摘要:

13 T H E A N A L Y S T . FEBRUARY, 1882. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. THE ANNUAL MEETING of this gociety was held on the 18th January, the President, Mr. Heisch, in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The President delivered his Annual Address as follows :- GENTLEMEN,--It is now my duty in conformity with annual custom to make a few remarks to you in resigning into your hands the office of President, to which you did me the honour of calling me last year. Firstly, as regards the state of our Society, I am glad to bo able to congratulate you on our growing prosperity, both numerical and financial. During the past year we have lost but one member by death, and, though the circurn- stance8 attending his decease are more than usually painful, still, considering our numbers, it is a matter of congratulation that it ia the only death we have to record.Four members have been removed from the roll of the Society for non-payment of fees, making a total of five loat to the Society. On the other side 22 now rnembera, if we include the one ballotted for to-night, have been added, our total number of Members being 116, and of Associates, 18-134 in all. Our balance at the bank is 222 14s. 3d., being g6 7s. Sd, more than this day last year, though the expenses for printing, stationery, &c., have (owing to the carrying out of the scheme for water analysea) been exceptionally heavy, and two more meetings have been held than in any previous year, viz., eight in London and one in the country. Much good work has been done by members of the society, as is evidenced by the fact that, at the meetings referred to 25 papers have been read, while six-which want of time prevented our reading, have been published in THE ANALYST.We have also this year in our capacity as a Society laid before the public what I think may be called the first set of etrictly comparable analysea of the public water supplies of the country. This has only been effected by all the members who took part in the analyses to some extent sinking their individual opinions and working loyally on the lines laid down by tbhe majority to secure that which all must consider of the utmost I;mportance-uniformity of resultR. The first and second editions of the instructions for these water analyaes were quickly exhausted, and an enlarged edition has, after revision by the Water Committee, been published in THE ANALYST.In addition to the monthiy tables of the analyses of the Public Water Supplies, a description of all the sources of supply has also been published, all which has entailed on14 THE ANALYST. our secretaries an amount of extra work which few would have been found to undertake. We are also indebted to one of the secretaries, Mr. Wiper, for the admirable digest of the work done by Public Analysts in 1880, which is a very valuable piece of statistics. Before concluding, I should like to say a few mords on the relations of Public Analysts to another body-which some have called the Court of Appeal, as I think there is a wide- spread misunderstanding, not only in the minds of Public Analysts but in thoee of vestry clerks and magistrates, on this subject. Most magistrates act as if the certificates of the Somerset House officiaIs were not onIy evidence, but final evidence.Now those of us who followed the stages of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, will all remember that when Sir H. Peek proposed to insert after Somerset House the words, *‘ whose decision shall be final,” Mr. Sclater-Booth, who had charge of the bill, refused to insert them, and when the matter was pressed to a division they were rejected by a large majority. Not only this, but Mr. Booth declared in his place in Parliament, that he did not intend the Somerset House decision to be final, bnt that the analysts should both be subject to examination on oath in case they differed, and should each have the opportunity of justifying their decisions if they could. It has been regretted that red tape has prevented our knowing the limits, &c., adopted by the Somerset House chemists.If Public Analysts whose certificates have been called in question had been properly represented by the legal officers of their boards, and the Somerset Rouse chemists had been put into the box and examined on oath, no number of yards of red tape would have prevented our knowing by this time both their limits and their processes. Mr. Hehner brought a case before you recently, in bhich, by taking it for granted that some certain specific loss occurred in milk solids by keeping, the Somerset House chemists reversed his decision. As far as appears on the face of his case, they did not doubt his conclusions, but his analysis.Now I take it that, if these gentlemen had been asked on oath “ Are you prepared on the faith of an analysis made when the milk is sour to say that the analysis made when it is fresh is wrong ? ” it would have required more ignorance than I give the Somerset House chemists credit for to amwer, Yes. All Public Analysts are obliged by the form of their certificates to state if any change has taken place in a sample to interfere with the analysis. Why are the Somerset House chemists to be free from this obligation ? and why are they alone permitted to make ‘‘ the addition for natural 108s arising from the decomposition of the milk through keeping.” If a Public Analyat gave such a certificate we know pretty well what would be the result.Another case, which is reported in the DaiEy Tehgruph of Deo. 3rd, brings out B different point. The Analyst certified that a sample of milk contained 12 per cent. of added water. On appeal, the Somerset House chemists certified ‘‘ that the solids not fat were not lower than they had found in pure milk of low quality, and they therefore could not say that water had been added.” Unfortunately, no figures are given in the report. Mr. Paget, before whom the case was tried, and who has before expressed the opinion that (6 it is all guess work,” dismissed the summons with costs, and we have the affair put in the paper with the heading Had the Somerset House chemist been examined we should have known the meaning (if any) of (‘ pure milk of low quality,” and whether the gentleman in question saw the oows, from which it waH derived, milked, or knew anything of their condition or feeding ? Gentlemen, I have thought it right to make Conflicting Analyses.”THE ANALYBT.15 these remarks, because I think it time that we, as a Sooiety, should take means to call the attention of Public Analysts, vestry clerks, and even magistrates, to the fact that Somerset House certifieatee, even if evidence at all, are not final, and thst we have a right to call the givers of these certificates to justify them on oath. In conclusion, let me thank you all for the kindness with which during my gear of office you have one and all treated me, and the forbearance you have shown to my numerous shortcomings.The ballot for the Officers and Council for the current year wae then taken. Mr. Angell and Mr. Hobbe were appointed Scrutineers to examine the ballot papers, President. 1 Ron. Secretaries. and reported that the following had teen elected :- C. HEISOH, F.C.S., F.I.C. Vice- Presidents. J. MUTER, Ph.D., M.A., F.C.S., F.I.C. M. A. ADAMe, F.R.C.S., F.C.S. C. A. CAMERON, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.I.C. Treasurer . C. W, HEATON, F.C.S., F.I.C. G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S., F.I.C. I?. MAXWELL LYTE, F.C.S., F.I.C. Other L71smbers of Council. A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S. BERNARD DYER, F.C.S., F.I.C. OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S., F.T. C. A. BOSTOCKHILL, M.D., F.C.S., F.I.C. G. JARMAIN, F.C.S,, F.I.C. T. JAMIESON, F.C.S., F.I.0. The names of those Members of Council whose term of office has not yet expired, and who, consequently, do not retire this year, are- A, H.ALLEN, F.C.S., F.I.C. H. C. BARTLETT, Ph.D., F.C.S. A. DUPR~, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S., F.I.C. J. WEST KNIGHTS, F.C.S., F.I.C. J. W. TRIPE, M.D. The Scrutineers also reported that the following gentleman had been duly elected a Mr. Adams proposed, and Mr. Wynter Blyth seconded, a vote of thanks to Mr. Heisch, Mr. Heisch proposed, and Mr. Heaton seconded, a vote of thanks to the Chemical Mr. Angell moved, and Mr. Hobbs seoonded, a vote of thanks to the Members of Mr. West Knights moved, and Dr. Stevenson seconded, a vote of thanks to the Dr. Muter moved, and Mr. Hehner seconded, a vote of thanks to the Secretaries. Dr. Duprd moved, and Mr. Dyer seconded, a vote of thanks to the Treasurer, which The Treasurer presented his accounts, audited for the past year. Mr, W. (3, Crook, PubIic Analyst for Norwich, was proposed as a member. The following papers were read:-‘‘A New Method of Testing for Alum, with 6‘ The Mmufacture of Chloride of Sulphur,” by J. Carter Bell, F.C.S., F.I.C. member, viz., Mr. Hugh McCullum, Uovernment Analyst, Hong Kong. for his conduct in the chair during the past year. Society for the use of their rooms during the past year. the Council for their services during the past year. Water Committee. Mr. Heaton suitably acknowledged. Experimental Illustrations,” by A. Wynter Blyth, M.R.C.S., &c.16 T€€E ANALYST. After the meeting the Annual Dinner was held at the Criterion, Piccadilly, where a pleasant evening was spent by the members and their friends. ~~ ~~ The next meeting will be held at Burlington House, on Wednesday, Feb. 15th, at 8 o’clock, when the discussion on the Water Valuation Scale, which was adjourned at the June meeting, will be resumed, and the following paper will be read : ‘‘ Some Analyses of Milk which have fallen below the Society’s Limit,” by W. Johnstone, F.C.S.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

16 T€€E ANALYST. lMPROVED PROCESSES FOR THE DETECTION OF ALUM IN FLOUR AND BREAD. BY A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.B., &c. Read before the Society of Public Analysts on the 18th January, 1882. DETEOTIOW OF ALuM.-Neither the mere detection of alum in flour, nor as for that its estimation, presents any difficulty, for we have by the chloroform proceas a method of separating nearly all the alum added as alum ; therefore the remarks I am about tQ make apply chiefly to bread, although flour waa used in many of the experiments as more convenient. The logwood test, as usually applied to bread or flour, I have found wanting both in delicacy and sharpness, and this is especially the case when only small quantities of alum are present. Whether the coloured bread is dried or undried, it often happens that of two equally good observers the one calls a sample, thus coloured, dirtyish pink, the other bluish pink.Knowing the power that gelatine undoubtedly possesses of uniting with alum, I have attempted to utilise this property. A preliminary experiment was made with gelatine and pure solutions of alum. A few slips of gelatine were digested in a solution of alum of 1-10 per cent. strength for 12 hours, and the strength of the solution then ascertained. A second experiment was made with a stronger solution 2.0 per cent. In 15 hours the amount of alum which had been withdrawn by the gelatine amounted to 16.9 per cent. It therefore may be anticipated that gelatine will withdraw, and as it were concentrate a considerable percentage of alum from a solution. The next experiments were made in the staining of gelatbe slips by means of ammoniacal solution of logwood, that is fresh tincture of logwcod, to which an equal bulk of 10 per cent.solution of carbonate of ammonia had been added. Gelatine soaked in distilled water, in pure cold aqueous extract of flour, or aqueous extract of pure bread, becomes of a reddish brown colour without a trace of blue (see lithograph No, 1). Such a slip put into glycerine decolourizes in a few hours, and then has a dirty yellow hue. Gelatine soaked in alum solutions, in watery extracts of alumed bread or flour, becomes of a blue tint, the shades varying from lavender blue up to cobalt (see lithograph No. 2, gelatine dyed with logwood, alum, 1:10,000 ; No. 3, i:7,OUO ; No. 4, 1:1,000).More than this, the slips put into glycerine can be kept without changing colour; how long the colour thus remains I do not know, but I have some gelatine slips which Alum withdrawn by the gelatine amounted to 15.8 per cent.TEE ANALYST. 17 are more than a month old, and they still retain their primitive freshness. The blue tint is very dietinctly seen in slolutions containing one part of alum in 10,000 parts of soIution, and is still demonstrable in one part, in 50,000, especially if the slip is placed in glycerine and its behaviour noted. It therefore will detect one part of alum in one million parts of a solution, for such a dilute solution may be concentrated down to a smaller bulk. The application of the test is so simple that it scarceIy needs description.Any convenient quantity of the bread is crumbled, put into a suitable glass vesseI, and one or two little slips of dry commercial gelatine, proved to be pure by a blank experiment with dktilled water, are placed with the bread, auffioient distilled water is added to well cover the mixture, and the whole is left over night. In the morning the bits of swollen gelatine are taken out and dyed with the alkaline logwood in the usual way. From some experiments it would appear that four minutes immersion is the best time, for where the proportion of alum is very minute the alumed layer appears to be only on the surface, and the dye with longer periods sinking towards the unalumed core, coloura the centre reddish pink, and this pink centie, shining through the blue cortex, confuses the colour.But this statement must not be considered final, for there may possibly be some difference as to the kind of alum, whether ammonia, or potash, and also as to the strength of the logwood tincture, which future experiments will determine. Having thus obtained a method of concentrating the alum on a little strip of an almost colourless jelly, a jelly that couId be coloured with the greatest ease by almost every dye, it was only natural to go farther, and to see if the ahmed jellies behaved differently to the unalumed jellies. Accordingly trials were made, very generally with the aniline colours; this quite in an empirical way, for there was no theoretical likelihood of success, and as a fact, but little difference was observed. Attention was next turned to such tinctorial agents as madder, turmeric, litmus, brazil wood, chrysophanic atlid, gamboge, garancine, and many others.Of these, madder, Brazil wood, garancine, and chrysophanic acid, when the solution was made ammoaiacal, all tinted the gelatine a most decidedly different hue when pure than when alumed; bat the logwood was chief, both in delicacy of reaction and depth of colour, so that so far as we have gone there is nothing to equal logwood as an alum test. As for magnesia giving the same colour, it is only the soluble salts of magnesia which do this. The magnesian phosphate in bread certainly does not colour logwood, and the process to be given farther on effectually distinguishes magnesia from alum. Exwsively small quantities of alum may be detected by obtaining the phosphate of alumina in the manner to be shortly described; fusing it with sulphate of soda on a platinum dish by the blowpipe, lixivating the phosphate of soda produced, dissolving the residue with a very little dilute sulphuric acid, neutralising with ammonia.Then in this liquid, which need not be more than a cubic centimetre, steep a small bit of gelatine, and when the gelatine is sufficiently swollen and softened, it is coloured with logvood as before, and will show the reaction, CAN ALUM BE EXTRACTED OUT OF BREAD OR =OUR BY WATER?-^^ has been generally asserted that when alum is added in powder or solution to flour, and that flour is kneaded up with water or made into bread, the slum team to exist as alum, but forms phosphateTEE ANALYST.17 are more than a month old, and they still retain their primitive freshness. The blue tint is very dietinctly seen in slolutions containing one part of alum in 10,000 parts of soIution, and is still demonstrable in one part, in 50,000, especially if the slip is placed in glycerine and its behaviour noted. It therefore will detect one part of alum in one million parts of a solution, for such a dilute solution may be concentrated down to a smaller bulk. The application of the test is so simple that it scarceIy needs description. Any convenient quantity of the bread is crumbled, put into a suitable glass vesseI, and one or two little slips of dry commercial gelatine, proved to be pure by a blank experiment with dktilled water, are placed with the bread, auffioient distilled water is added to well cover the mixture, and the whole is left over night.In the morning the bits of swollen gelatine are taken out and dyed with the alkaline logwood in the usual way. From some experiments it would appear that four minutes immersion is the best time, for where the proportion of alum is very minute the alumed layer appears to be only on the surface, and the dye with longer periods sinking towards the unalumed core, coloura the centre reddish pink, and this pink centie, shining through the blue cortex, confuses the colour. But this statement must not be considered final, for there may possibly be some difference as to the kind of alum, whether ammonia, or potash, and also as to the strength of the logwood tincture, which future experiments will determine.Having thus obtained a method of concentrating the alum on a little strip of an almost colourless jelly, a jelly that couId be coloured with the greatest ease by almost every dye, it was only natural to go farther, and to see if the ahmed jellies behaved differently to the unalumed jellies. Accordingly trials were made, very generally with the aniline colours; this quite in an empirical way, for there was no theoretical likelihood of success, and as a fact, but little difference was observed. Attention was next turned to such tinctorial agents as madder, turmeric, litmus, brazil wood, chrysophanic atlid, gamboge, garancine, and many others. Of these, madder, Brazil wood, garancine, and chrysophanic acid, when the solution was made ammoaiacal, all tinted the gelatine a most decidedly different hue when pure than when alumed; bat the logwood was chief, both in delicacy of reaction and depth of colour, so that so far as we have gone there is nothing to equal logwood as an alum test.As for magnesia giving the same colour, it is only the soluble salts of magnesia which do this. The magnesian phosphate in bread certainly does not colour logwood, and the process to be given farther on effectually distinguishes magnesia from alum. Exwsively small quantities of alum may be detected by obtaining the phosphate of alumina in the manner to be shortly described; fusing it with sulphate of soda on a platinum dish by the blowpipe, lixivating the phosphate of soda produced, dissolving the residue with a very little dilute sulphuric acid, neutralising with ammonia. Then in this liquid, which need not be more than a cubic centimetre, steep a small bit of gelatine, and when the gelatine is sufficiently swollen and softened, it is coloured with logvood as before, and will show the reaction, CAN ALUM BE EXTRACTED OUT OF BREAD OR =OUR BY WATER?-^^ has been generally asserted that when alum is added in powder or solution to flour, and that flour is kneaded up with water or made into bread, the slum team to exist as alum, but forms phosphate18 THE ANALYST.of alumina. That phosphate of alumina is the form in which alum appears in the ash, I freely admit; that phosphate of alumina is formed save in minute quantity in the bread itself I by no means admit, and consider it quite an open question.Take an Qqueone extract of flour, filter it by the aid of a pressure pump, and add a little solution of alum, there is no precipitate; add a little phosphate of soda or potash, and a cloud is immediately perceived. Although phosphate of potash is found in the ash obtained by evaporating down to dryness, and incinerating the aqueoug extract, the behaviour with solution of alum would render one doubtful of the existence of an alkaline phosphate in the watery extract were there not a simple explanation. The simple explanation is this, that phosphate of alumina is not fully thrown down from its solutions by an alkaline phosphate, except by an excess of that phosphate, so that it a11 depends as to the quantity of alum added, whether it is likely all to be in the state of phosphate or not.Again, if the alum is all converted into phosphate of alumina, it could hardly be washed out of bread or flour by water ; but I have made some experiments which show that, by using relatively enormous masses of water, no inconsiderable quantity of alum is thus separated. But were such experiments needful ?-the whole gelatine process is an ample proof of the possibility of extracting the alum from flour or bread by water, it cannot be considered possible for the gelatine to have attracted and united with such an insoluble substance aa phosphate of alumina-it must be united to a soluble salt of alumina, in short, to alum itself. EXPERIMENT.-^^ parts of alum, 3,500 parts of flour, and 28,000 parts of water were mixed together, and the whole set aside for 72 hours.The flour as usual settled to the bottom, leaving a clear supernatant fluid. A fractional portion of this clear fluid was decanted, a little sodic phogphate added, and the liquid boiled slowly down to dryness in a platinum dish incinerated and the phosphate of alumina separated and determined in the way familiar to all chemists. The amount of alumina phosphate calculated on the whole as alum was 2-55 parts or 12.7 per cent. of the alum originally added. Hence in this experiment in which the proportion of water to alum was as 1,400 is to 1, over 12 per cent. of the originaI alum was recovered. EXPERIMENT.-Three loaves, A, B and c, were made with a flour which was proved to be pure. Definite quantities of alum were added to two of the loaves, the third was made of the pure flour.A, 5 parts alum, 8,438 parts of flour; B, 5 parts alum, 3,503 parts of flour ; C, flour 7,545 parts. In the A loaf the alum was added to the flour in powder and mixed dry with the flour. The loaves were fermented and baked in the usual way. Then the three loaves were cut into small pieces and soaked in three separate jars, each jar containing 49,000 parts of distilled water. After three and a half days’ soaking the liquid was separated by filtration, and the residue on the filter weighed, and the necessary calculations made, so that the amount of water still adhering to the bread was known, and could be allowed for. The three filtrates were respectively evaporated to dryness after the addition of a little eodic phosphate, and the three extracts dried and incinerated, and the three ashes treated in the usual manner so as to obtain as a final result, any alumina phosphate, if present.The alumina phosphate calculated on the whole as durn separated was as follows : A yielded 1.493 parts of alum, B yielded 1.454 parts of alum, C yielded no trace. In this case then in which the water was 9,800 times the alum, the amount recovered by simple extrwtion with cold water wag about 29 per czent. In B loaf the alum was added in solution.TEE ANALYST. 19 QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ALmt.-If then by using large bulks of water it was possible to extract a portion of the alum, it was thought highly probabIe that by using a more powerful solvent and especially one in which any aluminic phosphate would be dissolved, moat, if not all of the alum would be dissolved.It was also a question whether by this means there could not be devised a method to distinguish between alumina added as alum and alumina present as silicate of alumina, Kaolins, composed of silioates of alumina with other silioates, were taken and digested in 5 per cent. hydrochloric acid in the cold, but no alumina was found in the solution. Even a 35 per cent. hydrochloric acid, acting for 24 hours in the cold, failed to decompose the silicate of alumina. On the other hand, London clay was acted on by 5 per cent. hydrochloric acid, and parted with ~nucli iron and a minute quantity of phosphate of alumina. This is possibly derived not from a decomposition of a silicate but a mere solution of a pre-existing phosphate of alumina.EXPERIMENTS WITH BREAD.-Five commercial loaves of bread from various sources, none of which gave any reaotion with the logwood test, whether applied in the old or in the new way, were severally crumbIed and digested with a large quantity of 5 per cent. hydrochloric acid. The acid liquid was poured off the bread, a little sodic phosphate added, and then the acid was neutralised with ammonia, and the liquids boiled down to dryness in a platinum dish, the extract incinerated, &G., &c., but none of the five yielded to the ordinary analytical methods the least trace of phosphate of alumina. EXPSRIMENT.-A sample of pure flour was taken and divided into three parts. The three flours were then mixed as follows : No.1, alum 10, flour 1,750 parts ; No. 2, alum 10, kaolin 10, flour 1,750 parts; No. 3, kaolin 10, magnesia 10, flour 1,750 parts. The flour thus prepared was made up into three loavea. The Ihree loaves were finally each treated in the cold with 12,250 parts of ti per cent. hydrochloric acid acting for 24 hours. Two thirds of the whole quantity was decanted off, one third remained with the bread. From No. 1, 95.8 per cent. of the alum added was recovered as phosphate of alumina. From No. 2, 99.0 per cent., that is of course calculated on the whole. The difference between the two determinations was considered to be due to loss, considerable spluttering occurring towards the end of the operation. No. 3, though containing dicate of alumina added in the form of kaolin yielded no alumina phosphate, Other experiments have been made and are still proceeding, and so far they tend to substantiate the hydrochloric process as superior to the old burning up methode in which a correction has to be made for the silica.Although, thanks to the researches of Dr. Dupr6, followed by those of Mr. Carter Bell, the proportion of silica to alumina must be considered as well established at3 the nature of the thing permits, get this correction no one can call perfectly satisfactory. It may be expected that1 should mention a recent case in which a difference of opinion between myself and the Somerset House laboratory appears to have arisen. A sample of bread which gave both by the old fashioned method of applying logwood a pronounced blue, and also by the gelatine method an almoat cobalt blue, and finally from which sufficient alum was extracted by water, out of 250 grains, to coPour blue the gelatine dip No.5, and in which I found after allowing 12 grains of alum for 12 grains of ailica (for I had not worked at that time sufficiently the hydrochloric acid process), 1 returned as containing nearly 19 grains of alum to the 4 Ib. loaf. Now20 THE ANALYST. 19 grains is not much, but it is most decidedly a quantity that, having done so much work in the subject, I was not likely to make a mistake as to t 7 ~ ~ prasence of alum. However, the Somerset House chemists could find no alum in their sample, and gave a laconic certificate, ‘‘ free from alum.’’ Although I may have my own ideas on the subject I cannot swear that their sample contained alum, for there is always the possibility of unequal admixture.There are similar referees in both Fraiice and Germany, yet in all cases the referees draw up a report stating in full all operations and experiments they have performed, and the reasons for their conclusions. It would be eonsidered most discourteous and unprofessional in those countries, to give simply an opinion without details. If the Somerset House chemists are to take advantage of the accident of official position as referees, and to act in this way, it will be absolutely essential for the Public Analysts to take united action in a representa- tion tg the Government and press €or some very decided modification of the present Sale of Food and Drugs Act. Returning from this digression, which is scarcely germane, I must in conclusion point out clearly that I by no means pretend to have settled the hydrochloric acid process. This paper is only a preliminary note. I do not advise any one to rely upon the process until many more determinations have been made; and one of the main objects of publishing the process so early is in the hope that some of my confrires will take it up and for the next few months analyse all breads both by the old and the new methods and publish the results. I have to thank my assistant, Mr. Grinwood, for his very valuable and active co-operation in performing the experiments on which this paper is based. But what I can legitimately criticise is, the form of their certificate.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700016

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

20 THE ANALYST. ON THE MANUFACTURE OF CHLORIDE OF SULPHUR. BY J. CARTER BELL. Read before the Society of PubZic Analysts on 18th January, 1882. This substance is now largely used in manufaohring what is called “indiarubber substitute,” and though there is a considerable demand for this article and it is sold by the hundredweight, yet any oue consulting the chief works upon chemistry, or the price Iist of some of our largest dealers in chemicals, would come to the conclusion that chIoride of sulphur could only be made in small quantities, and was thus a very expensive chemical to be used on the large scale, for in one list 1 see ths price is nine shillingB a pound, and in another list it is six shillings ; with large orders at the prices named, a manufacturer would Soon become a millionaire, for the cost of the manufactured article is about threepence apound.A friend of mine requiring about half a ton of chloride of sulphur, applied to me for assistance. I consulted all the best works, and they one and all gave the same process, that, of passing chlorine over melted sulphur in a retort ; this is very well if only a small quantity of chloride of sulphur is required ; if it has to be made by the hundredweight this process is impracticable. I therefore had to devise some method which would not require 80 much care and attention as the above. For simplicity, I will divide the ‘‘ modus operandi ” into three parts :-the generation of the chlorine ; drying the gas ; passing the chlorine into flowers of sulphur. Generation of the chlorine : I used a fifteen gallon clay vessel, which was made by theTHE ANALYST.21 potter spatially for this purpose; it had only one aperture, which was two inches in diameter. In having another vessel made, I should prefer to have two holes three inches in diameter, exactly like a two-necked Woulff‘s bottle ; the vessels which are kept in stock have holes four and five inches in diameter, and also have an outlet at the bottom, these holes are inconveniently large, and as the generator is in a water bath, there is a risk of the contents of the jar finding its way into the water. The generator was put into an ordinaryiron kitchen boiler, water was put in, and heated by a small fire. Into the generator was put twenty-eight pounda of manganese ore in pieces of the size of a smltll nut, containing from 70 to 80 per cent.of binoxide of manganese. A carboy of commercial hydrochloric acid was poured in, and the two-inch aperture closed r i t h an indiarubber bung containing a piece of glass cornbustion tube bent at about an angle of 12P. Drying the chlorine gas : A Woulffs three-necked bottle, gallon size, may be used. The tubes, if possible, should be ground into the apertures ; in default of this, glass combustion tubing and indiarubber tubing slipped over the necks may be used. The sulphuric acid bottle is not absolutely necessary; when it is used, the chloride of calcium will last a much longer period without renewing. The bottle must have a safety tube. The sulphuric acid bottle is connected with a stone aspirator about five gallons in size. An indiarubber cork carrying a piece of tubing is put into the inlet at the bottom of the aspirator; the piece of tubing should be pushed through the cork into the vessel a distance of two or three inches.The aspirator must now be carefully filIed with chloride of calcium in pieces about the size of small nuts, no powder must be put in ; an indiarubber cork carrying a tube must now be put in at the top aperture, which tube is connected with the veasel containing the sulphur. Passing chlorine into sulphur : The vessels I used were wide-mouthed, blue glass gallon bottles, these were fitted with good ordinary corks ; indiarubber must not be used, for the chloride of sulphur acts rapidly upon such corks, making them in a short time unfit for use.The bottles are now filled with dry flowers of sulphur, taking care in the filling that room is left for the gas delivery tube. When the bottle is full a hole should be made to the bottom of the bottle by means of a wooden rod about 9 of an inch diameter; if this is neglected and the delivery tube is pushed down through the sulphur, the tub6 becomes so filled with hardened Eiulphur that the gas has not a free passage. Two of these gallon bottles are connected together, the outlet tube of number two may be connected with an absorbing apparatus for waste gases. The apparatus being all connected and gas tight, the water in the boiler may be raised to boiling heat, chlorine is abundantly given off, and after passing through the acid and ahloride of calcium, soon begins to act upon the sulphur, which becomes very hot, and abundance of chloride of sulphur is formed, which will be seen in the bottle as a dark coloured liquid with undissolved sulphur at the bottom.When the liquor has reached a strength of 1369 Twaddle, a new bottle of sulphur may be put in the place of number one ; when chlorine ceases to be evolved, the spent acid may be siphoned off, and a new charge of manganese and acid introduced. Such an apparatus, like the one described, could be fitted up for less than five pounds, and will make st the very least one hundred pounds weight of chloride of sulphur weekly. I t would be better to use Woulff’s bottles with ground glass tubes.22 THE ANALYST. B E E R ANALYSIS. BY J. N. HURTE, THE following analyses of our beers may be interesting to English analyats. These beers are sold here in immense quantities, with loud excellence. Milwaukee. Specific Gravity .. . . 1.0174 . . Extractive Matter . . . . 7.312°/0 . . Sagar . . . . . . 1,895 . . Dextrin .. .. .. 3.880 .. Albumen .. .. .. *037 .. Bitter matter .. . . 1530 .. Acidity as HC,H,O, . . 0159 . . Alcohol . . .. .. 5-35 .. Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A., Dee. 5tk, 1881. declsaations as Lieber’s. 1.0229 . . 3.126 .. 2 644 .. -016 .. *202 .* -281 .. 9-99 .. 5.98801~ .. to their purity and general Maus’s. 1.018 6 - 3 3 O l O 4-06 0 2.060 -006 -118 -309 5.384 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Schmidt’s. 1.0172 5.816 3.440 2.283 -014 *074 so80 4.640

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700020

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

22 THE ANALYST. THE ADU-L!!ERATION OF DRUGS I N AMERICA.+' BY FREDERICK STEARNS. THE Committee on Adulteration of Drugs offer the following as their report :- Prior to writing the report the chairman sought, from members of the Association, by circular, whatever information upon the subject each member might hare to offer. The order followed in arranging this report is, first, to give the new forms of adulteration noticed in those journals to which the writer has bad Bccess during the past year, together with the means, when given, for determining the same ; second, recent legislation against adulterating food and medicines ; third, euggestiona, criticisms and comments bearing upon the subject. ADULTERATIONS, Glzccose.-Eleven millions of bushels of corn will be used this year in the twenty glucose factories of the United States in producing this product, most of which is employed for adulterating cane sugar and cane syrup. This amount of grain is equivalent t~ OV6r one thousand car-loads per day, and when it is to be considered that the principal temptation to its production is, so far, its fraudulent use as an adulterant for true cane sugar, not easily detected, enabling the producers to reap fabulous profits therefrom, the writer thinks that it is high time that State or Nat'ioslal legislation shonld compel manufacturers and mixers of this left-handed, often impure, insipid sugar to brand it, whether pure, or mixed with cane sugar, by its right name and percentage, that buyers may get what they pay for.At the last meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Mr.Allaire, of this committee, very properly reported against the rise of glucose, in making medicinal syrups, as a substi- tute for cane sugar. Japanese Star-Anise.-IXr. Kelly, of this committee, through the kindness of Stallman & Fulton, New York, reports (with accompanying specimen) upon this article, gtating that there was an arrival in New York rif about fiflly cases, which were, it is believed, afterwards *Read at the Seventh Annual UonvenCion of the Western Wholesale urug Association, New York.THE ANALYST. 23 exported to London. It wag offered as low as ten cents per pound. An exhaustive article on this drug appears in New Remedi~, July, 1881, pages 199 to 202 inclusive, which is appended to this report.A synopsis of the same may be stated as follows : The genuine star-anise is a product of Cochin-China, and Siam, while the false star-anise comes from Japan, both belonging to the genus Illiscinni, of the N. 0. Magnoliacea. The botanical difference in the fruit of the two is so slight as to easily deceive upon superficial examination. In taste the genuine is sweet and anise-like, the odour faintly like anise. The taste of the false ie digagreeable, and not sweet or anise-like, its odour different from anise, faintly resembling laurel, camphor and nutmeg. The gennine is somewhat larger than the false, its surfaoe more cork-like, points short, horizontal, or slightly curved upwards, further aeparated carpels, less woody, Bhrunken and wrinkled ; seeds mostly dark-brown, with rounded point. Surfaco of the false fruit more shining and red brown ; points thin, often strongly curved upwards ; carpels more woody, greatly shrunken and wrinkled ; aeeds mostly yellowish-brown, with strong raphe and elevated point.This false star-anise is considered highly poisonous in its native habitat, and analyses by the sanitary authorities of Japan have isolated a crystalline principal as powerfully poisonous. Whether the genuine atar-anise contains an identical poison in smaller proportion remains yet to be determined. Your reporter thinks it not at all improbable, for reason of the profound physiological effects of the proximate principal of the Japan star-anise, that it may in the near future become a valuable addition to the materia medics far exceeding in therapeutic value the variety which this specimen is vainly wandering around the world to substitute.Cubebs.-The present high cost of this drug, owing to iSs increased use for smoking in catarrhal cigarettes, has led to fraudulent practices. The writer has recently had offered to him crushed cubebs from which the essential oil had been mostly removed by distillation. Antimony Szdphumt.-Your reporter has seen this article offered, consisting entirely of ground, broken crockery, and anthracite coal dust. Cascara Bark.-This new drug, the product of Rhamnus Purschiana, has come largely into use since its introduction to the medica1 profession by Parke, Davis & Co. Through the ignorance of colIectors it often occurs, and has occurred repeatedly to your reporter, that large parcels of inert and worthless bark and barks of allied species are offered in place of genuine.Mis:turm.-Mr. Allaire, of this committee, reports that twice during the past year mixtures prepared for adulterating powdored drugs were offered him. He failed to obtain samples for reaaons that he could not get them in less than five barrel lots. They were of three colours, red, yellow, and brown. They were offered him at 2+ to 4 cents. per pound. Jalap.-Mr. Allaire has made several examinations of commercial powdered jalap, showing that not over 10 per cent. of the samples were up to standard. In regard to jalap, your reporter see8 no reason why it should not have its market value and price established by the proper assay of each lot, as in the case of opium and cinchona.Spruc6 Gum-Your reporter detected an ingenious substitution in a lot of this rarticle; his suspicions were excited by the fine appearance of the lot. I t proved to consist of artfully prepared lumps of eomrnon resin, mixed with a small per cent. of the genuine gum, the whole being roughened by attrition.24 TEE ANALYST. Oil of Bay Rum.---Your reporter is informed that the so-called ‘& smuggled ” oil of bay rum is nothing but the genuine oil mixed with the oil of clove and oil of pimento, and in this condition artfully foisted upon unsuspecting parties at a price less than the imported and duty-paid oil can be sold, under the pretext that it is ‘( probably smuggled.” OLE of Bitter AZmond. (Ess.)-In order to introduce into market the oil now made by synthesis, and which, while it has the chemical formula of its natural analogue, is unlike it somewhat in odour, and, showing strong signs as it does of its derivative, ia branded Oil Ylang Ylang.--The recent, great reduction in the price of this fine perfume leads to the suspicion that the reason for it liefi in some ingenious sophistication not yet determined.Ginseng.-Lilienthal Bros., of New York, report being impoEed upon by ginseng fraudulently mixed with a root so closely resembling ginseng as to defy detection, unless every root was carefully broken for examination. They 3160 found leaden plugs inserted in genuine root to add weight to it. Rose Leaves.-Mr. Greenish (London Pharm. SOL), calls attention to artificially- coloured rose leaves, common in the London market early this year.They prove to be petals of the pale cabbage rose, Rosa Centi,folia, artfully dyed with coraline, or rosanaline, and dipped in perfume. They prove to be of German origin, and shipped from Hamburg to the amount of from one to three thousand pounds. Oil of Peppermint.-J. J. Quetting & Co., New York, report finding much of this oil adulterated with oil of‘ pennyroyal, and give :is a reliable test a solution of two parts of chloral in one part of sulphuric acid, to which is added 5 per cent. of alcohol. The test mixed with the suspected oil in equal proportion given a fino cherry colour to pure oil, and it dark, olive-green if’ mixed with pennyroyal. Olive Oil and Cotton Seed Oil.-Our Consul at Naples, the Hon.B. 0. Duncan, reports to the State Department that immense quantities of refined cotton seed oils are imported into Italy for the special purpose of sophisticating the native oil, fur reason that it can be laid down in Naples at less than half the cost of prdducing pure olive oil. Hence the temptation is great to use it for mixing with pure oil for export from Italy to other countries, Its use is not easily detected except by chemical means. G. A. Buckheister (Droguisten Zeitzlizg) finds tthat while the ordinary tests, sulphuric and nitric acids, potash, lye, ammonia, &c., produced no definite reactions, he could, by a mixture of equal parts of sulphuric and nitric acids, render visible as small an addition of cotton seed oil as ten per cent. Three parts of this test to ten parts of the suspected oil is shaken together. Pure oil gives a white colour with B greenish cast, that mixed with sesame a grass-green, and that mixed with cotton oil a paler colour.After a few minutes the liquids separate, and pure olive oil appears almost unchanged ; cotton seed oil, a light brown. Out of 123 samples of wines examined at the new laboratory at the Prefecture of Police, Paris, only three were found genuine grape juice ; the remainder were falsified. Logwood.-Le Tincturier Pratique notes complaints about the adulteration of this dye wood with inert substances, such as rnoIasmz, sawdust, clay, &c., reinforced by Sumac and chestnut extracts. German Oil.” Wines.-(N. Y . Tinws Paris correspsndence).TEE ANALYST. 25 Oil Wintergreerc.-Is adulterated with alcohol and chloroform, and also with oil sassafras.Chloroform will make itself evident OD warming a sample of suspected oil. Strong nitric acid will detect oil of sassafras, turning the sample red and throwing down a dark resinous mass. In pure oil this test lewes the oil unchanged for some time, and finally deposits white crystals of methyl nitro salicylic acid. A second method is to distil from the sample the chloroform -generally added with the sassafras to give the correct specific gravity; add to the residue one-fourth its weight of potassium hydrate solved in four parts of hot water, when the odour of the aassafras will be apparent. Potassium 1odide.-Kasper (Schweix. Woch. Pharm.) has investigated oommercial iodide of potassium as to its purity, and determines it by its reaction with corrosive subli- mate, a simple and easy test.His conelusions are that in the commercial state the pure salt varies from 88 to 99+ per cent, ; that it should contain from 96 to 97 per cent. pure salt. Red Cinc1zonas.-R, Y. Mattison (New Remedies, October, 1881) gives the analysis of 20 specimens of commercial red barks, and states that four-fifths of the so-called red barks are nearly or quite devoid of crystallizable alkaloids ; that the commercial red barks rejected by the quinine makers are absolutely worthless-that it is never a true red bark. No rich barks can be had at a Iow price. This explains why Huxham’s tincture is so often found worthless, and why it is so much better when made from the popular fluid extract, for the reason that the manufacturer has to use care in making his choice of material.Out of twenty analyses, the commercial barks yielded from nil to traces, and in one instance only nearly a half per cent. quinins ; of cinchonidia, etc., from nil to one and six-tenths of one per cent. ; of cinchonia, etc., from nil to three per cent. Now the French journals announce that the silicate itself is adulterated with soap, added for the purpose of giving it a deceitful gelatinous appearance. Salicylic Acid.-Adulterants of this salt are mentioned (Drug Circular, September, 18S1,) as sugar, acid sulphate of potassa and cryst. sulphate of lime, starch and silica, and as accidental impurities due to imperfect washing -carbolic acid, muriatic acid, and soda salts. Fulse Clzian Tzirpe?itine,-!Phis drug, in its purity, has probably not existed in market to any extent at all for many years.Linsged Oil.--Mason (Report to Liverpool Chemists’ Association) says 250 tons of this oil, adulterated with neutral petroleum oil, has been sent from that port to foreign ports; that it contained about 30 per cent. ; that the test is its specific gravity, and the separation of the adulterant made by converting the sample into soap, and washing this with petroleum spirit, which readily removes the mineral oil, which does not saponify. Benxoic Acids.-Gehe etates that hippuric-benzoic acid is now made from urine of cows as well as that from horses, and when so made has less characteristic odour ; and further states that toluol benzoio acid is now in market at various grades and prices.Bedford (Proc. N. Y., State Pharmaceutical Associatien) states the latter has a strong odour of its derivative-nitro-benzole; and that of the imports of the past year-8,500 pounds- over 5,000 pounds of this was the urine-benzoio acid. Permanganate of potassium, added to a solution of benzoic acid neutralized with earbonate of sodium, is discharged if the beaeoic acid is that from urine, but if from gum it becomes green. To b6 continued in our Izext. The first two may be detected by fractional distillation. Silicate of Soda.-This has long been used as a dilutant of laundry soaps.SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in January, 1882. A l l results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON.--- 32.6 22.7 24.0 satisfactory satisfactory 21.2 7.0 23.0 22.4 7.7 24.3 10% 23.8 8.4 4.5 ' 8 2 7.0 22-5 30.7 23.3 none mineral and veg. debris vegetable debris mineral and veg. debris mineral and veg. debris satisfactory 8. carb. lime none satisfactory satisfactory none none diat. des. min. movg. org satisfactory dc.vg.db., min. mtr., diat . turb. grensh. . turbid yellow c, blue green rownish green s. turb yellow c. pale blue c. pale blue f. greenish c. yellow s. yellow s. brown !. brnsh. yellow c. p. blue c. colourless bty. mlky. wht. brownish none none slight none s. mossy none none none s. peaty none none none none none earthy,offr s. peaty Grantham . . . . Eing's Lynn . . Liverpool .... Ipswich . . . . . . ,, 14 7 ) 18 I , 14 ,, 9 ,, 17 HARDNESS, Clark's Scale, in fLegree.q 4 1 OXYGEN, Absorbed in Phosphoric Acid in ?hosphates.trace trace alight slight h. trace trace slight trace Dewription of Sample. Date when drawn. Appearance in Two-foot Tube. 4 hour$ at 80Q Fahr. ANALYSTS. 5 mias at 800 Fehr. *012 a042 -032 -059 *052 -028 *059 ,050 After 30LlIllp. Before L0ilUIg. 19.6' 15.0" 15.0' 14.0" 13.5" 15.4O 14O0 18 0" p h . blue, brght I c. f. yellow p. yellow green c . v. p. yellow yellowish p. brown c. v. p. yellow p. grnsh. yell. none none slight none none none none none 1.91 1.05 1.27 1-24, 1.11 1.22 1-24 1.19 -98 -40 2-05 -90 *95 1.40 1-47 1.19 -84 9 7 -64 -84 9 8 2.26 1.65 1.08 - *34 -29 -29 -20 -17 *16 -20 *33 -0031 -0014 -0005 4020 *0012 *0020 *0020 ,0056 -0096 -0028 -0043 *0060 -0061 ~0078 -0050 -0087 *015 -075 -086 -084 -089 .LO8 -075 *097 6-8' 4.5" 5-40 4.0' 3-50 4*2O 4.0' 5.50 Wigner & E a r h a .B. Dyer. Wigner & Harland. 5. Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wynter-Blyth. J. Muter. A. Dupri:. Kent Go. .. .. . . New River . . . . East London . . Southwark & Vauxhall . . ] West Middleser Grand Junctior Lambeth ..-* Chelsea . . . . . I Birmingham .( Bolton.. . . . . . Brighton.. . . . Bristol . . . . . . . Bury (Lan.) . Cambridge . . . Canterbury.. . Croydon . . . . . Darlington . . . Edinburgh . . . Exeter . . . . . . . Dublin , * a * . none satisfactory -- trace none slight none none slight none slight slight slight none slight slight trace trace slight -04 -03 -39 *05 *03 -56 -41 -31 *02 ;racer trace -15 -62 -24 -19 .02 ,0007 -0019 so11 -020 lone -020 -023 -00 4 -00 4 none -0116 *034 *01G -023 0004 -009 *070 *052 -090 -012 none *05G -044 *009 -006 none e l 8 9 -035 ~076 -040 -006 -006 -322 6131 15.2" 3.20 13*0° 16.9O 4-33 16.0' 5-60 15.5O 5.0" 1.3' 6.2' 2.8' 1 5 * 7 O 19.5' 17.6" 3.8" 8.00 3.2' 5*2O 1-90 4-40 5.0° 3 .6 O 4 9 4.50 -6O 4-90 2-8' 4 8 O 8-40 5.6' 3-40 - A. Hill. W. H. Watson. Wigner & Harland. I?. W. Stddart. W. H. Watson. 3. West KnightcJ. S . Harvey. C. Heiach. W. F. R. Stock. C. A. Cameron. J. Falconer King. F. P. Perkins. A. Ashby. J. Napier. W. Johnstone. A. Smetham. *0052 moo06 -0039 .0003 -0013 *0005 -0005 -0020 -0020 -0020 -0016 none -0013 -0044 *002s -9056 0026 ,0098 -0015 *0006 -0060 -00-10 ,0050 -0032 -0033 -0021 *oo52 *0063 a0070SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Date Eg. Description oi Sample.Appearancein Two-foot Tube. Maidstone- Wtr. Cornpan) Public Conduil Manchester. . . . Newark . . . . , . Newcastle -on- Tyne.. . . . . Nottingham , , Norwich . . . . . . Portsmouth ., Reading . . . , . . Rochdale . . . Rugby ....*... Salford . . . . . . Southampton.. Swansea . , . . . . Warwick.. . . . Whitehaven .. t Jan. 14 ,, 11 ,, 16 ,, 14 ,, 9 Analyses of English Public Water Supplies A January, 1882. p.grnsh. blue pale blue 8. turb. f.yell. c. gmrah. blue f. yellow A11 results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. 9. grnsh. blue . grnsh. yellow v. s. turbid f. yellow pale blue f. turbid clear yellow , f. grsh. yell, clear greenish c. f. green none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none - 2.45 2.15 -74 1.12 -88 1-42 1.87 1.12 1-00 -65 1.27 -6 -98 -90 1.12 039 - I Phosphorio I Acid in ?hosphrttes.trace trace none trace trace trace trace trace none none h. traoe none h. trace trace none none .!3 . a I $a% g2 p I_ -2 5 -40 none -06 -04 1.12 *02 *25 -14 *01 -14 none -51 none .19 -005 - o i .A 4 I none none ~0039 -0008 -0010 a0012 traces traces -0009 -0020 -0070 *0014 trace *0010 *0014 none *0042 *0007 *0047 -0048 -0070 -0014 *0029 -0023 -0056 *0030 -0200 -0028 -005 6 -0063 -0021 *0007 OXYQEN, Absorbed in 5 mins. at 80° Fahr. *0112 *0100 *021 -013 -051 -008 -042 none -003 none *03Q .010 -034 *004 -005 ,007 c horn Fahr. B t 80' -015 -014 488 *031 DO88 -014 -052 none *074 *001 ,055 -039 a097 0004 *039 0015 - HARDNESS, Clark's scele, in del 3efore oiling. - 21*8O 19.9' 1.80 16.7O 16.4O 11.00 17.5O 17.2O 14.8O 3.50 11.20 3-50 14.8O 1*4O 21.00 *4O - 338. After oiling. F__ 7.2' 7.2' 1.8O 12.7' 5.40 7.0' 4-50 2.00 4*1° 3.0° 8.6O 3*0° 5-50 1*4O 13.4' -40 - U @$ r! %& : 5s z 35.8 31.8 4.7 35.0 21.7 17.4 24-0 18.4 19.2 4.5 17.0 5.1 21.6 3.7 21-0 2.1 _I Microscopical E d t i o n of Deposit. satisfactory satisfactory s. mineral satisfactory satisfactory vegetable debris satisfactory vegetable debris amorphous matter satisfactory 'eg. deb., sand, infusoria none satisfactory none none satiefactory ANALYSTS. M. A. Adams. M. A. Adars. W. Thornson. A. Ashby. J. Pattinson. Wjgner & Harlmd W. G. Crook. W. J. Sykes. 5. Shea. T. A. Collinge. A. P. Smith. J, Carter Bell. A. Angell. W. Morgan. A. Bostock Hill, A. Kitchin. Abbreviations:-&, clear; f., faint; h., heavy;.^., pale; v. h.,verg heavy; 7. s.,?erp sQh

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700022

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

28 5 TH€3 ANALYBT . JenuarJ; 18811 . .- 480 31.0 27.0 30.0 30.0 41.0 32.0 35.0 25.0 31.0 8-0 45.0 15.0 44.0 16.0 27.0 7.0 THE PUBLIC WATEK. SUPPLIES OF ENGLAND . VALUATION. ACCORDING TO WIQNER’S VALUATION SOALE. ” OF THE VARIOUS WATER SUPPLIES . I n the following table we give the average valuation of the public water supplies reported during the twelve monthsof last year. and the valuation of the waters examined last month . Average Januarj I for 18811 1882 . Kent ........................ New River .................. 1 East London ................ Southwark and Vauxhall .................. Q West Middlesex .............. 2 Grand Junction .............. Lambeth .................... Chelsea .................... Bath .......................... Birmingham .................. Boltort ........................Bradford ...................... Brighton ...................... Bristol ........................ Bury .......................... Cambridge .................... Canterbury .................... Coventry ...................... Crogdon ...................... Darlington .................... Derby ........................ Doncaster ...................... Droitwich ...................... Dublin ........................ Edmburgh .................... Exeter ........................ Grantham .................... H astings ...................... Huddersfield .................. Hull .......................... Ipsmich ...................... King’s Lynn .................. Leamington .................. Leeas ........................ Dudley ........................ 29.5 24.7 33-2 34.3 3 3.0 30.3 35.7 34.0 12.0 34.6 22.7 48.3 239 25.1 29.5 25.3 16.0 32 5 23.1 54-2 17.6 85.0 39.0 18.5 45-0 25.9 2 0 2 32.9 26.2 24.3 22.7 27-7 96.6 26.6 32.8 36.5 35.0 40.0 44.0 40.0 41.0 40.0 48.0 36.0 27 0 27.0 35.0 36.0 23.0 15-0 24.0 57.0 16.0 21.0 20.0 31.0 29.0 103.0 Leicester ......................Liverpool .................... Llandrindod .................. Maidatone- Water Company .............. .. Public Conduit ........ Mrtnchester .................... Newark ...................... Newcastle-on-Tyne .............. North ampt on .................. Normich ...................... Nottingham .................. Oldham ...................... Plymouth ...................... Pontefract .................... Portsmouth .................. Reading ......................Rochdale ...................... Rotherham .................... Rugby ........................ Salford ........................ Sevenoaks .................... Sheffield ...................... Shreivabury .................. Southampton .................. Stockport ...................... Stourbridge .................... Stourport ...................... Sunderland .................... Swansea ...................... Tunbridge Wells ................ Warwick ...................... Whi tehaven .................... Wolverhampton ................ Worcester ...................... 33.1 36-3 13.0 30.5 26.3 25.7 38.4 43% 39.5 36.6 45.6 23.6 28.7 171.0 27-4 25.8 8.4 18.9 47-0 19 9 19.9 21.4 22.6 42.6 17.4 37.3 27.0 25.0 15.1 35.0 36.1 10.0 38.7 54-9 We give above a list of all the towns whose water supplies have been examined and reported upon during the last year. together with the average valuation of the impurities in each supply for the year . We had intended making some remarks on the various points to which these average valuations give rise. but the pressure on our space compels us to defer our observations until next month . We also give the US US^ valuation of the month’s supplies . Mr . Beringer has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Cornwall . Mr . W . B . Barrington. F.C.S., has been appointed Public Analyst for the city of Cork. vice O’Xeeffe resigned .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700028

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 29 LAW REPORTS. A turn in Bread-Dispute with Somerset House :- Philip Keber, a baker, carrying on business at 23, Brown Street, Edgware Road, was summoned by the Vestry of Marylebone, on 30th November, for selling, to the prejudice of the purchaser, an inspector of nuisances, a 21b. loaf of bread which was found to have been adulterated by the addition of alum. Mr. Greenwell, solicitor and vestry clerk, prosecuted ; Mr. Russell, solicitor, defended. Mr. Greenwell said that the cage was before the Court some time since, but was adjourned without any evidence being taken in order that the bread might be analyzed by the analyst at Somerset House. The certificate of Dr. Alexander Wynter Blyth, the Public Analyst for Marylebone, was to the effect that the sample of bread was adulterated with alum to the extent of 4-7 grains to the pound, or 18.8 grains to the 41b.loaf. The certacate from Somerset House had been received and would be read. The chief clerk read the certifiaate from the Laboratory, Somerset House, signed by James Bell, Richard Bannister, and Henry James Helm, and it Bhowed that they had analyzed the sample and declared it to be “free from alum.” Nr. Ureenwell urged that Dr. Blyth should be heard in support of his certificate; but Mr. Russell opposed this, as the official analyst had proved that there was no alum irm Ohe bread. Mr. Mansfield said that it was not certain the same bread was sent to Somerset House as Dr. Blyth had analysed. Mr. Russell said there could be no question as to that. Mr. Greenwell remarked that what he wished was to prevent any imputation against Dr.Blyth. Mr. Mansfield consented to hear the witnesses, and evidence was given to prove the purchase of the sample of bread. Dr. Blyth then gave the result of his analysis of the bread as shown in the certificate and explained his method of analysis. He said that of late he had made many researches as to the adulteration of bread and flour, and had made some analytical discoveries, which he had not yet published. This bread certainly was alumed, and if other people could not find the alum he could not help it. If this sample did not contain alum, it was no use his analyzing it or certifying any more samples. He had the greatest oonfidence that hie opinion in this case was oorrect. In cross-examination, he said that the gentlemen at Somerset Eouae signing the certificate were persons of ability.They might not have made a special study of30 THE ANALYST. this question, as he had. He had had several prosecutions for the adulteration of bread, and had been wrong all his life if their certificate was correct. Re-examined: Alum was sometimes unequally distributed, but he could not imagine that, with that quantity of alum in the bread, it could be so unequally distributed as that other analysts would not obtain some evidence of its presence, The defendant was called, and he said that he had never had any alum in his house. He used the best flour. Mr. Mansfield said that the Legislature had placed the matter in his hands, but it was absurd to call upon a magistrate to decide a matter like this.I t was a question whether this gentleman, who had made the subject a study for some time, or the gentlemen at Somerset House, who might have adopted some old-fashioned methods, were right. It was impossible for him to give a decision, and he should adjourn the summons sine die, and either party could bring it on again if desirous. There was a similar mmmons against William Parsons, baker, of 30, Lisson Street, and Mr. Russell produced a certificate from Dr. Hill Hassall to the effect that the bread contained no alum. Mr. Greenwell sug- gested that this summons*should also be adjourned sine die, and said that Dr. Blyth was going to publish his researches, and the matter would undergo some public discussion. Mr. Mansfield accordingly adjourned this case also, and observed that the question was of interest to hundreds of the cleverest people in the country.-Times.Selling Impoveyished Milk :- At Huddersfield, on Monday January 21st, James Dearnley, milk dealer, Dalton, was charged with selling impoverished milk, which had been impoverished by the removal of butter fat. The defendant did not appear. Mr. Kirk the sanitary inspector, stated that on the 27th ult , at his own request, Mrs. Swan, who lived in Greenhead, purchased from the defendant a quart of milk, for whichhe charged 3&d. She handed him four penny pieces in payment. He said he had not a half-penny, and asked her to have that extra value of milk. She took the extra milk, and then told the defendant that she had bought the milk for Mr.Kirk, the sanitary inspector. Mr. Kirk thereupon took the milk, and told the defendant what he had purchased it for. He asked the defendant if he would have a part, and at the same time offered to give him a part. The defendant made no reply, but put himself in a threatening attitude, and Mrs. Swan took the jug out of his hand and ran on to the first step of the staircase. He called Mr. John Firth, who was in the street, and he stepped between him and the defendant. He was about to get the bottles in order to divide the milk when the defendant made another attempt to get at him, and he told the defendant that he had better keep back, as he evidently seemed determined to upset the milk as he did on the last occasion. While he was engaged in the house dividing the milk tho defendant came to the door and called out that he had sold it as old milk ; and then said he would have a part.He told the defendant that he would have to wait until he completed the analysis, and he heard no more atbout him. On the 29th November he submitted a sample of the milk to Mr. Jarmain, the Borough Analyst, who gave a certificate to the effect that the milk contained of butter fat 0.78 per cent., solids not fat 8.05, and 91.17 and he was of opinion that the milk had been impoverished by the removal of 69 per cent. of butter fat, and that it contained 10 per cent. of added water. The defendant had been fined $ 5 , $10, and 3215 respectively, for similar offences, and he was now fined the full penalty of $20 and the expenses. Jonathan Eastwood, farmer, Farnley Tyas, was summoned for having sold to the sanitary inspector a sample of milk, which was not of the nature and quality demanded by the purchaser.Mr. John Firth, assistant inspector, stated that on the 11th November he bought from the defendant a pint of milk, for which he paid lad. The defendant took a part which was offered to him, and said that he sold milk from his own cans at 3&d., and that he sold it at 3d., because he got it elsewhere. Mr. Kirk said he handed the sample which Mr. Firth bought to Mr. Jarmain, who had given a certificate showing that the butter fat was 2.21 per cent., solids not fat 8.73, and water 89.06 ; and that he was of opinion that the milk had been impoverished by the removal of 8.0 per cent. of butter fat, and 4 per cent.of added water. Defendant endeavoured to show that his son was selling new milk and he was selling old milk, which he had specially bought, and that he told purchaser at the time of purchase that it was not new milk. I n reply to the Court, Mr. Ward said the defendant had been before the Bench on two occasions in reference to three similar cases, all of whkh were dismissed. The Bench fined the defendant 23 and the expenses. Adulterated Milk in New York.-Thirty-four Dispensers of the Lacteal Fluid Fined for a TQO Liberal Use of Croton Water :- In the Clourt of Special Sessions reoently Frederick Stieger was charged with adulterating milk. Sanitary Inspector Martin produced the uaual evidence, and after a whispering consultation by the three presiding juatices the prisoner was aentenced to pay a fine of 150 doh.This was the firat of a list ofTHE ANALYST. 31 thirty-four similar offenders against the sanitary 1a\w, whose aggregated fines netted the city treasury nearly a thousand d o h [which will more than pay the analyst his year’s salary-ED. ANAT~YST.] The next unhappy milkman was Clam Umlandt, of No. 1,229 Third avenue. He was fined 150 dols. Charles Dusterbehen, of No. 766, Eleventh avenue, wag discovered by Inspector White in his aqueous practices, and the Court fined him 60 dols, But the most original adulterator on the list was Julius Dolgner, who not only mixed with water but also sought to add a rich and pungent flavor by putting in salt with the water. Dolgner reoeived 8 fine of 160 doh.and one month in the Penitentiary for his enterprise. Diedrioh H. Doacher, of No. 820, Tenth avenue, escaped with a fine of 15 dols., but James MoCall, whose turn came next, WBS assessed 25 dols. The other cases were as follows :- Adolph J. H. Meyer, No. 760, Tenth avenue, fined 35 dols. ; Michael Rice, Fifty-fourth street, near Third avenue, fined 25 dols. ; William Schmiedekamp, bond forfeited ; James Alwell, No. 53, West Twentysixth street, fined 10 dols. ; John Bryson, No. 436, West Twenty-eighth street, fined 100 doh. ; Thomas Clarkin, No. 469, West Twenty-sixth street, fined 50 dols. ; Rose Coffee, No. 454, West Twenty- seventh street, fined 20 dols. ; Margaret Cahill, No. 448, West Twenty-seventh street, fined 25 dols. ; Sarah French, fined 35 doh. ; Marie Guerie, No.427, West Twenty-sixth street, fined 15 dols. ; Anton Genan, No, 338, West Twentysixth street, fined 26 dols. ; Frederick Hegler, No. 326, West Twenty-seventh street, fined 50 dols. ; Elizabeth Hill, fined 15 dols. ; Henry Klee, No. 258, Tenth avenue, fined 50 doh. ; Philip Lyons, No. 438, West Thirty-fourth Btreet, fined 35 dols. ; Chmles W. Moys, No. 248, West Thirty-second street, fined 60 dols. ; Michael McGuire, No. 235, West Twenty-seventh street, fined 15 dols.; Edward Murphy, No. 439, West Thirty-seoond street, fined 25 dols. ; Nathaniel Owens, No. 342, West Thirty-sixth street, 25 dols. ; John H. Ranges, case sent to General Sessions Court; Andrew Soherer, No. 314, West Thirty-first street, fined 150 dols. ; Henry Schafer, No. 370, Seventh avenue, fined 50 dols.; Michael Swalline, No. 137, West Thirty-third street, fined 25 dols. ; Patrick W. Wahren, No. 321, West Twenty-fifth street, fined 25 dols. ; John F. Withers, No. 403, West Thirty- third street, fined 25 do1s.-New York Herald. Referring to the above report, Dr. J. Blake White writes : (‘ The milk found on the premises of Dolgner was analyzed because it presented & very watery appearance and tasted brackish. I append the analysis, as it may prove interesting to yourself and other Publio Analysts. 6 L Taste brackish and insipid. Appearance watery. Sp. gr. 1.029 at temp. 60° Fahr. Water. Butter. Bolids not fat. 89-07 .. 2.91 3.08 .. Duplicate .. 89.06 0 . 2.95 3.16 .. Average .. 89,065 .. 3.02 .. 7.915 Ash .. = 1.22 Dis. Ind. Y ‘( My assistant, Mr.Munsell, determined the large amount of ash to be due to the addition of ohloride of sodium. The following analysis i8 that of milk found in the possession of a dealer named Morlock last May, which was not only skimmed but salted also and watered :- Water. Butter. Solids not fat. Dis. Ind. 89.54 0 . 1-61 1.63 .. Duplicate .. 89.57 .. 1.59 1-61 .. Average .. 89.566 .. 1.61 8.835 Ash .. = 1.01 - 6‘ The chief frauds practised here among milk dealers are skimming and watering, as well as both some times in same sample. Rarely we find additional salt. The fines hitherto imposed hme not eeemed to inspire dread of detection, but the recent disposition on the part of the Courts to imprison in addition to fining those arrested for dealing in addterated milk, I believe will have a decided effect in checking the wholesale adulteration of milk which has long prevailed.” [But we presume the State is under the necessity of paying for the support of the delinquents while they are in prison,- ED, &&XST] *32 THE ANALYST.Dublin Nilk-Heavy Fines :- Thomas Kavanagh, 33, Cook Street, dairy-keeper, was summoned a t the instance of Mr. David Toler, Corporation Inspector, for having sold to hiin a sample of new milk which Dr. Cameron certified was adulteratod with 100 per cent, of added water, The defendant pleaded that the mdk which was sold to Mr. Toler had been purchased from another dairy previous to the visit of the inspector. Mr. Toler informed the magistrate that this was an old excuse, and Mr. Woodlock fined the defendant S19.Mr. Fagan defended. Sarah Molloy. ‘‘ College Dairy,” 12, Duke Street, was summoned by the same inspector for having sold to him a sample of new milk which Dr. Cameron certified was adultorated with 21 per cent. of added water. It transpired in evidence that the defendant was fined 26 on October 4th, for selling adulterated milk, and on the last visit of Mr. Toler she informed him that “ he was very hard on the public, and that he had come very soon again.” Mr. Woodlock imposed a fine of 24. John Leonard, 23, Cook Street, was summoned by Mr. Toler for a similar offence, the milk in this instance being adulterated with 38 per cent. of added water. Mr. Toler deposed that on the 26th November he instructed a lad named Mulhall to ask for one half-penny worth of new milk at defendant’s dairy.Mulhall did as he was directed, and handed the milk to him at Lcanard’s door. The dofendant informed the inspector that it mas “ wholesale robbery” to send a lad like Mulhall to purchase milk on his (Mr. Toler’s) behalf. In reply to Mr. Woodlock, the defendant stated that the lad Mr. Toler sent to buy the milk was a little bare-legged chap, and, judging from his appearance, he thought it was quantity and not quality he required, he therefore gave him skim milk. Mr. Woodlock, who remarked that that was the queerest defence he ever heard, fined the defendant $?. Thomas Clitheroe, dairyman, 116, Lon-er Gardiner Street, was also summoned by Mr. Toler for having sold a quantity of new milk, in pursuance of a contract, to the Governors of the Westmoreland Lock Hospital, Townsend Street. Mr. Toler deposed that on the 11th of November he attended at the above institution, and obtair;ed a sample of new milk from the supply which the servant of Thomas Clitheroe was delivering to the Hospital for the use of the patients, in pursuance of a contlact. This milk Dr. Cameron certified was adulterated with 16 per cent. of added water. Mr. Toler also deposed that on the same day he purchased a sample of milk from a separate can supplied by Clitheroe for the Hospital matron ; this milk, however, was found to be of a pure quality. Mr. Woodlock imposed a, fine of $5, remarking that i t was a perfectly scandalous system of trading, and added that Clitheroe should consider himself safe that he was not fined 220. Mr. McSheeley, Lam Agent to the Corporation, prose- cuted in each case.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN882070029b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC