摘要:

189 THE A N A L Y S T . NOVEMBER, 1882. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. THE next GENERAL MEETING of this Society will be held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, on Wednesday, the 15th November, at 8 o’clock. THE DETERMINATION O F ORGANIC MATTER I N POTABLE WATER. IN reference to the Instructions for Water Analysis published in ?‘HE ANALYST last year, we print the following abstract (from the Teekly Drug News) of a preliminary report by Professor J. W. Mallett, F.R.S., University of Virginia, U.S.A., on the results of an investigation made by direction of the New York National Board of Health as to chemical methods in use :- Esamination of Water Samples in general. 1. Great care should be taken that water samples be placed in the hands of the analyst, and their examination begun with the least possible delay after they have been collected.The changes which take place, sometimes rapidly, on keeping, may seriwsly affect the reaults, especially in the case of waters much polluted by foul organic matter. 2. It is very desirable that, besides examining a water in its perfectly fresh condition, samples of it should be set aside, in half filled but close glass stoppered bottles, for some time-say 10 or 12 days-and one of theae examined every day or two, so as to trace the character and extent of the changes undergone. Not only may conclusions be drawn from such a series of observations as to the general stability or decomposability of the organic matter present, but light will be thrown upon the changes which may be expected to occur under ordinary conditions when the water is stored for use, as in cisterns, wells during periods of drought, or carelessly allowed to remain stagnant in pitchers, water coolers, &o.Combustion Process. 1. In applying this procas, no matter how skilled or well trained the analyst may be, duplicate or even triplicate concordant results should be insisted upon before accepting the determinations as trustworthy. 2. In order to avoid the presence in the atmosphere, about the water bath used for the evaporation, of ammonia derived from coal gas, the bath should be heated by steam brought in a small, closed pipe from a distant boiler, preferably situated in another room, and the waste steam and condensed water therefrom should be in like manner carried off to a safe distance.Albumenoid-Amm.onia Process. 1. I n order to avoid the uncertain ending of the collection of ammonia, whether “free” or 46albumenoid,” it would be well to adopt the rule that the distillation be stopped when, and not before, the la& measure of distillate collected contains leas than a certain190 THE ANALYST. proportion-say one per cent.-of the whole quantity of ammonia already collected. 'l'hls would in many cases involve the necessity of replenishing the liqrlid contents of the retort with ammonia- free water. 2. In order to diminish the loss of amines or other volatile forms of nitrogenoug matter, a separate distillation should be made with alkaline permanganate added at once, in addition to the usual course of treatment prescribed by Wa,nkl.lyn-distillatioo begun with sodium carbonate, and continued after addition of the alkaline permangenate. The results of the two separate distillations should then be compared.3. I n reporting the results obtained by the albumenoid-ammonia process, includinE the determination of free ammonia, the details of the evolution of ammonia, as collected bj separate measures of distillate, should always be given. Pewn an gnn ate Process . 1. In view of the evidence obtained rendering probable the loss of organic matter b: volatilizatioii in the use of acidified permangallate a t a boiling temperature, the Tidy fom of the process is rather to be recommended than that of Iiubel if but one be used. 2. On the other hand, the advantage of more extended oxidizing action, and thi greater general accordance of the results by the ICubel process with those for organi carbon by the combustion process, make it desirable that as far as possible the Sam advantages should be secured by substituting the influence of time for that of temperature and that the time during which the permanganate is allowed to act in the Tidy proces should be increased to at least 12, better to 24, hours, several determinations (on differen samples set aside at the same time) being made a t such intermediate intervals as 1, 3, E 9, and 12 hours, in order t o trace the progress of the oxidation.SUGGESTIONS AS TO POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS ON THE P~oc~ssm EXAMINED DESERVING FURTHER INVESTIGATIOX. Combustion Process, 1. 1 would propose to evaporate the water, not under ordinary pressure and in contac with the atmosphere, as usual, but as the specimens of water were evaporated for th biological experiments, in a closed vessel immersed in a water bath and connected with good (water jet) air pump, so as to secure a nearly complete removal of air, with a conder sing worm to dispose in part of the aciueous vapour given off. It mould not do to simp1 place the water in a flask, since the residue could not be removed for combustion, but would not be difficult to arrange a suitable vacuum vessel, with wide mouth and tight clamped on cover, within which might be placed the usual glass dish to receive the wate and the feed might be managed through a nearly capillary tube with a glass stopcoc By mch an arrangement the evaporation might be effected within a moderate time at fixed temperature much lower than the boiling point, thus probably reducing any loss fro simple volatilization of organic matter ; the nearly complete exclusion of air would tend greatly diminish or do away with loss of organic matter by oxidation, and permit of larj reduction in the quantity of sulphurous acid used; for the same reason the tendency to fo mation of sulphuric acid would 'be reduced to a minimum, and the absorption of ammon from the atmosphere about the dish would be altogether prevented.In testing this la named effect, two bulb tubes containing pure sulphuric acid might be interposed between tl vacuum chamber and the pump; the eontents of the one to be tested for ammonia givenTEE ANALYST. 191 from the water, those of the other to guard against any trace of ammonia coming back from the outside air during irregular action of the stream of water.2. In order to avoid loss during the evaporation of readily volatile substances, such as butyric, valerianic, &c., acids, to dispense with the necessity for the uncertain and unsatis- factory correction for ammonia lost by dissociation, to get rid of the influence on the determination of orgaric nitrogen of any errors in the determination of the total ammonia, and to avoid corresponding difficulties arising from the presence of nitrates if these be alIowed to remain, it might be well to evaporate at first with the addition of a small excess of magnesia (as recommended by Lechartier), thus removing all ammonia, and then, the water having been brought down to a small volume, add a moderate excess only of sulphurous acid‘K with a drop of a soIution of a ferrous salt (as directed by Frankland), and complete the evaporation to drvness-the whole process to be carried out in a jet pump vacuum, as above suggested.3. Further experiments are desirable in order to completely determine the merits and defects of the Williams’ (‘‘ copper-zinc couple”) method for the removal of nitrates. 4. Some preliminary experiments of my own seemed to show that nitrates and nitrites may be completely reduced by evaporating to a small bulk with no great excess of phosphorous or hypo-phosphorous acid, guarding against the evolution of phosphoretted hydrogen by the low temperature employed, then adding magnesia in small excess and completing the evapo- ration, thus leaving the residue in a pulverulent instead of a sticky condition, easy of removal from the dish, and probably allowing of complete combustion without inconvenience from the final oxidation of the small excess of phosphite or hypophosphite, and without any wrapping up of carbon particles.A1 burnenoid- Ammonia P~ooess, including Determination of Fyee Ammonia. 1. In order to prevent, or at least to largely reduce and render uniform, the loss of ammonia from imperfect condensation, I would prefer to effect the distillation, not by a lamp flame, but in a retort of uniformly determined shape and size, uniformly immersed in a bath of saline solution or other suitable material kept at itr uniform temperature-say 1 0 2 O or 105O C.-by means of steam, and to condense in a glass worm, surrounded by ice-water, sufficiently long to bring the distilIate to a uniform temperature, not exceeding say 5 O C.2. It would be perhaps still better to conduct the distillation in a completely closed apparatus, with a fixed difference of temperature between the retort and the far end of the fully effective condensing tubs, with a ghss stopcock to draw off the distillate in successive measured portions, and a little safety valve (mercury or othey) near the cold end to prevent any dangerous difference of external and internal pressure. 3. In the determination of free ammonia, with a view to distinguishing as sharply as possible between ammonia really existing as such or in ammoniacal salts and that found by breaking up of organic matter, it might be well to try a closed distilling apparatus connected with a (water jet) air-pump, so RB to maintain a partial vacuum within, keeping the retort at a fixed temperature much below looo C.and collecting the whole of the ammonia in a flask and one or more bulb tubes containing rather weak mineral acid, interposed between the condenser and the pump, This would, however, be attended with the disadvantage of This plan deserves to be carefulIy tested. * I doubt, however, the possibizity of fully reducing- nitrates, by means of sulphurous acid, if they are present in large quantity,192 THE ANALYST. not readily permitting the progress of the evolution of ammonia to be traced by its collection in separate auccessive measures of’ distillate ; and it mould become necemary to ascertain whether the application of the Nessler test would be in any way interfered with by the sodium salts formed from the acid used to collect tho ammonia.4. In order to overcome, if possible, the most serious dificulty in the way of a correct determination of free ammonia, namely, the ready breaking up of urea (and other amides), when present, on heating with sodium carbonate, it wouId be well to ascertain at how low a temperature and within what time, if at all, ammonia really existing in ammoniacal salts could be completely driven off from au extremely dilute solution by adding a small excess of magneaia and maintainiug a (water jet) air-pump vacuum above the liquid, forming a stratum of small depth, with buib tubes of a c d between the liquid and the pump to intercept the am- monia, and guard tubes to prevent any being received from the air ; in other words, to ascertain whether Schlcesings’s method for the determination of ammonia admits of being applied to such excessively minute amounts of it as the water analyst is concerned with.5 . h the conduct of the alnumenoid-ammonia process proper, i.e., the distillation with aikaline psrmanganate, I would propose that the original volume of liquid in thc retort be maintained constant, by running in at bhe proper rate, through a nearly capillary tube with a glass stopcock, ammonia-free distilled water. And, in cases in which the amount of organic matter is so large as to wholly, or in great part, reduce the usual charge of alkaline permanganate, I would determine by a preliminary experiment at about what rate the re- agent is used up, and would then progresaively supply its solution, instead of simply pure water, at such a rate as to keep the original strength as nearly as possible unaltered.PswnangccnaJts Process. Instead of using a fixad amounfi of permanganate at first, and adding a second or third charge only when the former has been completely reduced, there ought to be a fixed excess at the end of the action, or rather there should be present a constant excess all through the process. Hence, when a preliminary experiment has shown that more than the usual charge of per- manganate will be needed, and about the rate at which it will be consumed, for the final experiment additional permanganate solution should be gradually dripped in, from a nearly capillary tube, at such a rate as Do maintain the original excess as nearly as possible con st ant , 2. It is desirable that the process be carried on at a pretty nearly fixed temperature. If the Tidy method be followed, a temperature of say 20° C., could, with a littIe manage- ment, generally be seeixred, and the flasks kept approximately a t this point during the time required for the action. 1. The principle involved in the last paragraph applies also to this process.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700189

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. CRESOTE-ITS TESTS AND ACTION.": BY H. EAGER. I HAVE previously written on the curative value of creosote and the preparation of creosote pills. Now that we are wble to procure and dispense genuine creosote from beechmood tar, f take the liberty of again treating the subject from a therapeutical and chemical poiut of view. * Translated for The Weekly Dwg News from Beutsch Arneraknnische Apotheker Zeitung.THE ANALYST. 193 Camboulives, a French physician, warns us in his Manuel Pratique de la Theyapeutique to distinguish well between creosote and pheiiol (carbolic acid), as the former from beech- mood tar was destined to play a great part in therapeutics owing to its powerful action. More than this ; it coagulates albumen, has the property of preserving animal substances for a long time, and being antiseptic, anatomical preparations can be kept in a lasting state of preservation.When put in contact with the skin it prcduces wounds that are sirniiar to burns and pain like them. On account of its corrosive power it is much used to kill the tooth nerve in toothache. When diluted it is no longer caustic, but becomes astringent. Taken inwardly in moderate doses it develops a feeling of warmth in the stomach with sour eructations, &c. When it has passed into the blood circulation it tightens the capillaries, and decreases the mucous flow both in the bladder and the air passages. Camboulives remarks further : (‘ This medicament has enjoyed an undeserved reputation since its discovery, for people were soon convinced that it was only useful for carious teeth and toothache.” Nevertheless, Bouchard and Girnbert endeavoured to restore its reputation as a crxrative agent, and they administered it in pulmonary consumption, &c.Their experi- ments were successful, and they hme published a long list of their observations, to the effect that creosote after being administered for a week or two has the effect of decreasing the expectoration, lessening ihe cough, increasing the appetite, removing the fever, increasing t.he strength, and almost suppressing night meats, while it gives wn embonpoint euch as the patient had only in his heaIthy dajs. The abnormal noise hcard in the Breast of the con- sumptive ceaseH and is replaced by & healthy respiration, or at lead is smoother in sourzd owing to the cicatrization of the diseased pulmonary tissue.The improvement in condition may continue for months, provided that the cure is not interrupted too soon. These physi- cians observed that the symptoms of the disease recur as soon as the use of the creosote is neglected, in the opinion that the lungs are healed. From these statements it will be seen that Camboulives and many others did not believe in this beneficent action of creosote. They used it without obtaining the desired results. But creosote is a medicament that comes into the market of various degrees of quality, and if the apothecary does not dispense the genuine beechwood tar creosote-E~eoPotzlm faginenz -the expected r e d i s cannot be had. To ascertain how justified pas this unequalled action of creosote, I made use of it in several cases, and I found that consumptives, and sufferers from chronic catarrh visibly im- proved, and in one instance its use had to be stopped because the embonpoint of the patient who had lost flesh considerably, had so increased that new and large clothes had to be obtained.The results obtained by Bouchard and Gimbert have been fully confirmed by my experience, but, of course, only where genuine creosote is employed. Among the curative qualities of creosote must also be reckoned its anti-asthmatic action. A railway ernplop who suffercd from asthma spasticum and who derived some relief from the usual remedies without getting rid of the attacks, had only two attacks after taking the creosote pills, As a pre- cautionary meamre, however, he continues, to take the pills every other day.As creosote made from beech tar is one of the grandest remedies for keeping up But croosote has other virtues, owing to its catisticity and astringent power. Thege, however, were mild, and they then ceased altogether.194 THE ANALYST. consumptives and those suffering from bronchial diseases, for increasing the flesh of the emaciated, removing asthma, and perhaps bringiug tuberculosis to a standstill in its early stages, as well as relieving kidney diseases and destroying the vitality of intestinal worma, it is the incumbent duty of the apothecary to dispense only the genuine and to convince himself of its quality. We shall explain the marks of genuine creosote and the sources from which it can be had.In 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6, 7. 8. a case before me are phenols and creosotes, as follows : Colourless Kreosotum. Colourless Kreosotum album verum. Yellow Kreosotum Anglicum. Brownish Yellow Kreosotum Faginum. Chemically pure Ph. G. Kreosotum from beechwood tar (Kreosot Hannoveranum) Kreosotum Saginum (A) yellow. $ 9 ,, (B) yellow. ?, ,, (C) brown. yellowish. Out of these eight kinds only NOS. 4 and 5 proved to be genuine ; No. 8 was genuine but very dirty. 1. Pure creosote made from beechwood tar is insoluble in double its voIume of anhydrous glycerine, while other creosotes are completely soluble, or give a perfectly limpid mixture. When the mixture is milky or whitish with double the volume of anhydrous glycerine, the creosote is presumably pure, but if coloured (No.8 was of a muddy red) then the creosote is not genuine, Phenol is not an adulterating agent in every case ; there are others which are not soluble in glycerine, and least of all in a solution of 75 per cent. of glycerine (as for instance creosol or creosylalcohol) . Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7, when mixed with a double volume of anhydrous glycerine gave clear liquids. Mixtures of + to + of creosote and P to -$ of phenol with glycerine under the same conditions giye clear liquids. To observe the action of the phenol, we mix three volumes of glycerine (75 per cent.) with one volume of the suspected creosote and shake well. Two layers will be farmed when the mixture settles; one will be very muddy; the other somewhat less so. The volume by which the last layer has been decreased is approximately that of the phenol present; in order to ascertain it definitely we must increase the layer of the 75 per cent.glycerine by an equal quantity of the same glycerine and shake the whole well. The phenol passes into the glycerine up to 98 per cent. ; or we can shake up the creosote with 5 per cent. of caustic ammonia, which dissolves phenol but not creosote from beech tar. Graetzel and the writer both observed that creosote when agitated with glycerine almost doubled its volume. But, with an undoubtedly genuine specimen before us, we cannot obtain this increase of volume, and this change cannot therefore be regarded as an indis- penslable mark of beech tar creosote. These two tests (1 and 2) with anhydrous and 75 per cent. glycerine indicate whether we have genuine creosote, but two reactions are yet required to fully prove it.3. Equal volumes of creosote and soda, lye (of 1.334 specific gravity) are mixed together to ascertain 2.THE ANALYST. 195 the wood tar particles. With a very slight degree of heat development there is a clear yellow solution. If the mixture is not clear and transparent, or has another colour, or when it stiffens to a non-liquid mass, the creosote is not pure, if it be present at all. No. 1 gave a muddy whitish, and No, 8 a grayish brown mixture, which thickened after the lapse of half an hour. The remaining non-creosote specimens gave light lemon, dark lemon, or brownish yellow mixtures. No. 4 gave a red mixture, and contained 9 per cent. of non-creosote matters.The soda lye of 460 specific gravity and creosote mixed by equal parts of weight should give a clear liquid (it may be yellow), but must not be dark coloured or throw off bad-smelling tar when diluted with water. According to this test, three kinds of non-creosotes, Nos. 1, 2, and 8, genuine creosotes, and only No. 8 gave a dark coloured muddy mixture. Testing with a soda lye of 1.834 specific gravity is therefore to be preferred. 4. Beech tar creosote gives a clear solu- tion in petroleum benzine. A mixture of 1 volume creosote and 2 volumes of benzine is almost colourless or yellowish, but perfeetly clear. Neither phenol nor cresol are soluble in benzine, and creosote giveis a rather muddy mixture with even 5 per cent. of this phenol, which, after settling an hour, separates into two layers.This benzine solution, when transparent, is divided into three portions. The first is decomposed by an equal volume of caustic ammonia; the second by a lye of caustic soda of 19160 specific gravity, and both parts are well ahaken. No dark colouring, dark brown, or cinnamon should show itself in the course of half an hour. The third portion is (according to Bartmann and Hauers) mixed and shaken up with an equal volume of caustic baryta water. In this case neither blue, violet, nor red colour should appear. It is immaterial in what layer, the aqueous or the oily, the colouration is ; they indicate tar components which should not be present. 5. Mix 1 volume of creosote and 2 volumes of a 15 to 18 per cent. caustic ammonia, shake well, and put aside, The genuine clear oreosote will, in the course of half an hour, be coloured almost a lemon shade, and an aqueous layer on top will be yellow gray or some pale co1our.A dark colour indicates foreign bodies, and if the volume of the creosote has diminished it contains phenol, cresol, or kindred matters that do not belong, however, to creosote. The test can be made with even a 10 per cent. caustic ammonia, but a double volume is then requisite. 6. Equal volumes of collodium and creosote ghould not form into a jelly, but should rather become a liquid mass after half an hour ; in the contrary case more or less phenol is present. The first three or five tests are sufficient for true creosote, so that the other reactions may be, dispensed with, A creosote that doee not comport itself as fjuch should not be used, at least inwardly. Some of the kinds may be admitted for external veterinary use, but must not be classed 8s genuine.Proper doses for an adult are 0.02 to 0.03 and 0.04 two or three times daily. The maximum single doae is 0-05, and the maximum for a day 0.2. The pilulae Kreosotata contain 0.0167 g. in each pill (Ph. Centralh. 1881). Consumptives in the last stage may take two or three of these pills two or three times a drty, according to bodily size, and if they feel tolerably well after some days’ The new German Pharneacopia gives a variation of this lye reaction. Roses should be as small MI possible, bat often repeated.196 THE ANALYST, use, they should take two or three pills uninterruptedly night and morning, dropping them, perhaps, one or two days a week. The gravity should be fixed at 1.050 to 1-080, as the lighter creosotes were either impure or not pro- perly such. The pilular mass is made by melting together 2 parts of yellow wax and I part of creosote, to which other suitable ingredients are added in form of powder, as quinine salts, salicylic acid, bals. solution, rad. gent., &c. Any addition of ether or spirits of wine, to give consistency to the mass, should be avoided, and is not necessary. A lukewarm mixture of 7-3 creosote and 15-0 cera flava can, however, be mixed with 40.0 or 45.0 of the powder, so as to form a good pilular mass. Pure creosote is pale yellowish, exudes oil, and is of 1-06 specific gravity. Creosote is best administered in pills.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700192

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

196 THE ANALYST, REPORTS ON ADULTERATION IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK, From the Sanitary Engineer, New York. (Concluded from page 186. ) GROUP XIP, QBANULAR effervescent Salts ; Fluid Citrate of Magnesia ; Seidlitz Powders. Report by W. G . Tucker, M.D., of Albany, N. Y. ‘‘ Under the head of ‘ Effervescing Medicinal Preparations,’ are included a large number of efferves- oing salts and compounds, many of which, however, are but little known and have but a limited sale. It wm therefore deemed best to make a,n examination first of the two most important officinal prepara- tions belonging to this class, bot’h of them being well known and highly popular remedies which haye long been largely sold and commouly employed, namely, the seidlitz powders (Pulveres eff ersescentes aperientes, U.S. P.) and the solution of citrate of magnesium (Liquor magnesk citratis, U. S. p.) The sales of these two preparations in this State probably largely exceed those of all other effervescing preparations (used strictly as medicines) combined.” - I. SEIDLITZ POWDERS. These are officinal, having been introduced into the Pharmacopceia of 1850. Composition, etc.-‘‘ One powder (commonly onclosed in a white paper) contains 35 grains of powdered tartaric acid, and the other commonly mrappcd in blue paper) contains an intimate mixture of 40 grains of bi-carbonate of sodium and 120 grains of the double tartrate of sodium and potassium, or ‘ Rochelle salt.’ When the contents of the two papers are separately dissolved in water and the solutions mixed, the chemiesl reaction which takes place results in the formation of the neutral sodic tartrate and the liberation of carbonic acid gas, which aerates the mixture, while the Rochelle salt is unchanged.The proportions in which these substances are directed to be employed are almost exactly those which insure the aomplete decomposition of the bi-carbonate, the chief use of which is t o render the mixture effer- vescing, while the Rochelle salt, a gentle purgative, is the chief medicinal ingredient, although the sodic tartrate produced by the decomposition of the bi-carbonate is not entirely inert. It is therefore seen that these proportions should be preserved, and that if they be widely departed from the powders be- mme less valuable, inert or even harmful. Thus if the Rochelle salt be reduced in quantity vhile the mount of the bi-carbonate is increased, without at the same time increasing the amount of tartaric acid, the medicine as administered consists largely of undecomposed bi-carbonate of sodium, so that in- stead of furnishing an aerated solution of neutral purgative salts, it consists largely of the alkaline bi- carbonate, possessing no value as a cathartic, and perhaps even operating iiij uriously.” Chief sophistications.-Since the cost of Rochelle salt varies from 32 to 36 cents per lb., and that of the bi-carbonate of sodium but from 44 to 7 cents per lb., it is a not unusual practice to diminish the quailltits of the former and increase that of the latter ingredient.TEE ANALYST.197 Some slight vsriation from the correct standard there will generally be, since it is exceedingly diffl- cult intimately to mix.the two substances ao as to render the composition of a batch of the powder perfectly uniform, but this mixture should be accomplished by proper machinery if the powders are made on a large scale, and the proportion of the two ingredients ought not to vary far from the correot ratio of one to three. Aside from this unwarranteed alteration, powders are frequently sold which fall below the oBcina1 weights. Slight errors will of course occur, because these powders are ordinarily measured and not weighed, but the variation ought not to be large. Samples examined.-Ssventy-two powders wers examined, of which 35 were received from New Pork, and 37 were collected in Albany and vicinity.1. Tartaric acid.-The average weight of the samples received from New York was 42.6 grains, being 7.6 grains above Ghs prescribed weight. The smallest powder weighed 25 grains and the largest 60 grains. The average weight of the samples obtained in Albany and vicinity was 35 grains-18, however, being under weight. The smallest weighed 18 grains and the largest 56 grains. The average weight of 71 samples was 38.7 grains. There seems little reason to doubt that the amount of tartaric acid is often purposely inoreased for 6he sake of decomposing the excess of the bi-carbonate employed in the seidlitz mixture. 2. The seidlita mixture.-The average weight of 35 samples obtained from New York waa 162.6 grains, or 2.5 grains over weight. The variation wafi considerable ; 14 were under weight, and 21 over weight, the smallest weighing only 90 grains and the largest 206 grains. Of the 36 samples collected in Albany and vicinity, the average weight was 143-7 grains.The smallest weighed 63 gains and the largest 225 grains. The average weight of 71 samples was 153.1 grains. Chemicat examination.-A qualitative examination was first made of each powder. The contents of the white paper was proved in every instance to be tartaric acid of good or fair quality. Almost all the aamples showed, as would naturally be expected, traces of sulphates and varying traces of lead. The “ seidlitz mixture ” contained in the blue paper was found in but three instances to be other than zb mixture of Bochelle mlt and soda. In one of these labelled ‘‘ giedlitine.” sugar was added ; a second contained Considerable quantity of bi-carbonate of soda, and in the third the soda was omitted entirely, probably through mere carelessness.No make-weight, or any gross adulterant was detected in any of the powders, save as here stated. Traces of sulphates were found, but nothing indicating the intentional addition of sulphate of soda, as has been frequently asserted. The quantitative estimation of bi-carbonate of soda in the seidlitz mixtures was effected by determin- ing the carbonic acid gas in about 4 grammes of each powder, “ and in case a qualitative examination had shown no other constituent in decided quantity than soda and Rochelle salt, the amount of the latter was determined approximately by subtracting from the weight of the powder taken the weight of the soda calculated.The ratio was then determined by dividing the weight of the Rochelle salt thus obtained by the weight of soda present. Since good articles of commercial bi-carbonite were found to yield from 94.97 per cent. of real hydro-soda, carbonate, 5 per cent. wa8 added to the amount of the con- stituent calculat ed .” ReSuZtS.--‘L Thirty-five samples from New Pork gave a ratio of soda to Rochelle salt of 1 : 2.49, while 35 from Albany and vicinity gave a ratio of 1 : 2.63, the correct officinal proportion being 1 : 3. The average of 70 samples was 1 : 2-56, Calling a variation in the proportion of RoGhelle salt to soda of from 2.8 to 3.2 of the former to 1 of the latter as fairly allowable, we find that in the 70 samples ex- amined, 50 per cent.fell below the ratio of 2.8: 1, the Xowest ratio being 1-05 to 1, or nearly equal parts of each constituent ; 31 or 40 per cent. gave a ratio of between 2.8 and 3.2 to 1, and only 4 of Over 3.2 to 1, clearly showing that this variation is by no means accidental, but evidently the result of an inten- tional alteration in the proportions of the ingredients employed.” 2. The weights of both the soid and the seidlitz mixture showed s great diversity, and in many instance8 the Conclusions concerning seidlifs powders.--l. Gross adulteration is probably mmmmon.198 TEE ANALYST. powders are without doubt intentionally manufactured of short weight. 3. The ratio in which the con- stituents were present in the seidlitz mixtures was in at least one-third the samples too low to be aocounted for saxe by intentional decrease fn the amount of Rochelle and increase in the amount of soda.Such a disproportion annuls or materially lessens the efficacy of the powders for the purpose intended. 11. SOLUTION O F CITRATE OF NAGNESIUM. This also is an officinal preparation, having been introduced into the Pharmacopceia of 1850, and con- tinued in those of ’60 and ’70, the formula, however, being changed in each instance. The preparation is a highly popular one, and is largely sold, more particularly in cities and large towns. To be “ officinal,” it should be prepared by the process prescribed in the Pharmacopceia of 1870, although this, with those mhioli have preceded it, is open to some objections, the chief being that after standing for some time the solution deposits a granular precipitate of magnesia citrate.Probably this difficulty cannot be obviated exoept by diminishing largely the amount of carbonate of magnesium em- ployed in its manufacture. Sophistications.-In order to obtain a clear, unalterable, saleable solution, and also to lower the aost of manufacture, an effervescing solution of sodium tartrate made in various wayB, sweetened with simple syrup and flavoured with essence of lemon to simulate the real citrate, is frequently sold in its stead and under its name. Fourteen samples were examined, 9 from Xe-w York and 5 from Albany and vicinity. Of the 9 New York samples 6 contained magnesic citrate, potassic citrate (potassic citrate being added in bottling and just before corking, to cause effervescence) and free carbonic acd. These contained no carbonic acid, and may be considered gennine. Three consisted mainly of a solution of sodic tartrate, and contained no magnesia nor citric acid Of the 5 samples obtained in Albany and vicinity, 2 consisted of a solution of magnesic citrate, &c., and were considered genuine, while three were solutions of sodic tar- trate, and contained no magnesia, nor citric acid. Of the 14 samplesexaminecl6 were therefore Spurious, from which I t would appear that the preparation sold under the name of the ‘( solution of citrate of magnesia ” is frequently sophisticated.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700196

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

198 TEE ANALYST. ON A NEW METHOD OF MAKING A VOLUMETRIC SOLUTION FOR DETERMINING THE HARDNESB O F WATER.+ BY C. R. (7. TICHBOSNE, F.C.S. IT wa8 remarked that to determine the hardness in waters we have never been able to improve, or modify, to any extent the original procass of Dr, Clarke, invented nearly half a century ago. The most important proposals have been made in connection with the making of the soap solution and the standard calcium solution used for titration. Dr. Clarke used a soap made from animal fats (curd soap), and it has been respectively pro- posed to use a soft soap made from olive oil, lead soap (emp. y6umbi), or a soda soap of olive oil (Castile soap). These are undoubtedly better than curd soap, as the fatty acids in the others mainly consist of oleic acid, and the oleates are less prone to separate in cold weather.Dr, Tichborne now proposes to prepare a definite oleate of soda to replace the some- what variable soap solution. He points out in this paper that oleic acid forms a monobasic and a dibasic salt. Either answer for the purpose. The following is the ~ ~ O C % S :- Five C.C. of oleic acid are measured with B pipette and 50 O.C. spirit added to it in a beaker; 2 drops of phenolphtlralein solution are also added, and immediately a volumetric solution of soda is run in until a pink indication ia produced. This indicates that the point of neutrality has just been passed. A The result is ft solutlion of the monobasic salt * Read at t h e meeting of the British Pharmaceutical Conference.THE ANALYST.199 drop more of the volumetric solution of soda develops the pink to a magenta, but, as the process goes on the solution again becomes decolorised, indicating the formation of the dibasic salt. When half the seeoud equivalent of sods has been added the solution begins to pectise, and when the process is complete the aolution becomes a solid jelly. Which- ever solution is made (the author prefercl the latter, as it lathers more freely and is more permanent), the oleate of soda is then made up to the required measure by the addition of a mixture of equal parts of rectified spirit and distilled water. The advantages claimed are that the soap solution may be made in five minutes, requires no titration against a standard water, and is more permanent than those made from ordinary soaps.-Clwni.~t and Druggist.-~ ~ PURIFICATION OF SULPHURIC ACID BY CRYSTALLIZATION. In the Zsitschrift f u r ~fna~ytzschs Chemie, Tjaden Moddermann remarks that he has for some time been accustomed to prepare pure sulphurio acid by recrystallizati~n of the hydrate H,SO,H,O, and finds this seldom adopted method of purification to be really an excellent one. The author has experimented in this way npon acids containing considerable quantities of lead and arsenious and nitric acids, &c., and by protracted recrystallization has in a11 crtses obtained a pure acid from them. The acid is mixed with suffi.uient water, and, in bottles two-thirds full, exposed to the cold in the open air on a frosty night. If the mixture has been properly made, it is generally frozen throughout the next morning.The chief thing then is to carefully separate the crystals from the mother liquor, and for this purpose the author employs a centrifugal apparatus, so constructed that the acid only comes in contact with glass. The separation is very easily effected, and except in cases where an acid is strongly contaminated with the different oxides of nitrogen, one recrystallization is generally sufficient. The method is very simple.BOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Apdalysa of English Public Water Supplies in October, 1882. All results are expessed in GRAINS PER GALLON. IIP 1 - -- 0029 0018 0056 0007 ,0007 *0005 0007 0007 7 none .0018 trace so002 .0010 trace none moola 111 OXYUEN, Absoibed in HAPLDNERS, Clurk's Scale, ~~ ANALYSTS a A"8 k % k 35% &z none none none none none none none none none El.rnOSB$ none none none faint none none :j f 38 P 1.84 1.09 1.20 1-24 * 95 1.24 1.24 1-23 1.12 -48 5.39 936 1.40 *88 -84 2-25 - in dc Phosphorio Acid in Phosphates. Dwcripfion of Sample. Date when drawn. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. Appearunoo in T W O - ~ O O ~ Tube. 5mins. 4hours at 80° at 80° Fahr. Fahr. -- trace -032 -002 -007 *016 -060 -028 *053 ,069 -137 -021 -068 *026 *050 none -026 Before lolling. Aftor B 0 h g . I- -- 35.2 21.3 19.4 19-8 18.5 19.6 19.6 1Q.3 15.0 7.8 25-8 19.0 24.5 4-8 6.3 5*0° _I I t -0043 moo2 1 ,0033 ,0049 ,0052 -0048 ,0049 *0045 P *0080 -0032 -0060 -0020 *0056 -0029 -0025 20 00 16 0' 13.0' 14*0° 13.0" 13.3" 14.5O 13.7' satisfactory satisfactory none Wigner & Harlmd.B. Wigner Dyer. & Harland. John Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wjnter-Blyth. John Muter. A. Dupri?. Kent (30. ...... Oct. 19 New Wiver .... ,, 21 East London .. ,, 19 Sonthwark & " l9 West Middlesex ,, 30 Grand Jrinction ,, Lambeth .... ,, 19 Chelsea ..... ,, 19 Vauxhall . . } bluish c. i. yellow c. yell. green o. p. y. & clear c. yell. green pale straw 3. p. y. & clear, c . p. br. yell. , c. gr. yellow . yell. & turbil G. p. blue brnsh. green c. p. blue s. brown f. b. yellow :lear oolourlesE 5-50 5.0" 3.2' 3-5* 4.0' 3.40 4-0' 4*0° 4.40 3-40 4*6O 2.3O 5 . 5 O 3 7 O 2.7O 2 + 8 O none trace none none trace trace trace trace trace none trace none trace s. trace a. trace none none Birmingham .. Bolton . . . . . . . . Brighton. . . . . . Bristol... . . . . . Cambridge . . . . Edinburgh . . . . Exeter . . . . . . . Hereford.. . . . . -245 -062 -010 -034 -020 *134 *063 -008 1 0 ~ 5 ~ 3.6' 12-00 13.7' 17.0' 3*9O 2.7' 6.0' A. Hill. W. H. Watson. Wigner & Hark& F. W. Stziddark. J. West Enights. J. Falconer King. F. P. Perkins. G. J. Stephens. ,091 -033 none -023 none SO16 -037 -001 none veg. debris sand veg. debris satisfactory none noneSOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Microscopkal Exambation of Deposit. Descriptionof $?: drawn. ANUYSTS. Liverpool . . . . Maids tonc- Wtr. Company Public Conduit Manchwter.. . - EJorthwich . . . . Norwich . . . . . . Rottiaghnm . . Portsmouth ,. Rugby . . . . . . 8alford ._ .. .. 8onthampton.. Swansea . . . . . . *Worce&er . . . . Analysce of Engtinh Pubtie Water Supplies ih October, 188.2.Oat. 26 ,, 17 ,, 17 ,, 26 ,, 14 , , 9 ,, 17 ,, 17 ,, 9 ,, 13 ,, 26 ,, 25 ,, 16 Appearance in T w o - ~ o ~ Tube. yell. green c. green c. blue 6. t u b . s. yell. green yell. p. grnsh. yell. G. p. blue turbid reddish c. p. yellow yellow P. t. orang. ye1 8 turb. p. yell. s. 6urb. 2 3 j BZ'Fgd % S O m aaz s. peaty none none none none none none none none none none none none E l . - m . i : $3 %2 Fje 1.08 3.40 2-20 673 3-00 2.00 1.20 1.20 1.30 -60 -99 1.00 8.15 Phoephoria Acid in Phosphates. trace trace traco trace h. trace trace none trace h. trace none trace trace trace - A . 2s @J g G -05 *5& *59 none -10 *03 .84 *17 -07 trace none -2 1, -0028 -0042 -0014 -0028 none -0014 -0027 *0078 -0004 -0020 traces -0120 ,0029 -0034 traces -0126 *0060 -0102 ~0007 -0014 trace -0169 a0014 *005G ~0005 moo84 All results are enpressed in GRAINS PER GALLON.I , 5 ming at 80q F h . -014 *014 -004 478 -110 -039 traca -040 ,022 *054 -003 *023 *073 3*5O so60 1 7 * 2 O *009 1 7 - 5 O -146 1.7O .157 l l - O o -090 12.5O ,020 8 . 2 O 13.5" -096 13.5O .098 3.0" -159 11.3O -004 1-5" -153 16.2' 'em. After iohng. 2.9" 7.0' 7.0' 1*7O 7*0° 6.5" 7.0' 2.3' 7 . 5 O 2-5' 3.3" 1-4O 7.50 - I A. Smetham. I none none satisfactory diatoms, veg. deb., &c. veg. debris veg. deb. movg. org. diat. veg. deb., dlatorns reg. deb., diat., organisms earthy matter veg. deb. animal M. A. Adams. M. A. Adams. W. Thomson. C. M. Blades. 'CV. G. Crook. Wigner & Harlmd. W. J. Sykee. A. P. Smith. 5. Carter Bell- A. Angell. W. Morgan. W. E. Porter. AbPlreviations:--e., clear; f., faint; b, heav; p., pale; v. h., very heavy; v. E., very slight. ERRATA.-September Table.-Chelsea Water, Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours should be -080 instead of -003 ; Birmingham Watar, Ammonia shonld be -0014 instea.4 of 91014 ; Normich Water, Vegetable Debris should not have been inserted. The River at this date waq rising fad, and the water was much discoloured.202 THE ANALYST. THE SOLUBILITY O F BORIC ACID IN GLYCERINE.* BY DAVID HOOPER, PROFESSOR BARSF’S ‘‘ Boro-glyceride,” and still later the glycerborate of calcium and the glycerborate of sodium, described by M. Le Bon in the Comptes Rendus, xcv., 145, have created a demand for these antiseptics. Mr. Hooper’s experiments were directed to the elucidation of the Ecolubilitg of the one substance in the other at various temperatures. Especial care was taken to ensure absolute purity of the two substames. The result of a number of determinations showed a regular progression of solubility as the temperature was increased. Thus st 08 C. 100 of glycerine dissolve 20 of boric acid; at 250, 80 parts; at 5O0, 43 parts ; at 7 5 O , 58 parta ; and at looo, 72 parts.-Chemist and Druggist.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700198

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

202 THE ANALYST. REVIEWS. Sugar Growing and Refining. BY CHARLES G. WARNFORD LOCK, G. W. WIGNEE, AND R. H. HARLAND. London : E. & F. N. Spon, 16, Charing Cross. THIB work (which extends to 750 pages, and is illustrated by 215 plates and engravings) is a comprehensive treatiae on the oulture of sugar-yielding plants and the manufacture and analysis o f sugar. It also contains subject matter upon milk and starch sugar, and on the distillation of rum. Any criticism of this book in these columns would be manifestly out of place, and we can only sketch the outlines of the work, leaving our readers to see for themselvea and form their own opinion of its merits. The book commences by a, short notice of the general chemistry of sugars, and then we have seven chapters devoted respec- tively to the culture of the cane, composition of the juice, extraction, defecation, and concentration of the Bame, and to the granulation and curing of the sugar.Next after cane we find five chapters devoted to beet-root, on the same plan, and one each to maple, milk, palm, maize, and starch sugars. Then follows a long section on sugar refining, with a summary of all the patents which have been from time to time taken out in this matter, and another equally complete on the analysis of sugar both by the optical and chemical methods. Although this portion of the work is exhaustive, yet it also aims at being concise, and only the beat processes, which have been thoroughly proved in the laboratory of the authors of the section, are recommended. The authors, in addition to each bringing his own specisl experience to bear on his own section, have consulted such other acknow- ledged authorities as Messrs.B. E. R. Newlands and Maxwell Lyte, as well as several large sugar planters. Handbook of Volumetric Analysis (Fourth Edition). THE fourth edition of this book has been on our table for some time. We should have reviewed it earlier, but that it is already so well known to all English-reading chemists that we should fancy any recommendation of it unnecessary. The fact that the book has reached a fourth edition speaks for itself; but further than that, each edition appears to bring in not only improvements in the old processes described, but considerable changes in the way of addition of new processes which are of value for those special analyses which BY F.SUTTON, F.C.S., F.I.C. London: J. & A. Churchill, New Burlington Btreet. * Read at the meeting of the British Pharmaceutical Conference.TBE ANALYST. 203 have become now the practical necessity of commercial work. The author says that he has done his best to eliminate the good from the bad, and after a careful perusal of his work we think he has done so, and that in the most satisfactory way. We suppose that no Analyst in practice is without a copy of Yolz~met~ic Analysis, but even those who have a copy of the older editions only, would gain in some respects by procuring this new edition also. Manual of Colours and Dye Wares (Second Edition). WE do not like the title of this book at all-in fact the title is almost its worst feature ; it would have been much more appropriate to have named it “Dictionary of Dyes.” It is quite true that there are some other details comprised in it, which fairly belong to the head of testing dyes, say for instance a note of some twenty lines as to acidimetry, and a few useful tables, but essentially it is neither more nor less than ilr dictionary work, or aa, perhaps, the word is more applicable, a directory of the different colours in use by dyers at the present time; and not colours only, for mordants, gums, and all the different substances that come under the category of dyers’ materials, are referred to.Therefore, had the book been described under the title we have mentioned, we should have said that it was a most valuable work of reference, and one which should be bought and read by every chemist who directly or indirectly had anything to do with dyeing matters.We have examined the information contained in the volume, and there is no question that as a whole it is extremely satisfactory in character. The index is however not by any means so complete 8s it might be; a good many of the colours in common use are not indexed under their commercial names, but only under their special trade names, and it is difficult therefore to find cluoh an article which needs to be referred to, whiIe the information as to the ordinary analytical processes of alkalimetry and acidirnetry, which should really find no place in a book of this kind, are inserted in such an imperfect manner that it is necessary t o refer to other books dealing with those particular subjects. Dealing with its own matters, the book is past reproach, but where it goes beyond the bounds of what it ahould fairly touch, there are errors in it which we regret. Passing these by, and viewing the work simply as a dictionary of dyeing materials, it is the most handy book we have seen for soma years. BY J. W. SLATEB. London: Crosby, Lockwood, & Co., Stationers’ Hall Court.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700202

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TBE ANALYST. 203 THE ALLEGED DEATH FROM LEAD POISONING AT KEIGHLEY. THE inquest concerning the death of Mr. Wilson Riley, machinist, Belgrave Road, Keighley, which took place in August from the effects, it is supposed, of lead poisoning, was held on the 26th uItimo by adjournment in the ICeighlcy Petty Sessional Court, before Mr. T. P. Brown, coroner. The inquest had been adjourned for a month, and the viscera of the deceased, together with samples of the town’s water taken after it had passed through tho pipes, were sent to Mr. Allen, the Public Analyst for the West Riding, for examination. Police-Inqector Tebbutt stated that he duly delivered the viscera and the samples of water to the Public Analyst of the West Riding. The Coroner then read the following report, sent in by Mr.Allen :- “ I have duly examined the viscera, of Wilson Riley, deceased, brought me, on August 30th, by Inspector Tebbutt, and have obtained the following results :--In one kidney I found ib doubtful trace of Mr. E. Tindal Atkinson, barrister, appeared for the Keighley Local Board.204 THE ANALYST. lead. The second kidney gave an identical result. I n one half of the heart I found no lead. In a portion of the brain I found no lead. In one half of the liver and spleen I found a notable quantity of lcad, and a distinct trace of copper. The copper being veiy small in amomt I did not ctetermine it. The quantity of lead separated from the half-liver and spleen was 0.125, or &th grain. This amount is smaller than onc might expect to find in the liver of a person nho wus poisoned by lead, but I have not unfrequently noticed very insignificant amounts of lead in Ihe -viscera of cows and other aninlals which undoubtedly met their death by lcad poisoning.What strikes me as some.what more remarkable is the almost entire absence of lead from the othcr organs. I am nimble to find any records of the amounts of lead found by other obserrers in cases of death by chronic lead poisoning, the absence of such data being not improbably due to the comparatively rare instances in which inquiries have been made under such circumstances ; the patients most frequently recovering, or the cause of death being so apparent that no analysis has been madc. I attach no importance to the presence of the trace of copper in the liver, as I have met with it in several other instances, I hwe examined the sample of watcr in the smaller of the two bottles received, marked ‘ Quart of water drawn from tap in dwelling-house No.68, Eelgrave Road, Eeighley.’ It contained 0.61, or about 3-5ths of a grain of metallic lead per gallon of thc water. This propoition is amply sufficient to produce poisonous effects. Some persons appear to be much inore sensitive to ihe influence of lead than others ; but, speaking generally, anything over 0.1 (1-10th) of a grain of metallic lead per gallon of water must be regarded as a decidedly dangerous contamination. I have myself known 0.2 (equal to 14th) of a grain of lead per gallon to produce severe symptoms of lead poisoning. I have also examined the water in the larger bottle received, marked ‘ Quart of water clramn from main in Highfield Lane, Keighley.’ It contained no trace of lead.It containcd a distinct trace of mineral acid. By remaining in contact eighteen hours with a strip of clean lead the water became contaminated with lead to the extent of 0.56 (over half) grain of lead per gallon. A repetition of the experinzent showed that 0.45 grain of lead was taken up in fourteen hours. As already explained, these proportions of lead would render the water highly injurious to a person who drank it regularly. When the water in question was rendered faintly alkaline with lime water and left in contact with lead over one night, it took up the smaller quantity of 0.14 grains of lead. I consider this and analogous experiments show that it is the free acid in the water which gives it so great a tendency to act on lead, and that this property is in a, great measure destroyed by getting rid of the acid.I found that Sheffield water took up merely a trace of lead during one night, but in presence of a very minute proportion of acid the action on the metal was notably increased. Rotherham water took up no tracc of lead cven after two nights’ coiitact with the metal.” Examined by Mr. Tiiidai Atkinson, Mr. Allen stated that hc n’as surprised at the small quantily of lead found in the tissues, considering that the person was supposed to have died from lead poisoning. It was, however, possible that some of the lead might have been eliminated by medical treatment. It would linger longest in the liver, except, perhaps, in the bones. He had had no experience of fatal cases of lead poisoning in human beings, but he had seen many cases in animals.He believed that a fort- night’s medical treatmcnt would serve to eliminate all traces of lead from the system. Iodide of potassium was an agent which would so eliminate lead, but he should expect that the organs would show traces of det erioration. Mr. William Dobie, M.D., examined by Mr. Atkinson, said he did not consider the state of the kidneys as shown by the post-movtenz examination to be such as to ticcount €or death. They were in an advanced stage of disease, but not in an extremely advanced stage. He believed that the disease of the kidneys had not advanced sufficiently to came death. They were in the ordinary stage of “ granular kid~ey.~, The most important causes of that disease were gout, rheumatism, intemperance, and lead poisoning.The last-named was a very common cause. Of forty-two cases of lead poisoning treated in a London hospital, 1n twenty-six there was suffering from granular kidney, Excessive mental depression, with anxiety, was also recognibed as a cause of the disease. IIe should expect to find some symptom of paralysis in lead poisoning ; but that was not a necessary symptom. I n answer to the Foreman of the Jury, hIr. Dobie said he was o€ opinion that the deceased died from lead poisoning. In tbe first place lead poisoning was a common cause of the diseased state of the organs shorn~~ by the post-mortem examination ; then during life, the deceased had shown unmistnkable signs of lead poisoning ; and lastly, the analysis of the viscera has shown the presence of lead in the tissues after death.THE ANALYST.205 Mr. Jack, surgeon, gave similar evidence, and stated that he administered iodide of potassium to the After the examination of a few other witnesses, who deposed as to the laying of the service pipes, Mr. Tindal Atkinson said that he had to apply on behalf of the Local Board for another adjournment, in order that they might have the evidence of Mr. Tidy, of London, a gentleman who had attended fifty cases of deaths from lead poisoning. The Board regarded his evidence as absolutely necessary to the verdict. deceased some ten or twelve days before his death. The inquest was accordingly adjourned for a week.On the resumption of the inquiry on 6he 3rd October, Charles Meymott Tidy stated that he was a Bachelor of Medicine, Master of Surgery, Professor of Chemistry, and Medical Adviser to the Home Office. He had had a large experience in cases of lead poisoning, the number of cases with which he mas acquainted being sixty. He was frequently called upon to make analyses for the detection of poisons. In a11 the cases of alleged deaths from lead poisoning that had come before him he found that lead poisoning was not the actual cause of death, although in some cases it had preceded death for some time. He had never seen a case of chronic lead poisoning. Nearly all the cases had been under medical treatment. He had read the evidence in regard to the present case very carefully.He was of opinion that death might have resulted perfectly independent of lead poisoning. When the latter disease was much advanced there was always paralysis of the extensor muscles, either more or less. He knew of no case of chronic lead poisoning in whicl; there had not been paralysis in some form or other. In nine out of ten cases the extensor muscles had bcen affected, producing the appearance of the hand popularly called ‘ drop-wrist”-re- salting from the want of power to hold the hand up. He should expect to find that symptom in any Case of advancod lead poisoning. The muscles were in all cases affected before the nerve centres. There was no exception to that statement. That was his experience, to which there had been no exception. He would expect to find a state of coma under these conditions.He mould not expect to find any affection of the nerve centres such as delirium preceding the paralysis of the muscles. He would make that statement with some reservation, because the affection of the nerve centres took different forms in different people. The condition of the muscles in the case of “ drop-wrist” was that the muscles were much paler. I n some cases they were almost white. He could not understand that part of the evidence which referred to 4 ( drop-wrist” as a post-??&orten8 symptom. It was a life symptom. I t was stated that the muscles were healthy, whereas he held that “ drop-wrist” was the result of a disease in the muscIes, If the symptom had been there before death he held that it would have been easily noticed by those around the deceased.It was a sign too apparent to escape observation. With regard to the stated enlargement of the intestines, as far as he understood the evidence there had been constriction of the ascending colon only ; but his experience was that the whole colon was in these cases more or less restricted. There was an cntire absence of inflammation which would account for that constriction. In this case it was stated that the mucous membrane of the follicles was enlarged. That would indicate to his mind that local inflammation had set in. It would be a symptom of local inflammatory action rather than the action of poison which affected the general system. In some cases granular disease of the kidneys resulted from lead poisoning. He had read the report furnished by Mr.Allen, the Public Analyst. He agrced with Mr. AlIen, that in the case of a death from lead poisoning he would expect to find a greater quantity of lead in the organs Of the deceased. In five very distinct cases where there had been lead poisoning-in one, especially, which he remembered, he made an analysis of the Iiver and the spleen, and he found five grains of lead in thc spleen, and four grains in the liver, yet death was not primarily caused by lead poisoning. The patient had been in the hospital, and had been sent out and was brought in again, having been run over by a cab, from which accident he died. Iodide of potassium was one of tho agents used in treating cases of lead poisoning, but it was not now so extensiveiy relied upon.It was difficult to state the exact course that the lead would take in the system, but he would state that it mas more generally located in the spleen than in the liver. But in cases where the general health was low lcad would be liable to act with most pernicious effects. Lead was, however, sometimes found in the bodies of men exposed to its influence, yet there WBS no symptom of poisoning in these men. He referred to workers in lead works, painters, &o. He knew of no well-recorded case of death from chronic lead poisoning.THE ANALYST. I n reply to the Coroner, who asked if it was quite possible that all traces of lead might be eliminated by medical treatment extending over eight or ten clays, Dr. Tidy said that that was a very difficult question to answer.Iodide of lead was an insoluble body. When they wished to make an estimate of the amount of lead in any material they added iodide of potassium, when the lead was precipitated, being rendered insoluble and inert. The lead in the organs would still be kept there, but it would be rendered harmless. In this case he did not aclniit that the small quantity of lead found in the organs of the deceased was owing to the meclical administration of iodide of potassium, and if death had resulted from lead poisoning there would have been a larger quantity found in the deceased’s body. Mr. E. Tindal Atkinson-Having read the evidence in this case, do you think that lend poisoning mas the primary cause of death ? Dr. Tidy-Well, of course, it is a very difficult thing for one who was not present at the post-mortem, and had not an opportunity of seeing the symptoms during life, to give an opinion, especially in opposition to such an able man as Dr. Dobie ; but I must say, having considered the facts-the granular state of the kidneys, the exceedingly small quantity of lead found in the deceased after death-considering the absolute absence of all the symptoms of lead poisoning, except the blue mark on the gums and colic, there being no ‘‘ drop-wrist,” no paralysis, no coma-I should think that death resulted from granular disease of the kidneys. Of course I will not assert that the granular disease was not produced by lead poisoning. I t is very likely that it would be accelerated by drinking water in which there was lead. There was, however, no evidence to show that the nerve centres had been affected. There was no paralysis-at least none observed before the post-mortem examination was made. Some further evidence was then given, and the jury retired, and after an absence of two hours they brought in the following verdict :-“ We find that the deceased Wilson Riley died from granular disease of the kidneys, but how caused we are unable positively to say, but we believe it was accelerated by lead poisoning.”

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700203

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

206 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Refming to Sell, and Adulteration of Milk :-- Stamford Smith, of Wawne, was summoned by the Urban Sanitary Authority of the Hull Corporation for two offences under the Adulteration Act. Mr. A. Wilson, Deputy Town Clerk, appeared for the prosecution. The offences were proved by Mr. Osborne, the Nuisance Inspector, and Mr. Thackeray, his assistant. It appeared that on the 16th July the defendant was selling milk on the Beverley Road, and the officers requested him to sell them a sample for analysis. He declined to do so, and said that if they would wait ten minutes he wonld get them some. They watched him go to a house and sell a pint of milk. This inilk the officers subsequently succeeded in obtaining from the person to whom it ivas sold, and on analysis it was found to be adulterated mth twelve per cent.of added vater. The defendant was therefore summoned under the Act for refusing to sell milk to the authority when requested, the penalty for which was $10, and also for adulterating it, which rendered him liable to B penalty of $20. Defendant said it was not his intention to evade the law. Mr. Twiss fined him S5 and costs for the first offence, and 50s. and costs €or the second. Defendant : Your Honour, this is a very serious matter €or me. I’m sure I can’t pay it at present. Mr. Twiss : It is a very serious matter for the public that they can’t get the article they ask for. Butter a d Cofee Adulteratioia .- At the Dartford Petty Sessions lately, Mr. Allen Groombridge, grocer, Dartford, was summoned for having, on August 11, sold, to the prejudice of Police-constable Conford, half-a-pound of butter at 1s.213. per lb., and half-a-pound of coffee at Is, 4d. per lb. The articles were sent to the County Analyst for examination, and his report stated that the L L butter ” contained no butter at all, and that the coffee ” contained 60 per cent. of chicory. Defendant admitted that the butter was what was known in the trade BS “ bosh ” butter, and that he had sold it for twenty years, The coffee, he said, was what is usually sold to poor people.” He was fined S2 in each case, and $1 costs. Adulterated Nttk :- Robert Allen, of Ruxley Farm, St. Mary Gray, was summoned for selling adulterated milk.-Mr. Gregory appeared in support of the complainant.--Mr. Edward Brockleaby, a dairyman, of Bexley Heath, deposed that he had been in the habit of purchasing milk from the defendant, and retailing it, On Tuesday, the 6th ult., witness went with Mr.Parrish to receivo the milk, and after it was put in theTHE ANALYST. churn, he took a sample of it in three bottles, one of which he sent to the analyst, one to the defendant, and one he kept himself.-In answer to the defendant as to why he did not take the sample out of the defendant’s churn, witness said he thought he could only do it after delivery. Swore he had not brought a mixture and put It into the milk on previous occasions, nor had he brought a bottle with something in it to add to the mill<. He owned cows himself, but did not know that the milk was sometimes poorer than at others, although it might be so after the cow had just calved.Witness had made frequent com- plaints of the poorness of the milk. The analyst had found that there was 14 per cent. of added water in the sample tendered to him. Did not know that the defendant had dismissed a cowman some time ago on account of the complaints made by witness, He had not told the man that the milk had got so bad that he was unable to add the usual six quarts of water to every churn. Did not know what milk was made of, but understood that the analyst meant there were 14 parts of added water. Did not know that there was water in milk in its normal state.-Alfred Parrish stated that he was mth the last witness on the 6th ult., and assisted him to take the samples and seal the bottles.Previous to this they had called the attention of the defendant’s man to see that there was no water at the bottom of the churn in which the millc wxs transfemed. Witness did not know the properties of milk.-A discussion ensued as to whether the milk had become the property of complainant, but Mr. Gregory contended that accordlixlg to the Act the milk that had been sold would have prejudiced the purchaser.-John Baxter said he had delivered the milk to the complainant on the 6th, and he had often received complaints as to the bad quality of the milk, The cows had been suffering from a fever, and could not properly digest their food, and this was why the milk was not so good as usual. To witness’s knowledge the complainant had used some ‘‘ colouring” for the milk, which he afterwards passed off as nursery milk.Complainant had frequently told witness ihat the milk was so poor that he could not add the usual six quarts of water to the barn gallon. Although the cows were being physicked with turps, salt, and sulphur, the milk was being sold as pure. The physic was being given to three cows, but it could not get into their veins. The complainant’s chnrn, into which the milk was emptied, was not clean. Complainant knew the cows were being physicked.-The Bench, after some deliberation, said they had fully considered the case, and it was not one in which they could convict. There was a difference of opinion as to the quantity of water in milk in its normal state, and as the milk was likely to have been poor owing to the sickness of the cows, and the cowman’s evidence as to the milk being taken out of the complainant’s churn, the summons would be dismissed.Pure Mustag4 :”- At Norwich recently, John Broughton, grocer, Friars-street, was charged with selling mustard adulterated with flour on September 18.-Sergeant Taylor said he went into defendant’s shop in plain clothing and asked for a hulf-pound of mustard for the purpose of having it analysed by the Public Analyst. He paid 6d. for what was supplied to him,and the mustard was divided into three parts, one of which was returned to the defendant, one kept by the police, and one sent to the analyst. Defendant did not supply a label stating the mustard was a mixture. It was taken from a can labelled ‘ I Keen’s Mustard.” He told defendant the mustard was for the analyst, when it was on the scale, and defendant said he did not lmow if it was adulterated; it was just as he had it supplied to him.-Mr.Ware, who prosecuted, said the mustard had been submitted to the Public Analyst, who found it to contain a per- centage of flour.-Defendant said he told the oBcer he had reason to suppose the mustard was adulterated-Mr. W. Johnstone, Public Analyst, was called, and put in his certificate of analysis. He said puremustardwas sold in the t o r n , and several pure samples had been submitted to him for analysis. The adulterated mustard was of the same colour as the pure article, as, after the addition of the flour, it had beer?. coloured with turmeric. Messrs. Colman and Messrs. Keen always affixed labels to their tins stating whether they contained pure mustard or a mixture.-Defendant : I told the police- man I did not know if the mustard was pure.I had been reading an article in the paper on some recent prosecutions of tradesmen for selling adulterated mustard, and the article said the manufacturers ought to pay the fines.-The Mayor : You knew it was adulterated, and you said nothing until you were told it was to be ana1yscd.-Defendant : I did not sell it as pure mustard.-Mr. Ware : E-ven then he has not complied with the law ; he should have given a label. We don’t wish unduly to press the case.- Mrs. Maria, Salmon, Windsor-road, was called upon to answer 8 similar oharge. The ciromatancea of208 THE ANALYST. ~~~ the sale mere deposed to by the officer, who paid 8d.for the half-pound of mustard supplied.-Defendant said she was very sorry if she had broken the law. I t mas Colman’s mustard, and she bought it as pure mustard for anything she knew.-A Magistrate : Then you must come upon the people who sold it to you for what it costs you to-day.-Mr. Ware said they did not press the case.-The M’ayoP said they must protect the public, and should inark their displeasure by imposing fines. However, they would give defendants the benefit of the doubt as to whether it was sold wilfully. Nr. Broughtou would be fined 1s. and 8s. costs, and Mrs. Salmon 1s. and 7s. costs ; but if defendants came before them again they would be fined $20. At tho meeting of the Salford Council recently the Public Analyst (Nr. J. Carter-Bell) reported that during the quarter ending September 30th, he had analysed 124 samples of milk, bread, drugs, beer, flour, syrup, sardines, and water, and of these thirteen were found to be adulterated. The adulter- ated articles were milk, beer, and syrup. Wooden hams and nutmegs have not been unheard of as articles of trade, but wooden cloves seem to be EI, new invention. An East India paper publishes as a fact, that several bags of doves ieceived in London from Zanzibar were mixed with artificial cloves made froiii wood by machinery. The cloves were made of soft deal, stained a dark colour and soaked in a solution of essence of cloves to scent them.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700206

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC