摘要:

169 THE ANALYST. OCTOBER, 1882. NOTES ON THE ACTION OF WATER ON LEAD. BY ALFRED H. ALLEN. Are action was recently brought by Mr. J. J. Milnes, a solicitor in practice in Hudders- field, again& the Corporation of that town, for damages resulting from the injury to his health which had resultod from his drinking water supplied by the defcndants, and which was alleged had a powerful action on lead. For the plaintiff there were called Mr. Fairley of Leedls, Mr. Jarmain of Huddersfidd, and myself, while the defence were represented by Dr. Tidy, Dr. Odling and Mr. Wm. Crookes. It was proved by Mr. FairIey and myself that the water took up lead in one night in the proportion of -5 to *8 grains per gaIIon, and these amounts were actually found in the water which had stood over-night in the leaden pipes supplying water to the house of the plaintiff. A report of Mr.Jarmain, made to the Huddersfield Corporation several year8 since, showed that he had pointed out the corrosive action of a certain part of the Huddersfield water supply on lead, had traced the corrosive tendency to the presence of ochreous springs containing free sulphuric acid, and pointed out a remedy in the neutraliz- ation of the free acid by means of lime. A distinct trace of mineral acid having been de- tected in the water by Mr. Fairley and myseIf, it is not surprising that the jury found a verdict for the plaintiff, subject to appeal on certain points of law. At the trial, there arose the question of the influenee the presence of sulphuric acid had upon ths tendency of water to act on lead, and in the words of an article in the ‘( Chemical News,” ‘( the water in question was admitted to have an acid reaction.This was due to sulphuric acid, as was shown by Dr. Tidy.” I was not present in Court while Dr. Tidy’s evidence was being taken and have seen no published account of his examination, but, seeing that the proportion of free acid was very small, it would be interesting to learn how it was proved to be su2phiric acid. That a free acid was present was proved by the fact that the water distinctly reddened a solution of Poirier’s orange, and, after concentration, had a distinctly acid reaction to litmus, but it seems very improbable that the trace of acid present was recognisable by its charring action, and if not how was it proved to be sulphuric acid ? That the free acid originated in the influx of ochreous water containing free sulphuric acid seems to be admitted, but what becomes of free sulphuric acid when added to a water containing several times its equivalent of metallic chlorides ? It may reasonably be argued that sulphates are formed, together with free hydrochloric acid, and, until this view is ex- perimentally disproved, most chemists will regard it as probably correct.On evaporation we all know that hydrochloric acid would volatilize and a sulphate remain. Now the presence of a small quantity of free hydrochloric acid admittedly increaaes the tendency of waters to act on lewd, and is probably the cause of the influence observed170 THE ANALYST. in the case of the Hnddersfield water. But on the other hand, Dr.Tidy, Professor Odling, and Mr. Crookee were of opinion that sulphuric acid if present in small quantities, must tend to protect the pipea from the action of the water, a thin layer of the insoluble, or at least very qaringly soluble, lead snlphate being formed. How far it is reasonable to expect that, such protection would be exerted by very small proportions of sulphuric acid may be gathered from a consideration of tho relative solubilities of the oxide, carbonate, and sulphate of lead in distilled water ; thus :- I part of PbO dissolves in 7,000 pnrts of water -= 9.8 grs. Bb per gallon. 1 ,, PbCO, ,, 60,500 ,, = 1.07 9 , 1 ,, PbSO, ,, 22,800 ,, = 2.09 $ 5 1 am unable to find the solubility of basic lend carbonate, but it is probably less than that of the neutral salt.It appears then from these figures that distilled water in contact with lead and oxygen might take up 9.8 grs. of lead per gallon, biit in presence of carbonic acid as in most natural waters, this would be redtrced to 1.09 grains. In the preseiice of free sulpliuric acid, however, shewn by Dr. Tidy to be present, the carbonate would be changed to sulpbnte, and the possible amount of lead in solution, would be nearlg doubled. It is true thRk in presence of a very large excesg of sulphuric acid (sufficient to coiivert the water into “ dilute sulphuric wid ”) this solubility of lead sulphate is somewhat diminished, but that is a state of aff6rs which does not apply to the Huddersfield water, respecting xhich the three high scientific authorities quoted expremed an opinion Ieading the jury to iiifer that the presence of a trace of free sulphuric acid was rather beneficid than otherwise, as it would But experiment 011 such tt subject is better than theory, and hence I submit the followiag data on $he aciion of lead on water contttiiiiiig different amonuts of free sulphuric acid.The experiments were made by adding to four quantities of 250 C.C. of distilled water s definite volume of decinormal sulphuric acid ( ~ 4 . 9 grammes FlrSO, per litre). Pieces of sheet lead of equal size, scraped clean immediately beforo use, were then immcriied j i i the lipids, and the beakers loofiely covered and left over night. Eqit. f.-Distilled water without any addition of sulphuric acid acted strongly on the lead.The metal wa8 removed and the white dei)osit at the bottom of the beaker was dissolved in it few drops of hydroohlorio acid, when the water was found to contain 7 grains per gaflon of metallic lead. Eqt. TT.--To 250 C.C. of distilled water 0-1 C.C. of decinormal sulphuric acid wus added. This corresponds to 0.112 grains SO, per gallon, or about the quantity of free acid found by Mr. Fairley in the Iiuddersfield water. The experiment was conducted as in I, when 7 grains of Pb. were focad, as in the previous case. E q t , IIl.--Ths sulphuric mid was increased to 1.0 C.C. I- 1-12 grains free SO, per gallon. The lead appeared littltl. sletsd on, there being uo formation of carbonate, bbt the water was found to contain 1-75 pains of lead per gallcrt.EqJf. IY.-5*0 e.c. sulphurii: acid added = 5.6 grs. SO per gallon. pu’o apparent action on the lead, but the water contained 1-70 grains Pb. per gallon. In the first two experiments it must be remembered that in the absence of aulphuric acid the lead was converted into carbonate, and hence was not really in golution in tho water, but in experiments 111. and IV. it existed 8s dissolved sulphats. tend to protect the pipes from the action of the water.”THE ANALYST. 171 These experiments were made with distilled water, and consequently under conditions that do not occur in practice. Hence the following experiments are of more real value. They were made side by side with those already described, but Sheffield water was substi- tuted for distilled water, Sheffidd water is a pure moorland water containing from 5 to 7‘ grains per gallon of total solids, of which the chlorine is 0.7 grains, The reaction is neutral or very faintly acid rather than alkaline.than Oi05 grain per gallon. lead was dissolved, notabIy more than in Expt. I. Ezpt. 1.-Sheffield water without any addition of acid took up a trace of lead,-Iesa Expt. lI.-With an addition of 0.112 grains per gallon of SO,, it strong trace of Expt. III.--T”Vith 1.12 grains SO,, 0.28 grain of lead was dissolved. Ex$ IV,-With 5.6 grains SO, per gallon, the lead dissolved was 4.9 grains per gallon. In none of these experiments was there any sensible formation of carbonate, and only the clear liquid waB used for the determination of lead. It will be seen that the presence of sulphuric acid, even in very small quantity, notably increases the tendency of the water to act on lead.The repetition of the oxporiments always furnishes resulta pointing in the same direction, but the actual figures vary from time to time, baing probably influenced by variations in the composition of the water. Thus, provioualg to the trial, I found tlic addition of 0.224 grs. SO2 t o 1 gallon of Shefiield, caused the solutioii of 0.6 grains uf lead per gallon in 24 hours, though the unacidulated water dissolved a barely pcrceptibJo trace of lead in the same time. It was to this experiment that X referred in Court, as proving that the addition of a trace of sulphuric acid l o a pure water (not distilled water) increased its tendency to act on lead.Since tho date of the trial a death has occurred at Keighley which is suspected by the medical men to be due to lead-poisoning through the medium of water. The deceased was in the habit of drawing a glass of water from the tap the first thing in the morning, and by drinking this he would necessarily introduce into his system any lead dissolved from the pipes during the night. In his liver I found lead. The water which had been standing in the lead pipes all night contained 0.61 grains of lead per gallon. Water taken from the neighbouring main was free from lead but had a marked acid reaction to Poirier’s orange. Left over-night in contact with clean lead it dissolved from 042 to *56 grains per gallon. Rondered faintly alkaline with lime water a d lefh over-night in contact with lead, only 0-14 grains of Pb.was dissolved. These experiments appear to me to indicate that a trace of free acid is a leading cause of the action of water on lead and that the effect can be greatly diminished by neutralisation. Occasionally, during a period extending over many yearg, I have examined the Sheffield water for lead. At present it is wholly free from that metal, even after standing overnight in the pipes, but not unfrequentlg I have found notable traceg in it. In the; Iight of recent researches it is probable that, on those occasions, the water as delivered from the main contained a free acid,-whether mlphuric acid or, as I contend is more probable, hydrochloric aoid is at present an open question. (In a subsequent experiment 0.10 grain was dissolved).172 THE ANALYST, Of course the few experiments above described do not wholly clear up the difficult and obscure problem of the cause of the action of water on lead, but they at least indicate the great probability of one of the leading causes, and they help to lay at least one old ghost, and lead to a better understanding of some misinterpreted observations. It remains for others t o show, if they can, why sulphuric acid or sulphatea should be theoretically held to reduce the tendency of water to act on lead when le3d sulphate is more soluble than the carbonates, and why free sulphuric acid should be assumed to exist in water simultaneously with metallic chlorides.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700169

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

172 THE ANALYST, ON ACETATE OF LIME AND ALLIED SUBJECTS.';' BY MESSRS. STILLWELL AND GLADDKNG. METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 1. Based on the Anaount oj' SofuBle Lime Salts Present.-The value of an acetate of lime depends entirely on the amount of glacial acetic acid present. Two methods of: analysis are in use at the present time ; one determines the amount of lime salts soluble in water, and by calculation the amount of lime so founci is converted into acetate of lime, or glacial acid, as the case may be. This method is based on the supposition that all the aoluble lime salts present are acetates ; but this is not so. Acetates of lime almost invari- ably contain caustic lime in slight amount, and if the lime has been overheated, it is present in still greater quantity. With improved methods of manufactnre, the amount of these has diminished of late years, and the differ- ence between the amounts of acetate of lime found by distillation of the amtic acid and that fouiid from the amount of soluble lime is much less than formerly.The better the sample of acetate, the less is the difference between the results given by the two methods. In the year 1872 (see Anaeriean Chemist, vol, ii., p. 324, and vol. iii. p. S), this question of methods of analysis camc up. It is nesessary to state here the objections raised by certain English chemists against the process of distillation, which was advocated by 8ome American chemists, since the objectors to a distillatory process had no good foundation upon which to rest. But as the general custom of the trade va,s at that time based upon the method of analysis by means of the solubIo lime salts present, we have before and since that date used the term '' English Commercial Test," to designate analyses made in this manner, and so state the results on our reports of analysis.Whenever an analysis is made by distillation it is so stated. 2. Rased on the Distillation of the Acetic Acid.-Three acids may be used in the process of distillation-hydrochloric, sulphuric, or phosphoric, (a.) When hydi*ocAlo~ic acid is used, a part of it is carried over with the acetic acid and must be estimated and a correction made. It possesses these two advantages : that it does not act upon the organic matter present, and that the solution of chloride of calcium will permit of the distillation being carried to a low point without danger of error.The dis- tillation is made in a retort connected with a condenser, and the total acids present in the condensed liquid are estimated, and the proper correction applied for the amount of hydro- chloric acid found to be present. Again, organic salts of lime are always present. * Read before the Anieriom Cheniical Society.TEE ANALYST. 173 (b.) The use of sulpJazcric acid has three disadvantages. Fi'rst.-As it becomes concentrated in the retoi-t during the process of distillation, it act upon the organic matter present, forming sulphurous acid, which is carried over with the acetic acid and included in the estimation of the total acid power of the distillate. Thus the amount present would be calculated as acetic acid, and the result thereby increased unduly.To prevent such action, resource is had to distillation in a current of steam.-(See American Chsmist, vol. vi., p. 294.) Second.-The sulphate of lime formed by the addition of sulphuric acid to the solution of the acetate of lime, is trortblesome on account of the bumping which takes place during the distillation. This is partly prevented by the use of a current of steam, Third.-When a sample of acetate of lime contains chloride of calcium or chloride of sodium, the chlorine is carried over in the form of hydrochloric acid and neutralises its equivalent amount of the standard soda, used to receive the acid diatillate. The amount thus distilled must be estimated and the correction made. To prevent this, the chlorine present is precipitated by the addition of sulphate of silver to the solution of acetate before distillation begins.(c.) Phosphoric acid is the best acid for use in the process of estimating acetic acid by distillation, It has three advantages. First.--It does not act on the organic matter. Second,-During the distillation, the liquid in the retort is not suffered to fall beloq- 15 cc, in bulk. Under such circumstances, phosphoric acid does not decompose any chlorides of calcium or sodium which may be present in the acetate, thus requiring no addition of sulphate of silver. Only the merest trace of chlorine is carried over, as shown by experiments with zt sample of acetate containing nearly 5 per cent. of chloride of sodium and also by trial on a known amount of pure chloride of sodium. This unexpected result merits attention, since in this respect phosphoric acid differs so decidedly from sulphuric acid.Third.--IG forms a perfectly clear solution with the acetate of lime. By the use of a large amount of glacial phosphoric acid, at leaat five times the weight of acetate of lime tatken for analysis, the phosphate of lime first formed is redissolved to a clear solution. The diatillation proceeds quietly and uniformly without bumping, and the liquid in the retort is easily kept at any deaired point. The use of a current of steam ia necessary, both for ease of manipulation and accuraoy of results, After a thorough trial of hydrochloric and aulphuric acids, we discarded both in favour of phosphoric acid, and for some years past have used it to our full mtisfaction.It is important that the phosphoric acid should contain no nitric or other volatile acids which would increase the results obtained above the truth. Each new lot of phosphoric acid ahould be examined for such impurities before use. If it be suspected that any phos- phoric acid has been carried over during the distillation, it ia easily detected in the distillate by the me of molybdate of ammonia.* __I___ _ _ - * The objection raised against this method by Dr. Waller, namely, that the presence of acetic acid interferes decidedly with the precipitation of phosphoric acid by the molybdste solution, was answered by Mr. Stillwell to the effect that he overcame the difficulty by using large quantities of ammonium nitrate.174 TEE ANALYST.The process of distiliation, if cerefully and inteliigently done, is very accurate. Duplicates made by this method agree with etwh other fully as closely as do those made by the estimation of the soluble lime. For example, in January last, a sample of grey acetate was analysecl by distillation in oar laboratory, with a result of 78-22 per cent. acetate of lime. Three months later, the same sample was re-analyaed by another inan in our laboratory, using fresh standard solations, and 78-20 per cent. of acetate was obtained. This sample contained 3.16 per cent. of common salt, shell-Iime having been used in its mannfactnre. With care and experience in this method of analysis by distillation, it is not difficult to obtain duplicates which agree t o two-tenths of one per cent.of acetate of lime; usually the difference is less than that. A sample of grey acetate analysed recently was distilled with srrlphuric acid, and a duplicate with phosphoric acid. The results agreed exactly ; ths latter distilIation, however, requiring leas attention than the former, for reasons given above under processes of distillation. The indicator used for titration is a few drops of a solution of phenol-phthalein, one gramme in 250 cc. of a mixture of equal parts of water and alcohol. We havefound this indicator far preferable to either litmus or cochineal ; of course, whichever indicator is used, the same must be used both for the standardising and the actual analysis. To show the need of gome uniform and accurate method of analysis, we refer to a note in 1 L Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis,” vol.i., p. 205. He finds from experiments made in his own laboratory on the same sntnpts of acetate of lime, that results were obtained varying from 47.4 per cent. to 57.6 per cent. of acetic acid. In our own practice for many years previous to the publication of the present, we found differenceg fully as great between results by distillation and by the various commercial processes ; but, 8s we said before, at the present time the differences are not nearIy so great as formerly. In conclusion, we wish to lay strong emphasis upon the facts that, inasmuch as the process of distillation is the only one which gives the real amount of glacial acid present, and inasmuch as it is an imitation of the actual manufacturing process for obtaining acetic acid from its acetates, it is the most reliable and should be adopted.This position we have maintained for many years, and we notice that, cspcoially i n the case of grey acetate, buyers are more and more insisting on the test by distillation, The price should be based on the unit of glacial acid, just as, in fertilising materials, the prices are based upon the units of phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash. In the course of discussion on the above paper, Dr. Grothe asked if the authors had noticed the presence of acetone in the products of the decomposition of acetate of lime by hest I Mr. Stillwell said he had not noticed it particularly, since his attention had been confined simply to the loss of acetic acid.Dr. Squibb remarked, respecting the production of acetic acid from wood, that it was not necessary to carbonise the wood, but that all the acetic acid could be obtained at a much lower temperature (about 160 to 200° C.), and the products then contain no acetone. For the analysis of sodium acetate, he uses ft glass retort covered with copper gauze, and heats it on ou0 side to prevent frothing and bumping. He uses 10 grms. of the acetate, with 20 GO. of water, and I0 co. sulphuric acid; after distilling off 10 to 16 cc. ofTHE ANALYST. 175 liquid the distillation is interrupted-about 10 cc. of water are added to the retort, and 10 to 15 cc. of fluid again distilled over. This is repeated a third time, when all the asetic acid will have Oome over, without trouble from frothing or bumping during distillation.Dr. Squibb further remarked that he uses in his factory retorts 20 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 10 feet deep, holding 2& cords of wood, and heats them in a hot air bath. During the first twelve hourg, only water is given off. In about twenty-four hours the acetic acid begins to distil over, the process being completed in six to seven days for each retort, Seasoned oak ie preferred, and any admixture of softer woods diminishes the yield of acetic acid. Throughout the active heating, but more copiously toward the end, a gas, colourless and odourless (and so far as tested, unin- flammable), comes over, having anassthotic properties. This gas adheres to the wood after the charge is cooled and drawn, and seems to be a reason why srnaIl vermin will not remain near it.If the charge is heated too long, smoke appears at the exit pipe, and carbonisation of the wood begins at the centre of ths top of the charge, extending in V shape towards the bottom. When once started, this carbonisation proceeds spontaneously without further application of heat. Indeed, it is sometimes found difficult to check it, even by the liberal application of cold water to the outside of the retort. In the course of the operation, when properly managed, the charge shrinks to one- third of its volume. The residue retains all the appearances of the wood before distillation, only that it becomes walnut- coloured, and it has the same elementary composition as that of kiln-dried wood. It is brittle and not well adapted to construction, but forms a most cscellent fuel for many purposes, especially for kindling anthracite coaI.The distillate is neutralised with soda- ash and distilled to about one-fortisth its volume. The first product is crude wood spirit. Thia is redistilled, and gives rectified wood spirit, and lastly wood oils, which contain large quantities of furfurol and no aoetone. The wood oiIs are separated by passing the last portions of distillate into water, The rectified wood spirit contains about 80 per cent. of methyl acetate, and when saponified, gives a very pure methyl alcohol. One cord of wel- seasoned wood will afford 1,200 to 1,4001bs. of‘ liquid products. A cord of oak yields 60 to 70lbs. of glacial acetic acid. There was no process commercially practicable for obtaining pure acetic acid from pyroligneoua acid or acetate of lime, but only from acetate of soda. Mr, Parker remarked that he had tried a procese for making acetic acid by heating wood-fibre with steam, under a pressure of 601bs. at 2759 C,, and confirmed Dr. Sguibbs’s observations on the deterioration of the woody fibre, and also the impracticability of making pure acetic acid from pyroiigneous acid.-New Rsmsdies. Uhestnut is notable in this respect. 4,0001bs. of wood yielded about 2,8001bs. of residue. - - - TAXING OLEOMARGARINE, The CIoininittee oE Ways and Means of the American House of Representatives has made P fnvourable reiiort on a Bill to “ tax the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine.” The Bill imposes a tax of 5 dols. on every inaiiufacturer of oleomargarine or other compound in imitation of butter, and a tax of 2 dals. on every dealer in such articles. It also imposes a stamp-tax of lc. per Ib. upon oleomargarine and other spurious butter, and the absence of the proper internal revenue stamp shall be prinz$ facie evidence of the non-payment of the tax thexeon, and, in addition to other prescribed peiialtics, the uiistaiiiped packages sliall be forfeited to the United States. are prescribed for violation of the law. Other sni table pcnaltk

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700172

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

176 THE ANALYST. ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY, THE FAT, AND THE SOLIDS NOT FAT IN MILK. BY E. F. WILLOUGHBY, M.B. LOND. DR. VIETH has published in THE ANALYST a rapid method of examining milk as practised by him in the laboratory of the Aylesbury Diary Company. It, or some similar process, is much to be recommended, on the ground that the analyst would be thereby able to make a much greater number of examinations in a given time, and might thus exert a constant control over the mills supply of his district, resorting to the more aocurate, but far more tedious processes hitherto employed, whenever the results of the shorter examination indicated, or led him to suepect, adulteration. The specific gravity of milk is, we need scarcely remind our readers, the rsmltant of two opposing forces-the fat which lowers, and the other solids which raise it above that of water.In Germany, the question of .the value of the specific gravity has long been a subject of investigation, and it has recently been studied here by Mr. Otto Hehner and Mr. Wynter Blyth, independently of one another. Mr. Hehner reasoned that if the percentage of solids not fat S raise the specific gravity G of milk abovo 1,000 to the amount s, and if each percentage of fat F depress it by the quantity f, then (1) Ss-Ff=G, and we know that (2) F+S=T (total solids). substituting in (1) for F its value T-S (from 2) we have Ss-(T--S)f=G Ss-Tf + Sf=G Ss+SF=G+Tf and S=G i-Tf s+f that is, we ahould obtain the percentage of solids not fat, by adding to the specific gravity of the milk (by which term he undsrstands the excess of weight of 1,000 volumes of milk over 1,000 volumes of water) the percentage of total solids, multiplied by the gravity of each percentage of fat, the sum being divided by that of the gravities of one per cent.of solids not fat, and of fat. If the factors s and f were ascertained, me should be able to infer the proportion corroeponding to each in a given sample, of which we knew only the specific gravity and the total solids, and the examinations mould be reduced to these simple operations. Dissatisfied with the calculations of Behrend and Morgen and of Clausnitzer and Nayer, Mr. Hehner made a series of careful experiments, in order to ascertain the true value of the factor s in each, drying the residue of 5 grammes of milk for four hours in a water bath, extracting the fat for two hours in a Sohxlet's tubo, and drying the exhausted residue for an hour at looo Cent. The specific gravity he obtained by means of a Sprengel tube, which is for several reasons, very much to be preferred to the old specific gravity bottle. He never found tho weighings thus obtained to differ from each other by more than a milligramme, and generally by much less.An average of twenty-two conseoutive analyses gave the value 8 3.605 that is, each percentage of solids not fat raises the gravity of milkTBB ANALYST. 177 on an average by 8.605, and this is true even in the extreme cams of skim milk and milk extraordinarily rich in fat. He believes, then, that provided the exact condition of drying and taking the specific gravity are observed in every analysis, we may obtain the percentage of solids not fat, and indirectly of the fat, with sufficient accuracy for all cases which me not to be made the basis of legal proceedings.The necessary factore are s=84305=the amount by which eaoh percentage of solide not fat raisea the specific gravity over 1,000, and f=0.725=the amount by which each perclentage of fat depresms the same, while (s+f)=4*83, and the calculation ie as follows. MultipIying the total solids by 0*725, adding the produot to the specific gravity ” as defined above, and dividing the 8um by 4*M, we have the percentage of golids not fat, which, subtraoted from the total solids, gives the fat. If any great divergence from the normal percentage be indicated, a complete analysis would of course be made, and 8 considerable difference between the solids not fat calculated and found, would suggest adulteration with sugar or other body, for which a search wouId be made.-Sanitary Record.SOCIETY O F PUBLIC ANALYSTS.I Kent CU.. . . . * . New Giver . . . . East London . . Analysrs of EiigEislb Public Water Supplies in September, 1682. Sept. 11 ,, 15 ,, !I 6 7 1 wsults are expressed in GBAIXS PER GALLON. B "2 3%& $% 34% &a Sa none none none none iioiie none none none none none none none none none none none none none nollc .____( Phosphoi io Acid iu Phosplmt 0s. Dewliption of Ssiuple. Datc when dmwii. Appemnnc~ in Two4oot TUl)C. AK'XLYBIY. 5 l l l l l l F nit EW Fullr. Sefoie oiling.1.5B 1-06 1.27 1.26 1.05 1.24 1.26 1.22 1.26 none traec none trace trace trace trace trace trace tiace 00'3 *O2d *028 *025 -007 -028 40% none 20.0" 1 4 * j 0 1 ;j.,4'1 14.6'' 13.0c 12.1" 14.5" 13.7" 15.5" 31.0 18.2 20.2 10.0 1s. 4 17.4 €8.9 17.2 17.6 Wigner & IIarliind. 1;. Dyer. Wiper &. I3arlancl. John Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wynter-Blyth. Johii Muter. A. Dupr.5. A. DuprB. *001(i -0014 *0017 -0009 *0020 *0016 -0009 nolie none < a . l l ; l : ( ~ c. t. Jellom 6. yell. grcen: c. pale yell. yell. green p. straw e . pal@ yelI. c . 6'. yellow c. gr. yellow 6. blue , yellow turbit c. grn. blue grnsh. brown c . p. blue f . green s. yellow s. Frown f. b. yellow :msh. s. turbit - satisfactory stltisfac tory eg. debris, animalcula satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactorg- satisfactory trace none none noiie trace trace tracc none trnce trace a1014 -0013 a0031 -0002 none none *0020 -0032 ~0007 *0028 -013 -022 none -039 none none *065 ,012 a024 408 *02G *060 trace *075 -015 *G14 -250 476 -041 +015 l l * ( , ) O 3.6' 12.40 12.00 17*0° 15.5" 1.5" 4.3" 2 (;? 8-0" 21-7 7.6 20.4 13.7 24.0 23.2 4.6 5.6 5.6 29.4 iione A.Hill. TV. H. VTatson. \Viper &- Harland. F. IT. Stddart. J. West Knights. C. Heisch. C. A. Cameron. J. Falconer King. F. P. Perkins. H. F. Cheshire. Birmingham . Bolton . . . . . . . Brightoa.. . . . Bristol. . . . . . . Cambridge . . . Croydon . . . . . Dublin. . . . . . . Edinburgh . , . Exeter . . . . . . . Hastings , . , . . reg. debris7 B aninialculo veg. deb. satisfactory none satisfactory none satisfactory satisfactorySOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.Description of Sample. Liverpool . . . . Maiddone- Wtr. Company Public Conduit Manchester . . Nottingham . , Norwich . . . . . . Rugby . . . . . . . . Salford . . . . . . Southampton., Swansea . . . . . . Whitehaven .. Worcester . . . . Analyses of English Public JVater Supplies in September, 1882. All results am expressed ia GRAINf3 PEI;! GALLON. p. green p. blue s. tmb. f. yell. c. jellow blue p. grnsh. yell. c. p. yellow f. yell. & cloudy p. yellow s. turbid c. f. green p. yellow none none none none none none none none none none none ll0lle 1-22 2.40 2.20 *73 1.34 1.90 1.44 -80 1.05 -90 -43 2-90 Fhosphoiic Acid in 'hosphates. --- - trace trace trace none trace trace h. trace none trace trace none trace FI .,-I .@ g2 -E 2 __ -04 -56 -57 none 1.03 *07 -07 nonc -14 none .01 -16 __ - d 3 1 -4 9007 4024 -0014 trace ,0056 4007 ,0028 *0010 none none I__ $ .g % a .f! g $3 -0028 *0030 *0010 .0075 -0021 -0076 *0109 42021 *0049 a0042 -0007 -0064 ___ OXYGEN, Absorbed in i mins It 800 Fahr. -014 -012 -006 *05 $ trace *045 ,032 *002 -008 403 -009 -008 ~. - L houm It 800 Fahr. -045 -040 -015 ,122 *040 -074 *088 -031 -097 -004 -019 *140 HARDSESS, ClarB's Scale, m dwees. tefore I Mter 3-70 168* 18.9O 2-00 11.20 11-00 13.0' 3.0' 12-00 1.4O * 4 O 13.3O 0lliXlg. 3*0° 6.6O 6-8O 1.90 6.8' 4.7G 7*0° 2 5 O 4 P 1.4* -40 6.2O BIicroscopicaI Examination of Deposit. AKALPSTS. satisfactory none none satisfactory veg. deb. veg. deb. veg. deb., desmids none diatoms, reg. deb., &c. none veg. deb,, movg. org. veg. deb. A. Smetham, M. A. Adams, M. A. Adams. W. Thomson. Wigner & Harland. W. G. Crook. A. P. Smith. 3. Carter Bell. A. Angell. W. Morgan. A. Kitchin. TV. E. Porter. Abbreviations:-e., clear; f., faint; h., heavy; pa, pale; v. h., very heavy; v. s., very Blight. ERRATA.-In the August Table, Birmingham Water, the Ammonia should be -0014 instead of *lo14 ; Worcester Water, the Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes should be *0105 instead of *105. * Omitted from last month's table.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700176

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

180 THE ANALYST. POTASXIOBISMUTHOUS IODIDE AS A TEST FOR ALKALOIDS. DRAGENDORFF, in his Manual of Toxicology, recommends this compound as one of the most delicate tests for alkaloids, bnt adds that it cannot bo employed to distinguish one alkaloid from another, as it gives orange-coloured precipitates with most of them. F. Mangini, however, finds that the characters of this reagent vary considerably according to the manner in which it, is prepared. When obtained by Russland's process, described by Dragendorff, it produces a turbidity even in pure water; but when prepared by mixing 3 pts. potassium iodide with 16 pts. liquid bismuth iodide and 3 pts. hydiochloric acid, it does not give any turbidity with water, and is an extremely delicate test for alkaloids, serving also to distingnish many of them one from the other by the various gradations of color of the precipitates and their alterations after long standing.The followiiig are the results obtained :- Strychnine : Light yellow precipitate becoming dark yellow after some time ; superna- tant liquid remains clear. Morphine .- Steddish yellow precipitate which agglomerates at the bottom ; liquid remains clear, precipitate disappearing after a few days if the whole is left at rest, and the liquid becoming canary yellow. Codeine : Immediate, copious, yellowish-red precipitate, remaining for some time suspended in the liquid, and assuming a light brick-red color when left at rest. Btmpinca Precipitated at first in filaments, but gradually settling down in the form of a reddish-yellow powder, which if left at rest becomes canary yellow, and dissolves after some time, coloring thc liquid golden- yellow.Aconitine : Precipitated at first in flocks, but suddenly forms at the bottom a chrome- yellow pulverulent precipitate, which doela not change color when left at rest, whereas the liquid becomes yellow. Bruciize : Precipitated at first in filaments which ultimately settle down with golden- yellow color, becorning paler when left at rest for some time. Nicoteize : Immediate red pulverulent precipitate, which suddenly falls to the bottom , and becomes reddish-yellow when left at rest. Ciciitina : Precipitate similar in character but of darker color, and becoming dirty- white when left at rest. Solan ine : Slovly precipitated with lemon-yellow color, becoming darker on repose and adhering to the bottom of the tube when shaken. T'erntrinc : Light ello on^ precipitate forming slowly, remaining suspended for some time and becoming light canary-yellow when left at rest. Nnrcei9ze : Light yellow precipitate forming sIowly and remaining suspended like that of wratrine, but of deep?" color ; becomes reddish-yellow on repose. Qiiiiiine Szil~diafc : Imiizccthte brick-red precipitate which suddenly falls to the bottom, and becomes dirty-yellow on repose ; remains suspended after agitation. Cinchoizisze Szilphclte : Like the last, but does not fall down so quickly, and acquires a, darker color when left at rest,-Nm 1'0~76 lVe8kly Drug News.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700180

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

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THE ANALYST. REPORTS ON ADULTERATION I N THE STATE O F NEW YORK, From the Sanitary Engineer, New York. (Continued from pugs 164. GROUP VIII. WINES ; Beers ; Spirits ; and Cordials. Report by F. E , Elqrlethardt, Ph.D., of Sy?+acuse, N. Y. WINE. By the term “ wine,” should be uiiderstood only pure grape juice, fermented and clarified. Those preparations made from grape juice by other than the ordinary methods of procedure might be designated as “ improved wines,” to which could be added the name of the person originating the modifications in manufacture. Wines prepared artificially from raisins, cider, &c,, with the alcohol, colouring matter, and other substances, should be sold only as ‘‘ artificial mines.” A good winc should be clear, with a pleasant taste and aroma. A sour taste is always a sign 01 poor wine.A burning sensation in the throat is generally an indication fhat alcohol has been added. Dizziness and headache arc not produced by drinking pure mine. Wines are clivicled into three classes, ‘‘ dry,” “ greasy,” and ‘‘ cordial,” each having three divisions according to quality. Under the heading ‘ I aiialysis of wines,” Dr. Engelhardt has given the most approved methods for the determination of the specific gravity, alcohol, extract, sugar, acids, ash, glycerine, &c. In speaking 01 the sulphuring of wine, it is stated that certain wines are completely bleached by sulphuric acid. The practice shodd be condemned, however, as one likely to produce injurious results. The burning of sulphur in wine casks should be done only in cases where it is necessary to remove a musty odour, and even then the cask should afterwards bc thoroughly washed.The principal aduIterations of mine are “ plastering,’’ ‘< fortifying,” and “ colouriug.’3 The ‘( plastering ” of wines consists in adding calcined plaster, either to the unpressed grapes or to the expressed juice during fermentation. The main objection to the practice is that it introduces into the wine a considerable quantity of suIphate of potash, a salt having a purgative action even in small doses. The French Government prohibits the sale of wins which contains over 0.2 per cent. of thissalt. 6‘ Plastering ” is practised in Spain, Portugal, and the south of France. The 6‘ fortifying ’? of mines consists in the addition of brandy or of French spirits, in order to increase the alcoholic strength of tlie wine.The 6‘ colouring ” of wine is practiced to a great extent and with various substances, either to heighten the colour of a natural red wine deficient in colour, or to make from white wines coloured ones, or finally to colour artificial wines. A large iiumbcr of substances me uscd for this purpose, many of which oannot be considered as injurious, while others certainly are so. Several methods are given for the identification of these colouring materials, but the whole question is one of great difficulty. Chapttll adds sugar to the grape juice before fermentation to increase the alcoholic strength of the product. Gall’s method consists in the addition of sugar and water-poor in sugar and rich in acid; whiIe in that of Petiot the pulp ctlld skins of the grapes are repeatedly fermented with sugar-water.Scheele’s method, said to bo practised by winc dealers in England, Germany, and Austria, consists in the addition of from 1 t o 3 per cent. of glycerine to tlie wine, whereby the wine, if young, appears older, has more body and stability. The manufacture of artificial wines from raisins, cider, &c., is by no means uncommon in this Country, and in Europe. In some countries the artificial product is considered in the same light as the natural wine. A number of recipes are given for the manufacture of these artificial wines. The bi-sulphite of lime is sometimes used for a similar purpose. Wines with more than 20 per cent. of alcohol are “ fortified.” Mention is made of the various methods for the so-called inprovement of wines.No saiiiples of \vine were submitted to Dr. Engelhaxdt for examination.THE ANALYBT. LIQUOES. Liquors are sugar solutions fermented and then distilled, hence they are also called distilled spirits. They are obtained, first, from liquids containing alcohol, previously formed by fermentation ; second, from liquids or solids containing sugar ; third, from substances which contain neither alcohol nor sugar, but may be made to yield these products. Its quality, like that of all liquors, depends more upon its bouquet and taste than upon the alcoholic strength Uethods are given for the analysis of brandy, and considerable is said of fusel-oil and its detection. Fusel-oil is a mixture of various alcohols and complex ethers, and each of the distilled liquors has an oil peculiar to itself.It communicates to the liquor a very unpleasant flavour, and if present in any con- siderable quantity it has an injurious effect on the human system. Several facta and opinions are given, however, which go to prove that the moat injurious ingredient of distilled liquors is the alcohol itself, and next comes the fusel-oil. The chief adulterants of brandy are water and alcohol. This liquor is also largely procluced artificially, aud a number of recipes are given for its preparation. Twenty-five samples of brandy mere examined by Dr. Engelhardt. The percentage of alcohol varied from 30.8 to 50.4 by volume. None of the samples contained sulphuric acid or chlorides.Sixteen gave a distinct reaction for f usel-oil, six contained only traces, and three none whatever. The distinguishing characteristics of genuine and artificial brandies lie in the ielative quantities of alcohol, extract, ash, acidity, colonring matter and tannic acd, together tvlth the flavour. I n the samples examined no indication could be found of thc oil of bitter alnionds, uitro-benzol, nitrous ether, or other injurious substances. WJtiskey, like brandy, consists of diluted dcohol, with a peculiar flavour derived from the material used in its preparation, and developed during thc process of fermentation and distillation. Whiskey is manufactured from malt, wheat, rye, corn, or potatoes, and is named either from the material used in its manufacture, or from the country where it was produced.The first step in its manufacture is the conversion of the starch of the raw material into sugar by the action diastase. The resulting sugar solution is fermented and then distilled. Purification is necessary to remove the fueel-oil. Whiskey is often made artificially, the same as other liquors, and a number of recipes are given for accomplishing this. The most objectionable ingredients in the artificial whiskies itre creoaote and sdphuric acid, substances which are recommended in some of the recipes given. Twenty-five samples of whiskey were examined ; and it appears ‘‘ evident that the addition of water and colouring matter is practised iiiore than any other adulteration.” No free sulphuric acid mas found in any of the samples.&,m.-This liquor is obtained by the fermentation and distillation of the juice of the sugar cane, its molasses, or the refuse from the manufacture of sugar. It is produced especially in France, the East and West Indies, and in the United States. The manufacture of rum is essentially the same as that of other liquors, but special attention must be paid to the temperature of the liquor during fermentation. In its place the planters of the West Indies employ the lees of former distillations ; and to this is attributed the fine aroma of genuine Turn. In some cases cinn&mon, anise-seed, and the leaves of various trees are added to disguise the nauseous odour of the liquor. Like all distilled liquors, rum is colourless, as it conies from the still, and whatever colour it acquires is derived from the cask in which it is kept, or is produced by the addition of caramel.Yariou? forms of fraud are practiced in the manufacture and sale of rum. It is sometimes niade of grain spirit, with the addition of flavouring compounds. Water or diluted alcohol are often added by the retail dealer. The fl.avouring essences, which are added in making artificial liquors, are but trifling in amount, and when skilfully used, caniiot be distinguished by chemical tests from the natural bouquets. The alcohol varied from 26-i to 57q3 per cent, by volume. No iiijuriuus foieigii substances were detected, Cogizac brandy is the distilled spirits of wine, and contains from 48 to 60 per cent. of alcohol. The analysis of whiskey is siinilar to that of brandy.The percentage of alcohol varied from 28.9 to 60.3 by volume. The addition of yeast is usually unnecessary. Twenty-five samples of rum were examined by Dr. Engelhardt.THE ANALYST. 183 IX.--CRUDE Vegetable and Aiiimal Drugs, X.-PEARMACEUTICAL Chemicals and their Preparations. Beport 6y P. Hqflnannia, Ph.D., of New Fork. Drugs and chemicals are liabIe to become impaired by accidental or intentional substitution of iuferior materials, by contamination resnlting from want of knowledge and care in gathering and pre- paring drugs. An article originally good may have its value diminished or destroyed by deteiiomtion through moisture, exposure, and age. In examining crude and powdered drugs, Dr. Hoffmann relied on their chemical chai acteristics, aiid their structure, and also on chemical tesls in some cases.The ‘‘ most approved methods ” were employed in the examination of chemicals. No methods of procednre are given in detail, reference being made to the ‘‘ National )’ and the “ United States ” Dispensatories, Pharrnacopceia and the “ Exaiiiina- tion of Medical Chemicals ” by F. Hoffniaiin. ‘‘ As absolnte purity in most medicinal chemicals ancl their pharmaceutical preparations is neither aecessary, nor in many of them readily attainable, a certain margin has to be admittccl and the due allowance to be made ” for insignificant and different admixtures incident to their preparation. The skill a i d experience of the analyst must be relied upon to draw the “ proper line between the legitimate limit and the undue excess of any such impurity.” ‘‘ Their nature and character, moreover, have to be taken into special consideration whencver the impurity, or its amount and nature in any way may be objectionable, either by their powerful properties, or by their lessening or modifying the therapeutical value and effect of the chemical.” ‘‘ For all such chemical and pharmaceutical preparations which admit and require, and for which the Pharrnacopceia has established the standard of strength on the basis of a specific or otherwise well- known and chemicnl assay, this test has in general to be applied as the principal criterion.” In a foot-note Dr.Hoffmann mentioned the system of inspection carried out in Germany with regard to the pharmacies and dispensing establishments. The Board of Inspection consists of the department councillor of the provincial government, the district physician, and an apothecary.All the supplies of drugs and pharmaceutioal preparations are examined, the assistants are questioned, the books looked into, ancl indeed, it appears to be a thorough inspection of everything and everybody about the establishnient , - Dr. Hoffmann thou proceeds to give the results of his examinations of samples submitted to him. CRUDE VEGETABLE DRUGS. Twenty-three specimens of Beitecct root were examined, of which eighteen were of good quality, the balance being composed wholly or in part of ‘‘ inert rootlets,” and roots of inferior quality. Virginia snake m o t , twenty-one specimens examined, all of fair quality except one, which was the rhizome nnd rootlets of Asawm canadeizse, Sarsaparilla ~ o o t , twenty-three specimens examined, of which number nine were of good quality.Six consieked of false sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), two were of poor quality, and four consisted largely or entirely of foreign matter. Foxglove leaves.--.Of twenty-two samples of foxglove leaves, ten were found deteriorated by age and exposure. Sa$ron.-Twenty specimens uf Spanish sa$i*on were next examined, sixteen of which proved to be florets of samower, or bastard saffron, three were true saffron, and one which was true saffron had been completely exhausted. Myrrlz,-Twenty-unc samples of iq,wh were fouild of good quality, oxocpting four, which ere inferior‘184 THE ANALYST. White was.-Seventeen samples. Eleven were pure wax, three contained para€Sn, and three contained stearin.For detecting the stearin 5 grains of the wax were dissolved in chloroform and agitated with lime water. The presence of paraffin was ascertained by treating the wax with benzine and evaporating the fluid to dryness. The residue, if any, is paraffin with a little wax, the latter being then destroyed by concentrated sulphuric acid. Thirteen were sufficiently pure, while six contained tallow. Bjorklund’s test was employed, the material being dissolved in ether and then placed in ice \Vater, by which the oil of cacao separates in granules, the ether remaining more or less turbid in accordance with the amount of foreign fats present. One was of poor quality and six were adulterated with foreign substances.Oil of Cacao.-Nineteen specimens examined. Quince seed.-Thirteen samples. Lycolpodi.lcnt.-Fifteen specimens and all of good quality. Lzcptdin.-Eighteen specimens. Eleven were of good quality, the rest being inferior or worthless. Arrozuroot.-Twenty specimens. Twelve were genuine Maranta arrowroot, aud the others were ndnlterateci mith potato, corn, or wheat starches. POWDERED DRUGS. The estimation of the quality and purity of most powclered vegetable drugs offers greater difficulties, since the methods for the detection of inferiorities and adulteration are less definite and established than is the case with unpowdered drugs, and since their adulteratiort consists not only in the admixture of cheaper foreign material, mostly starches, flour, or cellulose, but also and now pre-eminently in the admixture of inferior brands of the same drug.The microscopical method of examination has largely been made unavailing. in recent years by shrewdly dispensing with the use of flour or starches as adulter- ants, once much practised.” Pharmaceutical and chemical tests are not applicable except in certain cases where the value of the drug depends upon some constituent which can be readily determined, as in opium and cinchona bark. These tests are of questionable value in the case of such drugs as ipecac , whose percentage amount of pure emetia is both too sinall and too variable to furnish a constant and reliable criterion ; or in jalap or other drugs containing resins or gum resins, whose amount of soluble resin can readily be maintained by substitution in case of fraudulent exhaustion or adulteration.Empirical and comparative tests have therefore more or less to be resorted to for obtaining an approxi- mately correct and reliable estimate of the quality of the powdered drugs ; and these tests must be based and conducted on a thorough knowledge of the physical characteristics of each drng, and on a sufficient amount of skill, experience, and unbiased judgment of the expert. Ipecac, root.-Twenty-two specimens examined. Ten contained ‘‘ small admixtures of flour or starch other than that of ipecac.’’ Jalap root.-Twenty-two specimens. Most of them were more or less wanting in the strength of the characteristic odour and taste of best jalap, and eight contained foreign starche;. Orris root.-Nineteen specimens.“ Ten specimens were of good quality,” four contained oorn starch, ‘‘ six contained evidently an admixture of some flour.” Rhtbhurb root.-Twenty.three specimens. All were of good appearance, some of unusual bright yellow colour, six contained foreign starches. Mwtnyd seed.-Twenty-four samples. Ten were pure mustard, twelve contain admixtures of more or less flour. - ~l___-_l___ - MEDICINAL CHEMICALS. The following is a list of the medicinal chemicals examined : Benzoic acid . . . . . . 17 No Adulteration. Citric acid , . . . . . 14 ,, 9 ) TanniG acid , . . . .. 18 9 5 Gallic acid .. . . .. 3 j, 7 ) Subcarbonate of Bismuth . . 12 ,) $ 9 Xubnitrate of Bismuth . . 18 ,, ¶ > Oxalate of cerium .. . 14 +, 9 ,THE ANALYST. 185 Cod& .... .. Iodine .. .. .. Iodoform .. .. Iodide of ammonium. . Iodide of sodium . . Iodide of potassium . . Cream of Tartar .. Saltpetre . . .. Tartar emetic , . . . Reducediron .. .. Carbonate of iron . . Nitrate of silver . . Oxide of Einc. . .. Sulpho-carbolate of zinc Santonin . . , , Sulphate of morphia , , Muriate of quinia . . Sulphate of quinia . . . . 7 One specimen consisted of sulphate of morphia. . . 20 No Adulteration. .. 16 ,, 9, .. 11 ,, 9 , .. 3 9 9 ,t . . 17 Two specimens were the bromide of potassium and one contained a small quantity of this salt. . . 13 No Adulteration. , . 15 Three contained considerable chlorides. . . 15 No Adulteration. .. 7 . * 8 ,. 15 ,. 14 .. 6 .. 15 .. 16 .. 2 .. 19 Two were deteriorated by age and exposure. No Adulteration.7 , 1, 1, 99 One was the sulphate of zinc. No Adulteration. P t 1) Two specimens were composed entirely of sulphate of cinchonidia, one contained an undue amonnt of this salt besides an admixture of the lower cinchona alkaloids. The other specimens are of sufficiently good quality. They lose from 11 to 16 per cent. by drying at a temperature not exceeding 120’ F. ; and all show by the pharmacopceial ether test a slight reaction for the lower cinchona alkaloids. In consideration of the fact thst there are in the State of New York, according to reliable statistics, approximately not leas than 2,800 drug stores, and besides about 3,000 country and variety stores where among all sorts of mercthandise, drugs and ready-made medicines are also vended, the number of speci- uens (659) obtained for the present examination represents a comparatively insignificant figure, alto- gether inadequate to serve for forming a correct inference or an average estimate of the quality and general character of drugs and medicines dispensed at present throughout our State.” From the ex- amination nzade, medicinal chemicals me considered of ‘( fair quality,” less so in the case of crude drugs.Powdered drugs ‘‘ are to a grent extent of unsatisfactory quality and questionable reliability.” In regard to patent medicines, Dr. Hoffmann says, they are increasing in slumber and are of much importance as articles of cornmerue. The trade list of secret and proprietary medicines embraces at present a much larger number of articles than all the legitimate preparations of the Pharmacopceia.” ‘’ These medicines are vended everywhere in our State and country, under no restriction or control whatever.” ‘‘ Much has been written about the exteneive and indiscriminate and frequently reckless use and misuse azld the consequent injury and dangers of this kind of medication by medicines and preparntions of unknown composition and qualities.A number of them have from time to time been analyzed, and some have been found to contain potent drugs, the dispensation of which in such doses would hardly be risked or approved in the practice of legitimate medication, while the nostrum-makers dispense them with the additional medical advice, unrestricted.” GROUP XI. GILATIN, and sugar-coated and Compressed Pills of Quinine. Ileport by Prof.G. C. Galdwell, Plz.D., of Itthaca, N . Y. - QUININE IN PILLS AND CAPSULES. The literature of this subject is very scanty indeed, and it does not appear that the large quinine- consuming public of this country has any assurance whatever that it gets its two, three or five grains of sulphate of quinino in the pills, capsules and other. preparations @aid to contain thwe quantities:’186 THE ANALYST. Prof. Caldwell's work in this division was confined to the determination of the amount of quinine sulpliatc in the samples received, without attempting to ascertain the extent to which other alkaloids of the bark are substituted for it to make up the deficiency where it exists. Twenty-nine samples 01 quinine pills were emmined, and it appears that in every case the amount of quinine sulphate was be- low that which it was professed the pill contained. Two-grain pills were found to contain from 0.9 to 1.8 grains of the snlphate ; the three-grain pills contained from 1.7 to 2.8 grains, while the five-grain pills contained from 2*4 to 4.7 grains.To bs coatimed. StICIETY O F PUBLIC ANALYSTS. The Conntry Meeting of this Society will be held at Birmingham on the 20th inst. The usual particulars will be sent to Members. THE ANALYST, VOLS. I., II., and 111. The Publishers would ba obliged by the return of copies of the above, for which the frill published price will be given. MILK ADULTERATION IN FXANCE. 31. Girard, Director of tho Paris Municipal Lsbomtory, has forwarded a letter to the Society of Public Uedicine (M6de'ciize Prrblique), concerning the system adopted by cow-feeders (nozcwisseurs) in order to produce an excessive production of milk.This Society hns appointed n commission to investigate milk dulteration : its members are M&L Barier, Baron, Bndin, du RIesnil, DuprB, Fauvel, Girard, Pabst, Porak, Raillict;, Trasbot, Ende TreIat aid Valhn. BI. Girard's lettef draws special attention to the fact, that thc cowkeepers reject the simple method of adding water to the milk supplled to customers, this fraud being too easily cletectea. Tlierefofe a special regimen, v&ch is inexpensive, and certain to result in excessise lactation, is adopted, such as nislt and the debris of oil factories. The cows fed on this diet gi-re a milk which is thin, iion-nutritive, and watery, though excessive in quantity. The aniizzals, after a short space of time become phthisical and die, their proprietors having, however, realised largc profits on a small outlay.-Sanitary Record. THE MILK OF PARIS. Paris authorities for some time suspected that the milk of that metropolis mas watered. Then they decided t o stop it, but first to assure themselces that it was watered. The milk cans are all unloaded in a large marellouse at the side of the Batignollcs Station, and twenty-five policenieu were posted outside, loop-holes h%ving been made in the wall to enable them to watch the movenietlts of the milkmen. Just when they had brought in the vater, and were beginning to make their customary mixture, the police rushed in and caught them. They were at first inclined to resist, but the presence of the commissary with his tricolor scarf seems to have overawed them, and they allowed him to make a very important capture. They were also found to have a large quantity of bi-carbonate of lime, together with a contrivance for removing the sealed covers which some of the milk cans have, and €or putting them on again after the contents have been adulterated.--Sa~z~ta~y Engineer.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700181

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

186 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Butter or Butterine ,- At Tunstall Police Court, lately, Mr. John Plant, shopkeeper, Wolstanton, was charged with selling adulterated butter, The certificate of the County Analyst stated that the sample contained onIy 4.6 per cent. of real butter-fat. Defendant’s wife, after the purchase had been made, and its purpose mentioned, said she did not sell it as butter, but as butterine. Mr. Aclrrill, on behalf of the defendant, said the butter mas purchased from tt wliolcsale grocer as gcnuine butter. Be produced an invoice which described the article as butter, and he contended that this was a written warranty. Major Knight, the county inspector, disputed this description of the invoice. Mr. Randall (of the firm of Harrison and Randall, wholesde grocers) said he took the order for the butter of the defendant’s wife, and in due course handed it in ; but butteriiic iiinst have been sent bg mistake. The price charged was the price of pure butter of second quality.MY. hclirill prossed his view that the invoico constituted a written warraiity ; and, aftcr same dixcuesioil, !lic Bench adopted that vim-, and dismissed tlie charge,THE ANALYST. 187 Cqtfee Adulteration. Mr. James Morrh, shopkeeper, Butt Lane, was cliarged with selliiig coffee adulterated n-itli 60 per cent. of chicory. Defendant said he sold the coflee as he bought it, aiicl he did not kmw it was not gennine. Ho bad bought a pound in February last, and he had not sold the whole of it yet. In this case a, fine of 2s (id. and costs (22s. 6d.) mas imposed.Ann Beech, Alssger's Bank, was charged with selling coffee adulterated with 70 per cent. of chicorx. This defendant also pleaded that she sold the coffee as she bought it. She was ordered to pay 5s. :tiid costs, in all $1 7s. 6d. In the Glasgow Sheriff Court, before Sheriff Gtithrie, Mr. Jsines Anderson, grocer, 6 0 4 ~ ~ Gallowgate w,s clmgeil, at the instance of the Sanitary Department, with haring sold a quarter of ;t lmund of Coffee, certifiecd by the Public Analyst to contain 15 per cent. of chicory. The defendant pleaded guilty, and after hearing ngcnts on both sides, the Sheriff imposed the penalty of 30s. At Liverpool Police Court, Mr. John Tyson, grocer, 30, Copperashill, was fined 20s. and costs for selling, as pure, coffee to wliicli npwsrcls of twenty parts of chicory had been added ; and Jarratt Boberts, grocer, 1, Fnirclougli Lane, was fined 20s.and costs €or selling, as pure, rock-cocoa to which 35 per cent. of sugar had been added. Pepper mad Dirt :- At Clerlreinvell Police-cow t, on September 15, Mt.. TVjlliam Tozer, grocer, 103, Central Street gt. Luke's, was summoned for selling pepper which had been adulterated ~ v i t h 43 per cent. of earthy innkter. The defendant said he sold the pepper in the s?mp condifioii as he purclznaedit; it m s difficult to avoid a little dnst getting into the pepper, however ~nnucll care was taken. Mr. Barlow snid he hardly knew what to do in the matter, but the pcrccntage of adulteration ' C F ~ so small that he thonglit hc mould dismiss the summons.188 T’HE BNALYBT . NO.1882 Name of Paatenteo . 489 G . Skrivanofi 509 513 538 340 541 513 55.4 5&3 578 607 620 621 * t4 L dad G . S . Haaleliurst C . V . Boys . . W . R . Lake . . J . D . Andrew T . Morgan . . P . Thomas . . F . Springmulil F . Springinuhl A . J . Jarman E . J . Milk . . R . & M . Theilei G . Scott .. J . I3 . Rogers . 626 .. A . Cominon 633 A . Rieglelman 661 13 . H . Eldred 667 €3 . J . Haddan 669 f . Class .. 676 C . Sclieibler .. 686 A . BI . Clark . . 688 A . &I . Clark . . 731 E . V . Gardnef 732 TV . Gentles . . 740 A . &I . Clark . . 760 C . W . Siemens 761 C . J . Chubb .. 777 C . D . Abel .. 795 H . C . Stormer 831 5 . Rapieff .. 837 898 905 921 960 2278 2416 2526 2563 2570 2632 2744 a69 .. .. .. * . .. .. .. .. .. .... 0 . .. .. .. .. .. * . .. * * .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I . L . Pnlvermacher . . C . E . Spagnoletti . . J . Brockie . . . . 3 . TV . S.wa11 . . . . J . Dempster . . . J . A . Dixon . . . . H . H . Lake . . . . H . H . Lake . . ~. vCT . R . Lake . . . . RT . R . Lake . . . . TV . R . Lake . . . . TT: . R . Lake . . . . J.Imray . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. t . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. .. .. Title of Patent . Prios Electrical Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Manufacture of Salt Clake and Muriating AcidB . . . . 6d . Electric Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Electrical AccumuIators . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Dynamo Electric and Electro Dynamic &-+chines . . . . 6d .Electric or Nagnetic Motor . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Apparatus for Concentrating Milk . . . . . . . . 4d . Xanufactnre of Condensed Grape Jnice or Must . . . . 4d . Telephone Trensmitteis . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Manufacture of Triple Alloys of Manganese . . . . . . 6d . Bleaching Fibrous Matter without employing Chlorine . . 4d . Arc Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Electric, Lamp3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Effecting and Maintaining Continuity of Divided Electric Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Anti-corrosive Paint . . . . . . . . . . Telephone Exchange Systems and Apparatus . . . . Purifying and Discolouring Saccharine Liquids . . Distillation and Purification of Alcohol . . . . . . Afanufaeture of Sugar .. . . . . . . . . Telephone Call or Signalling Apparatus Transmitting and Repeating Sounds by Electricity . . llanufacture of White Lead . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphate of Alumina Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Dynamo Electric or Electro Dynamic Machine . . Dynamo Electric and Magneto Electric Machines . . Recovering Tin contained in Waste Metals Recovering Soda used in making Wood Pulp Stuff . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus for Collecting and Storing Electric Currents Dynamo Electric Machines . . . . . . . . Electric Arc Lamps . . . . . . . . . . Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphate of Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Gd . .. 6d . . . 4d . .. 8d . .. 6d . .. 4d . .. Gd . ..8d . .. 2d . . 6d. .. 2d . .. 4d . .. 6d . .. 6d . .. 6d . .. 8d . .. 4d. .. 6d . .. 2a . * . 1/0 .. t3a . .. 2a . Production of Certain Derivatives of Xetaoxybenzaldehyde . . 4d . Manufacture of Oxide of Lead . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Electric Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machines . . . . . . . . 6d . Electric Lamps or Lighting Apparatus . . . . . . . . Gd . 6d Electric Lamps .. Electric Lamp .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Dynamo Electric Macliiiies a. nd Electric Motors . . . . 6d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOOKS. &c., RECEXVED . The Chemist and Dmggist ; The Brewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmacentical Jonriinl ; The Sanitaq Record ; The Miller ; Joumd of Applied Science ; The provisioner ; The Practitioner ; XCT Eeinedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Sociely ; lie; Practicien ; The Inventois’ Record . New Yorli Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Z n g i i i c ~ ~ of New York ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Weekly Drug News ; Sugar Cane ; Country Brewers’ Gazette ; The Medical Record ; The Canada Lancet ; Gas and Water Engineering ; The Grocers’ Gazette ; Columbia School of Mines Quarterly Magazine ; London Water Supply. by Crookes. Odling and Tidy ; Chemical Review ; Report on Operations of Glalasgow Sanitary Department ; Analysis of Accounts of Metropolitail Water Companies. by A . Lass ; Chemistry. Inorganic and Organic. by T . W . Drinkwater.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700186

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC