摘要:

217 ON THE ESTIMATION OF NITRIC ACID. BY J. WEST-KNIGHTS, F.I.C., F.C.S. Read before the Society qf Public Analysts, on 16th November, 1881. IT is generally supposed that nitrio acid in acid solution is only partially converted into ammonia by nascent hydrogen (Fresenius’ Quantitative Analysis, 6th edition, p. 348) ; but I have found that it is quite possible to obtain the whole of the nitric acid present, in the form of ammonia, when proper precautions are taken. When 8 nitrate is dissolved in water in the presence of sulphuric acid and zino, the N,O, is first converted into N,O,, and after prolonged action the latter is completely converted into NH, by the nascent hydrogen. As the reduction, when once started, requires but little attention until completed, the time occupied ia of little importance, as the analysis can be left standing all night, and will,218 THE ANALYST.in most cases, be complete in the morning. After the reduction the NH, can be distilled into standard acid after making the solution strongly alkaline with caustic soda, and estimated in the usual way by titrating the residual acid with half normal alkali. Before commencing the distillation it is necessary to test the completeness of the reduction ; this is best done by adding about 1 C.C. of decinormal permanganate solution. If the permanganate is quickly destroyed, nitrous acid is still present, and the reducing action must be continued; but if, on the other hand, 1 C.C. produces a permanent tint, the action may be considered complete. The process will be best described by giving examples: Six separate quantities of 0.5 grm.of pure nitrate of potash were taken and each dissolved in about 80 0.0. of water, 10 C.C. of H,SO, (one vol. acid to three of water) was added and a stick of zinc, six inches long, was placed in each flask, and the whole allowed to remain all night; in the morning 5 C.C. more acid was added to again stimulate the evolution of hydrogen. In half an hour the rods of zinc were lifted out, rinsed with distilled water, the samples were tested with per- manganate, then rendered alkaline by the addition of three or four short sticks of caustic sods, and distillod into 10 C.C. of normal sulphuric acid contained in a U tube, having a bulb blown on each arm, and being immersed in cold water. After the distillation the oontents of the U tube were washed into a beaker and titrated with half normal NaHO with the following results :- No.1 ............ 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 2.0 C.C. 1.0 c.0. 0.0 C.C. 0.0 C.C. -5 C.C. 2.0 C.C. Standard Acid RNO I neutralized= .............. 4.9 C.C. = *505 .............. 4.9 C.C. = *499 .............. 5.0 C.C. = *505 .............. 4.9 C.C. = ,494 .............. 4.9 C.C. = -496 .............. 4.0 C.C. = -494 The calculations are made, in the case of nitrate of potash, by multiplying the number of C.C. of permanganate and acid respectively by .00505 and -101, and adding the results together ; but 1 prefer to have the whole of the nitrous acid converted into ammonia, or at least not to have more than isequal to 1 C.C. of permanganate left, as experiments made in which one-third or one-half of the whole of the nitrous acid was purposely left unconverted, and allowed for by titration with permanganate, were very unsatisfactory. I think this method will be found more simple and manageable than Harcourt’s, and the results fully as accurate; but, of courae, reducible and oxidizable substances, as iron, &c., must be absent.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060217b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

218 THE ANALYST. NOTE ON SUGAR TITRATION. BY OTTO HEHNER. Read befors the Society of Public Analysts, on 16th November, 1881. TEE reaction between sugar and Fehling solution has, during the last few years, been the subject of a number of critical investigations, and it has been proved that it cannot be expressed by any squivalent relation, but that the reduction of Cn,O is a function of con- centration, alkalinity, time of heating, and other circumstances-and that, in fact, the method only gives correct results when similar conditions axe as nearly as possible adhered to.THE ANALYST. 219 These investigations only applied to Fehling solution as ordinarily made, with copper sulphate, alkali, and tartrate. Having some years ago (Chsm. Ntnu9, xxxix. 197) tested,snd obtained under certain conditions, very satisfactory results, with the ammoniacal Fehling solution, proposed by Dr.Pavy (Chew. News, xxxix. 77), and having proved that the amount of alkali present in it greatly influences the ratio of reduction, I was led to examine the influence of other substances upon the same. The presence of ammonia in the copper solution renders that of tartrate un- necessary, the tartrate merely being used to keep the alkali from precipitating cupric hydrate. As glucose readily reduces copper sulphate in plain ammoniacal solution- although much less rapidly than in the presence of potash-it seemed most advantageous to start with such simple ammoniacal Eiolution only, and thus to avoid possible complications due to the tartrate or alkali. Using the copper solution of the ordinary strength, 34.699 grammes of the suIphate per litre, and employing a gIucose solution which had been obtained by inverting cane sugar by 10 per cent.HCI. and exactly neutralizing with soda, I assumed for the purpose of comparison only, that the ration of reduction of Cu,O wag the same under the cireumstances of the following experiments afi with ordinary Fehling solution. This, of course, is not the case, but the results, percentically expressed, give the meafiure of any fluctuation. sugar determined- With CuSO, + NH, . . . . . . . . obtained 90.70 per cent. glucose. . . . . . . . . 7, $ 9 9, 90.00 ,$ > I + 1.5 grm. iod. pot. tartrate ,) 114.9 ,, 3 , + 6 grms. tartrate A new sugar solution exactly neutralized With CuSO, + NH, .. . . . . 9 9 9, . . . . . . CuSO, + NH, + + + CuSO, + NH, + cuso, + NH, 4- + + + 1 grm. tartrate . . + 2 grms. ,, .. + 5 7 9 9 9 * . + 10 3 , 9 , * * 2 grms. sod. acetate 5 9 , 9 , I 9 10 1, 11 11 .. ,, 146.6 ,, 3 , with NaHO gave- . . . . 100.3 . . . . . . . . 123.9 . . . . 126.1 . . . . 135.8 . . . . 142.1 . . . . . . 98.9 per cent. gluooee. . . . . . . 99.3 .. , Y . . . . . . 99.0 .. 7, 99-8 per cent. of glucose taken. sod. carbonate, dry, 1 grm... . . . . 105-7 2 . . . . . . . . 108.1 5 . . . . . . . . 112.6 10 . . . . . . . . 113.4 1 grm. NH,CI. . . . . . . . . 79.7 . . . . . . . . 79.9 5 $ 9 9, . . . . . . . . 81.8 10 3 ) 7) The figures speak for themselves-they show that the ratio of reduction is influenced to a very considerable extent by the substances experimented upon, the percentages being raised or depressed according to the nature of the addition, and that, therefore, sugar titration by ammoniacal copper solution can only give correct result by a concurrence of favourable circumstances, and only when certain conditions are scrupulously adhered to.Of course, in actual work, neither the quantity of tartrate nor of potassium carbonate would fluctuate so widely as the extremes in the test experiments quoted; but a fluctuation must necessarily follow any variation in the strength, dilution, or composition of the test fluid, While I, therefore, fully concede that correct results may be obtained by means of ammo-220 THE ANALYST. niacal copper solution, yet it is evident that the method is devoid of the essential conditions of a trustworthy analytical method. An amnuniacal solution of sulphato of copper cannot, without further addition, be utilised for determining sugar, ou account of the slowness of the reaction, aud because the end-point of the titration is not sufficiently distinct.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600218

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

220 THE ANALYST. NOTE ON THE EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL MACHINES FOR THE SEPARATION OF CREAM FROM MILE, BY ALFRED SMETEAM, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 16th Novsmbsr, 1881. THE application of centrifugal force to the separation of cream from milk is not new to the scientific world, and analyses of the skim milk so obtained have already been published ; but as I have lately had the opportunity of comparing two different forms of apparatus under precisely the same conditions, and have analysed both the cream and skim milk produced, I have thought that the results might prove interesting. The two forms on which I experimented were the (‘ Danish ” and the ( 6 Laval.” The former is a recent invention and was only introduced into England in July last, when it was exhibited at the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show at Derby, while the latter is com- paratively well known, and has been in use for several yearla. The L L Danish ” has an advantage in the fact that the tube by which the cream is oonducted after separation is adjustable (whereas in the Laval ” it is fixed), and cream can therefore be obtained of any density-no matter at what rate the separation is taking place.The difference is clearly marked in the following analyses, which were obtained from two portions of the same delivery of milk :- Laval ” ‘‘ Danieh ’’ Running 294 gals. Running 454 gale. per hour. per hour. Water . . . . . . . . . . 61.46 . . . . . . 52.32 Fatty Matters . . . . . . . . 33.44 . . . . . . 42-60 Mineral Matters . . . . . . . . *54 .. . . . . -58 100~00 100~00 Casein, Albumen and Milk Sugar , , 4-56 . . . . . . 442 The skim milk obtained at the same time had the following composition :- ‘* D d s h ’’ “ Laval ” Running at Running at 2% gals. / \ per hour. 4 t h gds. 6a;C gals. per hour. per‘hour. Water . . . . . . 91.78 . . . . 91.82 91.36 Fatty Matters . . . . -29 . . . . -11 . . . . *44 Casein and Milk Sugar .. 7.22 . . . . 7-32 . . . . 7-41 Mineral Matters -77 -76 *79 100*00 100~00 10010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The power was unfortunately deficient, and it was found imporasible to run the machines at their full speed ; but, notwithstanding this drawback, it will be observed that the results in both instances were highly satiefactory. There can be no doubt that by the aid of these machines the cream may be practically all removed-far more completely, in fact, than by the ordinary method of setting ; and as, moreover, the cream and skim milk are perfectly fresh, it will be apparent that in large dairies (especially those which supply towns) their use will become almost ti neceseity.THE ANALYST. 221 Theactual saving in butter-making, by mason of the more complete removal of the cream, ail1 be very important-to say nothing of the indirect saving in the cost of pans and dairy fittings, It appears to me highly probatlo that in the course of a few years the use of these machines will beeome pretty general, and I fear this will by no means lighten the duties of Public Analysts.By their aid it will be in the power of dairymen to remove the cream at will, without at the same time adding to the staleness of the milk; and it will, therefore, be possible to reduce the cream to any standard fixed by the Society.In conclusion, I must remark on the low quality of the milk, but this, of course, has practically no bearing upon the efficiency of the machines. ON ALMEIRA GRAPE JUICE. BY J. CARTER BELL. I HAD not time to incorporate the following analysis in my paper upon ‘‘ Grape Juice,” which was published in last month’s ANALYST. The juice is from grapes grown this year, 1881 :-- Specific Gravity of Juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069 Total Acid in 100 C.C. calculated as Tartaric Acid -60 Total Ash from 100 C.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -312 Per cent. of Ash soluble in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,983 . . . . Insoluble in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘16.020 CHIEF CONSTITUENTS IN ASH FROM JUICE. Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,047 .. 51.730 Soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.450 .. 2.036 Sulphuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.018 .. 18,386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *317 Chlorine .692 .. Phosphoric Acid, combined with Alkalies . . . . 10,888 .. 4.982 Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.825 .. 1.750 Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.355 .. 3.823 Phosphate of Alumina, . . . . . . . . . . ~336 .. *153 Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -280 .. *128 . . . . . . . . . . Grains in gallon. Per cent. Phosphate of Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . -224 .. *lo2 Phosphate of Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.472 .. 7.995

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600220

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 221 REPORT ON CONDENSED MILK. BY DR. AUG. VOELUKER. (From the Journal of the British Dairy Farmers' Association). THE majority of the samples sent in for comp$tition was condensed milk, obtained by evaporating milk partially skimmed, at a low temperature, and with the addition of white refined sugar. A few exhibits were unsweetened milk, or milk evaporated to a certain con- sistence without the addition of sugar. UNSWEETENED CONDENSED MILK. The following is the composition of three samples of such unsweetened condensed milk -222 THE ANALYST. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Water .. . . .. .. 56.96 .. 56-92 .. 51.72 Pure butter fat.. . . . . 16.02 .. 17.09 .. 14-33 *Casein (curd) .. .. .. 8.50 .. 7-62 .. 11-69 Milk-sugar .. .. .. 1632 .. 16.22 .. 19.51 Mineral matter (ash) .. . . 2.20 .. 2.15 .. 2.75 100*00 *Containing nitrogen.. . . 1.36 1-22 1.87 100~00 100~00 Two of the samples, it will be seen, contained 57 per cent. of water each, in round numbers. The proportions of water left in these samples appear to be far too large to prevent the condensed milk turning sour on keeping. On opening one of the tins in which the milk was sent in for competition, the con- densed milk was found in an active state of fermentation ; and the two other samples turned acid and entered into fermentation the day after opening the vessels in which they were contained. I n the preparation of these and the sweetened samples of condensed milk, neither boracic acid, borax, or preparations containing boracic acid (glacialine), nor salicylic acid, or other preservative agents had been used.CONDENSED MILK (SWEETENED). The following is t,he composition of condenaed and tinned milk, in the No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. Water .. .. .. 21.68 .. 23.49 .. 22.45 .. 24.53 Pure butter fat . . . . 9.92 . . 6.47 , , 10.60 . . 6.22 *Casein (curd) .. .. 9.19 . . 9.27 .. 8.82 .. 9.44 Sugar . . . . . . 56.98 . . 58.66 . . 55-96 . . 57-72 Mineral matter (ash) . . 2.23 . . 2.11 . . 2.17 . . 2.09 100~00 100*00 100~00 100*00 which white sugar has been used :- preparation of No. 5. .. 23.49 .. 9.53 . . 7-43 .. 57.34 .. 2.21 100~00 *Containing nitrogen . . 1.47 1.48 1-41 1.51 1-19 All the samples were well-made condensed milk. Such condensed milk will keep for any reasonable length of time. The proportions of water in the various samples varied from 214 to 24+ per cent.in round numbers. Milk evaporated to an extent as to leave in the finished tinned milk 25 to 26 per cent. of water, according to my experience, is sufficiently concentrated to keep well if otherwise carefully evaporated with the needful pro- portion of best white sugar. Two of the condensed milks, it will be seen, contained respectively 6~ and 6+ per cent. of pure butter fat ; the remaining samples from 9+ to lo+ per cent. All the samples of sweetened condensed or tinned milk sent for competition were in excellent condition ; they were all readily soluble in hot water, and produced, when suffi- ciently diluted with water, agreeably tasting, aweet, milky liquids. As regards taste and flavour, and miscibility with water, there was little to choose between the different samples sent in for competition ; in fact, the condition and quality of most of the samples were so much alike that it was not easy to decide to which kind preference should be given.The quality of condensed milk, in my judgment, depends more upon delicacy of flavour than upon the proportions of butter fat (cream) which occur in different Hamplea-TEIE ANALYST. 223 that is to say, condensed milk comparatively poor in fat may be, and generally is, preferred by the consumer to condensed milk richer in butter fat. Not unfrequently condensed milk is represented to be nothing more or less than new milk evaporated, at a low temperature, to a certain degree, with the addition of white sugar. None of the five samples analysed by me, however, were produced from whole new milk, but from more or less skimmed milk.If milk rich in cream is evaporated to a small bulk, even with the greatest care the resulting condensed milk, when mixed with water, draws up oily globules, tastes somewhat rancid, and not so nice and sweet as condensed milk produced from partially skimmed milk. Really good condensed milk, as a matter of fact, is always made from skim milk, or from milk unusually poor in cream. In the form of the well-known thick honey-like preparations, condensed sweetened milk is a useful article of food on board ship, or under all circumstances when fresh milk cannot be procured. It certainly is preferable to milk powders, obtained by evaporating skim milk completely to dryness, and with the addition of some sugar, reducing the residue to powder. However, apart from the greater price of condensed milk, it is not a perfect substitute for new milk, either chemically or physically. At the best, most kinds of good condensed milk are milk-syrups, consisting of concentrated skim milk and white sugar.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600221

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TEIE ANALYST. 223 MICHIGAN ADULTERATION LAW. [An Act to prevent and punish the adulteration of articles of food, drink and medicine, and the sale thereof when adulterated.] SEC. 1. Thepeopls of the State of Michigan enact,-That no pergon shall mix, colour, stain, or powder, or permit any other person to mix, colour, stain, or powder any article of food with any ingredient or material so as to render the article injurious to health, with the intent that the same may be sold; and no person shall knowingly sell or offer for sale any such article so mixed, coloured, st.ained, or powdered. SEC. 2. No person shall, except for the purpose of compounding in the necessary pre- paration of medicines, mix, colour, stain, or powder, or order, or permit any other person to mix, colour, stain, or powder any drug or medicine with any ingredient or materials so as to affect injuriously the quality or potency of such drug or medicine, with intent to sell the same, or shall sell or offer for sale any such drug or medicine so mixed, coloured, stained, or powdered.SEC. 3. No person shall mix, colour, stain or powder any article of food, drink, or medicine, with any other ingredient or material, whether injurious to health or not, for the purpose of gain or profit, or sell or offer the same for sale, or order or permit any other person to sell or offer for sale any article so mixed, colour~d, stained, and powdered, unless the same be so manufactured, used, or sold, or offered for sale under its true and appro- priate name, and notice that the same is mixed or impure is marked, printed, or stamped upon each package, roll, pmcel, or vessel containing the same, so a8 to be and remain at all times readily visible, or unless the person purchaeing the same is fully informed by the aelIer of the true name and ingredients (if other than such as are known by the common name thereof) of such article of food, drink, or medicine at the time of making sale thereof or offering to sell the same.224 THE ANALYST.SEO. 4. No person shall mix any glucose or grape sugar with syrup, honey, or sugar intended for human food, or any oleomargarine, suine, beef fat, lard, or any other foreign substance, with any butter or cheese intended for human food, or shall mix or mingle any glucose or grape sugar, or Oleomargarine with any article of food, without distinctly marking, stamping, or labelling the article, or the package containing the same, with the true and appropriate name of such article, and the percentage in which glucose or grape sugar, oleomargine or suine, enter into its composition ; nor shall any person sell, or offer for sale, or order, or permit to be sold, or offered for sale, any such food into the composition of which glucose or grape sugar, or oleomargarine or suine has entered, without at the same time informing the buyer of the fact, and the proportions in which such glucose or grape sugar, oleomargarine or suine has entered into its composition.SEC. 5. Any person convicted of violating any provision of any of the foregoing sections of this Act shall be fined not more than fifty dollars, or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding three months.SEC. 6. It is hereby made the duty of the prosecuting attorneys of this State to appear for the people, and to attend to the prosecution of all complaints under this Act in all the courts in their respective counties. SEC. 7. All Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed. Approved June 10, 1881. In reference to this law the Sanitary Engineer says :--Michigan has been so pro- gressive in sanitary legislation that it is a matter for regret that the Food Adulteration Bill, endorsed by the National Board of Trade, and which was made a law in this State, was not substituted for the one that has been passed. Unlike the law of this State and New Jersey, it gives no definition of adulteration, and provides no means or machinery for the enforce- ment of the law.No competent body is entrusted with the duty of determining standards of purity, or what article may be properly exempted from the provisions of the law, and under what conditions. We think time will prove it to be unwise to mention in the Act certain articles, as has been done, for such a law should be general, leaving details to be settled by the State Board of Health, which they can do more intelligently than a legis- lative committee. We fear the only sttempts to prosecute under such a law will be made at the instigation of rival business interests, which are more anxious to persecute and drive out competition than to protect the public health.We hope at its next session the legis- lature of Michigan will pass the same Act this State has done, as a substitute for the imperfect one now on their statute books. OIL ADULTERATION. THE manager of the Marseilles public laboratory gives the following methods for detecting adulteration in olive with other oils :-Beet root oil contains sulphur, and saponi- fFing the oil with an alcoholic solution of caustic potash will bring out the sulphurous acid, Sesame oil can be found by adding a little muriatic acid to a small piece of sugar, and shaking these along with some of the oil-the sesame oil will be recognized by its red colonr. Cottonseed oil has to be treated with nitric acid, and on shaking a coffee-brown colour will be seen.THE ANALYST. 226 ADULTERATION OF BUTTER WITH TALC.IN a German technological publication-Dingier's Polytechnische Journal-it is positively and circumstantially stated that in America butter is adulterated with powdered talc. We have some difficulty in believing this, though such adulteration is just possible, seeing that talc is one of those magnesian minerals which are unctuous or greasy to the touch, like soapstone. If such adulteration is perpetrated, it may be easily detected, by simply melting some of the suspected butter in any glass vessel-a common phial will do, or a lactometer- tube, or a test-tube. If any of this mineral or soapstone, or any other mineral adulterant, is there, it will settle down to the bottom if time is allowed. In order to thus give it time, the phial or tube should be immersed in hot water, and the heat of the water maintained for an hour or two. The application of this simple test by the trade buyers of American butter will do far more to put an end to such adulteration, if it exists, than any spasmodic persecution of small shopkeepers. I n all such cases the perpetrators of the adulteration should be punished, not the victims who unknowingly buy it.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600223

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 226 THE ANALYSES O F THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES OF ENGLAND. IN compliance with the desire of SL large number of those members who are co-operating in this matter, the Council have decided to continue the publication of the analyses for another twelve months, and any Analysts who require further forms of report will receive a supply on sending a post card to that effect to the Secretaries,SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in hTovenzber, 1881. A l l results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. - .I 6 2% B 8 .1-- $3 1.84 1.09 1-91 1.24 1.15 1.08 1.24 1.26 - .!? $ !2; 32 3 g w -476 -2 10 *421 el70 -136 ,168 -170 -140 - i .* 4 +0022 ~0007 a0032 none *0011 none none none - a . '8 .cJ .$ $4 -0032 -0021 -0066 .0077 -0055 -0065 *0070 *0080 - + 2% 51 ?"l ..;Id $$$ H u3a s 34.30 21.84 2560 19-88 20.33 21.50 19.60 22.40 OXYGEN, Absorbed in HARDNESS, Clark's Scale, 224 ka,h 320 $35 none none Blight none none none none in de Before loiling.21-00 15.5O 1 6 ~ 1 ~ 14.00 13.8' 15*0° 140° 16.0' 'ees . After loiling. 7.0° 3.0' &lo 3.5O 2.8O 4.2' 3.50 4-50 Phosphoric Aoid in Phosphetes. none trace none trace trace trace trace trace Description of Sample. Date when drawn. Appearance in Two-foot Tube. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. A?XALY STS. 4 hours at 80" Fahr. .0040 -0280 -0580 -0728 -0980 -0964 -0560 -0810 5 mins at 800 Fahr. none ,0140 *0240 -0504 *0460 -0237 ,0448 *0500 Kent Go. . . . . . . New River . . . . East London . . Southwark & Vauxhall . . } West Middlesex Grand Junction Lambeth ....Chelsea . . . . . . c. grnsh. yellow clear s. turb. br. grn. c. f. yellow greenish yellow p. straw colour c. f. yellow c. grnsh. yellow vegetable debris satisfactory vegetable debris satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory none Wigner & Harland. B. Dyer. Wigner & Harland. J. Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wynter-Blyth. J. Muter. A. Duprh. Bath . . . . . . . . Bradford.. . . . . Birmingham .. Bolton.. . . . . . . Brighton.. . . . . Bristol. . , . . . , . Bury (Lan.) .. Cambridge . . . . Csnterbury.. . . Croydon . . . . . . Darlington . . . . Edinburgh . . . . Exeter . , . . . . . . Grantham . . . . Hastings . . . . Ipswich . . . . . . King'sLynn .. Leicester , . , . . . Liverpool . . . . clear f. blue s. opq. pty. yell. grnsh. and turb.v. turbid yellow c . green blue p. brnsh. green s. turbid yellow c. pale blue c. pale blue c. b. colourlesE v. yellow green s. brown E. brnsh. yellow c. greenish clear blue oolourless drty. mlky.whte. v. s. yellow yellow brown none none none none none none s. mossy none none none Peaty none none none none none faint none s. peaty -9 1 -60 1.40 -45 1.98 -85 *84 1.33 1.47 1.26 -70 .67 -84 1.05 4.70 2-24 1.59 1.30 1.08 none none traces none traces none none traces none traces trace none trace trace trace trace traces traces traces -150 none *185 ,038 472 -129 -048 -461 ,336 -268 -034 traces -219 -530 so20 -207 -322 so78 -052 none none -0028 *0019 .0019 *0001 a0043 *0005 4005 none ~0007 ~0024 -0018 -0016 none *0049 -0022 -0015 -0028 -0002 ,0049 -0061 *0020 ~0029 ,0086 ~0015 -0006 -0030 -0028 -0064 *0031 4027 *0035 -0025 -0084 ,0037 4082 none ~0530 -0390 -0268 none a0196 -0200 none -0040 *0066 -1726 -0160 ~0156 -0020 none ,0232 *0146 -0358 none -1400 -1070 a0426 *0060 -0564 -0333 -0140 -0060 -0066 -2613 *0756 ,0235 -0084 *0080 -4372 *0755 -0728 17.0' 3.6O 10.9O 3.2' 13-2O 14.5O 4.5" 17.5O 8.6' 16.5O 6 .5 O 4-2O 2.8' 14.6" 10.5" 19-oo 17.5' 7.7O 4-80 4-50 3-40 6.2' 3.0' 4-40 1.7' 4-40 5.5c 4.30 7.0' 4.50 3.9O 2.8' 4.5" 7-50 8.50 5.0° 5-30 3.7O 22-80 7.90 19-46 7.12 22.00 18.40 7.88 24-00 11.76 22.60 8.40 5.84 6-30 23.57 26.40 30.12 21.98 14.30 8.54 diatoms carb. lime none vegetable forms ainerel and veg. matter vegetable debris v. slight sand nineral and veg. matter satisfactory s. carb. lime none satisfactory none J. W. Gatehouee.F. M. Rimmington. A. Hill. W. H. Watson. Wigner & Harland. F. W. Stoddart. W. H. Watson. J. West Knights. S. Harvey. C. Heisch. W. F. K. Stock. J. Falconer King. F. P. Perkins. A. Ashby. H. F. Cheshire J. Napier. W. Johns tone. W. L. Emmerson. A. Smetham. liatoms and veg. debris none satisfactory nov. orgns. dec. veg. mtr. satisfactorySOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in November, 1881. All results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. OXYGEN, Absorbed in HARDNESS Clark's Scad, in degrees. Date when drawn. Appearance in Two-fwt Tube. Phosphoric Acid in Phosphates. Description of Sample. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. 5 mjm at 80° Fahr. Before $oiling. After oiling. 4honra at 800 Fahr. Maidstone- Wtr. Companj Public Conduii Manchester... . Newark , . . . . . Newcastle -on- Tyne.. . . . .} Norwich . . . . . . Nottingham . . Portsmouth . . Reading . . . . . . Rochdale . . . . Rugby . . . . . . . . Salford . . . . . . Sevenoaks . . . . Swansea . . . . . . Southampton.. Bhrewsbury .. Warwick . . .. Whitehaven .. Wolverhampton 2-93 2.33 -74 1.42 -81 1.85 2.20 1-12 -85 -60 1.28 -70 1-40 -80 1.00 1.45 1-33 -35 1.33 - -65 1.31 trace trace none trace trace trace none trace none none h. traces none trace trace h. trace none none none trace -576 -576 none -040 -040 -048 1.930 *230 -075 -030 -152 none ,341 none -470 -280 -126 -007 -126 - 0430 green v. light blue c. f. yellowish c. blsh green f. yellow 1. grnsh. yelloR grnsh. blue s. turbid c. f. greenish pale blue f. turbid I.bright yellow clear clear gmsh. yellow c. colourless greenish c. f. green . yellow brown none none none none none none slight none none none none none none none none none none none none -0023 -0008 -0051 -0043 *0090 -0088 moo39 -0050 -0042 ,0014 -0119 -0350 -00 12 *0056 ,0044 -0055 ,0049 -0010 '0049 - 0056 0140 *0145 -0036 *0228 -0247 *0710 -03 40 none none none -0140 *0175 *OQ28 trace -0040 ,0220 *0040 ,0240 ,0069 0392 - -0182 *0075 -09 15 ~0-163 -1130 -0826 -0060 none a0350 ,0420 ,0308 ,0420 *0110 -0040 ,0800 ,0040 ,0540 '0170 0314 - 18.0° 17.1" 2-00 18.0" 16.8" 12-20 17.00 16%" 13.0' 2.5" 10.7' 3.0" 12-00 1.5' 1 2 ~ 5 ~ 22 0' 19.2" -4" 13.7" - 5.8O 5.80 1.8" 14*0° 6.5O 3.70 10.6" 2-00 3.8O 2.5" 8-6O 2.5O 3.0" 1.5" 4.5" 6.0" 13*0° *4" 6.7" - 35.42 31.57 4.22 37-63 20.00 15.60 34.20 18-50 17-50 5.00 16.80 5.00 18.48 3.78 19.60 24-00 23.10 1.96 21-56 - 12.60 11.60 M. A. Adtame. M. A. Adams. W. Thomson. A. Ashby. J. Pattinson. W. G. Crook. Wigner & Harland W. J. Sykes. J. Shea. T. A. Collinge. A. P. Smith. J. Carter Bd. B. Dyer W. Morgan. A. Angkll. T. P. Blunt. A. Bostock Hill. A. Kitchin. E. W. T. Jones. none none *0030 -0017 +0010 traces none trace *0005 -0014 *0042 -0014 *0007 .0010 trace ,0015 *0007 none none - none -0018 none none s. mineral satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory vegetable debris .ec. veg. debris, diatoms Satisfactory satisfactory eg. deb., diats., bacteria none satisfactory none satisfactory none none satisfactory eg. spores B deb., diats. Philadelphia Schuylkill Wtr. Delaware Wtr. U.S.A.- Septr. 7 7 none traces H. Leffmann. H. Leffmann. Abbreviations:--c., clear; f., faint; h., heavy; p,, pale; v. h., very heavg; v. s., very alight.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060225b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

I Kent ............ New River.. ...... Southwark and I East London .... Vanxhall ...... Ewest Middlescx .. Grand Junction . . Lainbetn ........ Chelsea .......... 30 26 32 34 30 30 37 30 Bath .............. Birniinnham ........ 12 33 - 5 b 27 17 39 28 24 23 29 26 19 37 17 63 23 27 35 26 22 30 39 13 21 16 20 26 30 - .. .. - - Bolton .............. Bradford .......... Brighton .......... Bristol ............ Bury ................ Cambridge .......... Canterbury ........ Croydon .......... Darlington ........ Derby.. ............ Dublin ............ Edinburgh.. ........ Exeter ............ Grantham .......... Hastings ............ Huddersfield ........ Ipswich ............ -u 5 2 20 17 20 31 29 25 31 32 20 26 19 59 25 24 22 16 96 13 20 23 32 25 28 30 ~ .. .. .. 53 24 22 28 17 27 33 18 23 28 20 27 23 27 - U E? 27 21 28 27 39 30 26 36 29 17 44 21 30 24 21 12 50 - .... .. .. 24 23 .. .. .. .. - - r; g is 29 24 35 30 53 31 33 37 13 36 28 36 22 29 30 22 15 22 74 - .. .. 31 18 70 27 28 .. - - k u P 8 & R 26 25 46 43 43 36 37 43 1 fj 47 29 31 25 24 33 22 13 2 1 62 - ~ .. .. 28 23 30 25 25 .. King's Lynn ............ Leamington ............ Lee& .................. Leicester ................ Liver pool .............. Maidstone- Water Company ...... ,, Public Uondirit . , Manchester .............. Newark ................ Newcastle-on-Tyne . . , , . , Norwich ................ No ttingham ............ Plymouth .............. Portsmouth ............ Reading ................ Rochdale.. .............. Rugby., ................ Salford ................ Sevenoaks ..............Shrewsbury ........... Southampton. ........... Sunderland ............ Swansea ................ Tunbridge Wells ........ Warwick. ............... Whitehaven ............ Wolverhampton ........ 0 $$ 8 b 4 94 26 35 42 36 39 36 22 39 37 36 39 29 30 25 9 41 18 20 23 43 25 16 34 9 46 - .. - d 10 28 21 29 34 17 46 40 49 46 22 20 7 14 .. 28 .. .. .. .. .. 27 14 34 17 39 .. - + z 2 48 26 23 26 41 20 25 20 41 43 36 38 26 34 9 21 17 40 19 .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 3 2 - -P B m .10 1 . .. 23 47 31. 27 28 68 33 42 2 8 27 23 46 21 19 40 15 35 40 10 15 .. .. .. .. - c; g 5; 84 24 25 37 38 31 49 33 57 34 62 24 25 5 69 15 21 40 12 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 33 .28 .. .. 27 31 35 27 27 34 55 38 55 29 18 12 55 14 20 25 37 12 40 7 41 .. .. ..THE ANALYST.229 Lambeth to 13 in Southwark and Vauxhall. These waters, however, cannot even with thia increased valuation be considered as really second class. Among the provincial supplies reported on this month the most pure are Whitehaven with a valuation of 7, Rochdale and Swansea 12 each, Canterbnry 13, Salford 14, Bath 16, Reading 18, and Sevenoaks 20, These results show scarcely any notable changes from last month’s-in fact these pure supplies hare not yet appeared to have that slight amount of winter contamination which we presume is to be expected in them as well as in the slightly less pure waters. Following these best waters we have Crogdon with a valuation of 21, Cambridge 22, Exeter 23, Brighton, Hastings, Ipswich, and Shrewabury 25 each, Leicester, Maidstone Public Conduit, and Manchester 27 each, Edinburgh 28, Bolton and Portsmouth 29 each, and Grantham 30. The only changes of note in these figures are considerable improve- ment in the Manchester and Grantham supplies, which in both cases is almost entirely due to a large reduction in the amount of oxygen absorbed. The valuations of Bradford, Darlington, Liverpool, Maidstone Water Company, Newcastle, Nottingham, Rugby, Southampton, show an improvement over the valuations of last month, while on the other hand the analyses of the waters of Birmingham, Bury, King’s Lynn, Newark, Norwich, Portsmouth, and Wolverbampton give less satisfactory indications. The usual winter deterioration does not, however, appear to be on the whole quite as marked this month.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600228

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 229 INTERNATIONAL FOOD EXHIBITION, 1881. THE following is the Report made by the Judges-H. C. Bartlett, Ph.D., F.C.S. ; G. W. Wigner, F.C.S., F.I.C. ; J. Milner Fothergill, M.D. ; J. Danford Thomas, M.D.; at the Food Exhibition held at the Agricultural Hall during the first fortnight in November:- The exhibits of this year ;how in many respects a great improvement over those of last year. There is little increase in the variety of food staples shown, but in most eases greater attention appears to have been paid to the purity and quality of the goods exhibited. The display of them this year is as prominent as heretofore. We have carefully tested these goods for quality, and are of opinion that every care is being taken to maintain the highest known standards, as well as to bring out novelties of superior quality.There are certain difficulties supposed to be inseparable from the process of canning meat, fruits, and vege- tables ; but noteworthy improvements have been made by the packing companies. Several new inventions have been submitted to us which show that those who are most familiar with the subject are giving their attention to this matter, and, although we cannot say that the difficulties in question have been altogether overcome, yet there has been a marked advance since last year. Tinned goods must come more and more into use ; and for this reason it becomes essential to watch closely the character of the articles which are being sent to this country. We are more dependent than ever on the United States and Canada for cereals, and the exhibits on this occasion are of a high class.There are nearly twenty different Tinned foods necessarily occupy a very important place in the Exhibition.280 TEE ANALYST. preparations of maize, all of which are easily rendered available for the table, while several other cereals are suitably prepared; but some would be improved by the separation of the husk before being packed. The English preserved meats, jams, &c., that are shown are of the highest quality that have ever been presented to our notice. It would be invidious to draw special attention to any one exhibit, except so far as has been done by the awards given. I t is extremely satisfactory to find that pickles and jams, perfectly genuine, and of the highest quality, are offered for sale at prices which are comparable with thom ordinarily paid.temperance ” drinks, we have analysed every beverage exhibited, and they are all non-alcoholic. The flavour of these 16 temperance ” beverages shows, in many instances, a very marked improvement ; and in most cases there is no excess of medicinal constituents, the flavour being now due to fruit extracts instead of to objectionable artificial essences. Genuine cocoas and ahooolates are more conspicuous than before. We note with satisfaction the increased use of pure cocoa. There are valuable exhibits of Australian and other colonial wines, which are of importance as showing what our colonies can do in this class of produce. Tea is well represented, and we can speak with satisfaction of the samples shown. The exhibits of cooking stoves are not as numerous as might have been expected, but we are favourably impresses with the character of those shown, and espeoially of some gas stoves.As regards the aerated waters and other The dough and kneading maehinery exhibited is well designed. All the Foods specially put forward for infants fall short in those soluble nutritive matters which are essential. These foods are all too Btarchy. The Silver and Bronze Medals and the Certificates of Honourable Mention have been awarded as much for the general character of the exhibits, as for their purity or excellence in their respective olasses. Some exhibits would have received higher awards had their importance equalled the peculiar merits of the articles shown.The following extract from the list of awards may be of interest to our readers :- SILVER MEDALS. Davis, H. & C., & Co., 200, Camberwell Road, S.E., for Gas Cooking Apparatus. Challen, D., 121, Mildmay Road, N., for Vanilla, Flavouring Essences, and WilBon’s American Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co., 10, Mark Lane, for Condensed Milk. Dunn & Hewett, Pentonville Road, for Rock Cocoa and Manufactured Chocolate. Thurber, H. K. & F. B., 9 and 11, Fenchurch Avenue, E. C., for Cereal Products. Thurber, H. K. & F. B., for Canned Meats. Evans, Sons & Co., Hanover Street, Liverpool, for Lime Fruit Preparations and Lime Juice Sauce. Vin-Sant$ Co., for Orange and Tonic Champagne and Vin-SantB. Aylesbury Dairy Co., St. Petersburgh Place, Bayswater, W., for Peptonised Milk and Koumiss. Tulloch, W., & Son, 26 and 27, Bury Street, St.Mary Axe, EX., for Pure Dutch Cocoa. Zoedone Company, Wrexham, for Zoedone, dry and sans sucre. Burgess, J., & Sons, 107, Strand, for Preserved Anchovies, Sauces, and Pickles. Beach, T. W., Old Brentford, for Genuine Jams. Maignen, P. A., 22 and 23, Great Tower Street, E.C., for Improved Application of the “Filtre Rapide.” Biscuits.THE ANALYST. 251 BRONZE MEDALS. Brand & Co., 11, Little Stanhope Street, W., for Albuminous and other Concentrated Extracts of Meat. Chemists’ Aerated and Mineral Water Association, Limited, 45, Gifford Street, N., for B. P. Aerated Begg, J. & Co., Manchester Road, Bolton, for Chili Moselle, Ginger Ale, and Lemonade. Bellis, T. K., Jeffrey’s Square, E.C., for Sun-dried Turtle and Turtle Soup.Skinner, G. H., 13, North Street, Exeter, for Quinine Sparkling Tonic, and Orange Champagne. Delrtcre’s Extract of Beef Company, 48, King William Street, E.C., for Extract of Beef. Savory & Moore, 143, New Bond Street, W., for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Lehmann & Co , 106, Fenchurch Street, E.C., for ‘‘ Aventicum ” Condensed Milk, Noble & Co., 3, Savage Gardens, Tower Hill, E.C. for Bjorkboni’s Malt Extract (simplex.) Chollett & Co., 134, Fenchurch Rtreet, E.C., for Dried and Compressed Vegetables for Soups. Feltoe & Sons, 27, Albemarle Street, W., for $ 6 Specialit6 )’ Lime Juice. Goundry & Co., 181, Upper Thames Street, E.C., for Consolidated Tea. Gulliver, S., & Co., Vale of Aylesbury, for Whiskey Curaqoa and Aerated Waters.Waters. HONOURARTJE MENTION. SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION BY NITRIC ACID, IN consequence of the burning of a car during the fall of 1879 on one of the railways in Baden, which was suspected to have been caused by nitric acid, Professor R. Haas, of Carlsruhe, was called upon by the government to report whether that acid could produce combustion or not. In the experiments made to solve this question, the conditions which might be supposed to exist in freight cars containing citric acid were imitated as far as possible. Small boxes of a capacity of ten to sixteen quarts were charged with variable proportions of hay, straw, tow, and blotting-paper-all of which substances are used in packing-and placed within larger boxes, while the space between them was filled with hay or tow, to prevent too rapid a radiation of heat, because the experiments were to be conducted in the open air, and the outer box at the same time represented the walls of a railway car. The material contained in the inner box was now saturated with acid, and rather tightly compressed, so that when the cover was piit on it was pretty well filled. At first reddish and afterwards whitish vapours were given off, finally a distinct smoke. On lifting the cover strongly glowing patches could be seen, which rapidly increased all through the contents, and which broke out in bright flameis on access of free air or gentle fanning. With red fuming acid, or with acid of specific gravity 1-48, these results were obtained very rapidly and within a few minutes. With ordinary acid, of specific gravity 1.395, it required somewhat more time, and the action was less energetic in the beginning; but, in three different trials, after about twenty minutes, the same result was finally obtained, provided the material was packed tightly in the box, and was thoroughly satu- rated in its successive layers.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600229

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 251 CORRESPONDENCE. [The Editors are not responsible for t,he opinions of their Correspondents.] PHOSPHORIC ACID DETERMINATIONS. To THE EDITOR OF ‘‘ TEE ANALYST.” SIR,-May I be permitted to draw attention to a little matter connected with the Instructions for water Analysis compiled by the Water Committee of the Society of Public Analysts. In determining the phosphoric acid qualitatively, they direct that strong nitric acid is to be added to the residue in the platinum basin, and then evaporated to dryness, &c. Now I have observed that if this is done a little platinum ie, dissolved whenever there is a notable quantity of chbrides in the residue. Firstly,-because our platinum basins will gradually This is undesirable for two reasonB.252 THE ANALYST. become vanishing quantities, in fact I have noticed that mine have lost weight more rapidly since I have pursued this plan ; and secondly, because the platinic chloride formed imparts a yellow tinge to the solution before the molybdic solution is added, and therefore a trace of phosphoric aoid may be assumed to be present whether it is there or not.Although this would not be of much consequence with some waters-as for instance with those derived from Oolitic formations, which I believe always contain a faint trace of it, yet in others it would interfere with scientific accuracy. In order to avoid this possible source of fallacy, I would suggest that after the strong nitric aoid has been added t o the residue in the platinum basin, it should always be transferred to a porcelain one before it is evaporated to dryness.There would be no chance of missing any trace of phosphoric acid, as phosphates are so readily soluble in the acid. I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, Grantham, Nov. 17th, 1881. ALFRED ASHBY. E S T I M A T I O N O F T A N N I N I N TEA. To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIq-Since the publication of my paper in June last on the Estimation of Tannin in Tea, I have made further examinations of a similar kind on thirty other samples of tea, the results of which are appended. They go far to show that there are many exceptions to the rule, if it be one, that Green Teas contain more Tannin than Black Teas. RESULTS OF TEA ANALYSES. Description. Black Tea $ 1 Green Tea I , 9, , I Black Tea 9 , I , , I Green Tea 9 ,, ,, I ? Black Tea 9 , 9 , ,, I , ,, .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. Averages.. .. .. .. .* .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. a . .. .. .. .. Ash Total. 5.67 5.79 6.45 5.84 6.26 5.99 6.19 7‘39 5.99 6.89 6.64 5.94 65‘4 5.86 6.38 6.47 5594 6.06 6.06 5.84 6-39 6.77 7.06 6.21 6.31 6.05 6.48 6.80 5.93 6.18 6.28 Ash Soluble. 3.07 3.39 3.05 2.64 3.21 2.99 3.79 4.29 3.90 3.44 3.09 4.24 3.14 3.43 3.10 3.33 3.44 3.36 4.16 4.19 4.66 3.17 3.61 3.86 3.54 3.42 3.80 3.79 3.24 3.40 3.52 - Ash Insoluble. 2.60 2.40 3.40 3.20 3.05 3.00 2.40 3.10 2.09 3.45 3.55 1.70 3.60 2.43 3.28 3.14 2.50 2.70 2.90 1.65 1.73 3.60 3.45 2.35 2-77 2.63 2.68 3.01 2.69 2,78 8-76 Tannin.22-75 17.23 23.73 17.23 11.70 11.05 9.1 7.48 6.18 7.48 7.15 17.55 17.25 18.86 16.58 23.20 27.30 24.70 23.40 23.11 25.35 22-72 19-18 20.15 27-61 19.17 26.97 24.70 21.41 27.31 18-92 - Extract. 37.0 31.7 37.5 30.6 30.9 33.8 38.0 35.0 33.5 33.2 33.5 32.7 23.4 30.2 30.6 35.7 39.6 33.6 37.6 35.4 38.1 34.2 30.7 31.6 39.0 31.6 38.3 35.8 33.2 40.4 34.2 -252 THE ANALYST. become vanishing quantities, in fact I have noticed that mine have lost weight more rapidly since I have pursued this plan ; and secondly, because the platinic chloride formed imparts a yellow tinge to the solution before the molybdic solution is added, and therefore a trace of phosphoric aoid may be assumed to be present whether it is there or not.Although this would not be of much consequence with some waters-as for instance with those derived from Oolitic formations, which I believe always contain a faint trace of it, yet in others it would interfere with scientific accuracy. In order to avoid this possible source of fallacy, I would suggest that after the strong nitric aoid has been added t o the residue in the platinum basin, it should always be transferred to a porcelain one before it is evaporated to dryness. There would be no chance of missing any trace of phosphoric acid, as phosphates are so readily soluble in the acid. I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, Grantham, Nov. 17th, 1881. ALFRED ASHBY. E S T I M A T I O N O F T A N N I N I N TEA.To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIq-Since the publication of my paper in June last on the Estimation of Tannin in Tea, I have made further examinations of a similar kind on thirty other samples of tea, the results of which are appended. They go far to show that there are many exceptions to the rule, if it be one, that Green Teas contain more Tannin than Black Teas. RESULTS OF TEA ANALYSES. Description. Black Tea $ 1 Green Tea I , 9, , I Black Tea 9 , I , , I Green Tea 9 ,, ,, I ? Black Tea 9 , 9 , ,, I , ,, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. Averages.. .. .. .. .* .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. a . .. .. .. .. Ash Total. 5.67 5.79 6.45 5.84 6.26 5.99 6.19 7‘39 5.99 6.89 6.64 5.94 65‘4 5.86 6.38 6.47 5594 6.06 6.06 5.84 6-39 6.77 7.06 6.21 6.31 6.05 6.48 6.80 5.93 6.18 6.28 Ash Soluble. 3.07 3.39 3.05 2.64 3.21 2.99 3.79 4.29 3.90 3.44 3.09 4.24 3.14 3.43 3.10 3.33 3.44 3.36 4.16 4.19 4.66 3.17 3.61 3.86 3.54 3.42 3.80 3.79 3.24 3.40 3.52 - Ash Insoluble. 2.60 2.40 3.40 3.20 3.05 3.00 2.40 3.10 2.09 3.45 3.55 1.70 3.60 2.43 3.28 3.14 2.50 2.70 2.90 1.65 1.73 3.60 3.45 2.35 2-77 2.63 2.68 3.01 2.69 2,78 8-76 Tannin. 22-75 17.23 23.73 17.23 11.70 11.05 9.1 7.48 6.18 7.48 7.15 17.55 17.25 18.86 16.58 23.20 27.30 24.70 23.40 23.11 25.35 22-72 19-18 20.15 27-61 19.17 26.97 24.70 21.41 27.31 18-92 - Extract. 37.0 31.7 37.5 30.6 30.9 33.8 38.0 35.0 33.5 33.2 33.5 32.7 23.4 30.2 30.6 35.7 39.6 33.6 37.6 35.4 38.1 34.2 30.7 31.6 39.0 31.6 38.3 35.8 33.2 40.4 34.2 -

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600231

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

234 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Convictions for Refusing to Serve Inspector:- Edward Burgess, milk dealer, Ford Street, Salford, was summoned under the 17th eection of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, for refusing to supply a sample of milk to the inspector lvhen he demanded it. Mr. Walker appeared in support of the summons, and said that this was one of the first prosecu- tions under the above section, and the offeiice was undoubtedly a serious one. If he proved the case he should ask the Magistrate to inflict a substantial penalty, in order to strengthen the hands of the inspector. The defence was that the defendant did not sell the milk to the inspector as he did not know what the quality of the milk was which the inspector asked for ; but by this time everybody must know that the health department did not wish to act arbitrarily, and that they were willing to assist the milk dealers by taking samples from the people who supplied them with milk.Mr. Gardner defended. Charles Edward Thompson, inspector under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, said at about half-past ten o’clock on the 13th September he was in the shop of John Henry Stubbs, Ordsal Lane, when the defendant stopped his cart at the door Lnd entered the shop. He asked Mrs. Stubbs how much milk she required, and she said a quart. He got some milk from a can which he had in his cart, and handed it to Mrs. 8tubbs. Witness then told the defendant that he required a pint of milk from the can from which he had taken the milk for Mrs. Stubbs, and tendered the price of the milk.Defendant said, I cannot sell you this, Mr. Thompson, I do not know what it is ; I purchased it a t the station, and I would not like to sell you it.” Witness said that did not matter to him, and told the defendant that he had taken a, sample of milk from Mrs. Stubbs, which was not pure, and consequently he had waited for the defendant. Defendant again said he could not let the officer have the milk. Witness did not get the milk, and he and the defendant left the shop together. Witness said, ‘‘ I suppose you know the consequences of refusing to let me have the milk ?” Defendant said, “ Yes I know there is a penalty but really I would rather be fined for not selling it to you than I would be fined for selling you some- thing when I did not know whether it was right or not.” In cross-examination, the witness said the defendant said he would let him have the milk if he would label it “ milk-and-water.” He replied that he could not do so, as he had demanded milk.Defendant said he had some of his own farmer’s milk, and he would let him have some of that. Witness had taken a score of samples from the defendant before, all of which were right. The defence was that the defendant did not sell the milk to the officer, as he had purchased it at the station, and did not know what the quality of it was, and he candidly told the officer this. The Magistrate said if this had been the sort of case he thought it was at first he should have fined the defendant $5 or $10 ; but as the officer had previously taken a score of samples from the defendant, which had turned out to be right, he should not impose a high penalty.He must, however, show by the fine which he would inflict, that it was a very serious offence when a person refused to sell the inspector a sample of milk from any can out of which he might require it. Defen- dant was fined 40s. and costs. George Nicholson, milk dealer, 23, Roland Street, Salford, was summoned for a similar offence. Mr. Walker appeared in support of the summons, and Mr. J. A. Horner (Messrs. Horner & Sons) defended. Inspector Thompson said on the 9th inst. he was on duty in Turnerson Street. He saw the defendant, who was calling out, “ Now, ladies, pure, new milk.” Witness saw the defendant, who had a horse and cart, sell a pint of milk to awoman named O’Connor.Witness said, “ Give me a pint of that pure, new milk, George.” Witness then demanded the milk, and offered the defendant twopence for it. Defendant said, “ I tell you I have none, and that is good enough for you.” Defendant began to drive away, whereupon witness told him that if he did not supply him with the milk he should summons him. Defendant said, “ You can do what the -- you like,” and then drove off. Elizabeth O’Connor gave corroborative evidence. The defence was that the defendant had no milk left when the inspector asked for some. The Megistrate said this was a bad case, and imposed a fine of $5 and costs. He looked round, and then mid, ‘‘ I have none.” 1MillC Adulteration:- At Lambeth, Robert Kent, dairyman, of George Street, Vauxhall, appeared to a summons taken out by Inspector Bott, for the Lambeth Vestry, for selling milk in an adulterated condition.Milk was purchased at the defendant’s shop, and upon being tested by Dr. Muter was found to have been adulterated to the extent of 37 per cent. with added water. The defendant had been previously convicted of a similar offence, and fined S3. Mr. Chance said it waa a very bad case, and ordered the defendant to pay $5 and 12s. 6d. costs.THE ANALYST. 236 William Hedges, dairyman, of 100, Tyer Street, Vauxhall, was summoned nlso by Inspector Bott The adulteration in this instance amounted to 18 per cent. of added water, and for a similar offence. Mr. Chance imposed a penalty of $2 and 12s. 6d. costs. At Ramsgate, David Morrison pleaded not guilty to selling milk to the prcjudice of the purchaser, not of the nature, quality, or substance demanded, on the 9th August.-Mr. May, in proving the case, said he purchased the milk of defendant on the Sands, and paid him 24d.for it. The certificate from the analyst showed the milk to be adulterated to the extent of 8 per cent. with added water, and that it contained boracic acid, which witness believed was put in to keep the milk.-Defendant, who stated to the inspector that he bought the milk of Mr. Smith, in Queen Street, now said that all the water found in it came there through putting ice in it overnight to keep it.--Mr. May said he purchased milk of Mr. Smith the same day, and that was pure.-Defendant, who was convicted last year for a similar offence, was now fined 40s.and 10s. costs, or three weeks’ imprisonment. The money was paid. Butter Adulteration :-- At Hungerford, Mr. Giles, grocer, of Kintbury, appeared on the information of Inspector Whinch- combe, charged with having, on September 23rd, sold for butter a substance which was not butter. Stephen Chapman, an inspector under the Food and Drugs Act, stated that on the day in question he went to the defendant’s shop and purchased half a pound of butter from defendant’s daughter. He asked for the proprietor, and on Mr. Chapman coming forward he told him that the butter just purchased would be sent to the Public Analyst to be analysed. This the witness had done, and the analyst’s report stated that the article in question contained 20 per cent. of water, instead of 10 per cent.as allowed. Defendant said he bought the article for butter from Mr. Allen. I t had not since been tampered with, and was in the same state as he bought it, a statement his daughter corroborated. It had been retailed at 1s. 2d. per lb., which was only a fair profit, and his customers had made no complaint. He had received no warranty with it when bought. Mr. Allen deposed to having sold the butter, which he believed to be in the same state as when sold to the defendant. Witness had bought it of Messrs Symes, of Bristol, and he sold it as delivered to him. He had written to the factors, and had a telegram from them, in which they would not admit any responsibility themselves, but offered to give the name of the party consigning it to them. The Chairman said that while bound to convict, the Bench did not believe there had been any fraudulent intention on the part of the defendant.In order to protect him- self in future he must obtain a warranty with his butter when he purchased it. They would only inflict a nominal fine of lod., which, with 16s. 8d. COS~S, would make 17s. 6d. for defendant to pay. (‘ First Cork Butter ;” Conviction for Adulteration :- At Wokingham, on November 3rd, James Jennings, grocer, of Denmark Street, was summoned by Detective-constable Sheppard, inspector under the Food and Drugs Act for the county of Berks, for selling to him, on Sept. 22, a certain article of food, to wit, butter, tho same not being of the nature, substance, and quality demanded. Defendant pleaded not guilty, stating that he sold the butter just as he received it.The inspector produced the analysis of the butter received from the County Analyet, showing that it contained 20 per cent. of water, 44 per cent. of curd, and 6 per cent. of salt. Mr. J. Holmes (Holmes & Go., Reading) said his firm supplied the utter to the defendant. He contended that the analysis did not prove that it was adulterated ; in fact, they purchased it as a :‘ first Cork butter,” and consigned it straight to their customers. The Bench imposed a fine of 2s. 6d. and 12s. 10d. costs, and Mr. Holmes advised the defendant to appeal against the decision, remarking that his firm would bear the expense. The defendant was further charged with selling adulterated coffee. The inspector bought some coffee, and the defendant handed him the article, a fourth part of which, on analysis, was found to be chicory.For this offence he was fined 2s. 6d. and 9s. 6d. costs. I n connection with the recent letter published in The Times, and reprinted on another page, the Conviction for Selling Watered Lard 1- Mr. JohnDodd, grocer, 288, Ordsal-lane, was summoned to the Salford Police Court last week, for selling three-quarters of a pound of lard which contained 17 per cent. of water. Mr. J. C. Walker, assistant town clerk, appeared in support of the summons, and Mr. Edge, barrister, for the defendant. On the 4th inst. Mr. Charles Edward Thompson, inspector for the borough under the Sale of Food Act, vidted the defendad’s shop, and parchased three-quarters of a pound of lard at 7d. per pound. He paid 5d.for it and told the manager that he had purchased it for analysis. The manager said they did following case will be of interest :-236 THE ANALYST. not sell what the witness had purchased as pure lard. In cross-examination, Inspector Thompson claid the defendant told him he sold the lard as “watered lard.” Mr. J. C. Bell, public analyst, gave evidence to the effect that he had analysed the sample of lard sold by the defendant to the inspector, and found it contained 17 per cent. of water. Pure lard was composed of pure pig’s fat. For the defence, Mr. Edge contended that the prosecution had failed to prove that the water had been put into the lard for the purpose of increasing its bulk and to defraud the purchaser. The defendant sold the lsrd just as he got it from the wholesale dealer.There were three qualities of lard-the pure lard, the seconds quality, and the thirds quality. Now, if shopkeepers were compelled t sell only pure lard they would have to revolutionise their business, and if pure lard was only to be m$ the public would have to pay for it. In this case there was no fraud ; the sample sold to the inspector was thirds quality, and he only paid thirds price for it. If shopkeepers were to be harassed by prosecutions of this sort, it mould be almost imposslible for them to carry on their business. Mr. Makinson said there must be a conviction, because he believed the water had been added for the purpose of inoreasing the bulk of the lard, but taking into consideration the fact that defendant sold the lard as he got it, the defendant would only be fined 20s.and costs. Mr. Edge applied for a case for a higher court if necessary, and the application was granted. MR. J. Falconer King, Analyst to the City of Edinburgh, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Selkirk. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTB. The following specifioations have been recently published, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, No. 1881 Name of Patentee. 774 J.Fife . . . . 814 J. M. Bonneville. . 965 W. Weldon .. 966 967 ”“3 Do. .. 1232 H.E. Upton .. 1236 J. A. Berly .. 1261 H. E. Newton .. 1289 P. Jensen .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1291 1424 1470 1487 1530 1536 1543 1662 1647 1555 1564 1570 1587 1596 1605 1670 B. J. Mills . . . . W.G. . . . . . . A. M. Clark . . . . E. G.Thomas . , . . J. C. Smith J. L. Dupont-Auberville‘ ’ St. G. L. Fox . . . . H. H. Lake . . . . E. G. Brewer . . . . J. G. Tongue . . . . R. Wild . . . . . . R. Pease and T. Lupton W. Young . . . . A. W. Reddie . . . . A. M. Clark . . . . G. 5. Grimston . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Treating Nitrous or Nitrous Ether Derivatives of Sugar Manufacture of Chlorine . . . . . . . . each Manufacture of Hydrochloric Acid and Chlorine . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . do. . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphocyanides and Ferrocyanides . . Manufacture of Soap from Animal ;and Vegetable Fatty Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treating Hominy .. . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Acetate of Soda Manufacture of Sugar . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Colouring Matters . . . . . . Manufacture of Cement . . . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Soap . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture and Refining of Artificial Butter . . , . Treating Bituminous Substances . . . . . . . . Treating and Purifying Sewage . . . . . . . . Treating House Refuse and Sewage Matter for Manure,. Manufacture of Mineral Oil and Ammonia Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Extracting Oxides of Zinc and Copper from Ores Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Title of Patent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Price. 2d. 2d. 4d. 4d. 8d. 10d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 6d. 6d. 6d. 4d. 8d. 6d. 6d. 8d. 1s. 6d. 4d. 6d. 2a. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist; The Rrewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal; The Sanitary Record; The Miller; Journal of Applied Science ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New ,York ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Oil and Drug News ; The Textile Record of America; Sugar Cane; Country Brewers’ Gazette; The Medical Record; Oil and Drug Journal ; The Canada Lancet.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600234

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC