none ,0008 0056 005 6 001 6 0014 0092 0010 0007 0050 0035 lone 0048 0035 0030 0035 0074 0119 0142 0044 none -0080 -0030 ,0460 none -0020 -0070 ,0028 -0050 none ,0210 trace ,0096 none 0040 none 0252 0280 0140 lone 0740 0228 2110 ;race 0100 0246 0582 0110 0084 2040 0092 0448 0217 0105 0050 lone 2140 2265 0730 16.0" 12.2' 3.0' 3.4O 12.8O 14.6' 4.4' 17.8' 17.0' 15.5' 7.4O 10.10 4.70 2.8" 6.5' 2-20 18-8' 10.00 11-20 4-0° Bath .. . . . . . . Birmingham .. Bolton. . . . . . . . Bradford.. . . . . Brighton.. . . . . Bristol . . . . . . . . Bury (Lan.) .. Cambridge . . . . Canterbury.. . . Croydon . . . . . . Darlington . . . . Derby . . . . . . . . Edinburgh . . . . Exeter . . . . , . . . Hastings.. . . . . Huddersfield . . Ipswich . . . . . . King's Lynn*. . c. f. blue s. tur. grn. yelw. s. yellow turbid s. peaty yellow c. yelw. green f. green turbid c. pale blue e . pale blue c .colourless c. green. yelm. v. good s. brown f. greenish yelw. v. p. yellow E. yellow green. c. colourless turb. bm. yelw. :urb. brn. yelw. light yellow none none none none none none mossy none none none s. peaty none none none v. faint none weedy veedy none -96 1.19 -40 *65 1.99 1.10 -95 1.34 1.47 1.12 -70 1-05 *76 -91 4.5 *55 2.19 1.59 1.63 .62 a l p & diatoms veg. particles mineral & veg. debris none vegetable debris none 'eg. debris & minl. inttr satisfactory very slight mineral none none satisfactory none mineral matter peat moving organisms no deposit veg. debris diatoms 1 I moving organisms j peaty matter nolie *0021 -0014 none -0011 .0010 -0040 *0005 .0005 none -0007 -0014 .0008 none -0015 none *0057 *0014 .0018 *0005 Leeds . . . . . .. .SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in July, 1881. All results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. - Date when drawn. - 3 . e B ,Mg gz -103 -083 -760 ,409 -444 none -026 -053 *06l 1.000 *150 -085 -008 none -288 none -231 so05 -605 OXYGEN, Absorbed in HARDNE s S, Clark's Scale, in dc Before loiling. Description of Sample. Appearance in Two-foot Tube. Phosphoric Acid in Phosphates. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. ees. After loiling. ANSYSTS. 4 hours a t No Fahr. 2 mins. at 804 Fahr. Leicester. . . . . . Liverpool . . . . Mmgate . . . . . . Maidstone- Wtr. Company Public Conduit Mmchester . . . . Newark . . . . . . Newcastle -on- Tyne.. . . . .} Norwich . . . . . . Nottingham . . Portsmouth . . Reading . , . . . . Bochdale .... Sadford . . .... Sunderland . . Swansea , . . . . . Warwick. . . . . . Whitehaven .. Wolverharnp ton f . yellow yellow green c. blue none 'light peatj none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none 1.15 1.08 16.76 2-80 2-40 -73 1.75 -91 2.10 1.77 1-26 *go -60 -05 1.85 -90 1.40 -36 1.36 trace trace trace trace trace none trace trace trace traces trace trace none none trace trace trace trace trace ,0013 *0014 -0007 none none -0033 -0022 .0010 traces -0005 trace none -0015 -0020 -0023 -0010 -0007 none -0003 ,003 2 ,0035 *0025 *0023 ~0007 *0045 -0074 *0090 9076 *0047 -0014 ,0042 -0028 -0040 -0030 -00.56 -0028 -0023 -0042 -0027 -0028 none -0042 60042 -0032 none -0060 *0290 none none none none -0020 ,0020 -0030 .0170 none so013 -0745 *0677 *0060 -0196 -0271 -0439 *0689 -1030 ,0768 none none -00 14 *0004 -0600 none -0040 *0390 -0158 -0638 7.70 4-80 18*0° 17.4" 16.5O 2-00 1 7 ~ 0 ~ 12.20 13.0° 15*Oo 134O 15.00 3.40 3.0° 9.6" 2.5O 18.4O 0-4O 12*6O 4-50 4-50 10*2O 5.6' 5.6' 1-90 10.9O 4.70 4*0° 8.0' 3.20 4.0" 1.6O 2.5' 3.70 2*5O 12.80 0.4O 6+4O 14.44 9 52 50.80 34.44 32.30 5.73 34.24 16-00 16.00 20.60 14.50 18.75 5.00 4-00 24.50 3.57 21.70 2-10 20.16 satisfactory no deposit satisfactory satisfactory none satisfactory diatoms and desmids satisfactory satisfactory vegetable fibres lecomp.veg. mttr. diarns< satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory vegetable debris none none egetable debris diatome confervae and diatoms W. L. Emmerson. A. Smetham. Wigner & Harland. M. A. Adams. M. A. Adams. W. Thomson. A. Ashby. J. Pattinson. W. G. Crook. Wigner & Harland. W. J. Sykes. J. Shea. T. A. Collinge. J. Carter Bell. H. J. Yeld. W. Morgan. A. B. Hill. A. Kitchin. E. W. T. Jones. turbid clear 3. v. s. yellow . gm. s. turbid f. yellow . greenish yelw, green. bluish clear c. greenish pale blue clear c. colourless clear greenish I 8. turb. p. grn. 4. yellow tinge Abbreviations:-a., clear; f., faint; h., heavy; p., pale; v. h., very heavy; v. a., very alight. ERRATA.-In the June Table the Nitrogen in Nitrates in the Reading Water should have been -088 instead of -88, and in the Wolverhnmpton Water it should have been *073 instead of ~051.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060149b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

I52 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Adulteration of N i l k :- At the Belfast Police Court, Michael Marley and Francis M' Atamney were summoned at the instance of Wm. J. Anderson, sub-sanitary officer, for selling sweetmilk which was adulterated by water. Mr. James M*Lean, jun., prosecuted in this and the remaining cases. Mr. Harper appeared for the defendant. Mr. M'Lean said that this was about one of the worst cases of adulteration of sweet- milk that ever came before the Court since the Sale of Food and Drugs Act had come into force. The report of Dr. Hodges, the Borough Analyst, showed that in every 100 parts of milk there were 36 parts of water added as an adulterant. The second defendant was a servant of the first, and was selling the milk for him. He (Rfr. M'Lean) thought that it was a case in which the full penalty of the statute should be inflicted. Mr.Anderson, having deposed to buying the milk and giving it to the analyst, said that the defendant Marley had been fined 40s. on a previous occasion for a similar offence. Captain Plunkett said that the public were defrauded by buying what they thought was a certain quantity of milk, and getting instead a quantity of milk and water. It appeared to him that a case of this sort should be in the other court, and not in the one it was. The defendant should be in the dock, as the offence was just the same as robbing a man in a clandestine manner. It was just the same with weights. The unfortunate public paid for one pound weight, and got a few ounces light, and the greater portion of them had no means of discovering it.The defendant Marley would have to pay a fine of $10 and costs, which was not a large sum, as it was only a matter of a few days' profit. The other case was dismissed. John Grant was summoned for a similar offence. Mr. M'Erlean defended. The analyst's certificate showed that a similar quantity of water had been added as an adulterant. As it was the defendant's first offence, he was only fined 40s. and costs. James Huddleston was also summoned by the same complainant for selling a quantity of butter- milk which contained 35 parts added water. A fine of 20s. and costs was inflicted. Question raised as to whether analysis personally made by Public Analyst himself:- At the Aston Police Court, William Lewis, jun., wholesale milk dealer, Fordrough, Potter's Hill, Aston, was summoned for selling milk adulterated with water. According to the certificate of Dr.Bostock Hill, the County Analyst, the milk which was purchased by Mr. Bolt, the Inspector of Nuisances, was adulterated with 27 per cent. of added water. Dr. Hill, who was present,THE ANALYST. 155 was put in the witness-box, and in reply to the cross-examination of Mr. Vachell, who defended, said he did not and could not do all the manual work connected with the analysis of every sample of milk. But he always superintended them, aud was invariably in the laboratory when they were being made by his assistants. Mr. Vachell said although he did not wish for a moment to impeach the accuracy of the analysis, he still submitted that the conditions of the act had not all been complied with.The 12th and 13th sections provided that tbe analysis must actually be made by the analyst himself. It was not sufficient for him to have it made by others, however skilled they might be. The Bench said they were quite satisfied Dr. Hill had complied with all the requirements of the Act. He told them that he emploged competent assistants, and they (the Bench) thought it would be unreasonable that he should be required to actually perform every detail himself-it would be utterly impossible. The defendant would be fined 40s. and costs. Mr. Vachell asked for a case. He said the point was of some importance to milk sellers in general. The Bench granted a case. At the Town Hall, Leeds, lately, Mr. Bruce gave judgment in a case which was before him on the 15th March, and in which Jabez Smith Blanchard, provision dealer, Kirkdale, was summoned for selling as butter an article lmown as butterhe. Mr.Beverley, barrister, who appeared for the defendant (having been instructed since the case was last before the Court), contended that as the defendant had affixed to the article which he sold a label intimating that it was butterine, he had complid with the Act as much as if he had labelled it as a “mixture.” The Town Clerk (Mr. G. Morrison), who prosecuted on behalf of the Corporation, objected to Mr. Beverley addressing the Court after the case had been heard. Mr. Bruce in giving judgment, said this was an information against the defendant for selling, to the prejudice of the purchaser, an article of food which was not of the nature, substance, and quality of the article demanded by the purchaser.In this case the article demanded by the purchaser was llb. of, shilling butter. The article sold was llb. of something which, on analysis, turned out to be: Moisture 9.37, curd 3.06, salt 3.55, and fat 84.02. Of the fat at least 90 per cent. was foreign fat-not butter at all. If any real butter entered into the composition of the mixture it must have been infinitesimal in quantity. The defendant did not, in fact, pretend that the mixture thus sold was butter, but he sought to protect himself from the operation of the statute by the fact, which W&B admitted by the prosecution, that the shopman by whom the sale was effected handed the mixture to the purchaser, who could not read, in a paper upon which were endorsed in legible printed characters the words, ‘‘ Extra superfine butterine,” and by the alleged fact, which, however, was disputed by the prosecution, and as to which he (Mr.Bruce) found for the prosecution, that on the purchaser asking for shilling butter, the seller said, “ Do you want the shilling butterine? ” He (Mr. Bruce) had reserved his judgment in order that he might consider whether the defendant was protected by 38 and 39 Vict., chap. 63. He was of opinion that the mere word! “ Extra superfine butterine ” on the paper did not amount to a notice to the effect that the same was mixed, but as the defendant had merely substituted the word L L butterine ” for l‘ butter,” it would not necessarily convey to the mind of the purchaser the fact that the article was a mixture of butter and something else, or a mixture in which the something else was everything and the butter nothing.There was nothing on the label necessarily to convey to the mind of the purchaser the idea that he was buying anything but pure butter with a finer name. The Town Clerk said he understood that the defendant had filed a petition. The defendant was fined .€E6 including costs. Adulterated Cayenne Pepper : - At the Sheffield Town Hall, a grocer was charged with selling cayenne pepper which was certified by Mr. A. H. Allen to contain 6 per cent. of red lead. The defendant pleaded ignorance of the fact, and said he had had the pepper in stock for upwards of ten years. He was fined 5s.and costs At the Birkenhead Borough Police Court, lately, before Mr. Samuell, the adjourned summons against James Stewart, of 3, Claughton Road, milk seller, for selling skimmed milk, came on for hearing. Mr. Waln prosecuted on behalf of the local authorities, and Nr. Spence appeared for the defendant. At the previous hearing, Mr. Smith, inspector of milk, had proved the purchase of a pint of milk on the 27th May, and had put in a certificate from Dr. Vacher, the Borough Analyst, stating that the milk had been deprived of 15 per cent. of its cream. Mr. Moore, who appeared for the defence on the previous occasion, had produccd a certificate from Dr. Campbell Brown, Public Analyst for Lanoaahire and Liverpool, relative to the quality of the milk, but thiB had been ruled to be inadmiesible, unlem Dr.Brown was present. Dr. Campbell Brown was now in court. Mr. Spenoe154 THE ANALYST. urged a number of minute technical objections, ali of which were overruled, except one as to the inadequacy of the certificate. With regard to this the magistrate expressed his opinion that the certificate was all that the act required ; but, as it might be desirable to have more information as to the constituents of the milk, he was willing to adjourn the case in order that it might be more fully set out. Dr. Vacher said he had his laboratory book in court, and was quite prepared to give any particulars. Having been sworn, he stated in answer to Mr. Spence that in analysing the milk he first weighed out 10 cubic centimetres of milk, which weighed 10.829 grammes.In ascertaining the proportion of solids, instead of totting up to 100, he totted up to 102.9, a very usual mode, and then the constituents came out :-Water, 90.21 ; Fat, 1.70 ; Solids, not fats, 10.99 ; total, 102.90. The ash was 0.70. The result of the analysis was to show that 15 per cent. of fat had been abstracted from the milk. The standard amount of fat that he required was 2.00 but the sample showed but 1.7. He had analyscd milk in which the fats were as high as 6.08, but if the sample had come up to 2-00 he should not have certified against it. Mr. Spencer asked Dr. Vacher what was hie experience as an analyst, and if he had not been unsuccessful in three or four examinations; but Mr. Samuel1 said he could not go into that, and it was not a proper question to ask.He was satisfied that the Corporation of Birkenhead had appointed a fit and proper person to be the Analyst of the Borough, and he was not the person to examine Dr. Vacher as to his qualifications. He might as well ask Mr. Spence if he knew more law than Mr. Waln, or vice versa. Dr. Vacher said it was not the fact. He was never plucked at any examination. Dr. Campbell Brown, was then called and stated that on the 4th of June he received a bottle of milk from Mr. J. Stewart, who was accompanied by another farmer. The bottle was sealed with a red seal marked ‘‘ C.I.N. Borough of Birkenhead.” The seal was intact and had not been tampered with. He produced the bottle. When he received it the seal was in better condition than that of the third, and as yet untouched, sample produced by the Inspector.Mr. Samuel1 said it appeared a very insecure method of sealing the articles. He could draw the cork of the third sample without injuring the seal. Dr. Vacher, who was examining the empty bottle produced by Dr. Brown, said it appeared to have previously contained sweet oil, which would add to the quantity of fatty ingredients in the milk. Chief Inspector Smith said the bottle was cleau when he filled it. He believed it previously contained spirits. Dr. Brown said it was butter and not oil that was in the bottle. He found lumps of butter floating about in it, caused by the churning it had received in its journey, sufficient to show that it must originally have been a rich milk. Having taken out the lumps of butter he ascertained the quantity of fat in them, and found it of itself to be more than Dr.Vacher had extracted from the whole of the milk. Then he analysed the milk that remained and found an additional quantity of fat which had not been converted into butter, and that, added to the butter found floating, made a total of 2.83 per cent. of fat, a standard somewhat above the average of good Cheshire milk. He did not a t all find fault with Dr. Vacher’s standard, it was rather lower than his own ; therefore it was merely a question whether Dr. Vacher got the whole of the fat out of his sample of milk. There was internal evidence quite eufficient to show that Dr. Vacher failed to get the whole of the fat out. The proof of that was that he found 10.99 solids not fat.That was almost the total solids found in ordinary pure milk as it came from the cow with the fat still in it. Whenever he got a result like that from an analysis he knew that he had failed to get the whole of the fat from the preparation, and he did the analysis again. It was an exceedingly rare thing to get anything like 10.9 solids not fat ; 9.2 or 9.3 weremuch more common. Deducting 9-3 from 10.9 left a difference of 1.6, and this was probably the quantity of fat that Dr. Vacher failed to extract. Mr. Samuell: Then your contention is this : that a portion of the solids which Dr. Vacher classed as solids not fats ought to have been a portion of fat ? Dr. Campbell Brown said there was no doubt about it in his mind, from Dr. Vacher’s own analysis, and that allowance would make it correspond with his, or, in fact, show the milk to be somewhat richer.That would be accounted for by the fact that when he analysed the milk it was a fortnight old, and the solids, not fats, had decreased by decomposition. Dr. Vacher said he could not think with Dr. Brown that the solids not fats never reached beyond the point of 9-2 or 9.3. The standard adopted by the Society 01 Public Analysts was 9.0. Dr. Vacher quoted a work by Dr. Wanklyn, but Dr. Brown said Wanklyn was not worth anything for judicial purposes, because he put forward a number of analyses of milks at much higher standard than were commonly met with. If Dr. Vacher would become a member of the Society of Public Analysts, he would be aware that the matter had been very fully discussed by them, and that they had fixed on a standard of 2.20 for fats, md 9-00 for solids not fats.Dr. Vacher, by working up his standard, would in two caseu out of ten prosecute for the addition of water where 110 water had been added. He (Dr. Brown) had done over 9,000 milk analyses He analysed the milk. Dr. Brown said it was extremely rare for them to be beyond 9.5.THE ANALYST. 155 up to the present, and something like two out of ten would have been below the mark if the standard of solids not fats was put as high as 9.60. Dr. Vacher asked Dr. Brown whether, the two samples being analysed, one in a fresh, the other in a sour condition, the results obtained by the analyst who analysed the fresh would not, ceteris paribus, be more likely to be correct than those of the analyst who analysed the sour.Dr. Brown replied that the answer to that was that there was a regular diminution of the solids not fats owing to the decomposition of the milk, and allowance was therefore made corresponding to the age of the milk. Mr. Samuell said this was a very interesting discussion, and he would sit and listen to it with a great deal of pleasure, but he did not think it would aid him in forming his judgment in the case, because where two gentlemen disagreed so markedly as in this case as a matter of course nothing remained for him but to dismiss it. Summons dismissed with costs. At Bath, William B. Beauchamp, 6, Abbey Church Yard, was summoned for having on the 30th May sold to H. G. Montagu, an inspector under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, one pint of milk, which was not of the nature, quality, and substance demanded. MF.Moger prosecuted on behalf of the Sanitary Committee, and Mr. A. R. Poole, defended. Inspector Montagu deposed that on the 30th May last he visited No. 6, Abbey Church Yard, of which the defendant is the registered owner. He asked the female in the shop for a pint of new milk. She served him, and he told her he had purchased it for the purpose of being analysed by the Public Analyst, and asked her if she would have it divided into three parts. She said she would, and he accordingly divided it and put the milk into three separate bottles, which were sealed. He retained one bottle of the milk himself which he produced. He received the certificate from the Public Analyst in due course.He gave the ordinary price for the milk. He took six samples of milk that day, or which he gave the same price with one exception. By Mr. Poole : He had no regular time of calling on the dairymen. He had called at the defendant’s shop before. He did not pay particular attention to any one establishment. The milk he was served with was taken from a metal vessel on the counter. It was not taken from a pan behind the counter. He could not say whether the milk had been standing in the shop all day. He was supplied with the milk as new milk. By Lieut.-Colonel Ford : The shop- woman did not say that the new milk had not arrived. Mr. J. W. Gatehouse, City Analyst, was called and examined a t some length by Mr. Poole for the purpose of showing that the feeding of cows and the differences in the animals themselves together with the season of the year made a difference in the quality of the miik.His standard of milk was 2.2 of fat but the average should not really be lower than 2’5. In this case he only found 1.48 of fat. He did not know whether that standard was higher than that at Bristol. If the greater portion of the milk had been sold in the morning and had then remained standing without being disturbed, there would have been a considerable formation of cream at the top of the milk. By agitation the cream would return and mix with the milk. I t was possible that in the ordinary mode of dipping the first customers wonld get the richest milk. Continuing his evidence, Mr. Gatehouse said the quality was no better than skimmed milk.Mr. Pool addresscd the Bench for the defence, and criticised the evidence given by the analyst and said he should call evidence to prove that the milk had not been tampered with in any way whatever. I t was treated in the way in which milk is ordinarily treated, and if the earlier customers got milk of a rather better quality than the others it was not done with a fraudulent intent of any kind. I n a case like this he contended that it was never intended any penalty should be inflicted by the legislature. Referring to the hour the inspector called for the milk, he said it was just at the time when the mornind’s milk would be in its poorest state, and it was, he urged, unfair of the inspector to call at that time of the day.Emanuel Green, farm bailiff to defendant, was called and deposed that all the milk was taken direct from the cows and sent in locked tins by rail to Bath. As a matter of fact the first customers would get the best milk. Emily Candy deposed to having received the milk in question from which the inspector was served. The milk was served oiit of the trunk to customers, and was never tampered with in any way. At the time the inspector called there were about 3 or 4 gallons left. She had been accustomed to serve milk, and knew it to be a fact that milk at the bottom was poorer than at the top. If the cream were stirred it would float on the top but would not return to the milk. Mr. Lewis Vigis, chemist, 24, Moiimouth Street, Bath, said from time to time he had examined defendant’s milk.His opinion WAS that the milk became poxer as it was served out. After a short deliberation the Bench dismissed the case. He usually called on the dairymen about once a month. Witness saw the cows milked. This could not be avoided. Important :- Recently a special case was stated by the Magistrate of the Thames Police Court at the request of W. T. Harrison, one of the sanitary inspectors of Poplar, to the effect that he, the magistrate, had156 THE ANALYST, dismissed a complaint by the inspector against Henry Richards, a milk vendor, that the latter had sold milk adulterated with 20 per cent. of water (in support of which complaint the certificate of the Public Analyst for Poplar to the effect that the said milk was so adulterated was produced), on the ground that he, the magistrate, was of opinion that the said milk might have been a sample of very poor but genuine milk, from which some of the original richness had been abstracted by ladling out for sale, and that though he received the certificate of the said analyst as evidence of the constituents of the said milk, he was of opinion that it was for him and not the analyst to decide as to the fact of adulteration.After argument before the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Caurt, the Jndges remitted the case back to the magistrate with their opinion that his judgment was erroneous. WE quote the following from the British Medical Journal of the 23rd July. We cannot at all agree with the comments made, and if 30 per cent. of water in butter milk is not flagrant adulteration ” we should very much like to know what is.PROSECUTION UXDER THE SALE O F FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. There has just been given a decision of some importance in reference to the above Act. A farmer was recently convicted in Lancashire for selling butter-milk which, on analysis, was found to contain 30 per cent. of water ; i t being contended by the official analyst that 20 per cent. was a sufficient quantity of water to use in the process of churning. Evidence was brought for the defence to show that there could be no uniform percentage, as it depended on the temperature, sometimes as much as 50 per cent. of water being necessary. Notwithstanding, a conviction was obtained. An appeal was made, and the judges at once unanimously reversed the decision given in the lower court ; and we cordially agree with their remarks, that the case was one which should never have been undertaken by the authorities.These latter should bear in mind that an Act such as the Sale of Food and Drugs is to put down flagrant adulteration, and not to be used as an agent for harassing different opinions on slender and insufficient grounds. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been recently published, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. No. 1880 4865 4932 4900 4908 4933 4985 5287 3471 4869 4987 5030 5033 5037 5066 5231 5332 Name of Patentee. F. M. Lyte . . . . . . F. M. Lyte . . . . . . H. W. Parrott . . . . H. G. Grant . . . . . . J. W. Swann .. . . . . T. Morgan . . . . . . B. E. R. Newlands . . . . W. Chadwick and J. Kynaston J. Hargreaves . . . . . . C. D. Abel . . . . . . W. R. Lake . . . . . . J. H. Johnsm . . . . E. Parnell and A. French . . M. De laVega . . . . H. Stokes . . . . . . J. Eckart . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Title of Patent. Price. Manufacture of Sugar . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Treatment of Ores or Metallic Mixtures . . . . 4d. Treating Night Soil for Manufacture of Manure . . 2d. Manufacture of Ammoniacal Salts . . . . . . 2d. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Manufacture of Soda . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Manufacture of Sulphate of Alumina . . . . . . 4d. Separating Ferrocyanides of Iron from Liquids con- taining the same . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Manufacture of Sulphates of Soda and Potassa . . 6d. Manufacture of Compounds of Sugar and Lime from Molasses, &c. . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of Manure . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Obtaining Sulphate and Oxide of Zinc from Cupreous Ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Manufacture of Sugar . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Manufacture of Sugar . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Preserving Meat . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist; The Rrewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal; The Sanitary Record; The Miller; Journa.1 of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New York ; The Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Oil and Drug News ; The Textile Record of America ; Sugar Cane; Country Brewers’ Gazette; The Medical Record; Oil and Drug Journal; Analysis of simpler Salts, by H. A. Phillips; Report of The People v. Schrumpf, New York.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060152b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC