摘要:

NOTE8 OF SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE ACTION O F ORGANIC MATTER ON SILVEE SALTS. BY HENRY LEFPMANN, M.D., Microscopist to the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture. Reud before the Society of Public Annlysts, 09% 15th February, 1882. THE action of organic matter upon silver salta is well known, but I am not aware of any attempts to utilize this method for the examination of water. The following experiments34 THE ANALYST. ware undertaken as a sort of preliminary investigation. The subject of water analysis is so important, and so much remains to be done, that every observation of the kind must have some value. If we add a aalt of silver to ordinary water, the precipitated czhloride interferes with the test, and to prevent thia, I used a solution containing marked excess of ammonia.In the foIlowing experiments, the proportion used was 2 C.G. of arnmonio-nitrate of silver to 100 C.C. of the water. The silver solution contained only a few grains to the ounoe. When not otherwise mentioned, the water was exposed to the sunlight for two hours. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Distilled water . . . . . . . . . . . . Schuylkill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto .. with 0.1 C.G. urine . . . . . . Ditto .. with 0.5 C.C. urine . . . . . . Ditto ,, with 0.02 C.C. urine . . . . . . Ditto ,, with 4 grs. raw sugar . . . . Ditto ,, with 2 grs. stale mash . . . . Well water, not perfectly pure, but not unfit to drink Ditto .. markedly contaminated . . . . Water from a small stream, quite pure . . . . . . No colour. . . Brown colow. .. Deep brown. .. Red brown. . . No oolour. . . Yellowish. . , Faint black. . . No colour. .. 7 9 . Black precipitate almost immedi8teIy. Waters containing small amounts of milk, glucose and albumin gave no distinct effects. Solution of glue produced a faint brown. All the experiments tended to show that the test was very sensitive to the presence of urine. Some experiments were made with highly dilute solutions of the common active principles. Picrotoxin gave light yellow. Caffeine gave light yellow. Quinidine sulphate gave faint brown. Morphia gave immediate precipitate. Quinidis, strychnia and cinchonidia gave no result. I hope to present before long the results of some further study of the matter.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN882070033b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

34 THE ANALYST. SAMPLES OF MILK WHICH HAVE FALLEN BELOW THE SO CIE TY 'S LIMIT, BY WILLIAM JOHNSTONE, F.I.C., F.C.S., Public Analyst for the Borough of King's Lynn. Read before ths Society of Public Analysts on 15th F~bruary, 1882. THERE has been much written upon milk analysis, and the results obtained vary so muoh that I think I am warranted in making a few observations upon the result I have personally obtained ag a Publio Analyst, as they differ materially from the limit adopted by the Sooiety of Public Analysts; therefore, I think it will not be out of place to lay a few of the results so obtained before the Society. The process I adopt for the extraction of the fat is described in the Chemical News, Vol. XLIII. No. 1,121, and differs in no essential point, except that I have diacontinued the use of the stoppered extraction tube, and adopted that invented by Professor Soxhlet.The total solids I determine in tt separate 10 grm. of the milk evaporated to dryness in the water-bath, and then heated to a temperature of llOo C. in the air-bath until the weight is constrtnt. The following analyses are the results obtained from four samples of milk which were taken by the inspector on 29th July, 1881. The figures represent the average of duplicate analyses :- Total solids . . . . . . . . 12.850 13.169 12,325 13.035 Fat .. .. .. ,. 3.182 4.716 3-995 4.250 Ash . . . . . . . . . . 0.734 0.633 0.670 0.770 SP. gr. .. . . . . . . 1030.0 1029.0 1029.4 1033*8 Solids not fad' .. . . .. 8.668 8.453 8-330 8777TEE ANALYST, 86 I was unable at the time to make arrangements to see the cows milked, but from careful enquiries made, I hsvo every reason to believe the above milks were genuine, and the milk of several cows.However, to give the benefit of the doubt to the limit adopted by the Society, I shall now quote the actual figures of duplicate analyses of two samples taken by the inspector on the 8th Deoember, 1881 :- 1 2 /-J--. Average. Average. Tots1 solids . . 12.30 12.29 12.29 i 2 m 12-43 12.45 Fat ,. .. 4-02 3.93 3.97 3.94 4-12 4.03 Solids not f;; . . 828 8-16 8'32 8.49 8.36 8.42 Ash . . . . . . 0770 0.73 0.75 0.686 0.713 0.74 Sp. gr. . . . . 10306 1030.6 ioa9.7 1029.7 After considerable hestitation I determined to report the above samples adulterated, so as to be able to ask the magistrate to grant an order to see the cows milked if the defendants pleaded not guilty.Happily the summonses were not issued as the vendors both consented to allow the cows to be milked in the presence of an officer, and also gave the following details a8 regards the feeding of the cows and the number that supplied the milk. No. 1 was the milk of four cows : they received ordinary feeding along with a con- aiderable quantity of mangolds, No. 9, was the milk of 10 cows fed on grains, malt combs, turnips, mangolds, cake, and long hay. On the 31at Ihcember, 1881, an officer was sent to No. 1 dairy, saw the cows milked, and the milk emptied into a large veasel; he then took a sample, and the following are the results of duplicate analyses :- Average. Total solids . . . . .. . . . . . . 13465 13.920 13.89 Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.529 5.511 5.52 8.336 8.409 8.37 * * 1' "8.320 8.410 8.36 . . . . . . . . Solids not fat Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0780 0.786 0.78 Sp. gr. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029.2 1029.2 * Solida not fat found upon drying residue in platinum boat. The above sample of milk wag taken after the milk of five cows had been mixed. On the 80th January I personally called at the dairy and asked the proprietor if he would allow me to witness hi8 cows milked, and a1so to allow me to take a sample of each cow's milk ; he readily consented, and the following are the average results of duplicate analperr of each milk :- 1 a 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mixed milk. Total solids 13.547 11.960 11*85l 12.866 12*884 11.891 14268 12.526 Fat 5.495 3.728 3.653 4.265 4.565 2.745 4.541 4-299 8olids not'f'at 8.052 8.232 8.198 8.591 8.319 9.146 9.727 8.227 Ash ..0.647 0,726 0.708 0.799 0731 0765 0.746 0.762 Sp. gr. .. 1027'8 1029*1 1029. 1029.9 1029.9 1031-4 1033.8 10307 I was also furnished with the following details :- Cow No. l.--Calved in last week of November, or 6rst week of December. Cow No. 2.-Calved a week after No. 1, about 5th Decernher. Cow No. 3.-Calved a week after Chriatmas ; its first calf ; and itself a calf Cow No. 4.-Cdved last August. Cow No, 6.-Ditto. Cow No. 6.--Calved the week before Christmas. Cow No, 7.--Calved 28rd January, 1884. Pedigree breed. of No. 1.36 THE ANALYST. For a fortnight previous to the 30th January the cows have all been fed on turnips, grains, and long hay.Cows Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 5 compose milk taken on 8th December, 1881 ; then fed on mangolds, grains and hay. Cows No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 compose milk taken on 31st December, 1881. Cows Nos. 1 to 7 compose milk taken on 30th January, 1882. On the 31st December, 1881, an officer was also sent to dairy No. 2, Haw the eowg milked, the milk emptied into one large vessel, took a sample, and the following m e the results obtained :- Average. Total solids . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.505 12.453 12.479 Eat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.955 3.974 3.964 Solids not fat ' ' {%a570 8.476 8.520 8.650 8.479 8.514 . . . . . . . . . . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.706 0.710 0.708 Sp. gr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10295 1029.5 * Solids not fat obtained upon drying residue in platinum boat.On the 2nd February I personally called at dairy No. 2, explained my object, made the same request as to aamples, saw the cows milked, the milk emptied into a large wooden vessel, took a sample, and the following are the averages of duplicate analyses : - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total solids . , 11-398 11,408 14.1 22 12.472 13.764 12,288 Fat . . . . 2.773 2,973 4.784 2.966 5.174 3.699 Ash . . . . ,792 a769 *866 -774 -761 -792 Sp. gr. . . . . 1028.6 1029.2 1030.9 1029.4 10304 1033 4 7 S 9 10 11 12 Solids not fat . . 8.625 8.435 9.348 9.508 8.590 8.589 Mixed milk. Total solids , . 14,059 12.288 13.646 12,910 12,330 12.789 Fat . . . . 4.457 3.083 4.607 3.866 3.515 3.574 Solids not fat . . 9.632 9.205 9.039 9.044 8,815 9.215 Ash . . . . -803 -742 -852 -716 920 -766 Sp.gr. . . . . 103219 1033.1 1032.0 1030 8 1030.8 1031-5 The results of analysis of the milks of these 18 cows, which are genuine beyond doubt, the solids not fat in 10 instances fell considerably below the standard adopted by the Society. They are certainly the milk of individual cows, but that cannot be said in regard to the mixed sample from dairy No. I, where out of seven cows only two came up to the standard. Also as regards the mixed sample from dairy No. 2, containing the milk of eleven cows, five of which fell below the Society's standard of solids not fat, and two below 11.5 per cent. of total solids. The foregoing analyses illustrate what has frequently been pointed out before by several members of the Society-namely , the variability of the composition of milk.That individual cows are occasionally met with (and I have met with them in this case) whose milk give startling results I admit, but it should be borne in mind that the samples collected on the 31st December are not the milk of two individual cows poorly fed, but that of five and ten respectively, and that the poorness in solids not fat cannot be attributed to bad feeding. In judging a milk upon the analytical results as to whether it has been tampered with or not, the proportion of fat in conjunction with the other constituents should be carefully considered before giving a definite opinion as to the genuineness of the sample. In cases such as the above, I think the analyst is justified in reporting the sample adulterated ; as the alternative is always left, that, if the vendor refuses to allow the cows to be milked before trial, or pleads not gvilty, the analyst can apply to the magistrate to grant an order to see the cows milkad.If such a plan were more generally adopted in suspicious cases, the truth would soon be arrived at. However, until the legislature fix a standard of fat, and Bolide not fat, milk proseoutions in doubtful casea will be far from satisfactory.THE ANALYST. 37 The President said that so far from being surprised at Mr. Johnstone’s finding some milks which fell below the Society’s standard, he wondered that Mr. Johnstone ever found any which came up to it. If he kept his samples at llOQ C. till they ceased to lose weight, the greater part of the milk sugar must be decomposed. The Society’s standard is for milks dried at 212O F.From the amount of fat the sp. gr. and the ash, Mr. Johnstone’s samples appeared to be good milks, and had they been dried, as is usual, at 212O F., he believed very different results would have been obtained. He, the President, should strongly object to the paper being published with its present heading of 6 L Samples of Milk which have Fallen Below the Society’s Limit,” because they had not been examined according to the Society’s method. At 100°C. milk sugar loses part of its water, the loss amounting to about 5 per cent. if one molecule of water was driven off. He would certainly expect to find the solids not fat from three to four-tenths of a percentage too low if the milk was dried to constant weight. Milk sugar changed in several phyaical respects, such as specific rotatory power, on beiag heated for some length of time, as had recently been shown by Mr. Schmoeger (BerZ.Ber. 1881). A very striking point in Mr. Johnstone’s analyses was the aon-agreement between the specific gravity and the total solids or solids not fat; in every case the specific gravity was that of genuine milk, and he held that it wa8 quite impossible to find low solids not fat and normal specific gravity. This discrepancy ran through the whole of the analyses. In addition to this the amount of ash was normal in all cases but one, whilst one would have expected with the fall of the solids not fat a corresponding fall of the ash. The specific gravity and the rash utterly contradicted the results of the solids not fat.Dr. Muter strongly confirmed the President’s remarks as regarded milk sugar. Sometime ago, when he wag elaborating his process for the estimation of cane sugar in milk, he had oocasion to make many experiments on milk sugar, and he knew very we11 that even at 1000 C. it began to lose appreciably. That was what always caused the slight difference rand rendered it impossible to get an accurate edimation of both sugars in milk within one per cent. or so. If the milk sugar were dried above looQ C., then the decomposition was still more pronounced. Another point Wac3 as to the time which had elapsed between the taking of the samples and the analysis. In perfectly fresh milk from the cow one might perhaps venture to dry more boldly; but, if it had stood a little and developed the alightest aoidity, then high temperature drying would be still more dangerous.Referring to the title of the paper, Dr. Muter said it was not what it should be, because they could not consider the Society’s standard applicable to any milk analysis unlerJs it had been made exactlyin the way the Society intended, namely, by drying a small quantity as rapidly as possible st 2120 F., extracting the dry residue with ether or light petroleum, and then rapidly drying the ‘6 solids not fat ” remaining also at 212* F. Referring to the possible loss of solids not fat by keeping, Dr. Muter said that, now many years ago, he had made a large number of experiments to find if any rule could be laid down as to the rate of deoomposition, but it was impossible to ever come near the truth, as no two milks behaved alike even when kept under eimilar conditions ; and although he then laid down a sort of fair average, which had since been practioally adopted at Somerset Howe as the result of their trials which agree apparently with his, yet it W ~ E I really a most illusory matter, frequently leading to great Mr.Hehner said he wished to echo what had fallen from the President.38 THE ANALYST. injustice to the analyst who worked on the fresh sample. A curious fact, however, was that in some milks the first step of loss was more sudden than what occurred afterwards ; so that, in any experiments tending to either establish or invalidate a standard, the milk should be taken as fresh as possible to get reliable results.In conclusion Dr. Muter said that no experienced analyst ever adopted a hard and fast standard of condemnation, but took every point into consideration, and many milks passed through his hands where the solids not fat fell a trifle under 9 per cent., but were not yet condemned because the fat wag exceptionally high, as in the cases q-uoted to-night, or for some other reason which might occur to his mind, on studying the constitution of the article as shown by the figures obtained. Given, however, everything else concordant, then 9 per cent. was a fair and just standard of calculation, and ought not to be lowered on account of exceptional cases like the present. Dr. Bartlett said it appeared to him that Mr. Johnstone had not been operating in the game way to which they had been accustomed. The results given wore no doubt those which had been obtained, but from a certain amount of experience gained from some years in analping large quantities of samples, he (Dr.Bartlett) had not found any such results accompanying the process bp which they had been accustomed to derive their results. He had also noticed the discrepancy between the sp. gr. and the other results referred to by previous speakem. I n one case the fat is supposed to repreEent 4.54, and the solids not fat 9.73. Taking the column to the left of that, the fat was represented by 2-75, which was very considerably lower, and the solids not fat 9.15, and ako the ash had a little increased, but the sp. gr. of the one was 1031.9, and of the other 1033.8.If they took the 2.75 and 9-15 and added them to the water, they would get at the theoretical sp. gr. which was as easily worked out as the original gravity of beers. If Mr. Johnstone did that and compared it with the other he would find it actually impossible to get these dis- crepancies in the sp. gr. He would like to ask Mr. Johnstone if he had determined the total solids by themselves at llOQ C. ? Having extracted the fat, had he determined the solids not fat at that temperature, and then had he determined the total solids at the temperature which is 100° C. or 212O F., and if so, were those results in accordance with the previous ones, particularly when the total results were compared ? A most important feature in his (the speaker’s) experience was that there might be a double error-one correcting the other.He had found the oxidation of the fat had increased the weight when such a temperature as that mentioned was used, and the aame high temperature would have decreased the solids not fat by the loss of the constituent water of the milk sugar. The opinions he had expressed were based upon analyses made on it large number of samples of milk, which were so nearly constituted in their results-not of each cow, but of large and small dairies supplying a condensed milk company-that they were able to put their fingers upon any dairy where any admixture of water had taken place, and were frequently told that the difficulty arose from the peculiar breed of the cow, or the time of breeding, or the time of day when the milking took place; and whenever they did find anything thtLt could be depended on, it was that the cows were diseased, or were unfit for milking, if the results of the analyses did not come well within the standards since adopted by the Society of Public Analysts.Mr. Wigner pointed out that the fat was in every case too high, and the solids not fat too low ; had these samples been put in his hands he should have aaaerted that the fat hadTHE ANALY8T. 89 been extracted by ether containing dcohol, and aome of the milk sugar taken away. He also concurred in what had been said about drying at 11O*C. as such a deviation from the Society's method that he did not think the analyses could be at all compared. Mr. Johnstone, in reply, said that the analyses were all commenced within two hours after the cows had been milked.The total residues were all dried at 100° C. and weighed. He invariably found throughout the whole analysis that if dried at 100° C. and then at l l O Q C. the decrease never exceeded 0.2 per cent., and in proof of that he gave the results obtained in the different weighing8 in the duplicate analyses made of the two samples of milk taken on 31at December, 1881 :-- Do. 4 ,1 GizrYza -- Dried at looo C. for 39 houra . . . . 14.135 14.248 .. .. 14.045 14.238 12.786 12,750 DO. 5 1 , . . .. 13.974 14.050 12.716 13.666 Do. 6 11 .. .. 13.905 14.000 12.650 12 630 Dried at 110' C. for 2 ,, . . .. 13.900 13,983 12.610 12.546 DO. 3 1* .. .. 13.885 13.950 12,530 12.490 Do. 4 'I .. .. 13.865 13,920 ia.505 12.453 I t took from four to six hours to dry the totd solida, and the following are the results so obtained from the samples collected on 30th January when dried at looo c1. for six hours :- I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 13.647 12.086 11.9'72 13.030 12,992 12,070 14.518 12,620 He used the best methglated ether he could obtain for the extraction, having been previously rectified before use. The platinum boats OF elongated basins were bodily inserted into a large test tube, with perforated bottom previously plugged with cotton (so as to act the part of a filter), the whole inserted into Soxhlet's fat extraction apparatus also containing cotton, and the extraction completed in this way ; the ether was twice filtered through cotton before returning to the weighed flask. He determined the total solids, then took another part evaporated to drynew, extracted the fat and weighed. He found that by weighing the fat, then the solids not fat, and adding them together, the total so obtained aometimerr exceeded the totd solids found, but in no instance to a greater extent than 0.25 per cent., the increase in weight being probably due to an oxidation of the fat, as he some- timera found a decided gain in weight upon prolonged drying of the fat.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700034

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALY8T. 89 CHINESE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING VERMILION. BY HUGH MAU CALLUM. THERE we three vermilion works in Hong Kong, the method of manufacture being exactly the same in each. The Iargest works consume about six thousand bottles of mercury annually, and it was in this one that the following operations were witnessed :- First Xtep,-A large, very thin iron pan, containing a weighed quantity, about 14 poundg, of sulphur, is placed over a slow fire, and two-thirds of a bottle of mercury added ; as soon as the sulphur begins to m e l t the mixture is vigorously stirred with an iron stirrer until it asmme8 a black palverulent appearance with some melted sulphur floating on the surface ; it is then removed from the fire and the remainder of the bottle of mercury added, the whole well stirred.A little water is now poured over the mass, which rapidly cools it ; the pan is immediately emptied, when it is again ready for the next batch. The whole operation does not last more than ten minutea. The resulting black powder is not a definite sulphide, as uncombined mercury can be seen throughout the whole mass; besides, the quantity of sulphur used is much in excess of the amount required to form mercuric snlphide.40 THE ANALYST. Xecond Step.-The black powder obtained in the first step is placed in a semi- hemispherical iron pan, bnilt in with brick, and having a fireplace beneath, covered over with broken pieces of porcelain. These are built up in a loose porous manner, 60 a8 to fill another semi-bemippherical iron pan, which is then placed over the fixed one and securely luted with clay, a large stone being placed on the top of it to assiet in keeping it in ita place.The fire is then lighted and kept up for sixteen hours. The whole is then allowed to cool. When the top pan is removed the vermilion, together with the greater part of the broken porcelain, is attsghed to it in a coherent mass, which is easily separated nto its component parts. The surfaces of the vermilion which were attached to the Porcelain, have a brownish-red and polished appearance, the broken surfaces being some- what brighter and crjstalline. Third Step.-The sublimed mass obtained in the second step is pounded in a mortar to a coarse powder, and then ground with water between two stones, somewhat after the manner of grinding corn. The resulting semi-fluid mass is transferred to large vats of water, and allowed to settle, the supernatant water removed, and the sediment dried at a gentle heat; when dry, it is again powdered, passed through a sieve and is then fit for the market.-Oil and Dryq Sewa.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700039

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

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40 THE ANALYST. THE ADULTERATION OF DRUGS I N AMERICA. [CONCLUDED. J Solution Citrnte JIagnesin.--Classen (Xezu Reniedies, October, 1881,) traces the reaaon why there is no precipitate in this solution, as made by a popular New York manufacturer, to the fact that it has no magnesia in it, but consists of sodium tartrate. Oraiige and Le~non (XZs.-It is reported that the cheapness of ess. oils orange, lemon and bergamot, made in Mepsina, Italy, is not so much d;le to the use of improved methods and apparatus as it is to a way they have of rectifying the French spirit of turpentine, and obtaining a fragrant non-oxidized product from it that admits of free admixture with the ess. oils without ready detection. Essential Oils Adulterated with Alcohol.-Drechsler (Zeitch. F., Anal.Chem.) employs a test-a solution of potassium bichromate, one part, in nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.30) ten parts. Bismuth Subnitmte.--T’itali (Bulktino Farm), reports meeting this contaminated with calcium phosphate as an adulterant. Coriander Ess. Oil- Rergmnot Ess. Oil.-Both are adulterated with colourless rectified oil orange, on account of lower cost of the latter, and may be detected by its insolubility in 95 per cent. alcohol. The pure oils dissolve in all proportions ; the mixed ones make a turbid mixture. Caraway Seed Od.-Is adulterated with ess. oil derived from caraway chaff, and this chaff oil is first mixed with rectified spirits of turpentine. This can be detected by the same test as foregoing. 8afron.-Grispo (Jour. Pltar. D’ Anvers, February, 1881), has analysed a factitious saffron, and found vegetable filaments of unknown origin, with water, glucose, and baryene.Kanoldt (Pharm. Z$,, No. 34) has examined a factitious saffron that consisted entirely of an alga, probably Fucus ntjrylnceus, which had been weighted with a coloured mixture of chalk and honey. Beeswax AduZtemtions.-Jean (Cltsm. Zeitung, No. 84), reoommends the following tests for wax :- For water-Knead the wax with well-dried copper sulphate, which will give a blue colour. For mineral and starchy matterg-Solve in turpentine ; these remain unsolved, Alcohol is betrayed by the odour given off of ethyl nitrate.THE ANALYST. 41 Sulphur-By igniting, when sulphurous acid gas is given off. IZesin gives to wax a terebinthinate odour, and makes it adhere to the teeth if chewed.Paraffin makes the wax brittle, and lowers its melting point. Ipecac. Pozudered.-Mrs. Stowell (Microscope, April, 1 SSl), reports upon microscopi- cal examination of this drug, and of finding potato starch in every specimen she examined, and two had cornmeal in them. Catec7~u.-Jossart (Jour. Phar. D’Anvers, Feb. lSSl>, has observed catechu which contained from 60 to 70 per cent. of ferrous carbonate. Vines and Liquors.-Leffmann (Medical Times, July 16th), restates his opinion that the adulterations used in falsifying and fabricating these artides are no more harmful than are the true articles, but lays stress upon the fact that they are commercial frauds, and so reprehensible. The chairman of your committee has always insisted that the adulterations of liquors were of little moment tis poisons, or as injurious, for reasons that the poison of the whole class lies in its alcohol, and not in its natural or artificially added flavour or odour.In its social aspects, the adulteration of liquors is offensive, for reasons that no sophisticated wine or liquor can or does have the flavour or bouquet of even the poorer naturally flavoured ones. In their relations to medicines, sophisticated and aduiterated wines and liquors, while commercial frauds, and to be so treated, sre not fatal as poisons except inasmuch as the alcohol they contain is so. What the public require and need, as he apprehends it, is that if they pay for natural wines and spirits, they want what they pay for, and that only. The Society of Public Analysts report that the percentage of adulteration of drugs ex- amined in 1880 was 16 per cent., against 28 per cent.in 1879. In most case the pharmacists were not the delinquents. Many of the instances were of paregoric destitute of opium, sold by small shopkeepers who were not pharmacists, and therefore, prohibited by the British Pharmacy Act from dealing in an article containing poison. A curious distinction -the shopkeeper may sell paregoric without opium, while the pharmacist must sell paregoric with opium. Sodium Bi-car2,nizate.-Rostcr (Arch. D., Pharm, July, ISSO), finds that this salt made by the Leblanc’s so-called American process, while it stood all the tests of the German Pharmacopaia, WBS found to contain nearly 4 per cent. of ammonium bi-carbonate.Asafetida.-Dr. J. Muter reports this drug adulterated by dropping properly formed pieces of magnesian lime stone into melted assfcctida. Ib possessed outwardly an excellent, appearance, but consisted of 79 per cent. of limestone. Lard is indicated by fatty odour and touch. ADULTERATION OF DRUGS IN ENGLAND. Pea Nut Oit-Is largely used for adulterating chocolate. Peru Balsam.-Fluckiger (Plznrm. Z&21ng9 1881) says that this balsam has, for many years, in Hamburg, been adulterated with rosin, benzoin, stymx, copstiba, and even castor oil, and mixtures of these substances. He bases his test upon, first, its specific gravity, which at 15 degrees cent, must be between 1.140 and 1.145 ; second, ten drops of balsam produce, with four-tenths gram of slaked lime, a mixture which remains soft and does not harden; and, third, when shaken with three times its weight of carbon bi-sulphide, the balsam is separated into dark-brown resin, which clings to the glass, and should be about one-third its weight ; and cinnamein which imparts but little eolour to the carbon bi- sulp hide.Corks.-Old, and once used, are collected and bleached with sulphurous acid and recut. Copaiba-Is reported to be adulterated with gurjun oil, but the writer thinks it im- &uPbracho.-Hitherto only the bark of the older and stronger trees have been imported, Potassium RTomide.--Maschke ( P karna. Z e i t . ) finds this contaminated with lead, which Commercial bromide ehould contain not less than 98 per cent. of pure bromide, the probable, for reasons of the high quoted price of the latter. while thrtt of the younger is better, containing % much higher percerttage of active matter.is detected by ammonium sulphide, but not by sulphuric acid. balance being chloride, sulphate or carbonate of potash, without any bromates or iodides.42 TEE ANALYST. COMMENT . Your reporter does not find recorded in the medical press of this year as many instances of adulterated drugs as one would be led to believe have become prominent and notorious. It is asserted that the American market is one crowded by imports of drugs of low grades, or at least grades lower than those authorized in the official and standard works on materia medica. The writer is not prepared to admit such assertions to be true, believing as he does that there is in this country a demand as well as abundant supply of crude foreign drugs of high grades, and that the intelligent purchaser can generally find his wants for such high grades easily and promptly met.London, which is the drug receiving as well as drug distributing centre of the world, has a well defined system of grading all drugs received from foreign ports, a system which probably has its analogue in this country in the grading of grain. So far as the writer can judge from his private experience and from published drug price lists, a13 well as those of importers and jobbers, no like system of grading obtains in this country, The manufacturer and large b q e r who is constantly in the market, if an expert, can control the relation between quality and price in his purchases, but to the moderate buyer, opium is simply opium, and whether it contains 5 per cent.or 16 per cent. of morphis, he is alike uninformed by its price or by any grade established before it is offered for sale. It seems to the writer important that every importation of drugs should be in some way graded, and its grade branded on each parcel in mch a way that the least expert when buying shall know by official seal just what he is paying for. It seems to thq writer as if it would be impossible to fix a legal standard for crude medicines, save one that shall be somewhat flexible and adjustable to the general average of good drugs, or one that shall establish certain grades based upon each drug having a fixed percentage of active matter.Many drugs are imported lower than the officisl standards, but which have a legitimate and proper value. For instance, cpium for medicinal use, as opium and its galenical preparations, should have a fixed morphiometrical strength, but that is no reason why opium of higher or very much lower morphio percentage should not be used by the manufacturing chemist for the manufacture of morphine, provided he finds the relation of its cost to its morphio yielding value profitable to him. While it is imperathe that the barks swallowed in subrrtance are used in making the official tinctures, should have ti fixed and high quinia-alkaloid standard, it does not follow but that lower grades may be legitimately and profitably uged by the manufacturers of the cinchona alkaloids, and it seems that there is a legitimate use for still lower grades of cinchona barks in replacing the simple tonics like gentian and colombo, for it must be conceded that the cinchona barks that contain, perhaps, nothing more than the cincho-tannates, must be better tonics than the simple bitters.What, therefore, the writer thinks ia greatly needed in this country in the primary markets and ports of entry for foreign drugs, is a rigid official system of grading drugg, which Elhall insure to the buyer expert knowledge of what he pays for, and not the arbitrary exclusion of all drugs which shall not conform to high official standards. I n the execution of the newly-passed Acts to prevent adulteration of food and medicbe, it is not unlikely that with the appointment thereader of an army of examiners, Again, take the cinchonas.THE ANALYST. 43 analysts, and other officials, spurred on by zeal to make their official acts show ample results, will overdo the matter oftentimes, as has been notabIy the result under similar recent legislation in Great Britain, and that many a poor grocer and still poorer pharmacist shall be made to feel the heavy arm of the law he has unwittingly and unintentionally violated.It must not be forgottec that in establishing these laws adapted to communitieg only of almost Utopian perfection, they have to apply in fact to a vast army of merchants in a country yet new and crude, whose preliminary drill and education in nowise compares to the standard implied and demanded from those these Iaws affect. One great reason why, heretofore, it has been so difficult to get favourable action from proposed pharmacy laws in the State Legislatures has been a distrust among legislators of this kind of clam legislation. It is also a common experience, that unless legislative enactments are in sccordanae with the needs of an overwhelming majority of the people, they simply enoumber the statute books and are never enforced. Public opinions, like revolutions of nature, are of slow growth and of steady movement, but like the progress of a glacier adown its eroded valley, are aB irresirhible as fate, and it would seem the wise course to mould publia opinion gradually to the groove it needs to follow in, rather than by any too radical haste defeat the purpose for which wise laws are framed.-Oil and Drug News.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700040

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 43 REVIEWS. Cmnmerciat Organic Analysis, Vol. 11. By ALFRED H. ALLEN, F.I.C., F.C.S. London : J. & A. Churchill. WE note with pleasure the completion of the second, and, as at present advised, the oonclnding volume of this excellent work, which not only fills a vacuum so often felt in the libraries of analysts, but also occupies the space in a thoroughly systematic manner. In the preface to the present edition, the author says : ‘‘ I have been reluctantly compelled to omit several important sections which it was my original intention to include,” and under essential oiIs, drugs, resins, &c., there are expressions to the effect that as these articles only specially interest a few druggists any scheme for their analysis is omitted, but the reader is referred to certain authorities which are duly named as treating on the subject. Mr.Allen was wise not to load his work with such special information, and to stick to the great commercial products which are conbinually passing through the hands of an analyd in general practice. The present volume, commencing with the hydrocarbone, takes us through oils and fats to sugar and allied bodies, and finally Rinds up with alkaloid8 and the aniline bases. Under the hydrocarbons we meet with carsful and excellent directions for fractional distillation now greatly simplified by the use of the bulb apparatus therein described, and an account of the separation and estimation of the various paraffins. We then meet with a very carefully written portion devoted to the constitution and analysis of coal tar distillates, especially the benzols and anthrsoene.The mysteries of 90 and 50/90 benzols are f d y elucidated, and the ‘‘ contract ” method of testing fully described. Very proper atress is RISO laid upon the great reduction in the value of a benzol which is caused by the presence of light hydrocarbons so oommon in the Scotch and Cannel produota, and due directions44 THE ANALYST. are given for their estimation. The best methods of examining commercial oil of mirbane and anthracene are also given-the latter in special detail. There is much original matter in this chapter. The section on oils and fats is very complete, and the analytical matter is brought down to the latest date. The enormous number of old empirical tests for the various oils are, to a great extent, passed over, and only those which have stood the test of use by modern observers are retained.The analysis of fatty oils for mineral oils by Mr. Allen’s own process, whereby shaking the soap solution with ether is adopted, instead of the more cumbrous extraction of the dry soap with petroleum spirit, and Koettstorfer’s most useful alkaline saturation method for aiding in the distinguishment of oils and fats, and Mtiter’s improved method for oleic determination, are all in their proper places. The systematic method for qualitative detection is Muter’s modification of Chateau’s scheme, which is all placed by the author in one table, an arrangement conducing to simplify its me. In such an extensive subject as fats, of course it is not to be expected that every point can come under the notice of one man, and therefore it is not astonishing perhaps, that, while the old adulteration of lard by water is discussed, and is stated to be the only ccmmon one, no mention being made of the far more frequently met with modern artificial (‘ lard-olein,” now so extensively used as an adulterant, although its existence is perhaps only known to a few specialists in fat analysis.It is evident that in writing this section of the work, the author has given much time to the actual practical proving of the processes employed, and this being so, it makes it the more remarkable that, in estimating water in lard, butter, palm-oil, and other kindred fats, he should adopt the old slow method of heating them in an air-bath till the moisture is expelled, instead of the more rapid and convenient one of placing the fat in a small tared porcelain dish, heating it over a low gas-flame, and stirring with R thermometer till the frothing ceases.Under the head o€ soap, the author gives the fullest directions, not forgetting the very essential modifications in the process necessary in dealing with Ceylon soap, or that made from palm-nut oil, both of which contain soluble acids. But here again an omission is made in our opinion by no notice being taken of the process for estimating rosin in soap, which depends on the formation of perfectly dry neutral sodium soap, and the percolation of the same with a mixture of ether and absolute alcohol in proper proportions, which ig 8 method always giving good results in our hands.The nest section of the work deals with sugar and allied bodies, and some excellent formuh are given for the analysis of the modern brawing glucose by the combined use of solution-density, Fehling’s solution, and the polariscope, whereby the respective amounts of glucose, maltose, and dextrin, are simply and readily obtained. Under the head of cellulose, the microscopic characters of the various commercial fibres are shortly discussed. In the final section of the book, we meet with the alkaloids, including a resume‘ of the be& methods for the assay of cinchona bark and opium, and excellent directions for the detection of the various poisonous alkaloids in toxocologicsl cases. Finally, we meet with aniline, and its derivatives, and have directions for the assay of aniline oils, and the identi- fication and assay of the more common dyes derived from them.This is, however, but shortly touched upon, and other dye stuffs are altogether omitted, the author stating in his preface that he considers this subject to have been so adequately treated in Calvert’s and other allied works, as not to require repetition in the present book.THE ANALYST. 45 In conclusion, we have simply to say that we sincerely recommend Mr. Allen’s work to our readers, as one evincing great care in compilation and more originality than is usually met with in books on analysis. In a word, no modern analyst’s library can be considered complete without a copy. A Manual of Sugar Analysis. By J. H. TUUKER, Ph,D.New York : D. Van Nostrand. London : Sampson, Low & Co. FROM America comes the first attempt to write a work in the English language entirely devoted to this interesting and commercially important subject, and we may at once admit that our American cousin has done his work thoroughly well. The book is divided into eighteen chapters of which the first four are devoted to the theoretical chemistry of the substanaes afterwards treated. The fifth chapter gives directions for taking the specific gravity of saccharine liquids by every known method ; while the sixth is specially interesting. In it we have a full account of the theory and practice of saccharimetry by the polariscope and illustrated descriptions of every known instrument, the author preferring evidently the ‘‘ shadow ” class, and especially favouring Dubosq’s and Laurent’s system, especially the latter, for which he claims the important advantage of its working with coloured solutions.Then follows a minute consideration of the various systems of decolorizing a solution before using the polariscope which is copiously illustrated by experiments, showing the possible error with each of the commonly used agents such as basic acetate of lead and animal charcoal. After a short chapter on the purely chemical methods of estimating sucrose, we arrive at the estimation of gIucose with Fehling. Here the author is again very minute, pointing out sources of possible error, and then follow in due order special chapters on the analysis of raw rugar, molames, cane juice, beet juice, waste products, commercial glucose, milk sugar, diabetic urine, and animal charcoal. We will not follow the author into the discussion on the method of reporting results and making allowances, and the relative merits of the French and other systems auffice it to say that we do not go altogether with him on some of these disputed points. Taken as a whole, however, the book is an excellent one, and supplies a most decided want on the part of a large number of analysts and sugar refiners, and we have no doubt of its success.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700043

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 45 SKIMMED MILK IN NEW YORK. A Test Case Decided in the Court of General Sessions, New Yo~k:- A case of more than usual interest to milk-dealers and consumers was brought to a conclusion in the General Sessions Court, New York, on January 11th. It was brought for the purpose of testing the power of the Board of Health to Frevent the sale of skimmed milk in this city. The defendant was Thomas R. Gray, a milk-dealer, doing business at No. 79, East Broadway. He was defended by Messrs. Spencer and Dunning, and counsel for the Board of Health conducted the prosecution. The evidence showed that on September 27th, J. W. Taintor, a member of the firm of Woodhull & Go., dairymen, at Monroe, N. Y., shipped to Gray 10 sealed cans of milk from which the cream had been skimmed.Afterthe milk reached the city a messenger was sent to the Board of Health with the information that Gray was selling skimmed milk. Gray, as alleged, advertised such milk for sale, and displayed a large placard in front of his store containing the same announcement. Dr. J. Blake White, an Inspector of the Health Board, promptly visited Gray’s store With a number of assistants and seized the milk, w&& they found on sale at 3 centg per quart, On Dee. ltith, Gray was indioted for Selling adulterated mi&,46 THE ANALYST. and held in 250 doIs. to await the result of a trial. The Board of Health based the prosecution of Gray on the ground that skimmed milk was not a wholesome article of human food, and that its sale was a violation of law.The defence, on the other hand, contended that such milk, unmixed with water or any other substance, was a wholesome article of food, and consequently did not come under the head of “ adulteration.” The ordinance prohibiting its sale they held to be unconstitutional. In support of their argument, the defence examined a number of experts, the most prominent of whom was Prof. R. Ogden Doremus, who testified that milk from which the cream had been removed, unadulterated by any other substance, was not unwholesome. Re admitted, however, that for infants or invalids who could take no other nourishment it mas probably not as wholesome as milk from which the cream had not been skimmed. In charging the jury Recorder Smyth said he should uphold the constitutionality of the law from which the Board of Health derived its authority.In view of the great importance of the case, he would require the jury to hand in a special verdict in writing, consisting of answers to four questions pro- pounded by the court. The jury then retired, and after a short deliberation announced that they had come to an agreement. The questions and answers comprising the special verdict were then read by Chief Clerk Sparks, and were as follows :- First.-Did the defendant, on the 27th day of September, 1881, at the County and City of New York, expose for sale at his store, No. 77, East Broadway, in this City and County, impure, adulterated, and unwholesome milk? The jury found, as matter of fact, that he did. Second-Did the defendant on that day keep, have, or offer for saIe milk which had been watered, adulterated, reduced, or changed in any respect by the addition of water or other substance, or by the removal of cream? The jury found that he did.Third.-Was the milk kept, had, or offered for sale by the defendant watered or adulterated, rednced or changed in any respect other than by the removal of the cream therefrom ? The jury found that it was not. Fo~th.--Is milk which has been reduced by the removal of the cream therefrom impure and unwholesome as an article of human food or injurious to health 7 The jury fonnd that it was both injurious and unwholesome. The Recorder post. poned judgment in order to give counsel for Gray an opportunity to argue for a new trial. The decision of the jury is looked upon as one of great importance, and it is a practical indorsement of the declara- tion of the Board of Health that the sale of skimmed milk is a, violation of law.-New York Times.With reference to the above case, we are informed that the considerations urged were that skim milk administered as whole milk to children and invalids is unwholesome, and on that ground such a decision was rendered. The U.S. local Boards of Health are empowered to pass certain ordinances which shall protect the public health, the violation of which by law constitutes a misdemeanour of a certain grade. The prosecution was brought under one of those ordinances prohibiting skim milk from being held for sale in New York city, and the law enacted by the N.Y. State legislature last summer, also practieally does the same thing, and one of the counts was under that law.The reason for such action is that milk supplied, for instance, in the morning to customers, might be in cans plahly marked ‘‘ skim milk ” without the actual purchaser really seeing them and knowing that he was being supplied with skim milk. Also the cans might be placed behind a counter, or as in the above case in ice tubs so that the mark on the cans of “ skim milk ” might be concealed from the purchaser. To permit the sale of skim milk from cans even when conspicuously marked as containing it seemed to open the door to too much possible fraud, and its sale therefore has been prohibited. I n this case they proposed to test the constitutionality of such action on the part of the Health Board and of the Legislature. The sample of milk in question contained the extraordinarily small amount of 0.079 per cent. of butter fat, and about 9.4 or a little over of solids not fat.--ED. ANALYST. The answers to the questions were subscribed to by every member of the jury. The Local Government Eoard have sent a letter to the Dorchester Town Council inquiring why during last year no samples were submitted to the Borough Analyst. At the meeting of the Council recently it was decided to reply that the reason wlta because there were no sampIes to submit.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700045

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANADYST . Feb . 1m2 . 34-0 24.0 64.0 36.0 29.0 29.0 36.0 31-0 33.0 26.0 32.0 26.0 244 20.0 24.0 100°O -. 42.0 39.0 180 2’9.0 29.0 22.0 37.0 27.0 80-0 23.0 47 ..--. Leeds .................. Leicester .......... , ..... Liverpool .............. Llandrindod .. , ........ Maidstone- Water Company ........ ,, Public Conduit . . Manohester .............. Newark ................ Newcastle-on-Tyne . , ...... Nortbampton ............ Norwich ................ Nottingham ............ Oldham ................ Pontefract .............. Portsmouth ..... , ...... Reading ................ Rochdale ................ Rotherham .............. Rugby , ................. Salford .................. Sevenoaks .............. Sheffield ... ............ Shrewsbury ....... , .... Southampton ............ Stourbridge ..............Plymouth ................ Stockport ................ Stourport ................ Sunderland .............. Swansea ................ Tunbridge Wells .......... Warwick ................ Whitehaven .............. Wolverhampton .......... Worcester ................ THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES OF ENGLAND . VALUATION. ACIUORDING~ TO (‘ WIQNER’B VALUATION SUALE. ” OF THE VARIOUS WATER SUPPLIES . ..... Eent .................. New River ............ I East London .......... Southwark and Vauxhall ............ ;z; West Middlesex ........ Lambeth .............. Chelsea .............. Bath .................... Birmingham ............ Bolton .................. Bradford ................ Brighton ................ Bristol .................. Bury .................... Cam bridge ..............Canterbury .............. Coventry ................ Crogdon ................ Darlmgton .............. Derby .................. Doncaster ................ Droitwich ................ Dublin .................. 2 Grand Junction ........ Dudley .................. Edmburgh .............. Exeter .................. Grantham .............. Guildford. ............... Bastings ................ Huddersfield ............ Hull .................... Huntingdon .............. Ipswich ................ Eing’s Lynn ............ Leamington ............ Averag for 18a . 29.5 24.7 33.2 34.3 33.0 30.3 35.7 34.0 12.0 34.6 22.7 48.3 23.9 25.1 29.5 25-3 16.0 32 5 23.1 54.2 17-6 36 0 39.0 18.5 45.0 25.9 20-2 32.9 26.2 24.3 22.7 27.7 96-6 26.5 - ranuar 1882 .36.5 35 0 40.0 44.0 40.0 41.0 40.0 48.0 36.0 27 0 27.0 25.0 36.0 23.0 15-0 24.0 57*0 16.0 21.0 20.0 31.0 29.0 . 03.0 - . Averagl !or 1881 . 32.8 33.1 363 13.0 30.5 26.3 25.7 38.4 43.6 39.5 36.6 45.6 23.6 28.7 17 1.0 27. 4 25.8 8.4 18.9 47.0 19 9 19.9 21.4 22-6 42.6 17-4 37’3 27-0 25.0 15.1 35.0 36*1 10.0 38.7 54.9 _I rannay iwa . - 48.0 31.0 27-0 30.0 30.0 41.0 32.0 35.0 25.0 31.0 8.0 46.0 15.0 44.0 16.0 27.0 7.0 . Feb . 188% 34-0 27.0 37.0 30.0 27.0 29.0 33.0 36.0 37.0 26.0 29.0 11.0 68.0 22.0 25.0 36.0 12.0 13.0 We give above a list of all the towns whose water supplies have been examined and reported upon during the last year. together with the average valuation of the impurities in each supply for the year . We also give the usual valuation of the month’s supplies. We are compelled to defer making any remarks on these valuations until our next number .. _ _ ~ . At a recent meeting of the Middlesex Magistrates, Mr . A . G . Crowder moved.--“ That the inspectors under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act. 1875, be instructed to make a practice of submitting for analysis. each quarter. samples of intoxicants of all kinds. also a larger number of samples of food and drugs than heretofore.” He said the Act had been in force about six years. and was intended to have a genertil application to all food and drugs ; but he had observed that in the matters referred for analysis. a large proportion were as to the purity of samples of milk. while no mention whatever was made of whisky or other intoxicants chiefly in use amongst the poorer classes. and he thought there ought not to be only an analysis of these intoxicants. but also of ale and porter .Sir W . H . Wyatt said as the analysis of each sample cost a, guinea. if there were an increased number it would entail a serious expense. and he thought this was a subject that should be referred to the Committee of Accounts and General Purposes Committee for consideration. and he moved an amendment to that effect . The Chairman put the motion. and the amendment was carried .SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. Analyses of English Public Water Sumlies in Febvuary, 1882. A11 results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. -_LI_- KentCo ....... New River East London .. Southwark & Vauxhall . . ] WeBt Middlesex Grand Junction Lambeth ,... Chelsea . . . . . . . . . . Feb. 23 3, 15 ,, 14 " 24 ,, 20 ,, I , 24 ,, 13 - 4 1 .0008 ,0021 ,0012 none ,0130 ,0057 ,0050 &0014 - I s $ e f F ( % ! S O 845 none none slight none none nonc none none none none none s. mossy none none - none 8. peaty none none none none none none none none earthy - zi z g !la $4 *0032 -0042 *ole3 -0040 *0044 -0058 -0050 ,0042 ~ ___ ~ OXYGEN, Absorbed in HARDNESS, Clark's Scsle, in degrees. Phosphoric Acid in Phouphstee. none trace h. trace trace trace trace trace trace trace none 120320 trace none traces none traces traces none trace trace trace trace trace trace trace trace Appearance in Two-foot Tube. - 5 mins a t 80° Fahr. - After lolling. c_ Before 3ohng. 23.6" 15.5" 15 0" 15.5" 14.0' 15 1' 16.0' 19 0' 8.9" 16 0" 3-40 17.9' 4-70 -16 6-6" 16*0° 5.0" 4*2O 2.9" 15 0" 15.5' 6 0' 18.0" 1.4" 22.00 16.5" - AJXALYSTS.Sample. drawn. 4 hour! at SOo Fahr. -012 ,025 -048 -074 -037 a 1 0 2 -065 sod6 -047 -022 -037 -041 a044 -012 -005 -009 -218 -030 -009 -028 -008 -044 *I96 -005 -266 -- _. - - c . yellow blue clear yellow blue p. yell. & deal greenish p. yellow tint p. yell. & clear c. p. green L_I-. Wigner & Harland. B. Dyer. Wigner & Harland. J. Muter. 0. Hehner. A. Wynter-Blyth. J. Muter. A. Duprh. 2-05 1.12 1.42 1.24 1-20 1.15 1.49 1-19 *83 -31 *53 014 -09 -24 -15 -19 4 3 *38 -04 -06 -04 *46 -33 4 9 none trace -15 -62 -17 *03 017 trace -32 -28 I_ *004 -009 *036 *039 ,021 -031 -033 -003 7.0" 4.5" 6.0" 4.50 3.0" 4-0' 4.50 5*0° 32.2 22.4 22.8 21.2 21.0 20.9 23.2 23.2 veg. debris satisfactory animal., veg.deb., fibres satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory c. yell. green yellow blue 8 . turbid p. brnsh. greei s. turbid c. pale blue c. pale blue brgt. coIourlesa c, yellow v. s. brown f. brnsh. yell07 c. p. blue f. grnsh. yell, c. blue c. p. blue s. rellotv 1-47 2-13 -42 -68 -88 1.40 1.47 1.12 -70 -72 -91 -10 1.09 4.50 1.96 -89 2.35 1-62 '0020 0011 *0024 -0002 4038 *0030 .0050 *0030 trace -0040 *0007 -0011 -0043 -0021 ,0015 -0015 ,0037 -0018 -024 -018 so20 a020 -024 *005 -004 moo9 -140 a096 0015 -009 -021 -001 -024 -056 so01 *182 7*1° 5.0" 3.4O 1.80 4.5" 5.50 3.6" 4 5" 4.50 4-0° 2.9" 4.70 6.7" 3.5" 7-5" *6O 3-9O 3.50 19.6 228 8.1 22.0 7.8 25.0 12-0 26-0 8.1, 5-2 7.0 23.0 23.8 22.1 38.6 4-2 32 8 24.6 ~~ none animal., veg. deb., fibres mineral and veg.debris sand and vcg. debris mineral and veg. debris satisfactory s. mineral satisf actosy satisfactory none none diatoms Satisfactory none satisfactory satisfdctory satipfactory reg. debris, diatoms, &c A. Hill. Wigner & Htbrland, W. H. Watson. F. W. Stoddart. W. H. Watson. J. West Knights. S . Harvey. C. Heisch. W. P. K. Stock. J. Falconer Eing. F. P. Perkins. A. Ashby. A. Arzgell. H. F. Cheshire. J. West Knights. C. A. Cameron. J. Napier. W. Johnstone. ,0014 -0040 *0035 -0098 a0020 -00150 -0060 ,0077 -0016 4004 -0014 -0042 -0028 *0070 *0045 moo45 -0056 Croydon . . . . . . ,, 21 Darlington .. .. ,, 17 Edinburgh . . . . ,, 9 Exeter . . . . . . ..I ,, 11 Grantham .. ../ ,, 13 Guildford .... ,, 10 Hastings ,. ._I ,, 20 Euntingdon . . .. 13SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.2 %gs :*: H u3m 2 ' I)eBCription of Smple. ANALYSTS . Microscopical Examiration of Depmt. Lesmington .. Leioester . . . . . . Liverpool . . . . Maids t one- Wtr. Cornpan? Public Conduit ManChester . . . . Newark . . . . . . Newcastle -on- T p e . . . . + . Norwich . . . . . . Nottingham . . Portsmouth .. Reading .. .... Rochdale . . . . Rugby . . . . , . . . Salford . . . . . . Shrewsbury .. Southampton.. Swansea . . . . . . Whitehaven .. } none none 8. mineral satisfactory satisfactory satisfactory veg. deb., sand, snl. fibres decomp. veg. deb. diatoms satisfactory satisfactory veg. deb., sand, diatoms none none satisfactory none veg. deb., diatoms Analyses of English Public Water Supplies in February, 1882. M. A. Adams. M. A. Adams.W. Thomson. A. Ashby. 5. Pattinson. W. G. Crook. Wigner & Harlan& W. J. Sykes. J. Shea. T. A. Collinge. A. P. Smith. J. Carter Bell. T. P. Blunt. A. Angell. W. Morgan. A. Kitcbin, AEl results are expressed in GRAINS PER GALLON. Appecbrance in Two-foot Tube. c. greenish v. s. yellow yellow green p. green s. turb. c. p. blue s. turb. f. yell. c. p. green f, yellow ?. grnsh. yellow o. p. blue v. s. turbid o. f. green greenish v. f. turbid c. yellow c. colourless grnsh. yellow clear 6. f . green none none 8 , peaty none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none - .B 4 'G 0 a = $22 38 1.54 1-55 1.02 2.93 2-71 -74 1.12 -91 1-75 1.56 1.26 1.95 *65 1.21 -60 1.45 .98 -90 -39 - Phosphoric Acid 111 Phosphates. -. none trace trace trace trace none trace trace trace none trace none none trace none trace h.traces trace none - .53 . n B $2 $2 p none 608 -04 '57 *72 none 005 *04 -04 1.24 *18 -12 -01 *30 none -33 *17 none 601 - 6 .- 1 00021 -0013 *0014 ,0030 *0019 *0010 trace .0007 trace -0007 -0038 *0105 ,0028 -0025 -0036 -0007 none - - - ,0028 4062 *0070 -0021 .0007 SO028 -0037 *0080 ,0044 00064 ,0042 *0049 -0040 ,0168 ~0035 -0060 -0086 -005 6 -0014 - OXYGEN, Absorbed in .5 mins. at 80° Fshr. none -027 -110 -018 w o o 3 -024 -015 *051 -036 -004 none *023 -001 do19 *017 none -011 ,003 -007 - :hours tt 800 Fahr. - none so9 1 -063 *024 ,018 ,092 -036 ,091 -047 -004 none ~085 -004 -100 -112 -004 -080 -004 ,022 HARDNESS, Clark's Scale, rn de 3efore oiling. 24-8" 8-70 4.8O 21.3" 200" 1.80 17.0' 16.4O 14.00 16.0" 13.4" 14.6' 4.0' 100" 3.0' 22.0' 12.6' 1.4O *4O ees.After olbg. 11.9" 5.50 3*7* 8.6' 7 . 7 O 1.6' 12.50 5.9" 3.7' 5.0" 2*0° 4.0' 2.8' 9.0" 2.5' 6.0" 5.0" 1.4' 4" I_ I +I d I I A. Bostock Hill. W, M. Emmerson. A. Smetham. satisfaotory 25.9 38.0 31.6 4-7 33.7 21.2 16-5 21.6 18-5 18.9 5.6 56.8 6.0 25-0 20.0 3.6 2.2 Abbreviations:-c., clear; f.,faint; h., heavy; p., pale; v. h., ~ e r y heavy; v. s., very slight.50 THE ANALYST, A UNIVERSAL PLUX FOR SILVER ASSAYS. George L. Stone, 1879, gives us a universal flux for the assay of basic silver ores. Its oomposition is as follows- Soda ... ... ... 9 parts. Argol ... ... ... 1 part. Mix thoroughly and keep on hand ready for use, For one third assay ton of ore, fill the crucible about two-thirds full of the flux, adding two or three iron nails when the ore con- tains much sulphur.-CoEumbia Collegs School of Mints Quarterh~.Borax Glass ... ... 8 ,, THE TESTING OF OIL OF BITTER Amoms.-This substance is frequently adulterated with artificial oil of bitter almonds (essenoe of mirbane or nitro-benzolj. This adulteration is best detected by the reaction by which it yields aniline under the influence of nascent hydrogen, which the genuine oil does not. The test is applied in the following manner : To an alcoholic solution of the oil some fragments of granulated zinc are added, and then about half its volume of strong hydrochloric acid, after which the solution is gently warmed, An energetic reaction ensues, which should be allowed to proceed for about fire minutes. The liquid which now contains, if nitro-benzol was present, chloride of aniline is poured off from any undissolved zinc and treated with an excess of strong solution of caustic potash until the precipitate at first formed is redissolved. The aniline thus set free is extracted from the liquid by agitation with ether, the ethereal layer is removed, placed in a test-tube with an equal bulk of water and a few drops of a cold solution of bleaching powder added, when a splendid mauve coloration will be produced, the intensity of which depends upon the amount of nitro-benzol, originally present in the sample under examination, Boyvean gives the following as the characters of the genuine oil : The specific gravity varies from 1.043 to 1-060, while some specimens of the spurious oils had a specific gravity of 1.019 to 1.030. The genuine oil, if mixed with an equal volume of aulphuric acid, turns red but remains limpid and clear, The spurious oil, on the other hand, turns dark red in color and then becomes brown, at the same time becoming dull and thick, and finally congealing to a brownish mass.-Sanitary Enginser of New York.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700047

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

50 THE ANALYST, ANALYSTS’ REPORTS. At a recent meeting of the Bristol Town Council, the report of Mr. F. W. Stoddart, Public Analyst, was presented. He stated that he had examined seventy-six samples, comprising zt considerable variety of articles, and had found eleven adulterated. Some of the results of analysis were as follows:-One sample of mustard was adulterated with 40 per cent. of starch, turmeric, &a. ; four sampIes of mustard were genuine ; four samples of coffee were genuine ; three samples of pepper were genuine ; three samples of arrowroot were genuine ; two samples of butter were genuine ; two samples of sugar were genuine ; one sample of castor oil was genuine. At the quarterly meeting of the Neath Town Council the Borough Ancllyst reported that during the quarter he had analysed a sample of coffee which was a mixture of 60 per cent.of coffee and 40 per cent. of C ~ ~ C O V ; a sample of mustard addterated with a mixture of 26 per oent. ; snd a sample of pepper which was genuine.THE ANALYST. 51 Dr. J. F. Hodges, Analyst for Belfaet, reports that daring the past quarter he examined forty-six articles of food, drink, and drugs, viz., thirty-five samples of sweetmilk, four of aerated water, one of restorative, two of sarsaparilla, one of ginger ale, two of kttli water, and one of cream of tartar, Of these seven sample8 were adulterated or impure, viz., five samples of milk to which water had been added, and two samples of aerated water containing metallic impurities, During the past twelve months 213 articles have been examined by him, as Analyst for the Borough, of which he found 52 samples to be adulterated or impure.Some of the samples of milk sold in Belfast were largely adulterated by the addition of water, and fines, amounting to 335 5s. 6d. were imposed by the magistrates.52 THE ANALYST. no brewer was able to keep his drinks at a standard of gravity while undergoing secondary fermentation, which was the case with all light porters for draught. This secondary fermentation might either leave the porter rich in alcohol or injured by acetic acid, and the formation of either abohol or acetic acid takes place at the expense of the saccharine or solids, and if the acetic acid had developed in this sample the solids would very much disappear. Dr. Cameron said the sample of porter was sound and free from acidity.T h s porter appeared to be made with a proportion of sugar, for the reason that it did not contain a fair amount of extract. Porter brewed with sugar would contain larger amount of alcohol and less of extractive matter than if made from genuine malt. The alcohol in the porter was largely the result of fermentation, and therefore the article was not genuine as people generally under- stood genuineness in this connection. Mr. Dempsey said Dr. Cameron had been analysing the highest sample of porters, and his certificate in favour of some brewers was largely used in advertising their manufacture. Ho did not think it necessary to employ Dr. Cameron to analyse his porter, and this probably explains why he was selected for :z test case. He said that the proportions of malt used in that brewing were 12 barrels of best malt to 2 cwt.of sugar, and it was customary in all porter breweries to use sugar at the discretion of the brewer. This was probably an exceptional case with him, as he seldom used sugar ; but a good beer could be brewed from the materials mentioned. Mr. M'Kane then addressed the Court, replying on the facts that there was no fixed standard defined in the Act of Parlia- ment, and that no 3dulteration had been practised, that the public taste, as evidenced by its sale, with competition, in Holywood, was proof in favour of its good quality. His Worship said that he did not know it was absolutely necessary to show that there had been adulteration in the old-fashioned gense of the term, which meant that some foreign substance mas added. It was a great difficulty in the way that there was no fixed standard ; and, under all the circumstances, he did not see any rea8on to alter the decision of the magistrates below. This case was different from one that could be regulated by a fixed standard. He would, therefore, only allow the ordinary costs of 10s. 6d., and leave the county to pay the rest.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8820700050

出版商:RSC    

年代:1882

数据来源: RSC