摘要:

209 NOTES ON COMMERCIAL ALBUMIN. BY ALFRED H. ALLEN. Read bgfors ths Society of Public Analysts on 15th Novsrnber, 1882. THE applications of albumin are now very numerous, and as it differ8 much in quality, according to its origin and the details of its preparation, it is sometime8 neoessary to ascer- t a b its purity and freedom from adulteration. Commercial albumin is obtained chiefly from two sources-eggs, and the serum of blood. Fish-albumin is also met with occasionally, and may be recognised by its fishy odour. Blood or serum-albumin is obtained by separating the serum from the clot of perfectly fresh blood, The liquid is evaporated in shallow trays, at a temperature not exceeding 50° C., when the albumin ie obtained in brittle scabs or transparent flakes of a greyish, yellowish, reddish, brown, or black colour.The qualities of serum-albumin, made by leading firm^, are ‘ 6 refined,” ( 6 prime,” ‘‘ No. 1,” (‘ No. 2,” and black.” Rejhed is made from highly rectified serum, and is of a dirty yellow colour, and, like prime, is employed for printing delicate colours. No, 1 is darker in colour and less valued, though suitable for all ordinttry printing purposes, No, 2 quality is made from the rseoond draining of the210 THE ANALYST. __ I - - serum, which, after the clear top serum has been syphoned oil', is more or less tinged with red, and consequently is only fit for printing dark colours ; as a rule, it also contains some insoluble matter, which is objectionable. dried blood" is obtained from the last portions of serum, and is almost black in colour.I t is not used in calico- printing, but finds applications in sugar-refining and turkey-red dyeing. The clot, left after separation of all serum, consists chiefly of fibrin and blood-corpuscles, and is dried, roasted, and used as manure. Serum-albumin may be employed for printing all but the very finest and brightest colours. Perfectly colourless blood-albumin, equal to the finest eggalbumin, is said to have been recently produced in Germany. Egg-albumin is obtained in a solid state by cautiously evaporating the white of eggs, at a temperature beIow 50° C. I t is generally transparent, and of tt light yellow colour. I t is more valuable than serum-albumin, and consequently is more liable to adulteration. Two genuine qualities are made.Egg-albumin should be free from blieters, which are often present in partially coagulated samples. Albumin of good quality is recognised by its transparency when in flakes, by its taste, not being disagreeable, and by having no odour of putrefaction. Treated with cold water, with constant stirring, it should dissolve entirely.* For its examination, 5 grammes of the powdered sample should be treated with 50 C.C. of cold water, with frequent stirring, until all soluble matter is dissolved. Pure and good samples leave no residue. A few drops of acetic acid should next be added, and any undissolved matter filtered off through silk or fine muslin. It may consist of coagulated albumin, casein, gtarch, or membranous matter. The casein may be dissolved out by treatment with very dilute caustic soda, and precipitated by exactly neutralizing its solution with acetic acid.The aqueous solution of the sample is boiled, when the albumin is thrown down as a flocculent precipitate, which may be filtered off, waehed, and weighed ; or ignited with soda- lime, and Ihe albumin deduced from the ammoniia obtained. The filtrate should be treated with acetic acid and potassium ferrocyanide to make sure that no albuminoid remains in so1ution.t Its absence being proved, tannin may be added to precipitate any gelatin; and the filtrate concentrated to a small bulk and treated with alcohol to precipitate any gum or dextrin, while sugar, if present, will remain in solution in the alcoholic liquid, and may be detected by boiling off the alcohol, heating with hydrochloric acid, and testing the liquid with Fehling's solution.Sugar might also be extracted by treating the original solid sample with alcohol. Ziegler's method of assaying commercial albumin is to dissolve 20 grammea of the sampIe in 100 C.C. of cold water, strain through a sieve, and add 10 C.C. of the clarified liquid to a Black albumin or Commercial albumin is liable to adulteratioil with gum, dextrin, flour. sugar, &c. * For practical purposes, the albumin is best dissolved in warm water, of a maximum temperature of 45O to 50" C. The water should on no account be added to the albumin, The liquid, after straining through a fine silk sieve, is usually mixed with a small proportion of ammonia, turpentine-oil, &c., in order to prevent frothing and make it work smoothly. Turpentine also tends to prevent putrefaction, but an addition of about 1 per cent.of arsenious oxide is said to be the best preservative. The albumin should be added gradually, and the liquid constantly stirred. + Any preoipitate produced at this stage mill probably consist of casein,THE ANALYST. 211 boiling 20 per cent. solution of alum. After noting the appearance and volume of the coa- gulum, it is washed, dried, and weighed. De Coninck (Joum. Chem. Soc. xxv., 1129) finds that the process gives a precipitate containing not more than 1 per cent. of alumina, and that it is sufficiently accurate for the purposes of the calico-printer. With pure albumin very good results are obtainable, and their accuracy is not affected by the presence of dextrin, but gum-arabic prevents the precipitation of albumin to a very notable extent.I have made some observations on the proportion of ash yielded by various qualities of commercial albumin, and the results have some interest, although they are not applicable to the detection of any special adulterants. The proportion of ash caanot be readily ascer- tained by direct ignition of the albamin, owing to the fusible nature of the carbonate of sodium and other salts of which the ash is mainIy composed. The difficulty may be ob- viated by treating a weighed quantity of the sample in a porcelain crucible, with nitric acid of 1.42 specific gravity and two or threo drops of strong suIphuric acid. On heating gently, the albumin dissolves to a clear yellow liquid, which may be evaporated to dryness without trouble, giving a refilidue which readily burns and leaves an ash of tolerably high melting point.Operating in this manner, Mr. J. C. BeIcher obtained in my laboratory the following percentages of sulphated ash” from a series of samples of oommercial albumin manu- factured by a leading firm :- Sulphated Ash. .. No. 1” Egg Albumin ........................................ 7.4 per cent. ‘‘ No. 2” I , ,) ........................................ 7.0 .... .. Refined” Blood Albumin ...................................... 9.1 .... ‘I Prime” ,, ........................................ 8.5 .... “No. 1” ,, ........................................ 9-2 .... 4‘ NO. 27’ ,) ........................................ 8.9 .... ‘‘ No. 3” ,, ........................................ 9.7 .... Black” ,, ........................................ 6.2 .... All the ashes were white, except that yieldedby the black albumin, which gave a reddish Curiously enough, ash, owing to the presence of blood-corpuscles in the original sample. in this, the lowest grade of genuine albumin, the ash is less than in the better kinds.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN882070209b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 211 ON THE PROPORTION OF DEXTRIN TO MALTOSE IN MALT WORT& BY J. WEBT KNIUHTS, F.I.C., F.C.S. Read bdom bhs Society of Publie Analysts on 15th November, 1882. IN brewing, the proportion of dextrin to maltose produced in the mash i6 of the greatest importance, as the character of the beer will almost entirely depend upon it. NOW that proportion is subject to considerable variation, and will depend upon-firstly, the temperature of the mmh, which will determine the proportions of dextrin and maltose initially formed by the splitting up of the starch molecules ; secondly, the duration or length of time the mash is subjected to the action of the diastase, which will determine the proportion of dextrin subsequently converted into maltose ; and thirdly, the diastatic activity of the particular sample of malt under treatment, and to a slight extent the nature of the water used for mashing, which will determine the rate of the subsequent conversion of dextrin into maltom.The influence of the proportion of dextrin on the fermentation of212 THE ANALYST. the wort is of course very great, dextrin being only capable of undergoing a very slow fermentation, and the result is that the final attenuation of a highly dextrinous wort is very high, too high to admit of ready clarification by ordinary methods of fining, but such a beer would be well adapted for keeping-or stock-beer ; and on the other hand a wort low in dextrin will produce a low gravity beer which, although it would clear readily, would ba thin drinking and apparently much weaker than a beer of the same original gravity but higher final attenuation. It is therefore very important that the brewer should have a simple method for estimating the proportion of dextrin in his worts.The usual method is to titrate with Fehling’s solution to obtain the percentage of maltose, then to boil another portion four or five hours with sulphuric acid and again titrated with Fehling to get the percentage of glucose produced from the known amount of maltose and from the dextrin, but this method is of course altogether upset when the worts contain glucose and invert sugars from the use of the various brewing sacoharums, unless the percentage of glucose in the wort is known, The first method that I have employed for the estimation of dextrin in a wort is simply ran alcohol method, but it is capable of giving very good results, and is so extremely simple that it is well adapted to the use of brewing pupils. The gravity of the wort is first taken, and from that the amount of malt extract contained in 100 C.C.can be calculated by dividing the difference of gravity between the wort and water (water =: 1,000) by 3.85 (3.85 being the solution weight of malt extract ; that is, every 1 per cent. of malt extract contained in solution increases the density ,885 per cent. or 3.85 per thousand).-See Allen’s Corn., Org. Analysis, Vol. 11. 297. Maltose may be estimated in the usual way by Fehling, and dextrin by preoipitation with alcohol as follows :- Ten C.C. of wort are placed in a small tared beaker and 50 C.C.methylated spirit 60 0.p. added; the greater part of the dextrin will be precipitated, and after a few honra standing will deposit on the bottom of the beaker as a gummy mass, from which the alcoholic liquid can be easily poured off, and the deposit rinsed with a little more alcohol, the beaker is then dried in a water-bath and weighed, to the weight of dextrin SO obtained must be added a correction for the quantity retained in solution by the aleoholio liquid-this quantity is ,046 grm. A sample of wort prepred from three-fourths malt and one-fourth germless maize grtve the followin3 resulks. sp. gre ................................. 1107.4 = 27.89 per cent. dry extract. Maltose, by Fehling ........................... 21.40 ,, ,P Dextrin ..........................................5-19 .. 9 9 Albuminoid, mineral matter, &c., by difference 1.30 ,, 9 , The second method of examining a malt-wort to be described is one of dialysis. If a solution of sugar be dialysed 24 hours into an equal measure of distilled water, the diffusion will be found to have been practically complete, i.e., both the liquids will have the Barn8 density and will contain equal amounts of sugar ; on the other hand, if a solution of dextrin be dialysed 24 hours into an equal measure of water the diffusate will be found to contain a trace only of dextrin. That being so, it follows that if a malt-wort be dialysed into water the difference in density between the two liquide will be due to dextrin (with a small quantity of albumenoid),THE ANALYST.218 In all cases I prefer to u m glass didysers and a very thin membrane, sold as French gut-skin, which should be fixed by means of an elastic band, the dialysers are five inches in diameter, and are suspended so as jast to touch the surface of the water, the object of which is to produoe a slight flow of water from the dialysate to the diffusate, so that at the end of the process the volumes can be equalized by pouring from the diffusate into the dialysate, &s of courm to equalize volumes by pouring from dialysate to diffusate would not be admissible. In practice I: use 100 c.c, of each, and after 24 hours eqnaIize the volumas and take the gravity of eaeh liquid (or a, measured quantity of each can be evaporated to dryness). The difference in gravity between the two liquids is due to dextrin, &c., the weight of which oan be obtained by calculation as above ; an example will make all clear. A hundred C.C. of the same wort 8s above were dialysed into 100 0.0. distilled water for 24 hours, at the end of that time the vo'lumae were equalized by pouring a sufficiency of the diffusate into the dialysate and the gravitiels were taken- Gravity of dialysrtte ........................... 1065*5 ), diffusate ........................... 1042.0 Difference due to colloid matter ............ 23.6 which gives 28.5, divided by 8.85 = 6-10 percentage of coIIoid matter, a result sufficiently close to the previous one to show that fair accuracy can be obtained by this method, which will be found very useful for brewera as no balance is required, a delicate hydrometer being all that is necessary (those sold as urinometers will answer every purpose, and have the advantage of requiring only a amall q n d i t y of liquid to float them).

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700211

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 218 ON THE DIMINUTION OF THE SOLIPS IN MILK BY DECOMPOSITION. BY DR. P. VIETH, F.C.S. Read befors ths Society of Public Aaalysts on 15th November, 1882. AT former meetings of this Society Nembers have spoken several times abont anzllysing samples of milk, which had been kept for weeks and months, and about the loss caused by decomposition. I always w m of opinion that it is impossible to mix such a milk thoroughly and take a proper sample for analysis, and that an anaIysis of such an old and decomposed milk is scarcely of any v&Iue. Until some months ago I, however, did not object to taking samples of milk of normal appearanee, and keeping exactly memused quantities for analysis for some days in case it was not convenient to analyse them immediately. But experience made me chaPge my opinion.Samples are taken by the inspectors of the Aylesbnry Dairy Company from the Company’s own milkmen to oontroI the latter when delivering the milk to the customers. The samples so taken are brought to the laboratory in the forenoon and in the late afternoon, and specific gravity, total solids, and fat are determined. This is done as soon arr the samples are brought in, with tha only exception that the samples taken for the determination of total solids in the afternoon are not evaporated before the next morning, and, nntil some months ago, the Satnrday’s samples not before Monday morning. Of course the samples, contained in mtJi platinum dishes, were kept 8 safe place and properly covered.214 THE ANALYST. 1 day *oo 2 days *oo 3 $ ¶ 5% 4 Y 3 .38 When the days were getting warmer, the milk kept from Saturday to Monday was generally found to he sour on Monday morning.At the same time it was found that the Saturday afternoon samples always gave a smaller amount of total solids. The diminution was not a very distinct one during the month of May and the early part cf June, but from that time became more and more prominent and reached an extraordinary height, when in the beginning of the month of August, on account of the bank holiday, the samples had once stood from Saturday night till Tuesday morning. To investigate the matter, I at first, on the 4th of July, msde the following ex- periment with evening milk of the previous day, which was brought to London by rail during the night.The milk showed a specific gravity of 1.0324 and amphioteric reaction. I meaaured nine times 5 cc. of milk into small platinum dishes, put one of the dishes on the steam bath directly, and of the other ones kept four in the laboratory and four in an ice-safe, the temperature of the former place being from 18 to 21° C., of the latter from 10 to 1 3 O C., during the time of the experiment. On each of the following four days two further samples were evaporated, one of those kept at a higher and one kept at a lower temperature. In all cases the solids, after having been weighed, were burnt to ash and the amount of ash ascertained. The results are given in the following table. *18 -38 *62 -66 Temperature 10 to 1 3 O C. I I Time of keeping Solids. Ash. - 1 13-44 1 *74 _______ 1 day 2 days 3 Y Y *74 -76 -76 I I3*O6 1 076 4 7 ! Ash. Temperature 18 to 21° C. Solids. - 13.26 13.06 12-82 i2.mTHE ANALYST. 215 Temperature- No. Solids. Ash. 1 12 68 -76 2 12.70 *76 3 12.52 076 4 13-12 *72 5 13.08 -74 Average 12.82 *75 - I__ .- - The following table gives the results of the experiment :- 10 to 15' C. 19 to 21° C. Solids. Ash. SoIids. Ash, 12.26 5'6 11.82 -78 12.30 *76 11.88 *78 12-26 -76 11.68 -78 13.00 -72 12.32 -74 12.78 *74 12.52 -74 12.52 *75 12.04 076 -------- -- --- 1 *42 -86 2 40 -82 3 -26 -84 4 -12 -80 5 *30 -56 Average *30 -78 ----__I------ Four days. 1.18 2-30 *84 1.52 *92 2.04 1.06 2.66 1.00 1.08 1.00 I 1-95? 10 to 1 5 O C. SoIids. 11.50 11.86 11.60 12.06 12.08 11.82 Ash. *78 -76 *76 -72 -74 75 19 to 210 c. Solids. 10.38 11.18 10.48 10-46 12.00 10.90 -- Ash. *76 -76 -76 -74 -76 *76 analysed in a fresh state.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700213

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 215 ERRATA. Dr. TUCKER reqiiests us to make the following corrections [in the abstract of his Report, reprinted from the Sanztary Engineer. His letter arrived too late for the oorrections to be made before the reprint appeared :- Page 197, line 30 from top, for ~bi-carbonate of soda,’7 r e d “carbornate of soda,’, ,, ,, ,, 12 from bottom, for “ hydro soda,” reacl, (‘ hydro sodic.” ,, 198, , , 20 from top, for (‘ p;obs& bi-carbonate, read b‘z)otassic &rats.’, ,, ,, ,, 21 (at end), for oarbonfa acid,’’ read u tartaric acid.”SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Before 30lllng. 21.0' 15 5' 16.0' 15.0' 11.5' Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in NovemBer, 1882. After Boiling. --- 7*0° 4.5O 3 . 5 O 4.0' 3.5' A11 results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. Birmingham ..Brighton. . . . . . Bristol . . . . . . . . Cambridge .. .. Groydon . . . . . . Edinburgh . . . . Exeter . . . . . . . . Hereford., . . . . ,, 2 ,, 9 1s 6 ,, 20 ,, 21 ,, 27 1, 16 ,, 6 - + 224 rz& g s a s c( 3 - .- 34.4 22.1 26.8 22.4 21-8 21-2 22.2 21.0 16-7 24.8 243 25.0 23.6 5-2 6.3 3.7 ~- - .a & z uv .?I 2 8 3 1.70 1.12 1.20 1.15 -98 1.24 1.20 1.54 1.14 2.55 -90 1.40 1.26 *96 *84 *30 - 334 F'Bh % S O 3:s none none none none none none none none noue none none none none none none none OXYGEN, Absorbed in Phosphoric Acid in Phosphates. none trace none trace trace trace trace trace trace none none trace none trace trace none Deecription of Sample. Appearance in Two-foot Tube. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. 5 mins at SOo Fahr. ANALYSTS. 4 hours at tK)* Fahr.-022 -084 -082 ,147 -116 ,074 -128 .156 -0025 *0007 -0018 *0014 -0010 -0016 -0014 none -0028 -0031 -0049 -0120 -0060 -0061 0112 -0062 a004 *032 a046 ,091 -063 -023 -092 -064 -~ Eent Co. . . . . . . New River . . . . East London . . Southmark & Vauxhall . . } West MiddleseI Grand Junctior Lambeth .... Chelsea . . . . . , Wigner & Harland. B. Dyer. Wigner & Hnrland. John Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wynter-Blyth. John Muter. A. Dupri?. -33 -18 *13 0 1 1 -10 -18 a12 *18 -20 -30 004 -38 none trace - 27 none - G. blue clear yell. c. yell. green yellowish green. yell. greenish yell. yellowish yell. green greenish yell. c. pale blue brn. green c. p. blue f. bluish green s. brown f. b. yellow clear colourlesf satisfactory Teg. deb.,myclm.animle veg. debris, &c. satisfactory veg. debris, &c. satisfactory -0035 ,0025 none none -0050 trace -0014 so002 -051 -018 *007 none *oos *016 -021 -001 *130 *024 -015 -046 a011 -136 -034 ~007 10.5' 13.0" 15.2' 17.5' 16.0' 4.2' 2.8' 4*1° -~ A. Hill. Wigner & Harland. F. W. Stddart. J. West Knights. C. Heisch. J. Falconer Eing. F. P. Perkins. G. J. Stephens. 7-40 4-0' 1 . 8 O 5.0' 6.0' 3 go 2 . 8 O 2.0' a0022 -0030 -0007 -0040 -0080 a0034 *0005 animal heir, veg. fibre algs sand satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory satisfactorySOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Everpool .... Maidstone- Wtr. Company Public Conduit Manchester... . Northwich . . . . Norwich . . , . . . Nottingham .. Rugby .... ,... 8alford . . . . . Woraester .... Anatyses of English Public Water Supplies i n November, 1882.Nov. 27 ,, 22 ,, 22 ,, 18 ,, 18 ,, 12 ,, 17 ,, 9 ,, 21 ,, 10 All results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. I (d .cI 4 -0014 .0014 none ~0034 -0004 trace none *0040 .OOlO none OXYOEN, Absorbed in HAFiDNESS, Clark's Scale, in degrees. 134 :zh 435 7ij a30 s. peaty none none none none v. slight none none none Appearance in Two-foot Tnbe. Phosphoric Acid m Phosphates. Microscopical E d k i o n of Deposit. ANALYSTS. .-I_ Before Ioihg. 5 mins tt 800 Fahr. L horn at SOo Fahr. After oihlg. grnsh. brown c. yell. green p. green blue s. turb. f. yell. yell. green p. gmsh. yell. c. grnsh. turbid peaty yellow p. yellow -022 -036 -036 -067 *036 -087 .008 -016 ,017 *025 - A. Smetham. M. A. Adams. M. A. Adams. W. Thomson. C, DI. Blades. W. G. Crook. Wigner & Hmland. A. P. Smith. J. Carter Bell. W. E. Porter. *038 *62 -60 none -39 -08 .77 -10 none *24 *95 2.30 2.20 -73 3.50 1.70 1.56 1-20 *65 1.30 trace trace trace none h. trace trace none h. trace none trace -0084 -0021 -0014 .0051 *0016 *0132 trace -0100 *0010 -0090 -078 -078 *072 -135 *131 *173 .046 -029 -067 ,150 4.70 18-00 17-5O 1.7" ll.oo 12-00 12-00 12-00 3-0° 11-5O 3.3O 6*0° 7-0° 1.7' 8*0° 5.2' 8.0° 6.5" 2.5' 6.2O none none satisfactory ltms., mvg. org. veg. deb veg. deb., myclm. animl. veg. deb. animal. satisfactory veg. debris Abbseviations:-c., clear; f., faint ; h., heavy; p., pale; v. h., very heavy; v. s., very slight. EnRA!ra.-Birmingham Water, October, Nitrates should be -0693 instead of -693. 9 , Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes ,, ~0091 ), ,091. I 9 9 9 I , 4 hours ), -0245 $, 945.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700215

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

218 THE ANALYST. REPORT O F THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD. WE take the following from the Blue Book recently published :- It will have been observed from our previous Reports that the Authority for each County in England and Wales and the several Vestries and District Boards of Works in the Metropolis had complied with the provisions of this important Statute as regards the ap- pointment of Analysts. It will also be seen from our last Report that up to the 31st of December 1880, the total number of appointments made by Municipal Corporations was 156, and that we were then in correspondence with the Authorities who had not appointed an Analyst. The result has been that during the year ended on the 31st of December last some additional appointments were made, and, on that date, the total number of Districts in which Analysts were acting was 260.We shall not fail to urge upon those Authorities who, so far, have omitted to comply with the provisions of the Act in this respect, the im- portance and expediency of making suitable appointments. A question has recently arisen as to whether a Town Council who have entered into an Agreement, pursuant to section 14 of the 3 & 4 Vict., c. 88, with the County Authority for the Watching of the Borough should appoint an Analyst. The Board have been advised that Boroughs in which such an arrangement exists must be held to come within the terms of section 10, paragraph 1, of the Statute 38 &, 39 Vict., c . 63, and, consequently, that it devolves upon the Town Councils of such Boroughs either to appoint an Analyst pursuant to that section or to make an arrangement for analyses such as is contemplated by section 11.The result of the analyses made during the year is shown in the abstract printed in the Appendix. It will be seen that the total number of such analyses is 17,823, or about 150 more than in 1880. Of these, 6,039, or not far short of one third, were made in the Metropolis, this number being, by a curioua coincidence, exactly the same as in 1880. As the public continue to avail themselves only to a very small extent of the provisions of the Act, its operation depends principally upon the extent to which local authorities choose to exercise their power of procuring samples for analysis ; and the result is that while in some districts the Act is well enforced, in others it is almost a dead letter.We suggested in our last report that at least one sample should be analysed yearly for every thousand persons throughout the country, but we find that, outside the Metropolis, this proportion has been attained only in the districts of three County Authorities, and in 29 boroughs. Within the jurisdiction of the magistrates of the 12 counties of Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Cornwall, Dorset, Hertford, Monmouth, Northumberland, Rutland, Salop, Suffolk, and Wilts, only about 50 samples in all were analysed, and from 66 boroughs the return is ab- solutely nil, while in many others the number of analyses is quite insignificant. We have in these cases endeavoured to induce the Authorities to take action, but we cannot con- gratulate ourselves on the success of our attempts in this direction.The Town Councils of the smaller boroughs, especially, seem generally very unwilling to entertain a suspicion that the articles sold in their districts may possibly be adulterated; and, though we have taken care to point out that the Act is designed not only to protect the public, but also to prevent honest tradesmen from being undersold by unscrupulous competitors, WQ have, in most cases, failed to persuade this class of Authorities to have samples analysed. In one cage indeed a Town Council had at first refused to have samples analysed, giving as a reason that they had reoeived no complaints of adulteration, but afterwards onTHE ANALYST. 219 our insistance decided to make the experiment.The result was that no less than three out of four of the samples exclmined in the third quarter for 1881 were found adulterated. Even in some towns of considerable population we have found the same indisposition on the part of the Authorities to exercise the powers entrusted to them. On the other hand the returns show that in many districts the Act is being efficiently administered with results that are unquestionably satisfactory. It seems desirable to call attention to the necesaity for more caution than has been ex- hibited in some instanoes as regards the purchase of articles for analysis. Inspectors of Weights and Measures, Inspector of Nuisances, and other persons, who remain in office year after year, are apt to get too well known to the tradesmen to have much chance of being served with the same class of goods that are sold to the general public.Even the police, unless they take exceptional precautions, are not unlikely to be recognised by the keen eye of the adulterating tradesman. The analyst for Southampton gives a good illus- tration of this. He says that after the Inspectors had visited one or two shops they found, to use their own words, that '' the game was up." They were known, and neighhouring tradesmen were put on the alert ; on asking for coffee or butter they were informed that the shopkeepers did not keep pure coffee or butter, and could only sell such as they had a8 a mixture. In one case when coffee was asked for, the shopkeeper ordered his assistant to weigh out two ounces of berries and pound them in a wooden mortar, while a person was despatched to give information elsewhere.The analyst adds that on the evening of the same day he sent to the shop in question for coffee, and his messenger was served with 8 mixture largely adulterated with chicory. And when one of the inspectors employed a boy to make the purchases on his behalf, out of 13 samples of coffee sold, 10 were adulterated with chicory, though in all cases '' coffee " was asked for. Tbe attention of inspectors acting under the 13th section of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act should be speciaIly called to the fact that they may employ a deputy to buy articles for analysis, and may take pro- ceedings against the seller if such articles ar0 found adulterated. (See Horder v. Scott, L. R. 5 , Q.B.D.552.) The following table shows the number of samples examined during the year and the percentage of' cases in which adulteration was reported to exist :- Examined. Milk .................................... Bread .................................... Flour .................................... Butter .................................... Coffes .................................... Mustard .................................. Pickles (including Tinned Vegetables) ........ Sugar .................................... Jam.... .................................. Confectionery ............................ Wine .................................... Beer ...................................... Gin ..................................... Spirits other than Gin.. ....................Drugs .................................... Other Articles ............................ 6,926 1,037 429 1,353 1,234 864 34 284 46 213 38 326 648 1,150 398 2, 53 Totals.. .......................... Idulterated. 1,356 49 188 224 123 2 1 3 2 2 8 168 327 60 100 - 2,613 -- 1880. 'ercentage o Ldulteration. 21-4 6.4 1.0 18.3 19.2 15.8 2.2 6.9 19.4 4.1 20 1 25.9 15.5 30 15.68 - - 1881. ?ercentage of idulteration. f 9.5 4.7 13.9 18.3 14 2 5.8 0.3 6.5 0 9 5.2 2 4 25.9 15.0 3.5 - 28.4 14.67220 THE ANALYST. It will be seen from this table that the proportion of adulterated samples has fallen to 14.7 per cent. of those examined, and we are glad to state that a comparison of this per- centage with those of previous years, seems to indicate that adulteration, so far as its pre- valence can be judgcd of from these returns, is pretty steadily diminishing.The results of the five years during which the returns have been made in such a form as to admit of tabu- lation on a uniform plan, stand as follows :- Percentage of Saniples Analysed. Adulterated, Adulteration. 1877 ... 14,706 ... 2,826 ... 19.2 1878 ... 16,191 ... 2,782 ... 17.2 1879 ... 17,049 ... 2,535 ... 14.8 1880 . .. 17,673 . . . 2,772 . .. 15.7 1881 ... 17,823 ... 2,613 ... 14.7 I t is noteworthy that in the Metropolis the parcentage is only 1214, which seems to show that London is much better off than the rest of the kingdom as regards the purity of its food. More than D third of the samples analysed, and more than half of those reported against, were of milk.Some improvements in the purity of this article seems to have been effected by the Act, as the proportion of adulterated samples, which in the whole of Eng- land and Wales was 24h1 per cent. in 1877, was only 19.5 per cent. in 1881. In the Metropolis the percentage of samples reported against W ~ S 23.4 ; and this proportion, for- midably large aa it is, nevertheless compares very favourably with that recorded in previous years, I n some of the London districts the proportion of samples of milk returned as adnlter- ated is enormous. For instance in the City of London itself no 1esE than 30 samples out of 71 were reported against, in St. Pancras, 34 out of 87, and in Woolwich, 31 out of 46. On the other hand, in St. James’s, Westminster, all the 60 samples examined were pronounced genuine, in Lsmbeth only 13 samples were found adulterated out of 143, and in Wandsworth only 11 out of 119.We confess that we have some doubt whether the relative prevalence of adulteration is accurately represented by these figures, or whether differences in the ad- ministration of the Act may not have something to do with these remarkable contrasts. As the area of distribution of particular milk supplies does not, as a rule, foIlow the boundaries of sanitary districts, itis difficult to know why, for instance, the district ofst. James, West- minster, should, according to the returns, be invariably supplied with pure milk, whilcr adulteration is reported In numerous instances from neighbonring districts. Of the eight most populous provincial towns we find that Birmingham has 32 adulterated samples of milk out of 59 analped ; Manchester 39 out of 162 ; Salford 106 out of 457 ; Bristol 44 out of 195 ; Liverpool 44 out of 199 ; Leeda 6 out of 33 ; Bradford 11.out of 74 ; and Sheffield 7 out of 64. Birmingham, therefore, still maintains the distinction which it has for some years em joyed of having it larger. propoution of its milk reported as adulterated thas any other great town in the kingdom.THE ANALYST. 221 As regards the analysis of milk we regret to say that a difficulty to which we have re ferred in previous reports crops up from time to time with the effect of apparently discredit- ing the machinery of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act. It has happened in more than one instance that an analyst has found a sample to be about equal t o average milk to which 25 per cent.of water had been added, and (after leaving an apparently ampIe margin for possible natural poverty} he has had no hesitation, from the results of his analysis, in reporting it to be adulterated. Then the dairyman has challenged the accuracy of the analysis, and has produced a cow which, when milked in presence of the inspector, has given milk of no better qudity than that reported against. It is true that the milk in question hag, perhaps, contained little more than half the nutriment which good milk affords (in one case a sample was found with only 8 per cent. of solids and 92 per cent. of water), but still, in consequence of its being undoubtedly the genuine product of the cow, the magistrates have felt a difficulty in convicting the seller.In one instance of this kind the Authority brought the facts specially under our notice, and expressed a disinclination to have any more milk dealt with under the Act. We advised, however, that in a case of such abnormal poverty of milk the analyst was not to blame, in the present state of science, for reporting against it. We pointed out that the case was a very proper one for such in- vestigation as proceedings before a magistrate would afford, so that inquiry might be made into all the circumstances, and the magistrate might determine whether an offence under the Act had been committed by the sale, as milk, of an article not of the I d substance and quality” of that usually sold under the name. The analyst, in judging of milk, must ne- cessarily adopt a minimum standard of constituents, based on a large number of analyses of genuine milk.But there would be great difficulty in prescribing a standard by Act of Par- liament, as has been occasionally suggested, for if it were fixed so low as to class as genuine the milk of the oldest and worst fed cows to be found in the country, it would admit of the addition of an enormous amount of water to milk of fair quality; if, on the other hand, the standard of a fair average milk were adopted, there wouId be a loud outcrv against the pro- hibition to seIl genuine milk falling below that average. It is much to be wished that science should devise some mode of distinguishing milk to which water has been added from that which contains only its natural constituents, for until this can be achieved we fear that the analysis of milk cannot be placed on an entirely satisfactory footing, so far, at any rate, as border cases are concerned.The amount of water added is often very large, and in a few instances reaches the enormoug proportion of 60 or 70 per cent. Probably 20 per cent. may be taken as about the average. The analyst for Woolwich, however, in reporting upou a number of samples as diluted to about this extent, remarks that according to experience the inspectors are not generally successful in procuring the worst specimens, and he suggests that the inhabitants of that parish must be paying some thousands of pounds a year under the name of milk- men’s bills, but really as an additional water-rate.The analyst for Essex complains that the milk is not even adulterated with pure water, and suggests that the compound is r 6 emi- nently favourable for the propagation and development of disease germs.” He adds that this view is confirmed by the fact that in nearly every case he has observed that a diluted milk decomposes and putrefies much more rapidly than that which is genuine. Complaint has been made of the smallness of the fines inflicted in some rather flagrant instances of milk adulteration. No doubt this particular form of fraud is as remunerative222 THE ANALYST. as it is simple ; and a dairyman who adds 20 per cent. to his legitimate profits by having recourse to the pump is not to be deterred by an occasional penalty of ten shillings or a, pound.Of course the fact that legal proceedings against him have been successful tends to lessen his custom, but on the other hand, it is possible that a large proportion of his cus- tomers may never hear of the conviction, We should be glad to see more extensive use of the provision of the Bet of 1879, which allows the taking of samples from milk cans at railway stations before delivery to the re- tailers. The plan has been adopted in two or three districts with very satisfactory results, afid not only checks adulteration near its souree, but protects the characters of honest traders, who do not water the milk, and who may have no suspicion that they are them- selves being cheated. Less than 5 per cent. of the samples examined were found impure. I n these cams the adulteration consisted for the most part of additions of alum introduced in order t o improve the appearance of the bread, but having the effect, when present in quantity, of making it very indigestible. A curious point arose in Essex, when proceedings were taken as to a sample of bread reported as adulterated with alum ; for the case was dismissed, according to the analyst’s statement, because the inspector, having bought two loaves, left one of them with the vendor, and sent a portion of the other to be analysed.The court held that a portion of the actual loaf anaIysed must be left with the seller, and so the prosecution fell through, It is noticeable that of more than 400 samples of flour analysed not a single one was found adulterated. In the matter of butter the returns show a marked improvement, the percentage of adulteration having dropped from 18 in 1880, to 14 in 1881.It is possible that the recog- nition of butterine as a wholesome article of diet and a cheap substitute has led to its being sold to a greater extent under its proper name instead of under that of butter. I n some cages the ingenuity of dairymen seems to be directed to the introduction of as much water as possible into butter during the process of manufacture. The analyst for Southampton remarks on one such sample, containing no less than 19 per cent. of water, that water is rather dear at the price of 1s. 4d. a pound, being after the rate of 39. 4 d . per quart. It continues to consist principally of chicory. In fact the habit of selling a mixture of chicory and coffee when coffee is asked for, sometimes with, but oftener without, a label notifying the fact of admixture, has unfortunately become an apparently ineradicable custom of the trade.Sometimes a specious title such as ‘‘ French coffee ” is given to the mixture, and in these cases it is generally found that the proportion of chicory is exceptionally large, amounting sometimes to 60 or 70 per cent. The so-called adulteration of mustard with flour and turmeric continues to take place rather probably for the convenience, than for the deception, of people who desire, not merely mustard seed, but a preparation of mustard for table. Moreover, it seems to be admitted that pure mustard cannot without difficulty be kept good for any length of time.The adulteration of sugar is practically a thing of the past, and we are glad to say that the very dangerous practice of using poisonous pigments for colouring oonfectionery, a practice which used to be very general in the early days of ttnalyees, seems also to have been almost entirely abandoned. The adulteration of bread seems to be steadily on the decrease. I n coffee the proportion of adulteration is rather less than last year.THE ANALYST. 223 Eight samples of beer were reported against out of 826 analyaed. Excess of salt was in most of these cases the cause of their condemnation. In Boltcin a material known as beer heading,” and chiefly composed of liquorice, does, and capsicum, was submitted for analysis, but this substance does not seem to have been met with in beer itself.I t is somewhat disappointing to find that spirits still figure prominently in the ennmera- tion of adulterated samples, as more than a quarter of those examined were reported against. It wag anticipated by the framers of the Act of 1879, that the very low standards fixed by that Act would practically be attained by all spirits usually sold. But though the adutteration is nothing but dilution, it is found that water is added in many instances with extraordinary profusion, and a good deal of gin is sold containing not much more than 20 per cent. of alcohol. The number of samples of drugs reported upon is still much smaller than in our opinion is desirable, and the percentage of adulteration continues very large. Among the articles not specially enumerated in the table above was a sample of cayenne pepper adulterated with red lead.This form of adulteration, which is very dan- gerous to health, used to be popular, but has of late years apparently died out, and we trust that it will not be revived. A large number of samples were of cocoa, and this article seems, as a rule, to be lesa adulterated than fcrmerly. I n the pure cocoa-bean, with merely the fat extracted, there is a large amount of nutriment. But in some of the common preparations as much as 80 per cent. of the bulk is found to be made up of arrowroot and sugar, and a cup of cocoa made from this composition is almost valueless as diet. In Paddington the Sanitary Committee, in consequence of the general alarm as to the condition of bacon, caused a number of ssmples of the cheapest and lowest quality to be submitted for analysis.Some German sausages were also examined, and were found free from any parasitic or other noxious substances. They were composed of about half bread, nearly one quarter of fat, nearly one quurter of bull beef, with a little pepper, salt, and some herbs. Of the 17,823 samples analysed during the year, all but 558 were obtained by officers of local authorities. A much larger proportion of the private than of the public purchases were found adulterated; thia being doubtless due, for the most part, to the fact that a, private purchaser is not likely to take the trouble, and incur the expense of analysis, unIess he is tolerably confident that the goods sold to him are adulterated.Besides, as( we have said above, there is good ground for believing that in some casea the inspectors are served with better articles than the general public. Probably the cost of analyses often tends to prevent the public from more largely availing themselves of the Aot. Bristol, Salford, and some other boroughs have, we think, done wisely in making arrangements with the analyst to analyse samples at 2s. 6d. each, instead of the half-guinea, mentioned in the Act as a maximum fee. In both the towns named the proportion of samplee submitted for analysis by private purchasers is exoep tionally large. Two important decisions of the High Court of Justice have been given during the year with reference to the Sale of Food and Drugs’ Act. In the case of Stare v.Smith(45 J. P. 141.) it was held that where an article is purchased by an assistant acting on behalf of an inspector appointed under section 13 of the Act of 1875, it is not necessary that subsequent In no case, however, were any trichim discovered.224 THE ANALYST . TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES . Examined . Adulterated . Propartion Adulterated . 1881 . 1880 . The MetropoIitan District .............. 5039 .. 629 .. 12.4 .. 14.5 COUNTIES . Bedford .............................. Berks ................................ Bucks ................................ Cambridge ............................ Chester .............................. Cornwdl .............................. Cumberland .......................... Derby ................................ Devon ................................Dorseb ................................ Durham .............................. Essex ................................ Gloucester ............................ Hereford .............................. Hefts ................................ Hunts ................................ Eent ................................ Lanoaster ............................ Leicester .............................. Lincoln .............................. Middlesex ............................ Monmouth ............................ Norfolk .............................. Northampton .......................... Korthumberland ...................... Not tingham .......................... Oxford ................................ Rutland .............................. Shropshire ............................Somerset .............................. Southampton .......................... Stafford .............................. Suffolk .............................. Surrey ................................ Sussex ................................ Warwick .............................. WestmoreIand ........................ Wilts ................................ Worcester ............................ York, E . Riding ........................ ,, N . Riding ...................... ,, W . Riding ...................... WALES . 297 72 12 54 663 8 119 118 122 9 591 362 725 30 29 150 2269 298 429 215 58 135 89 121 88 163 6 1052 528 1001 7 504 373 448 9 43 151 71 31 667 . . Anglesey .............................. 15 Brecknock ............................11 Cardigan .............................. 20 Carmarthen .......................... 15 Carnarvon ............................ 9 Denbigh .............................. 8 Flint ................................ 32 Qfamorgan ............................ 473 Mcrioneth ............................ 59 Montgomery .......................... 3 Pembroke ............................ 25 Radnor .............................. 12 TOTALS .......... 17. 823 . . 25 . . 84 .. 7.0 .. 7 .. 9.7 .. 15.4 .. 5 .. 41.6 .. .. 3 .. 5.5 .. 12.9 .. 129 .. 19.4 .. 19.6 . . 1 . . 33.3 . . 63.6 . . 23 . 19.3 .. 10.4 .. 26 .. 22 0 .. 28.8 .. 30 .. 24.5 .. 22.2 .. 5 .. 55.5 .. 56.2 .. 50 .. 14.2 .. 3.9 .. 60 .. 8.2 .. 7.0 .. 0 .. . * 5 .. 17.2 .. 72.2 .. 28 .. 10.6 .. 21.3 .. 422 .. 185 ..17.5 .. 32 .. 105' .. 12.4 .. 49 .. 114 .. 10.6 . . 3 .. 5.1 .. 27.4 . . 19 . . 14.0 .. 31.6 .. 12 .. 13.4 .. 12.0 .. 18 .. 14.8 .. 17-1 .. 14 .. 15.9 .. 20.4 .. 28 .. 17.1 .. 40.0 .. 20.0 .. 15.4 .. 0 .. .. 65 .. 6.1 .. 5.5 L. 101 .. 19.1 .. 17.0 .. 124 .. 12.3 .. 16.1 . . 2 . . 28.5 .. 50-0 .. 96 . . 19.0 .. 21.0 .. 116 .. 25.8 .. 25.7 .. 1 .. 11.1 .. 18.7 .. 9 . . 20.9 . . '7.4 .. 17 .. 11.2 .. 14.2 . . 13 . . 18.3 . . 18.0 .. 3 .. 9.6 .. 20.0 .. 108 .. 16.1 .. 17.1 .. iia .. 19.9 .. 22.3 - .. - .. - - .. - * . .. 47 .. 21.8 .. 16.2 - .. - .. - .. 49 . . 13.1 .. 16.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 5 9 2 3 2 13 40 33 0 7 3 2, 613 . .. 26.6 .. .. 45.4 .. .. 450 .. .. 13.3 .. * . 33.3 .. . . 25.0 . . .. 40.6 .. .. 55.9 .. .. 200 .. . . 25.0 . . .. - .. ..- .. 33.3 30.4 30.7 11.1 66.6 22.2 45.0 77 76 31.2 33.3 - 14.67 l&tBT)IE ANALYST. 225 legal proceedings on account of adulteration should be taken by such assistant, but that the inspector is to be regarded as the actual purchaser, and as such entitled to institute the proceedings. In the case of Harrison v. Richards (45 J. P. 552), a summons had been taken out in a Metropolitan Police Court against a dairyman for selling milk, which, according to the analyst’s certificate, was adulterated with 20 per cent. of water. The dairyman did not tender any evidence at the hearing, nor was the analyst examined; but the magistrate dismissed the cam on the ground that he was not satisfied that the milk had been adulterated, and believed that its exceptional thinness was due to accidental circumstances. The High Court, however, held on appeal that, as the conditions prescribed in section 21 of the Act with regard to the examination of the analyst and of the defendant had not been eomplied with, the magistrate was not justified in going behind the analyst’s certificate, and his decision was therefore erroneous in point of law. REVIEW. Practical Chemistry, Analyticul Tables, and Emrcisa for Stz~dmts (Second Edition). BY J. CAMPBELL BROWN, D.Sc. London : J. & A. Churchill, New Burlington Street. THIS is another addition to the voluminous literature on Qualitative Analysis, but we feel sure it is a volume that will meet with approbation, not only on account of the oarefully compiled tablee for the *( Systematic Examination ” for bases and acids, but also for the S p C k ~ information given, that is omitted in most works upon this subject. We may mention the following tableB : Table for the Separation of Organic Bases ; ” Tests for the Principal Organic Bases ; ” ‘‘ Table for Analyses of Gases.” The reducing power of various sugars upon Fehling’s Solution, and their specific rotatory power upon polarized light, is also given. It is a work that requires the student to possess more than a mere 6‘ class ” knowledge of the subject, for its pages are few, and, therefore, all minor details are necessarily omitted. Organic Acids ; ”

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700218

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

T)IE ANALYST. 225 PHARMACEUTICAL BOCTETY OF GREAT BRITAIN v. JAMES KELSALL. THIS case wag tried at the County Court at Stockport, on the 10th inst., before T. Hughes, Esq., Q.C., Judge. Mr. Yates, instructed by Messrs. Flux, Son and Co., appeared for the plaintiffs, and Mr. Brown (Brown and Ainsworth) appeared for the defendant. This was an action brought by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain to recover from the defendant, James Kelsall, a penalty of $5 for an infringement of the Pharmacy Act passed in 1868. By a section of that Act it is enacted that from and after the 31st of December, 1868, any person who shall take, use or exhibit the name or title (‘ chemist and druggist,” or ‘‘ chemist ” or “ druggist,” not being a duly registered G‘pharmaceutical chemist ” or ‘‘ chemist and druggist,” shaIl, for every such offence, be liable to a penalty of rE5 to be recovered in the way prescribed by the Pharmacy Act.The circumstances of the case are these:-The defendant had a shop in Sandy Lane, Stockport, md over the door he had a notice ‘( Kelsdl, Analytical Chemist.” He also had numerous handbills published, in which there was the heading ‘‘ James Kelsall, halytioal Chemist.” The defendant, having the words over his shop, was written to by the Society, and replied that when he used and exhibited the title of 4 L analgtiorsl ohemist,” he wiv not infringing the dot of Parliament.THE ANALYST. After evidence had been given, his Honour said : This, I must say, is a very unfortunhte case for the defendant, and to the public it is a very important case.The defendant appears to be a person who has served his country in foreign parts and to have been wounded there, and everyone must feel the greatest sympathy for him. Froin his experience in South Africa it is said that he is considerably skilled in the healing of wounds, and it is also said that he is a competent analyst. Of course I ain not prepared to say that he is not thoroughly competent, from his experience in South Africa, both to deal with mounds, &c., sucli as those he states in his prospectus, and also to sell drugs. You see that I have this bill before me. One of the contentions is that he is not a pharmaceutical chemist. I have here before me his om1 bill, which say8 that “James Kelsall, Analytical Chemist, late Surgeon’s Assistant, Government IIospital, South Africa, cures burns, scalds, ulcers, bruises, &c., &c,, at the little hospital in Sandy Lane.” In fact he names nearly all the ills to which flesh is subject, and, therefore, there must be dressings arsd medicines, Now the case on behalf of the defendant, has been opened as a very hard one for him, and certainly in one sense it was very hard that everyone should not be able to exercise every faculty they may possess for their own good ; but for the protection of society the British Legislature has enacted that which has for its object the protection of the British public from those prnctitioners ih the country who are not fully competent.Now, if the defendant is fully competent he has only to go through the ordinary course of obtaining power to deal as he wishes to deal with these drugs and other medicines, But now comes the question which really has to be settled, and which I must decide.The merits of the case I have thoroughly followed. I wish to state that I have respect for a man who has personally suffered in the service of his country, but then comes the legal question to be decided. This person puts himself forward as an ‘ I analytical chemist.” He knows tl~orougbly well what he is about, for as early as August he was reminded by the Pharmaceutical Society that he had no right to the employment of the term ‘‘ chemist.” And what did he say in reply ? He said that he did not use it in any sense which would bring him within the meaning of the Legislature in passing the Pharmacy Acts, and his argument has been an argument which has been well put before the court by Mr.Brown. He does not say that he is a chemist at all, because he says he is an (‘ analy- tical chemist.” It seems to me that, having regard to the meaning of the word ‘‘ chemist,” one might as well contend with regard to a man that he was not a man because he is a warm-blooded man. I think that is a contention which cannot be sustained at all. And what is the consequence? Mr, Brown, in his ~peech, has called attention1to the fact that the Act should be strictly construed. I think that in the c&so of any such person as this, who uses or exhibits the name or title of chemist and druggist, or chemist or druggist, not being a duly registered pharmaceutical chemist or chemist and druggist,-it seems to me that it is impossible on the strictest construction of the terms of the sectioq- it is impossible to say that a person who publishes himself as an analytical chemist does not come within the meaning of the Act. I think that in this case the defendant has distinctly and clearly infringed the terms of the Act. The case seems precisely to be one of those which the Act is intended to meet, and to be applied to. Defendant has incurred the penalty, and judgment must be for the plaintiffs. Jizdgment for the plaintiffs for $5 penalty, and $25 12s. costs,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700225

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Bddterated V&iegaz. :-- Messrs. Cole & French, grocers, of High Street, Guildford, were sunilmoned before the Borough Bench recently, for selling a pint of vinegar, on the 18th October, which was not of the nature, quality, and substance demanded by the purchaser. Polica-constable Hall proved the purchase ; he paid 3d. for the vinegar, which he afterwards handed to the superintendent. Mr. Superintendent Law said he received a pint of vinegar from the last witness, and afterwards handed a portion 60 the Borough Analyst. The analyst’s certificntc was produced, and stated that the vinegar contained 25 per cent. more water than it should do. Mr. Cole (one of the defendants) produced a letter from the makers of the vinegar, Messrs. Hills & Underwood, who stated that it was genuine when sent away, and it must have been seriously tampered with in transit by the addition of water.Mr. George Durbidge said he was instructed to watch the case on behalf of Messrs. Hill & Underwood. They had told him that all their vinegar was kept in one huge vat, and the whole of it was sent from thhat vat. Other casks had been supplied to the defendants from the same vat, and found to be genuine. The Bench said the case had been proved, so far as the defendants were concerned, and they would be fined $1 and 13s. eosts.THE ANALYST. 227 Rain Water and Nitlc :- At Lambeth, John Wilkinson, shopkeeper, of 63, Albany Road, Camberwell, waB summoned by Inspector Fisher, on behalf of the Camberwell Vestry, for selling milk in an adulterated condition.The inspector proved that some milk purchased at the defendant’s shop was submitted to the analyst, and found to be ad~~lterated to the extent of 30 per cent. with added water. The defendant said the milk was left outside the house early in the morning, and at that time the rain was coming down heavily. Mr. Saunders asked the defendant if he had allowed the churn to remain in such a position on purpose, and he said he certainly had not. Mr. Saunders supposed the defendant wanted him to believe the rain-water had adulterated the milk to the extent of 30 per cent. He could not come to such a conclusion, and ordered the defendant to pay a fine of 40s. and 12s. costs. &fee and Chzeory :- At Swindon Police Court, Nov.l6th, the magistrates decided a case-several times adjourned-in which Mr.J. J. Cleverley,grocer, of Prospect Place, Swindon, was charged with selling Supt. North a tin of coffee adulterated to the extent of 80 per cent with chicory. Mr. J. C. Townsend appeared for the defendant. Superintendent North proved going to the defendant’s shop and asking for a quarter of a pound of tinned coffee, which he said he wanted for analysis. The defendant gave him % tin of Cassell’s coffee, pointing out that it was labelled ‘‘ Coffee mixed with chicory.” Witness told hirn that he did uot think that would gave hirn, and that he should send it to the Public Analyst to have it analysed. The defendant said he had no fear of that, and stated that he did not care to keep a sample. He initialed the label on the tin, which the witness produced.Witness forwarded the tin the same day to W. F. Donkin, St. George’s Hospital, London, for analysis; and on September 27th he received a, certificate of analysis stating that the tin contained coffee 20 per cent., chicory 80 per cent, On that certificate he took these proceedings. I n cross-examination, the witness said he had no particular instructions to go to the defendant’s shop. He dealt with him, and believed him to be a respectable tradesman. Other tradesmen sold similar coffee before this but not now. He paid at the rate of 1s. 8d. pex lb, for the coffee ; the price of best coffee was 2s. per lb. A portion of the coffee obtained from MY. Cleverley had been sent to the analyst of the Inland Revenue. Mr. W.Foote (magistrate’s clerk) proved sending a sample of coffee handed to him by Superintendant North to the authorities of the Inhad Revenue, and requested them to make an analysis. A certificate had been received from the commissioners to the effect that it contained 45 per cent. of chicory, leaving 55 of coffee. This certificate was signed by three officials of the Inland Revenue Laboratory. I t was mentioned that a second analysis had been received from Mr. Donkin, who now said that the exact proportions were 38 per cent. of coffee and 62 of chicory. Mr. Townsend stated that the manufacturer had informed him that the mixture really consisted of 60 per cent. of the finest coffee and 40 per cent. of the finest chicory, which, they contended, was a porfectly fair proportion, taking into consideration the fine qualities of both the coffee and ohicory they used and the expense of putting it up in such small tins.Mr. Townsend said that Mr. Cleverley thought his character was affected, and had a sample of the mixture analysed by Mr, Redwood, of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and Public Analyst of Middlesex, and considered to be the first analyst in England ; and he certified that it contained thirty-eight parts of chicory in one hundred. Mr. Townsend said he did not rely upon the certificate, but it showed how analysts differed. Before they went into the case, was it necessary to decide upon Superintendent North’s evidence if there was any case against Mr. Cleverley ? In order to convict Mr. Cleverley they would have to rule that there was no protection in the label, The judges held that if before sale the vendor called the attention of the purchaser that it was an admixture, he wag not called upon to tell the purchaser the proportion of the ingredients, and that was suffioient protection. Superintendent North’s attention having been called to the fact that it mas an admixture, he thought there was no case against Mr, Cleverley, Before they could convict it would be necessary to show that the adulteration was so great that it would be fraudulent for the price charged ; for, as Mr.Justice Lush had said, he did not see that it was fraudulent, seeing that the purchaser knew it was there. Mr. Townsend quoted several cases that had been decided by the judges, and said if those cases were binding, the magistrates would have no alternative.In answer to inquiries by the magistrates, Superintendent North said that he first stated that hs required the coffee for analysis, and that Mr. Cleverley, if he refused him a sample, mould be liable to a forfeit of $10. Mr. Townsend proceeded to read extracts from the law reports, showing that there was no offence if the chicory was not in such quantity as to fraudulently increase the bulk. The shopkeeper, if he knew the relative ingredients, might be as lia’ble as the manufacturers. But he should prove thatt My.. Cleverley did not know what were the relative ingredients, and he did no suppose either of the magistrates would say he did. The defendant was then called and examined.228 THE ANALYST. Re said he sold coffee at 2s. per lb., and that mixture at 1s. 8d. per lb, No person in the trade aodd sell the finest coffee at the price he sold that mixture. Had sold the mixture lrom twelve to twenty years, and his customers had it in preference to any he sold. They asked for that particular coffee. He paid 1s. 4d. per lb. to the wholesale manufacturers for the mixture ; almost every grocer sold the same sort of coffee. The Bench retired to consult, and after an absence of nearly an hour they convicted the defendant in $2. Mr. Townsend asked if the justices had found that there was any fraudulent intention on the part of the defendant. He asked the Bench to state a case. The magistrates unanimously decided to do so.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700226

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC