摘要:

1 T H E A N A L Y S T . JANUARY, 1881. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. THE ANNUAL MEETING of the Society will be held at Burlington House on Wednesday, the 19th inst. The customary circular, with particulars, will be sent to Nembers as usual. The Annual Dimer will take place the same evening. NOTE ON THE METHOD OF CALCULATING THE QUANTITY OF ADDED WATER IN DILUTED sPIwrs. By A. ASHBP, M.B., F.R.C.S. THE excellent alcohol tables compiled by Mr. Hehner, and by Dr. Stevenson, give us a ready way of calculating the exact quantity of water which must be added to spirit of any known strength in order to reduce it to any other, found or wished for, by using, in conjunction with them, the formula I am about to propose. The analyst can thus readily state the amount of water which has been added to spirit of the lowest strength allowed by the Sale of Food and Drugs’ Act Amendment Act in any adulterated sample which may come under his notice, whilst the spirit merchant can as easily calculate how much water he must mix with a spirit of any known strength in order to reduce it to any other he may desire.Let us presume that we have an adulterated sample of gin 45 under proof, and that we want to state how much water has been added to gin of the limited strength of 35 U.P. On referring to the tables it is seen that spirit of the latter strength contains 37.14 per cent. by volume of alcohol; consequently it has 62.86 per cent. of water by volume. Now let us add an unknown quantity of water to this spirit, which may be represented by X. The volume of tlhe diluted spirit will be 100 + X ; and the percentage of alcohol by volume in it will be-(100 + X) : 100 : : alcohol by vol.per cent. at 35 u.p. : alcohol by vol. per cent. in diluted spirit. The latter is the strength of the spirit found by analysis, which in gin 45 u.p. is 31 -4. Then- (100 + X) x alcohol by vol. per cent. found = alcohol by vol. per cent. at 35 u.p. X 100; Alcohol by vol. per cent. at 35 u.p. x 100. Alcohol by vol. per cent. found 37-14 x 100 31.4 and X = - 100; and in the example taken- X = - 100 = 18.28. So that in the adulterated sample 18.28 parts by measure of water have been added to 100 parts by measure of gin of the lowest strength allowed by law.2 THE ANALYST. In the case of brandy, whiskey, or rum, it will be necessary to use the following Alcohol by vol.per cent. nt 25 ~ p . x 100 formula- X = - 100, Alcohol by vol, per cent. found since 25 under proof is the limit of reduction assigned by the Act to those spirits. Similarly, by the use of the following formulz, and the alcohol tables already alluded to, the spirit merchant can ascertain how to reduce a spirit from any known strength to any other he may desire. Alcohol by vol. per cent. at present strength x 100 Alcohol by vol. per cent. at desired strength Thus :- x = - 100. Suppose, for example, that it is desired to reduce brandy from 1 0.p. to 12 u.p. ; then on referring to the tables, and using the above formulz, we shall have- 57.64 X 100 50.21 So that to 100 parts of brandy at 1 0.p. 14.79 parts of water must be added in order to reduce it to 12 u.p. By substituting the percentage of alcohol by weight for that by volume in the formulae, the relative proportions by weight of spirit cnd water can be ascertained if desired. 1 am not aware whether these formulae have been proposed before, but, at any rate, the use of them will demonstrate one of the numerous advantages to be derived from the com- plete alcohol tables by spirit merchants as well as by chemists. x = - 100 = 14.79.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

2 THE ANALYST. A NEW METHOD FOR THE EXAMINATION O F COFFEE. By F. M. RIMMINGTON, F.C.S., F.I.C. I THINK it will be generally admitted that the methods in use for estimating the degree of adulteration in coffee are far from satisfactory as regards definiteness and certainty, and that something more approaching to chemical accuracy is very desirable. Little has been done in this direction since the days of the Lancet Sanitary Commission. It may not be generally known to analysts that chicory, dandelion and, probably, some other substances that are used for mixing with coffce, are readily deprived of colour by a weak solution of chloride of lime (hypochlorite), and that this agent has very little action on coffee. When this method is adopted, a poytion of the coffee should be gently boiled a short time in water, with a little carbonate of soda, so as to remove a8 much extractive as possible ; sfter subsidence the liquor should be poured off, and the residuum washed with distilled water.When this has been done sufficiently, a weak solution of the hypochlorite is to be added, and allowed to remain, with occasional stirring, until decolouration has taken place, which will probably be in two or three hours. The coffee will then form a dark stratum at the bottom of the glass, and the chicory, a light, almost white Stratum, floating above it, and showing a clear und sharp line of separation. The chicory after this operation is in a fine condition for microscopical examination, and both the upper and lower strata of the deposit can be examined for other substances.Although the lower stratum may be dark coloured, and have the appearance of coffee, other substances may be present, and should be looked for. I have recently met with a substance that is entirely new to me as a coffee substitute that is not affected by this treatment.THE ANALYST. 3 NOTE ON BUTTERINE. BY ARTHUR ANQICLL, F.I.C., F.C.S. MANUFACTURERS have now succeeded in mixing foreign fats with butter. A large quantity of a compound called I ‘ Creamy Butterine ” has recently been placed upon the market. It is a palatable article, has all the appearance and odour of a butter, and is therefore very different from the (‘ butterines ” and “ oleomargarines ” hitherto produced. It yields 92 per cent. of insoluble fatty acids, and under the micro-polariscope shows well-defined stellate crystals, thereby proving that some part of the compound has been fused. I may here mention that genuine butters made from scalded cream are crystalline in structure.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600002

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

3 THE ANALYST. ADULTERATION I N AMERICA. The following is the Report of the Committee of Award in the recont Competition instituted by the American National Board of Trade :- NEW YORK, Oct. 27th) 1880. FREDERICK FRALEY, EsQ., President National Board of Trade. The Committee appointed by the National Board of Trade for the purpose of awarding prizes for the best Act or Acts, accompanied by an Essay, designed to prevent injurious adulteration; and to regulate the sale of food without imposing unnecessary burdens upon commerce, have the honour to report as follows : In accordance with the resolutions under which the Committee was constituted, we have carefully examined the papers submitted in this Competition, and from these have selected as the three most meritorious Essays, with the accompanying Acts, numbering them consecutively in the order of merit as follows : SIR, No.1. The Essay and Acts having the motto, “Bquo Animo.” No. 2. The Essay and Acts having the motto, ( ( Sic uters tuo ut alianum non Eaedas.” No. 3. The Essay and Acts having the motto, ( ( Ovsrconze EviZ with Good.” Upon opening the sealed envelopes, having corresponding mottoes, it is found that the No, 1. Motto (‘ Equn AT~~EZO,” G;. W. WIGNBR, F.C.S., London. No. 2. Motto ‘( Sic utere tuo ut alienzcnz non lasdas,” VERNON M. DAVIS, New Pork City, N.Y. No. 3. Mott’o “ Overcome Evil with Good,” WILLIAM H. NEWELL, M.D., Jersey City Hcights, New Jersey. In ttiliiiiim to these Essays, we reconmend the printing of the Essay having the motto c L Cardinal Ci-cjstan,” whose author is 0.W. WIUHT, M.D., Health Officer, Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; and the remarks submitted under the motto (‘ Worlc and Wait,” by ALBERT B. PRESCOTT, Ann Arbor, Michigan. authors of these Essays are a8 follows, viz. : In connection with this award, the following remarks are respectfully submitted : 1. In view of the statements which for the last two or three years have from time to time been made with regard to the prevalenoe in this country of adulteratiom of food which are dangerous to health and life, and which have created so much agitation in the public mind, as to induce the National Board of Trade to establish this competition, it is4 THE ANALYST. very gratifying to find that none of the essayists produce any definite or satisfactory evidence as to the widespread existence of such dangerous adulterations in this country.The absence of such evidence, in addition to the results recently obtained by several expert chemists in extensive series of analyses of the usual articles of food in this country, which results have been made known to the committee, fully warrants us in declaring that none of our staple articles of food or drink are so commonly adulterated as to be dangerous to health or life. Such dangerous adulterations appear to be mainly in the form of poisonous colours or colouring matters, as, for instance, in confectionery, and even these are rare. 2. The question of tho adulteration of food, with perhaps the exception of milk, should therefore be considered not so much from a sanitary standpoint as from that of commercial interests ; as being of the nature of a fraud, in aiding the sale of articles which are not what they are represented to be.The main objects of legislation upon this subject should be to prevent deception, to hrnish to the public authoritative information, and to nullify the operations of ignorant and sensational alarmists, who damage the business interests of the country quite as much as do the evils of which they complain. 3. We are of the opinion that there is much more danger to health and life in this country from adulterated drugs, than there is from adulterated food, and that any legislation which is to deal with the one should also deal with the other. 4. To indicate the legislation upon the adulteration of food and drugs, which will protect health and prevent fraud, and at the same time not impose unnecessary burdens upon trade is a matter of very great difficukj, as the result of this competition clearly shows, for we do not consider any of the Acts proposed to be satisfactory. In this matter it is much better at first to do too little thhn too much, and the first steps in such legislation should be tentative and educational in character.5. While it is highly desirable that the general principles of legislation on this subject should be the same in all States, we do not think it possible to secure by State laws absolute uniformity in the details in all parts of this country, and it would thcrefore be unwise to make the attempt. 6. We do not think that any law upon the adulteration of food and drugs can be made efficient without a proprly constituted health authority to supervise its execution. The questions involved are in a high degree technical, and require special training in those charged with administering the law.At the same time we think that the existence of such health authorities should be taken for granted in the Acts and that these should not attempt to create them. We believe that every State should have a Board of Health, but that such Boards should be created by independent legislation. 7. We think it unadvisable that the law should attempt to define in detail as to what an adulteration is. A very considerable amount of discretion should be left to the Board of Health in this respect, limiting it only in the direction of possible over-rigidity.Many well recognized articles of commerce, although harmless and even useful, may be said to be adulterated, and it should be left to the discretion of the Bpard to exempt any article from the penalties imposed in the Act. 8. Care should be taken not to make the penalties excessive. It should be remembered that mere exposure of fraudulent practices, if effectually and persistently made, is in itselfTHE ANALYST. 5 a penalty, and as a rule public opinion may be trusted to make such practices unprofitable if measures be taken to make this opinion a correct one, which we think should be the great object of the law proposed. Under no circumstances should fees or moieties to informers be allowed. 9. We think that both State and National laws upon this subject are desirable, The State law should deal with the subject in the individual State.The National law should deal with adulterated articles coming from foreign countries, or passing from one State into another, and also with adulterations in the Territories, the District of Columbia, and in all places under the special jurisdiction of the United States. I t is, of course, in the highest degree desirable that the St'ate and United States legislation on this subject should not be discordant. The educational feature should be even more prominent in the National than in the State law, while the punitive feature should, if anything, be less severe. As the State laws will vary somewhat in this last respect, it follows that the penalties in the United States law should be at a minimum.10. The Committee will endeavour to prepare and to place in the hands of the President of the National Board of Trade as soon as possible drafts of Acts, prepared in accordance with the general principles contained in this report. All of which is respectfully submitted. Committee of Award. (Signed) JOHN S. BILLINGS, C. WILLIAMSON, C. F. CHANDLER, A. H. HARDY, The Definition of an Adulterated Article, and the Principal Clauses of the Draft Act proposed in the Essay by Mr. WIGNER, are as follows :- A n Article shall be deemed to be Addterated u:ithin the meaning of this Act. A.-IN THE CASE OF DRUGS. 1. If, when sold under or by a name recognised in the U.S. Pharmacopceia, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity, laid down therein.2. If, when sold under or by a name not rccognised in the U.S. Pharmacopceia, but which is found in some other Phwmacopceia, or other standard work on Materia i71Pdica, it differs materially from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work. 3. If its strength, or purity, fall below the professed standard under whichit is sold, 1. If any substance, or any substances, has, or have been mixed with it, 60 as t o 2. If any inferior or cheaper substance, or substances, have been substituted wholly, 3. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted. 4. If it be an imitation of, or be sold under the name of another article. 5 . If it consist wholly or in part of a diseased, or decomposed, or putrid, or rotten animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not ; or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal. B.-IN TIIE CBXB OF FOOD OR DRINK.reduce, or lower, or injiiriously affect its qunlity, strength, purity, or true value. or in part, for the article.6 THE ANALYST. 6. If it be coloured, or coated, or polished, or powdered, whereby damage is concealed, 7. If it contain any added poisonous ingredient, or any ingredient which may render or it is made to appear better than it really is, or of greater value. such article injurious to the health of a person consuming it. L I M I T S . The following shall be deemed limits for the Yespective articles referred to :- Milk shall contain not less than 90 per cent. by weight of milk solids, not fat, and not Skim milk shall contain not less than 9.0 per cent.by weight of milk solids, not fat. Butter shall contain not less than 80.0 per cent. of butter fat. Tea shall not contain more than 8.0 per cent. of mineral matter, calculated on the tea dried at 1000 C., of which at least 3-0 per cent. shall be soluble in water, and the tea a5 sold shall yield at least 30.0 per cent. of extract. less than 2.5 per cent. of butter fat. Cocoa shall contain at least 20 per cent. of cocoa fat. Vinegar shall contain not less than 3.0 per cent. of acetic acid. It will be seen that in the case of drugs sold under names found in the U.S. Pharma- copoeia, this definition allows of no deviation, either by increase or decrease of strength, quality or purity. As to drugs not called official, it appears desirable to allow some slight variation, because different standard authorities do show slight discrepancies, and therefore, in that case, the words I have used are ‘( differs materially.” AS TO FOOD AND DRINK.The watering of milk is provided for by Nos. 1 or 2, the skimming of milk by No. 3, which also provides against the sale of partly exhausted coffee or tea. The sale of butterinc under the name of butter by No. 4. Milk from diseased cows, pickles made from rotten vegetables, or rancid or putrid butter are provided for by No. 5, and the refacing of tea or polishing of coffee and pepper, and the case of hams coioured externally with chromate of lead, &c., by No. 6 . The admixture of chicory with coffee, potato starch with arrowroot, damaged flour with sound flour, and other r h i l a r adulterations, are provided for by No.2, and the undue watering of spirits by No. 1 or No. 2 ; and bad spirits containing large quantities of fuse1 oil, or beer containing “ cocculus indicus,” or other injurious constituents by No. 7, which Jso provides for the presence of lead or poisonous metals in tinned goods. This definition is purposely drawn in the most stringent form, because all exceptions which should be made in order to prevent the Act from bunring with undue presaure upon honest tradesmen, or from hampering mttnufaoturers, are the better made in the Act itself, and not in the definition. The definition should meet every possible case of fraud or carelessness, and the Act must provide relief from it8 stringency wherever that relief is needed.Appended to the definition, it will be desirable to have the table of limits, which may, perhaps, at a future time be extended with advantage, showing the degree of richness or quality required in certain articles. This should be inserted as a separate schedule to the Act, and power should be given to the State Board of Health, as provided in the draft Act,THE ANALYST. 7 to add to, take from, or alter these limits from time to time as may be found desirable, due notice being given to the public of any such alteration. APPENDIX A. PROPOSED DRAFT OF A NATIONAL ACT, BY MR. WFGGNER. An Act to Prevent the Adulteration of Food and Drugs, 01’ the Sale of Adulterated Articles of Food OY Drugs.Whereas it is reported that adulterated or spurious articles of food and drugs are manufactured, imported or sold within the United States ; and also that damaged or diseased articlcs of food or drugs are manufactured, imported or sold; and whereas, in order to prevent injury to the public health, or fraud, injury, or prejudice or loss to the purchaser of such articles as those hereinbefore referred to, it is desirable to suppress such practices. Be it enacted : For the purpose of this Act the definition of n n adulterated nrticlc shall be that which is given in Schedule A of this Act, and wherever an adulterated article is herein referred to the phrase shall be interpreted in accordance with that definition. The term ‘‘ food ” shall include every article used for food or drink by man, except water.The term ‘( drug ” shall include all medicines for internal or external use. State Boards of Health shall be constituted, which shall consist of at least one analyst, one No inember of these boards shall, while acting The first members of such boards shall be appointed by the House of Representatives of each State, The members of this board shall be remunerated for their services at the rate of . . . . . . . . . . dollars. The first duty of each of these boards shall be to appoint a public analyst, or public analysts, andan inspector or inspectors, and to arrange for the payment of their remuneration. The remuneration of public analysts shall consist of an annual salary not exceeding . . . . . . . . dollars, and the sum of... . . . . . dollars per sample analyzed. When a public analyst is called to give evidence in any case, he shall receive, in addition, the sum of . . . . . . . .dollars per day and his travelling expenses. The public analyst shall be appointed for a term of not less than three years. The State board may, if they think desirable, provide and furnish a laboratory for him. The remuneration of the inspectors shall consist of a sum not exceeding . . . . . . . .dollars per annum, and the sum of.. . . . . . .dollars per day travelling expenses when actually travelling on his business. Every inspectoy so appointed may appoint a deputy to act for him when desirable, at a salary of . . . . . . . .dollars. Every public analyst so appointed shali be an analyst who has been in actual practice for two years, and who is skilled and has had practical experience in chemical and microscopical analysis. Every inspector to be so appointed shall be a man of clue experience and discretion, and the choice shall by preference be made from those who have already had experience in other sanitary work.I t shall be the duty of each inspector appointed under this ,4ct, from time to time, to procure samples of every article of food or drink or drugs exposed for sale, or on sale, in any street or shop, or store, or other place, or being delivered to consumers, and to submit these samples to the public analyst for analysis. In purchasing these samples the inspectors shall, as regards the class of goods purchased and the time of purchase, act under the direction of the public analyst, subject to any control by the State boards.The number of such samples shall not, in any district or township, be less than one per gmnum per thousand of the population. When an inspector has purchased any sample, he shall divide it into two portions, each of which Bhall be sealed with an official seal. Should the vendor request it, he shaq be at liberty to affix his own seal to each parcel. The inspector shall forthwith transmit one portion of the sample by mail, express, or otherwise to the public analyst, or shall personally deliver it to the public analyst, and shall retain the other sealed portion of the sample until he receives the certificate of the analysis thereof, or in case the sample prove to be an adulterated one, until the case has been heard and decided by the Court.It shall be competent for any purchaser of any article of food, drink, or drugs, who may suspect the m e to be adulterated, to submit the same to the public analyst for analysis, upon payment of a fee of three dollars per sample, but it shall be the duty of the purchasers in such case to sign a declaration stating where and of whom the sample was purchased, and the price paid for it, and the name under which it was sold. physician, one barrister, and one retired merchant. its such, be directly or indirectly engaged in the sale of food or drugs. and they shall be appointed for three years.8 THE ANALYST. I t shall be the duty of the analyst to analyze or examine all samples submitted to him by the inspectors or purchascrs as aforesaid, and to report upon them 5j-a, certificate, on a form siniilar to that given in the schedule to this Act.The ssid certificate shall be prima, facie cvidence in any Court, so that the attendance of the analyst may be dispensed with. It shall be the analyst's duty to state in this certifiate whether the article is adulterated or not adulterated, according to the meaning of this Act, and if it is so adulterated he shall state, as far as practicable, the nature aiicl percentage of that adulteration, and whether the same would render the article injurious to health, and whether the same is so small in quantity as to render it desirable not to prosecute for a first offciicc, together with any other obsen-a- tions he may think it desirable to make.From and after the passing of this Act no person shall, except as hereinafter provided in Section 11, sell or offer OF expose for sale, or deliver any adulterated article, either in the streets or iq any store or market or shop, or stall, or other place of business, or on a rouad from house to house, under a penalty for the first offence not exceeding 50 dollars, for the second offence a peiialty not exceeding 100 dollars, and for the third and subsequent offences a penalty not exceeding '250 dollars, and in addition to the latter penalty the Court shall, in the case of a third oiYence, order the publication of the name and address of the vendor, and of the fact of his having been twice or more frequently pre- viously convicted in the local or district papers at his own cost.But if the certificate of the public analyst shall state that the sample has been so adulterated as to be injurious to health, the court is hereby empowered to increase the penalty imposed to any sum not exceeding five times the amount of the maximum penalty laid down for first, second, and third offence. The fines and other payments shall be applied towards the expenses incurred under this Act. Notwithstanding the preceding sections of this Act, it shall be lawful to sell any admixtures of sub- stances or substitutes for substances, such as are already recognized as orclinsry food products, pro- viaeathat the same are not injurious to health, and that the vendor by himself or his servants makes a declaration of admixture to the purchaser at the time of, or prior to the delivery of the article, either by means of a label affixed to the sample stating distinctly thit the substance is a mixture, or by a verbal declaration that the article is sold as a mixture.The limits attached to the definitions, and forming Schedule B of this Act shall, in the first instance, be taken as the limits of strength or purity of the various articles therein enumerated, but it shall be competent for the State Board of Health from time to time to revise the figures therein con- tained, or to add other limits to them. Every person selling, or offering or exposing any article of food or drugs for sale, or delivering any article to purchasers, shall be bound to serve or supply any inspector appointed under this Act who shall apply to him for that purpose, and on his tendering the value of the same, with a sample sufficient for the purpose of analysis of any article which is included in this Act, and which is in the possession of the person selling, under a penalty not exceeding 50 dollars for 8 first offence, and 100 dollars for a second and subsequent offences.Each analyst shall submit a quarterly report to the State Board of Health, giving the results of all the analyses made by him during the preceding quarter, and these reports shall be published either quarterly or annually. The analysts appointed by the various States shall from time to time meet and decide upon the most suitable and efficient processes for the various analyses to be made. These processes shall be submitted to the State Board of Health, and after receiving their sanction they shall have the force of a Schedule to this Act, until again amended by the analysts so assembled, and the amendment confirmed by the State Board.No public analyst shall give a certifhate of the adulteration of any article of food or drugs, unless he has worked according to one of these processes. THE SECOND ESSAY, BY NR. V. M. DAVIS, Contains no Definition of Adulteration, but the Principal Clauses of the Proposed Act are as under :- SECTION I.-The term food and drink shall include every article used by man as food and drink, except drugs and water. SECTION II.-The term adulterated food and drink shall include any article of food and drink te which there has been added any foreign substance or .substances, whose presence is not acknowledged inTHE ANALYST.9 the name under which said articles of food and drink are sold, whereby loss to the purchaser, deception of the purchaser, or concealment from the purchaser of the true quality of the artiole results. SECTION ID.-No person shall manufacture, or have for sale, offer for sale, or sell within the State, any article of unwholesome, deleterious or adulterated food or drink, under a penalty of one hundred dollars for the fist offence and three hundred dollars and imprisonment for one month for each succeeding offence. SECTION 1V.-No person shall manufacture, or have for sale, offer for sale, or sell within the State, my article of food or drink which has been colored, stained, coated, faced, or otherwise treated in such a way as to conceal from the purchaser its real value or quality ; unless such staining, coloring, coating, facing, or other treatment is acknowledged in the name under which the said article of food or drink is sold;-under a penalty of one hundred dollars for the first offence, and three hundred dollars and imprisonment for one month for each succeeding offence.SECTION V.-Any person or persons who shall color or stain, or cause to be colored or stained, any article of confectionery with chrome yellow or chromate of lead, Prussian blue, arsenite of copper, red oxide of lead, or other deleterious or injurious substances ; and any person or persons who shall have for sJe, offer for sale, or sell within the State, any article of confectionery so colored or stained, shall be fined two hundred dollars for the first offence, and four hundred dollars and imprisonment for two months for the second and eaoh succeeding offence ; except it shall be that those articles of confectionery, so colored or stained, were so colored or stained for purposes other than sale or consumption.SECTION V1.-No person shall abstract or remove, either wholly or in part, any ingredient from any article of food or drink ; nor shall any person have for sale, offer for sale, or sell within the State as the pure article, any article of food or drink from which any ingredient has been so abstracted or removed. except such abstraction or removal be for purposes of purification, or of otherwise improving the qualit; or condition of said article, under a penalty of one hundred dollars for the first offence, and three hundred dollars and imprisonment for one month for each succeeding offence.SECTION VI1.--No person shall have for sale, offer for sale, or sell within the State, any adulterated milk, or milk to which water or any foreign substance or substances has been added ; nor shall any person have for sale, offer for sale, or sell as pure milk, milk from which the cream has been removed either wholly or in part, under a penalty of one hundred dollars for the first offence, and three hundred) dollars and imprisonment for one month for each succeeding offence. SECTION VII1.-No person shall have for sale, beer for sale, or sell within the State, as pure butter, any article made either wholly or in part of animal or other foreign fats, under a penalty of one hundred dollars for the first offence, and three hundred dollars and imprisonment for one month for each succeeding offence.SECTION 1X.-Ignorance on the part of any person or persons having for sale, offering for sale, or selling, any article of food and drink, of the true quality or character of the food or drink so held for sale, offered for sale, or sold, shall not constitute a defence, or be received as such in any action brought for the violation of any of the foregoing provisions, or all of them. SECTION X.-The names and addresses of any person or persons who shall be convicted of violating any of the sections of this Act, shall be printed once for each offence, together with the particulars of thc offence, in two of the prominent newspapers published in the county where the offence was committed. SAFETY CHEQUES. MR. A. A. NESBIT, F.C.S., has recently patented an invention which has for its object the prevention of forgery in connection with the alteration of cheques. The method which Mr. Nesbit proposes is, we believe, a step in the right direction, and will probably, if adopted, diminish to a considerable extent the chances of forgery. The invention consists in using paper coloured or stained with an acid or alkaline dye, which dye is sensible to the action of either acid or alkali. The paper so stained is printed with a colourless acid or alkaline ink, so that the effect produced is an acid or alkaline writing upon a ground coloured with a sensible dye having a different reaction ; so that when an attempt is made to alter the print- ing the effect produced ie that the difference between the colour of the printing and that of the ground is destroyed and the printed inscription rendered illegible.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600003

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

10 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Butterine Sold .fay Butter.-Defendant Cautioned :- At the Northern Divisional Police Court, Ihblin, Edward O’Beirne, of 31, Tnlbot Street, \VRS summoned for having, on September 18, sold as butter, the substance known as butterine. The certificate of Dr. Cameron, City Analyst, set forth that the stuff in question submitted to Ilim for analysis was a compound of foreign fats, not butter fats. An inspector of nuisances of the Corporation, named Toller, deposed that on the day in question he went into the defendant’s premises and asked for a half-pound of 10d. butter. The stuff now in question was sold him. When he announced himself an inspector, the assistant told him that it was butterine he had sold him. The ‘‘ cool from which the stuff was taken was not marked butterine, nor did witness observe any butterine labels iii the shop.The assistant deposed that before he sold the butter he told the prosecutor it was butterine. I t was further deposed that there \ v s a cool of bntterine marked as such, but that thc label accidentally fell flat. The assistant was positive tlmt he had stated the substance sold w,s butterine before the inspector said who he was. 11r. O’Donnell said hc would not go hito the question raised by the conflict of evidence. He would dismiss the summons with a caution, but at the same time he advised the defendant to be a little more careful in future, and to see that the cards are SO placed in the shop that they will not fall doW11. Another Case.-Dcfendant Fined :- I n the Southern Division, before Nr.Exham, Michael ICavanngh, of 46, Upper Kevin Street, was summoned for an offence similar to that alleged againtst Mr. O’Beirne. The evidencc was similar. Prosecutor asked for half-a-pound of 10d. butter. The cool from which the butterine was taken was net markedbutterine, but in an obscure portion of the shop, as the complainant alleged, there \vas a card hanging up, marked butterine. Defendant submitted that this label was in a conspicuous position in the shop, and invited inspection of it by Mr. RI’Sheehy himself. He said it was by a mere catch he Jvas made liable, when he had a label posted in his shop, and everyone knew that good butter could not be bought for 10d. a lb. Mr. WSlieehy said that there was indeed a catch in the matter, but it was a catch on the public.Rlr. Exham considered the offence proved, and fined the defendant 25. Another Case.- Wilfully Deceiving the Public :- James Molloy, of SO, Lower Camden Street, was charged with a similar offence. In this case the prosecutor deposed th&t one of the cools of butter was marked with a label on which was mitte11 butterine, but over the ‘‘ ine ” was placed a smaller card marked lOd., SO that the apparent marking onTHE ANALYST. 11 the cool was ‘ I butter, 10d.” public-it was a very bad case, and he mould impose a fine of SlO. Mr. Exham considered that this proceeding was a wilful deceiving of the In this case the defendaiit He stated that it was almost his invariable John Connell, 36, TVexford Street, was summoned for a similar offence.mas fined 25, and announced his intention of appealing. rule to inform those whom he thought mere not aware of thc nature of butterine, exactly what it was. Appeal.-Ba&cay Porter not Agent of Consignor.-Coizsignol. not entitled to one portion of sample : - In the Queen’s Bench division, the case of Rouch v. Hall came before the Court as an appeal by the Inspector of Nuisances for the palish of St. Pancras, from a decision of Mr. de Kutzen, the, Magistrate of the Marylebone Police Court, on an information laid under the Sale of Food and Drugs’ Act of 1875, and the Amendnieut Act of 1879, against the respondent, a farmer a t Coventry, for the adulteration of milk consigned by him to a Mrs. Sims, a milk dealer in London.* I t appeared from the case, as stated by the learned Magistrate for the decision of this Court, that the Inspector was at Euston Station on Illarch 18th last, and saw a can containing milk being takcn from the van, and which was consigned by the respondent to Mrs.Sims. He accordingly, in pursuance of the provisions of Section 14 of the Act of 1876, demanded and received a samplc, which he divided into three portions, one of which he gave to the porter, treating him as the agent of the respondent, and stating at the same time that he intended to have the milk analyzed. The Inspector, however, took no steps to acquaint either the respondent or the consignee with his intention, but finding the milk was adulterated with water, laid his information. On the hearing of the summons, it was dismissed by the Magistrate, who held, in effect, that the railway porter was not the agent of respondent, and that the proceedings adopted by the Inspector were not in compliance with the Act.From this ruling the Inspector now appealed to this Couit. Mr. Tickle having argued the case for the appellant, Mr. Justice Field gave judgment. He said the Court were of opinion that the appeal must be allowed. They were clearly of opinion that the railway porter was not the agent of the respondent, within the provisions of the 14th section of the Act of 1875, nor was he bound to accept a third of the sample of the milk, although he would have been liable to a penalty had he refused to supply a sample. The object of the Act was to Secure to the public a supply of pure unadulterated milk, and for that purpose it was liable to seizure a t the time of its being sold by the seller or his agent, and provided that a third of the small sample should bc tendered to him, so that he might be enabled to liavc an independent analysis to show whether it was adulterated or not.But as milk had to be supplied hom the country, and it was found that a hardship was often inflicted on the London seller, to whom adulterated milk was supplied by farmers, it was enacted by the Amendment Act of 1879 (42 and 43 Vie., c. 30) th& the Inspector should have the power of seizing the milk at the place of delivery to the consignee. In this case the delivery had not been completed, and although the railway porter could not be held to be the agent of the coiisignor, the Court was of opinion that by the Amendnient Act the Legislature did not intend to extend to the consignor that privilege which was afforded under the previous Act to the seller, namely, that of giving him a third of the sample to enable him to obtain an independent analysis.For these reasons the appeal would be allowed, and the case remitted to the Magistrate for judgment. Mr. Justice Mauisly concimcd. Judgment accordingly. Dublin J!lilk.-Interesting Proceedin~s.-Certi~cnta qf Sonwrset IIO~LSC Chemists : - At the Korthern Divisional Police Court, on the 20th Eovember, before Mr. O’Donnell, William Fynch, a dairyman of Upper Dorset Street, in this city, appeared in answer to two summonses charging him wit11 selling milk adulterated with water. The evidence of &fr.Ballantyne, Inspector of Food and Drugs under the Corporation, was to the effect that, on September 16th, he purchased from the Defeiidant a. pelmyworth of milk. He made the usual decl:rration, and offered to give him a third part, but he declined to accept it. Dr. Cameron, on analysis, had ccrtified tliat it contained 20 per cent. of water. Mr. O’Donnell : The defendant, then, not satisfied with Dr. Cameron’s certificate, dernaiided a reference to Somerset House, and a special case was made upon what the ingredients should be. Mr. M’Shcehy (Law Agent to the Corporation) : And it was further dmided that the same cows should be milked in the presence of the Corporation Officer and a person on behalf of the accused, and that the milk then obtained should be sent to Somerset House for analysis and report, and that the report should come back to your Worship.Mr. O’Donnell : And then the result should be, if the second milk, taken in the presence of the officer, was ccrtifieil from Somerset House to be of the same quality as the impeached milk, the defendant should be acquitted. Dr. Cameron : The case had already been before the Court. * See THE ANALYST, vol. v., p. 103.12 THE ANALYST. Acquitted, no matter how i t should be. Mr. Swift, solicitor for defendant : But there was this exception, that the COWS should be the same as those which gave the milk analysed by Dr. Cameron. Mr. O’Donnell : I don’t care. If thore was any shifting, it was your client’s fault. You are bound by your own acts. Mr. M‘Shechy : I understand the certificate has been received from Somerset House, but I have not seen it.Mr. Btwd then stated that the questions sent to Somerset House with the second sample of milk were :-“ Are the two samples of milk (Nos. 1 and 2) identical ? If No. 2 is rioher than No. 1, what proportion of water shonld be added to No. 2 to reduce the amount of solid matters in it to that in No. 1 ? The certificate stated thc result of the analysis was- No. 1. No. 2. Per cent. of solid (fat) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.33 .4.08 Percent. of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.23 87.02 100*00 100*00 Per cent. of solids (not fat). . . . . . . . . . . . 6-44 8.90 ‘‘From these results it will be seen that No. 2 is much richer than No. 1 milk. After making allow- ances from natural loss arising from decoinposition of No.1 milk through keeping (No. 1 beingfifty-three days’ and No. 2 ten days’ old), we are of opinion that not le\s thnn 22 per cent. of water would require to be added to reduce the solids not fnt in No. 2 to the amount found in No. 1 milk.” The defend- ant said he had sold the cow which gave the first milk, befo:e the officer went the second time. Dr. Cameron said it was a fact, when they went to the man’s house he said he had sold one cow ; but three of the original cows were there. Them three were milked, and all the milk mixed together. Defendant had given every facility for the proper milking of the cows. DIr. O’Donnell said there was no doubt he might be an honest man 2s things were going now, but he mould linvc to pay the costs of this additional proceeding. Mr. N‘Sheehy : Dr. Canierou stated he woulJ not a+ the defendant to pay the costs of the additional proceeding, in any event. Xr. O’Donnell snit1 the defendant would have to pay the costs of the analysis by Somerset House, and he accordinglv fined liini 2’2 and $1 1s. costs. In a second case against the same defendant, thc milk WAS purchascd by Mr. David Toller, inspector, on Oct. l l t h , and Dr. Cameron certificil to 30 per ccnt. of water being in it. Defendmt, who was fined S4, said he should appeal in both cases.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN881060010b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

12 THE ANALYST. NOTES OF THE MONTH. If things go as they at present appear to tend, we shall shortly have a very con- siderable enlightening as to the important subject of Water Analysis and standards of purity. That there is great need of seriously attacking this subject is shown by the report of Col. Bolton, the Government Water Examiner, who again this month urges the fixing of a definite standard. The Council of the Society of Public Analysts have had the matter under careful consideration for some time, and hope, by the co-operation of the members throughout the country, to be able to shortly put their scheme in force, We are glad to be able t s state that nearly all the Public Analysts in England have agreod to join in working out the idea evolved by the Water Committee, consisting of Messrs.Muter, Duprd, Blyth, Hehner, Dyer, Heisch, and Wigncr, and to send in regular monthly analyses of the chief water supply of their districts for publication iil our columns, and communication to the Government. Of course it would be at the moment impracticable that County Analysts should supply analyses of m y but the county town supply ; but we trust that goon the various local anthorities will be advised by their medical officers to instrnct the analyst to ex:irnii:c\ ii:id n i ~ t k e :t ~ c ! s ~ n of the qiiality of the water supply of all the various srndler towns. I n tliis w a j our So&iy hoittis t o obt‘iin wlinble information on the special mineral ch:uacters of tho nitters (if ear.21 coitnty, a i d so get at the real valuc! of several at present disputed points, notably that of the signification of the presence of nitrates in the water of any particular district.We hope to publish the first table of these analyses in our next number. The great difficulties to be solved by the commiltee were, doubtless, which of the rival processes was to be adopted in dealing with organic impurity, and how the results were to be calculated ; and we mnst confess that they appear to have solved the difficulty in a thoroughly practical manner, by adopbing for the former a combination of the “albnmenoid ammonia” and ”oxygen consumed” processes, and for the latter parts in 70,000 ( i ~ , grains per gallon). Looking to the fact that none of the processes actually profess to estimate the organic matter itself, i t was of importance to select the most rapid andTHE ANALYST.13 reliable for such systematic analyses. Dr. Frankland’s process, although very beautiful from a scientific point of view, involves the use of fragile apparatus, requiring very peculiar care in manipulation. If, therefore, the committee had adopted it, we should have had country analysts every now and then completely stopped for, perhaps, weeks, while their apparatus went up to London to be repaired. The system, moreover, takes time, wants special practioe in its use, and is not suited for accurate work in a general laboratory. On the other hand, both the processes adopted may be finished within four and a-half hours, and we have the results of the one to check the other. It is true that other things besides absolutely dangerous organic matter may reduce permanganate, hut, given such extensive reduction, coupled with high albumenoid ammonia, we fancy that even the most scientific advocate of “ organic carbon” would think twice before he drank the water.Then again, as to the mode of reporting results, it is to be borne in mind that these statistics are to be placed before non-scientific persons, and that the metrical system has never become acclimatised in Great Britain. Persons fail to grasp millimetres per litre, but they readily comprehend grains per gallon, and they can easily see that if they drink a quart a day of such a water they mould take so many grains of such an impurity. This appeals to all, and it,?, therefore, the natural way to state the refiults in this country.It is, moreover, equally suitable for analysts who use ‘‘ grains ” and those who employ L L grammes.” I t is in contemplation to continue the work, by shortly isming definite standards of valuation, on a similar principle to that propmed some years ago in a paper on Water Analysis by Mr. Wigner ; but, as this question is still under consideration by the Council, we cannot enter into it this month, farther than to say that we hope the time is not far distant when the same water sent to every Public Analyst in England will be returned with the same opinion, just like an analysis of milk or butter. A great reduction in zymotic diseases may be confidently looked forward to as the result of this. The bankers, as well as the general business public, also will be much interested in a recent invention of a member of our Society, for giving them a cheque which cannot be tampered with.I n another column will be found an abbreviation of the patent of Mr. Nesbit, whereby, by the use of litmus in printing such documents, the inventor claims to render them absolutely secure from alteration by chemical means. We hope that Mr. Nesbit’s invention will be subjected to crucial tests immediately. A milkman in Dublin being prosecuted, on the Society’s standard, for adding 20 per cent. of water, brought forward all the old defences about poor cows, feed, &c., and actually challenged the milking of his cows and submitting the fiample to Somerset House side by side with the condemned one. Pat. Gulids not Fat.Y , , 1 ~ I ~ s : ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ s m p l c (3 t i q s oLl) . I ” * . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 2.33 . . .. .. 6.44 NO. 2 . Corn’s-millied (10 days’ old) . . . . . # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 4.05 . . . . . . 8.90 And the Somerset House Chemists certify that “ from these results it will be seen that No. 2 is much richer than No. 1 milk. .After making a1ll)wvances for natural loss arising from decomposition of No. 1 milk through keeping (No. 1 being 53 days’ and No. 2 10 days’ old), we are of opinion that not less than 22 per cent. of water would require to be added to reduce the solids not fat in No. 2 to the amount found in No. 1 milk.” Here is the result, which had better be studied :- The above analysis, by the w3”y, shows how carefully the chemists at Somerset House now work, and that they have studied the suhject of milk; ao that their results are in excellent accordance with those of the members of our 8ocieiy.ADULTERATION OF SAmRoN.--Saffron is sophisticated with the fhmers of Culciidula oflciizalis, safflower, Crocus v e r m s , Punica grunutum, fragments of sandm-wood, glucose, glycerin, oil, chalk, and heavy-spar. If Calendula flowers are present, it is merely needful, according to Dorncier, to moisten a few flowers and rub them singly with the finger on mliite paper. The gcnuinc Saffron flowers give a fine, rich yellow, but the Calendula a violet reddish hue. I t may also be easily detected by soaking the sample in distilled water. Real saffron retains its colour for hours, whilst Calendula looses its tint in a short time.-Chmnists’ Journal.14 THE ANALYST.SOAPSTONE.-A NEW ADULTERATION.-A firm in Cincinnatti, known as the Facing Company, are pro- ducing a powdered soapstone, which is being used by farmers and butter merchants for adulterating purposes. The article is 3 fine po-\ycler with neither colour nor taste, and costs about 25 a ton. A tub of butter will bear adulteration to the extent of seven or eikht pounds of soapstone, and yet defy detection, as, tliougli it increases tlie weight, it does iiot very materially affect the bulk. The merchant who made the discovery states that he was shown into :I room where the adulteration process vas going on, and when he tasted thc pure butter ~ n d tlic adulterated article lie could not detect thc difference.The cost of tlie soapstone enables packer;; to mix it with butter at a trifling cost, whilst it gives them an additional profit of upwards of 14 per cent. I t is stated that the powder is being secretly supplied to dairymen and farmers, and that the adulteratjon is now going on in churning-rooms. It should be said tliat the butter dea,lers are furiously indignav t at being charged with adulterating their goods with soapstone. All deny the allegation, and the firm against which the strongcst suspicion has been entertained offers to pay five dollars an ounce for all soapstone found in its butter.-Yro~isio/zer. At a late extraordinary meeting of the Vestry of St. Marylebone, Dr. A. Wynter Blyth WRS appointed Medical Officer of Health and Public Analyst for the parish, vice Dr.Whitmore, deceased. At a recent meeting of the MusseIburgh Town Council, Mr. J. Falconer King, Edin- burgh City Analyst, was appointed Public Analyst for the burgh. The following specifications have been recently published, and can be obtained from RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. the Great Seal Office, Cui-sitor Street, Chancery Lane, Londou. No. 1880 Name of Patentee. 1668 W. A. Barlow . . . . . . 1580 E. P. Alexander . . . . 1632 W. R.. Smith and J. F. Pollock 1700 T. G. Young . . . . . . 1701 H. J. Haddon . . . . . . 1705 L. A.Davies . . . . . . 1755 H. P. Scott. :tnd T. D. Donaldson 1764 1767 1771 1788 1731 1814 1826 1840 1852 1890 1919 1958 1959 1980 2018 2025 2029 2089 2930 2963 2964 3255 3785 R. and 11. Theiler M. L. Enimanuel J. H. Johnson.. F.Brady ..J. Croitd .. w. c. Loclie . . J. E. Gordon . . W. R. Lake .. J. Lefranc .. G. T. Glover . . H. H. Lake .. J. H. Johnson J. Hardmaii . . G. TViscLin . . W. R. Lake . . ITT. Smith . . R. C. M’enzies C. W. Gerlancl J. Imray . . Do. .. DO. .. Do. .. W. 11. Jackson .. .. .. .. .. * .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ” . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Title of Patent. Price Manufacture or Extraction of Tannin . . . . . . Dynamo-Electric Machines . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Artificial Fuel . . . . . . . . Production of Ammonia . . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Compound for Electro Decompositim of Aluminium Antifouling Composition for Coating Ships’ Bottoms . . Telephone Apparatus . .. . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing Oleomargarine . . . . . . . . Dyeing, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of certain Ferruginous Salts obtained from Iron . . . . Aniylaceons Compounds . . . . . . . . . . and Steel for Coating with other Metals Treating Oils and Wax from Shale, Pest, &c. Apparatus for producing Electric Light Production of Electric Light . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Chemical or Artificial Coal ;Manufacture of Ammonia and Ammoniacal Salts. , Manufacture of Azotic or Nitrogenous Fertilizing Com- pounds with a Carbonaceous Residuum I’elephonic Exchange Systems . . . . . . 1s. Production of Anthracene from Gas Tar Distillation of Anthracene from Coal T.:l ilaiiufacture of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . 3uirit for Use as a Detergent, Solvent. (tc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vfanufacture of Paper fo; Cheques ’ . . . . . . Creatment of Phosphorites, Copyolites, &c., in prepara- . . Precipitating Solid Constituents of Sewage to Secure their .. Treatment of Gas Liquor for Production of Ammonium tion of Soluble Phosphate or Phosphoric Acid .. Fertilizing Properties . . . . . . . . . . Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Apparatus for Distilling Ammoniacal Liquor . . . . . . Recovering Bicarbonate of Ainmonia in the Ammonia Pro- cess for the Manufacture of Soda . . . . . . 6d. 6d. 8a. 2a. 4a. 6d. 2d. 2d. 2d. 4d. 4d. 6d. 4d. Gd. 6d. 2a. 2a. 4d. 8d. 2d. 4a. ad. 2d. 2d. 4a. 2a. 2d. Gd. 6d. .. Carburetting Gas and Air . . . . . . . . . . 6d. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVND. The Chemiat and Druggist; The Rrewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical J O U ~ ~ L L ~ ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal; The Sanitary Record; The Miller; Journad of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New Yorli Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitxy Engineer of New Yorli ; The Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Oil and Drug News ; The Textile Record of America ; Reports on Water and Sewer Air, by Professor W. R. Nichols ; Paper by J. Hargreaves on Sulphate of Soda.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8810600012

出版商:RSC    

年代:1881

数据来源: RSC