摘要:

ll II FIRST PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY By F.W. DOOTSON, M.A., Sc.D., F.I.C.h A, J. BERRY, M.A. With 43 text figures. Crown 8vo. 6s. The scope of this book covers the requirements of the School CertificatS Examinations of all the English Universities, and it isfurther designed for the use of medical students and others who practically begin the study of chemiStrp at the University. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS FETTER LANE -LONDON, E.C.4 DOULTON & Co.Ltd. Manufacturers of Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. ROYAL DOULTON POTTERIES, LAMBETH,LONDON, S.E. 1. All pieces beat this mark. To be obtained from Wholesale LaboratoryFurnishers at home and abroad. PATENTS AND CHEMICAL RESEARCH By HAROLD E. FQTTS, M.Sc., Chartered Patent Agent. Demy 8vo. Cloth.8;snet. ‘’There can be no question of the Author’sgrasp of the fundamentals of patent law. the discrimination with which he has selected his leading cases when discussing tnd validity of patents demonstratesthis.”’-Naiu78. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF LIVERPOOL, LIMITED. HODDBR AND STOUGHTON, LIMITED, LONDON. Obtainable from all Laboratory Furnishers, in sealed packages Whatman High Grade Chemical Filter Papers are supplied in an extensive range comprising over 23 grades, covering all requirements of modern technical, chemical, and biological work. S& M~s~~&zc~uT~:-W.& R. BALSTON, Ltd., Maidstone, Kent. Booklet of notes concerning the special characteristics of each grade, ptice list and samples supplied free. In case of dificulty in obtainifig same. write the Sole Sales Refiresedatives:-H. REEVE ANGEL & COMPANY, LTD 9 BRIDEWELLPLACE,LONDON, E.C.4. Telephone : Telegrams : City 7413 (3 lines) Papermen. Lud, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG92751BP001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

27 Proceedings of the Council. DECEMBER, 1926--JANUARY, 1927. Nomination of the Council, 1927-1 928.-The balloting list for the election of the Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting on the 1st March has been prepared and issued to the Fellows and Associates. Members who desire to vote are required to return their voting papers to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 4.30p.m. on Monday, 28th February. Dr. L. E. Campbell and Mrs. P. 11. Tookey Kerridge have been appointed Scrutineers for this election. Revised Regulations for the Admission of Fellows.-The Regulations for admission to the Fellowship have been revised as follows:-I. Every Associate applying for admission to the Fellowship is required to produce evidence:- (a) That he is not less than 24 years of age; (b) That since his admission as an Associate, and for a period of three years therefrom, he has been continuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council.2. Except as provided hereunder, every such Associate will be required to pass an examination in one of the specified branches. Only in exceptional circumstances will the Council consider applications froni Associates for election to the Fellow-ship without examination: every such Associate will be required to produce evidence satisfactory to the Council:- (i) That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit; or (ii) That he has devised processes or inventions of suficient inerit ; or (iii) That he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent to having fulfilled the conditions contained under (i) or (ii) above.Applications from Associates engaged in important analytical, industrial or consulting work of a general or spccialised character may be considered under clause (iii). The nature and responsi- bility of the position held by the candidate will be taken into consideration, as well as any thesis, report or other practical work on any chemical or technological subject subniitted by him. When any such reports are of a confidential nature, these will only be seen and assessed by an Assessor, whose name will be agreed between the Council and the Principals concerned. Every such Associate will be required to pay in addition to the entrance fee (see 4 below), a non-returnable fee of five guineas for the assessment of the evidence submitted.3. The application on the prescribed form must be accom-panied by the names of some responsible persons, preferably Fellows of the Institute, who will confirm the statements made by the candidate. 4. The entrance fee payable by an Associate on election to the Fellowship is five guineas. No name can be transferred to the Register of Fellows until this fee has been paid. 5. Only in exceptional cases will applications for election to the Fellowship be entertained from persons other than Associates. Every such application must be made on the prescribed form and must be accompanied by evidence of age, a certificate of character satisfactory to the Council, and full documentary evidence of the applicant’s general and scientific education and professional career, together with the entrance fee and first annual subscription, both of which will be returned if the application be not accepted by the Council.Candidates applying for election to the Fellowship without examination will also be required to pay a non-returnable fee of five guineas. The Council will decide whether the applicant, if accepted as a candidate for the Fellowship, may bc exempted from passing an examination, or shall be required to pass either the ordinary examination for the Fellowship in a specified branch or a special examination or any other test. If any such examination or test be imposed, the Fellowship examination fee must be paid.THE EXAMlNATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP (F.1.C.). I. On or before the date fixed for the closing of the List for each examination, every candidate -intending to present himself is required to forward:- (a) The application duly filled in and accompanied by the certificates and evidence indicated on the form supplied for the purpose. (b) The Examination Fee. 2. Normally each candidate for the examination is required to select a branch, in which he desires to present himself (see pp. 30-33),such selection to be approved by the Council; but Candidates whose experience is not covered by the syllabus of any branch specified below may apply for permission to take a special examination.In these cases they may'be required to attend before the Board of Examiners for a preliminary interview. A candidate submitting himself for examination in any branch must satisfy the Council that he has had sufficient experience in the selected field of work. A candidate in Branch E. must satisfy the Council that he has had at least three years' experience in work of the nature required. 3. The examination will occupy at least five days. 4. The Examiners will be at liberty to apply any test which they think desirable, either viva voce, or by writing, or by experimental work. In particular, the Examiners will be at liberty to set problems relating to the branch and field of work selected, and candidates will be expected to frame reports and opinions which will be intelligible to a lay client.5. During the practical examinations the candidates will be at liberty to consult books of reference, provided, however, that the Examiners may require candidates to carry out exercises without such aid. 6. The candidate may present a thesis or a report on any original investigation, or other records of practical work on any chemical subject, which the Examiners will take into account. The thesis, or other such record, must be forwarded with the application form, and must be accompanied by'evidence as to whether the investigation has been carried out conjointly or independently by the candidate. When any such reports are of a confidential nature, these will only be seen and assessed 30 by an Assessor whose name will be agreed upon between the Council and the Principals concerned.7. The Board of Examiners may recommend that a candidate who has failed at the examination shall not be allowed to enter again until a period not exceeding a year has elapsed. 8. A certificate showing the field of work in which he has passed will be issued to each successful candidate on his admission to the Fellowship. 9. Subject to the approval of the Council, a Fellow may submit himself for examination in any branch, and if successful a special certificate will be issued to him. BRANCHES. BRANCH CHEMISTRY.A.-~ORGANIC The candidate will be expected to show a fundamental knowledge of Inorganic Chemistry, with an intimate knowledge of methods of analysis, of the general methods of research, and of the apparatus employed in research.In addition, the candidate will be expected to have a general knowledge of the application of chemistry to well known and important fields of work and industries depending mainly upon inorganic chemistry, such as the manufacture of sulphuric acid and alkalis, metallurgy, etc. The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of inorganic chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope. At least two written papers will be set, and when a candidate selects a special section, then, so far as may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general inorganic chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate.A practical examination will be held extending over not less than four days. BRANCHB.-PHY SICAL CHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to show a fzindamental knowledge of physical chemistry, including the methods and apparatus used in physico-chemical processes arid investigations. In addition he will be expected to have a general knowledge of the application of physical chemistry to well known and important fields of work. The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of physical chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope.At least two written papers will be set, and where a candidate selects a special section, then, so far may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general physical chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate. A practical exam- ination will be held extending over not less than four days. BRANCHC.-ORGANICCHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to show a fzcndamental know-ledge of organic chemistry, with an intimate knowledge of the methods of analysis, of the general methods of research and of the apparatus employed in research. In addition, the candidate will be expected to show a general knowledge of the application of organic chemistry to well known and important fields oi work and industries depending mainly on organic chemistry, such as fuel industries ; dyes ; synthetic drugs; oils, fats and waxes, etc.The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of organic chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope. At least two written papers will be set, and when a candidate selects a special section, then, so far as may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general organic chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate. .A practical exam- ination will be held extending over not less than four days. BRANCHD.--BIO-CHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to show a fundnmePztaZ knowledge of chemistry and methods of research in relation to plant and animal life, and a good general knowledge of the technique of microscopy and bacteriology, as applied to the more important fields of bio-chemical work.The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of bio-chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope. At least two written papers will be set, and when a candidate selects a special section, then, so far as may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general bio-chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate. A practical examination will be held extending over not less than four days. 32 BRANCHE.-THE CHEMISTRY (INCLUDING MICROSCOPY)OF FOODSAND DRUGS AND OF WATER.As in the present regulations for Branch E,-except that the word “added” before the word “preservatives” will be deleted and the words “colouring matters” will be inserted in the second paragraph of the syllabus. BRANCH]I;.-.hGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, As in the present regulations for Branch D. BRANCHG.-~NDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to have a good knowledge of general chemical technology and will also be required to select a section of Industry by means of which his knowledge of the subjects of the examination may be specially tested. It is not possible to give a complete list of Sections which may be chosen, but the following examples of industries are given as a guide.Alkalis. Foods. Brewing. Leather. Cement. Metallurgical Industries. Ceramics. Mineral Products. Coal and Coke. Oil, Fats and Waxes. Coal Gas. Paints, Varnishes and Resins. Coat Tar. Petroleum. Dyes and Intermediates. Rubber. Electrochemical Industries. Refractory Materials. Explosives. Sulphuric Acid. Fertilisers, Water and Sewage. Fine Chemicals. Any industry not mentioned may, however, be chosen by the candidate subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope, The candidate will be expected to show a good general knowledge of chemistry, and a fmdavzenztal knowledge of those branches of chemistry which have close relation with the section of the Industry selected. He will also be expected to have:- (i) A general knowledge of: the application of well-known chemical and physical laws to industrial operatioils ; the develop- ment, control and transmission of heat and power; fittings and 33 stores ; properties of materials used in general construction of plant; process costs ;working costs; economics of manufacture; a working knowledge of the operation of plant in general use in industrial chemical works, (ii) A specialised knowledge of the application of the fore- going to the Section of Industry selected by the candidate, including: the sources and characters of its raw materials; the uses of finished products;‘ the treatnient of any by-products or effluents; the technical methods of analysis employed.Papers will be set in general chemical technology, and on the selected industry.The candidate will also be tested practi- cally and orally, and may be required to interpret drawings or models of plant and fittings. Questiom which might involve the disclosure of unpztblished processes and details of plants irt particular works will not be put. Associateship.-The following addition has been made to the syllabus for the Examination for the Associateship :--“The substances given for qualitative and quantitive examinations may include any “rare *’ elements of utility in the arts and manufactures. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Pt*ize.-I.-As an inducement to registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit, and to devote some thought to questions of professional organisation and to the position of chemists in the life of the community, the Council will offer, annually, a Medal and Prize for the best essay not exceeding three thousand words, on a set subject of professional, as opposed to technical, or purely chemical, importance.The subject for the first Sir Edward Frankland Prize Essay is ‘‘The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 2.-Entries will be limited to registered students who are less than twenty-two years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. 3.-The Medal will be awarded in memory of Sir Edward . Frankland, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., first President of the Institute (1877-1880),and there will be, in addition, a Prize of Ten Guineas. 34 4.-(a) Intending competitors will be required to send their essays to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which they reside, on or before 31st December, 1927.(b) Each essay must be accompanied by a signed declara- tion that it is the independent work of the candidate. (c) The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from among the essays received, not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award of the Medal and Prize. (d) The essays will be valued partly for their literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (e) The essays selected will be sent to the Council, and will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council.(f)On receiving the report of the Assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. 5. The Medal and Prize will be presented to the successful candidate, by the President of the Institute, at the Annual General IIeeting, or by the Chairman of the Local Section to which the successful candidate belongs, at a meeting of the Section. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. 35 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At the December meeting of the Section, Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, the Honorary Secretary of the Section, gave an address on “Chemistry as a Factor in Education.” He said that the main object of education was to enable the individual to enjoy a fuller life, to be of more use to the State and to himself, and to know and appreciate more of human thought and endeavour than he would without education.The object was not solely to enable him to earn his living, how- ever necessary that might be. They wanted the future manhood and womanhood to have some appreciation of where they stood and some knowledge of the history of the world and the universe. Mr. Brierley, having referred to the teaching of history, languages, mathematics and other subjects, said that on the science side in his own school, the Belfast Academical Institution, they taught nature study, astronomy, physics and chemistry. They wanted to make the young people into good workers, for without that, results were valueless. They found their opportunity in physics and chemistry, but they were not training their young people to be physicists or chemists, though they wanted them to know fundamentals and even something of the latest develop- ments in physics and chemistry.They did not have hours for lecture and hours for laboratory work : they never lectured; they discussed matters in the class room. They wanted to know something-and they found their answer by working in the laboratory. In teaching chemistry, the historical aspect and the human touch werc kept in the foreground. The history of the search after the true meaning of combustion, the work of celebrated chemists, and the borderland where they found it difficult to separate chemistry from physics all provided a splendid means of inculcating a love of the subject, of developing the reasoning powers, and of demonstrating the living nature of science, so that their youth went out into the world wanting to know more.In all such work there was thc neccssity for enthusiasm on the part of the teacher and the realisation that it was not his aim (at that stage of education) to make a chemist, but a man. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Dinner of the Section was held jointly with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, on zznd January. More than IOO members and friends were present. Mr. J. C. Mann, chairman of local Section of Society of Chemical Industry, presided. The toast of the “Institute of Chemistry ” was proposed by Prof.Haswell Wilson, Professor of Pathology in the University of Birmingham, who referred to the important part taken by chemists in the development of Medical Science. He stated further that he considered the Institute of Chemistry had set a standard which placed chemistry high among the scientific professions. The President of the Institute (Prof. Henderson) in replying, said that the function of the Institute was to promote, in every possible way, the welfare of the profession of Chemistry. He urged that more attention should be paid to changing the attitude of the public towards men engaged in scientific work. The toast of the “Society of Chemical Industry ” was proposed by Mr. K. H. Wilson (Chairman of Midland Section of Chemical Employers Federation).Mr. F. H. Carr, President of the Society, responded. Mr. Mann proposed the toast of “The Guests,” Comcillor Hume replied. Musical items were provided by Dr. Norris and Messrs. Chamberlain, Mason and Megson, and a very enjoyable evening was concluded with the toast of “The Chairman,” Dr. Douglas Frank Twiss has been elected District Member of Council for District (i) Birmingham and Midlands, in the place of Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow, whose term of office will be completed on the xst March. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The fourth meeting of the session was held on the 19th January, in the Bristol University Chemical Department-Sir Ernest H. Cook presiding over a large attendance.A lecture, illustrated by lantern slides, was given by Mr. T. Wallace, Deputy Director of the Long Ashton Research 37 Station, on “Researches on the Nutrition of Fruit Trees.” Tn order to appreciate the general aims of scientific research on the nutrition of fruit trees it was necessary to understand the problems of the fruit grower. It was not sufficient to produce merely considerable bulks of fruit : public taste demanded “quality,” which, in the case of apples and pears, implied size, flavour, general appearance and “finish,” colour, etc. ; and often the production of certain fruits at certain seasons of the year, probabIy not the season when they are naturally easily available. Nutritional questions were to be studied, not only with a view to yields, but on the consideration of factors relating to quality, time of maturity, and behaviour in storage.It was essential to investigate the whole of the growth processes of the trees. Mr. Wallace referred to the history of scientific investigation on the subject which had been conducted in the United States, as well as in this ccjuntry. The early work of Lawcs and Gilbert had shown the possibilities of ex-periments in the case of agricultural crops, and work on fruit nutrition had bcen modelled on similar lines. The more important experiments in England had been carried out at Woburn, Bedfordshire, and at Hadlow and East Malling, ir! Kent. There was need for considerable work of a fundamental character in the laboratory in order to gain the knowledge required for the solution of problems which the older experimcnts had revealed.A basis for such studies had been provided by Kraus and Kraybill, in America, who had examined the notion that growth and fruitfulness in plants were opposed to one another, carbohydrateand had evolved a theory which was known as the ~-nitrogen value theory. This hypothesis had provided a stimulus to workers on this subject. It was claimed that “fruit bud formation” resulted from high carbohydrate conditions at the appropriate time during the summer, while “fruit-setting ” was dependent on relatively high nitrogenous conditions during the spring. The experinients in America mainly related to the use of nitro-genous manures in sod orchards, and the use of fertilisers in conjunction with the systems of management-clcan cultivation, cultivation plus cover crops, sod and sod plus mulch.The main field investigations on trees and bush trees in England were in progress at Long Ashton, East Malling, Perdis- well, and Botley. In most cases the experimental plots were relatively young, but at certain centres the results obtained were 38 of great significance. The work at Long Ashton was started in 1920, and the programme included pot culture and laboratory studies on the effects of deficiencies of the essential elements in the diets of various fruit plants, on the balance of the nutrient elements, on the effects of acidity and alkalinity of the nutrient media, on leaf scorch of fruit trees, as well as chemical and physiological experiments.Trees and bushes were grown under conditions allowing of much more control than was possible in fields, with a view to examining in detail various factors involved in the field problems. It appeared that previous investigators had obtained but little knowledge of a fundamental character : the results of experiments were expressed mainly in terms of gross tree growth or fruit yields, without information as to how they had been effected; but it was essential that such knowledge should be gained if progress were to be made. The results obtained in the Long Ashton pot experiments had shown the value of the line of work adopted: starting with the simple elements and working upwards to the elaborated organic products.As yet, they had little to say on the subject of field experments; those in progress related to the effects of deficiencies of certain elements, and to the comparison of the effect of the use of dung and artiiicial manures on apples, gooseberries, black currants and strawberries, and the effects of time of application of manures on apples. The only results to hand at present were those of experiments on gooseberries, relating mainly to the action of potash manures in controlling leaf scorch. The ultimate aim was to control the “per-formance” of the tree in the field. Their method was to go to the field to find problems, to investigate the various factors of such problems both by laboratory methods and field ex- periments, and finally to test the utility of the results obtained in the commercial orchard. After the discussion, Mr.Wallace was accorded a vote of thanks, proposed from the Chair. The Annual Meeting of the Section will be held on 11th March when a discussion will take place on the question of Registration. Cape.-On 11th December, 1926, by the courtesy of the Cape Town Corporation officials, the members of the Cape section of the Institute and of the Cape Chemical Society, and other chemists resident in the locality, were invited to the 39 Southern Suburbs Sewage Disposal Works. The Corporation was represented by Dr. A. Abdurahman (Chairman of the Streets and Drainage Committee), Mr.Lloyd Davies (City Engineer), and Mr. E. H. Croghan (Chemist and Manager of the Sewage Disposal Works), and the Stellenbosch Municipality was represented by Mr. H. Wicht (Town Councillor), Mr. Blersch (Town Clerk), and Mr. Floyd (Engineer). The drainage scheme embraces an area of 30 square miles, involving about 136 miles of sewers, which at present serve a population of about IOO,OOO. The Sewage Disposal Works comprise a large pumping station at Rapenburg, which deals with most of the sewage from the Maitland-Woodstock-Kenil-worth area, and sis pumping sub-stations, five of which are already working. At the main station the visitors noted the modern electrically-driven equipnient for pumping the sewage and screenings to the disposal works, and were shown special pumps for raising sludges, and also the provision made for dealing with storm water and for the efficient control of the system.The electric power utilised is derived from the large power station of the Corporation. From Rapenburg, the sewage is ultiniately pumped to the bacterial treatment plant at Athlone, about a mile away. Prof. Smeath Thomas expressed the thanks of the visitors for the kindness and hospitality which had been shown them and also spoke of the interest they felt in what they had seen, Dr. Abdurahman, in reply, said that it had given him very great pleasure to be able to welcome such. a concourse of pro-fessional chemists. He realised how much they were dependent on mutual aid: the chemist was of continual assistance to the engineer, and, speaking as a medical man, he wished to bear testimony- to the valuable help he had repeatedly received from Mr.Lloyd Davis, the City Engineer. Before continuing the inspection, Nr. Croghan gave a lecture in which he demonstrated, by means of a model, the working of the double-storey treatment tanks, in which the sewage from the Rapenburg pumping station was trcated; and then, with the aid of simple apparatus, explained how the treatment was controlled. Large quantities of industrial trades waste were dealt with in addition to domestic sewage. The treatment tanks, three in number, are 34 feet deep, and in these tanks the solids hitherto in suspension in the sewage, settle through slots into the lower storeys, which are termed 40 sludge digestion chambers.Here, natural bacterial agencies produce a practically odourless sludge. By gravitation through an underground pipe system, the sludge is occasionally with- drawn to a pump well some 150yards distant, from which point it is pumped either to drying beds or to the cropping lands attached to the works. The sludge is said to be highly valued by farmers, and, at present, is supplied free of cost. The settled effluent from the sedimentation tanks passes on, for the production of a purified product, to percolating beds. These consist of brushwood bales of Port Jackson acacias, which grow in great profusion all over the Cape Flats, The bales are superimposed upon concrete false-bottom floors, each bed at present being operated covering a surface area of nearly an acre.The sewage is continuously sprinkled over the bales of brushwood by travelling distributors, which move backwards and forwards automatically, propelled solely by the flow of the sewage itself. This method has proved efficient and economical compared with the method of distributing the liquid over stone which is difficult to procure. During the last two years, field experiments have been conducted having regard to sewage irrigation practice and agricultural development, the cultivation of various crops and natural and artificial pastures, and the possibilities of cattle grazing in relation to the feeding qualities of indigenous grasses. On behalf of the National Botanic Gardens at Kirstenbosch, tests are being carried out at the works in connection with the growing of medicinal plants.The visitors noted the promising extent of peppermint under cultivation, as well as various species of yelargonium grown as a source of essential oils. The tour of inspection occupied about four hours and was brought to a close by a drive through the Langa native township with its modern lay-out, which is another of the City Council’s useful development schemes. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has been deprived of one of its active and valued members owing to Mr. B. D. W. Luff having obtained an appointment in the Liverpool area. Mr. Luff was the first Honorary Secretary from 1918to 1922,and subsequently served on the Committee, becoming Vice-chairman in 1925.Mr. J. Adam Watson, who has recently been elected District Member of Council, has succeeded to the office of Vice-chairman. 41 Two further meetings have been held in co-operation with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry: on 18th November at the North British Station Hotel an interesting address on “Some Chemical Aspects of Geology” was given by Mr, Watson. On 7th December, at the Rooms of the Phar- maceutical Society, Edinburgh, Mr. Francis H, Carr, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, dealt with “Vitamins in their relation to Industry,” giving a summary of the existing knowledge of the subject and showed how problems, such as those of the isolation and the estimation of these active sub- stances, were being successfully pursued. Giaagow and West of Scotland.-The Section, having considered the subject of the registration of chemists, has forwarded the following resolutions and views to the Council, directing particular attention to No.7:-(I) “General Registration is desirable but only if made ultimately com pulso ry.’’ (2) “Compulsory Registration is impossible at present because Chemists are not in a position to put forward a case.” (3) a. “Voluntary Registration will be a necessary preliminary step as it will tend to bring the profession into a position to urge forward the proposition of compulsory Registration. b. The Institute of Chemistry be invited to co-operate with other chemical societies in the formation of a Voluntary Register.’’ (4) “The question of the practicability of any scheme of Registration cannot be decided without trial.” (5) “Dr. Gordon’s scheme along with an alternative put forward by Dr. Hopper should be sent to the Special Com- mittee on Registration for their consideration. Both schemes are intended to increase the scope of the Institute.” Briefly stated: Dr. Hopper’s scheme suggests the present Associates be styled A.I.C. (Honours) and a grade A.I.C. (Pass)be instituted in ordcr to admit all who could reasonably be regarded as qualified chemists, the standard of the latter diploma to be approximately that of a pass BSc. degree with chemistry as principal subject.Both Pass and Honours A.I.C. to attain to the same standard before admission to F.I.C. Dr. Gordon’s scheme provides that those who hrtvc taken a Pass B.Sc. degree with chemistry as principal subject be admitted A.I.C. but bo required to pass an Inter-Fellowship Examination before proceeding to F.I.C. of tho standard and scope of the present A.I.C. Examination in General Chemistry. 42 “Preference was indicated in favour of Dr. Hopper’s scheme.” “The Institute oi Chemistry should be the Registration Authority, but in the event of it not being so, neither of these schemes should be adopted.” (6) “In the event of neither of the schemes mentioned in (5) being acceptable, a third grade of membership of the Institute should be established; the National Certificate (Higher) in Chemistry is suggested as a suitable minimum qualification.” (7) “A referendum of all members of the Institute be taken on a numbef.of questions relative to Registration.” H uddersfield.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel, on 24th November, 1926, Dr. Hodgson in the chair. Capt. J. A. Foster gave a very interesting address on “Forensic Chemistry or Chemical Jurisprudence,” illus-trating by actual examples the many varied cases in which a consulting chemist may be called as an expert witness. A discussion followed and the meeting closed with a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer. ,4 meeting of the Section was held in the Technical College, on 24th January, 1927, when Prof. R.Robinson gave an address on “Electronic Displacement Theories in Organic Chemistry.” Dr. Hodgson, the chairman, in his introductory remarks, commented on the lead which British chemists were to-day giving in modern schools of thought. Prof. Robinson dealt with his subject so far as it applied to the orientation of benzene derivatives. Dividing ions into two groups, kationoid groups being deficient in electrons and anionoid groups having a surplus of electrons, the lecturer illustrated the directive influence of such groups upon substitution in the benzene nucleus. A short discussion took place, and Prof. Robinson replied to questions. Prof. Heilbron will address a meeting on 25th February on “The Unsaponifiable Matter of Oils and their connection with certain oil-soluble Vitamins.” Prof, Ingold will give an address on “Transmission of Reactivity in Molecules” on 11th March. These meetings will be held in the Technical College. Irish Free State.---Prof. W. E. Adeney presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Physics Theatre, Trinity College, on 12th January, whcn a lecture, ilustrated by lantern slides, was given by Dr. T. J. Nolan, of the State Laboratory, on the “Design and Functioning of Sporting Ammunition.” The lecturer took the rz bore, 24 inch cartridge as the representa- tive type, and dealt in detail with the qualities necessary in cap, powder, paper, wadding and shot, so that a properly func- tioning cartridge might be obtained.The method of preparation of the various constituents and their mode of assembly was described, the means used for determination of the pressure developed by a cartridge, the gun recoil, the velocity of flight of the shot, and the pattern produced were given. Of particular interest were photographs of shot in flight when fired from (a) cylincier, and (b) choke barrel. The lecture concludcd with an illustrated description of the results of rough usage of sporting cartridges and showed the large factor of safety that exists in the handling of this type of ammunition. A short discussion followed, in which Mr. O’Farrelly, Prof. Werner and Col. Stapleton took part. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr.Nolan. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the section was held in the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on December 13th. Prof. J. W. Cobb, who occupied the chair, annouiiced that the committee had elected Mr. B. G. McLellan (York) as chairman of the section. The report of the meeting at York, of delegates of the North- East Coast and Yorks. Voting Area, was presented. At that meeting a resolution was passed, viz. :--“That, owing to the anomalies that arise from the present system of election to the Council, the Council be asked to reconsider the advisability of electing its members by districts alone.” The Chairman said that the Council had demitted this resolution to local sections, and it would be submitted for discussion at a future meeting.Mr. F. Scholefield (Manchester) was called upon to open a discussion on ‘‘Registration of Chemists.” He pointed out that the movement for registration had never come from the leaders of any profession. It was the general body of members of the Institute who felt the competition of irregular practitioners among consultants or of unqualified persons in industrial work. He also pointed out that the original founders clearly had in mind the production of n. register of chemists as one of the objects of the Institute. He traced the history of the movement in recent times, outlined the Statement of the Manchester and Liverpool sections on the subject, and discussed the report of the Institute Committee, printed in the Proceediqy for August, 1926.Mr. Scholefield believed that the Register would be difficult of achievement without the help of bodies outside the Institute, and he deprecated the formation of a third grade within, in view of the possible danger of depreciating the value of the Fellowship and Associateship. Initially, registration would have to be voluntary. He did not think that the difficulty of the title Chemist need prove a fatal obstacle. There was already a movenient in favour of producing a register of the “directory type,” He thought that, in any register, the range of experience of members ought to bc set out and classified, so that it would indicate who were the competent people in the several branches. Dr. K. B. Forster (Leeds) advocated the production of a register, and urged chemists to help themselves in this direction and not to await legislative action.He pointed out that the setting up of a register did not mean the conferring of any degrees or diploma, and raised the question whether it was essential to create a new organisation for the production of such a register. He admitted the difficulty of finding a suitable title, but this should not prove insuperable to a body of creative workers such as chemists. Mr. R. Gawler (Leeds) dissented from the views advanced by Dr. Forster, preferring “free trade ” in the practice of chemistry if the practitioner rendered a useful service to those employing him. He felt that it would be necessary to make out a convincing case in the public interest before action could be taken to close the profession.The Regulations showed that members of the Institute were more or less committed beforehand to a view as to the qualifications necessary before a person could be described as a chemist. Mr. B. G. McLellan (York) favoured the production of a register as a means of unifying the profession. He doubted whether the Institute alone could now carry it out. They were suffering from the effects of an academic and insular attitude shown in their early days, which had resulted in the formation of other bodies to operate where the Institute had apparently failed. Before attempts are made to form a register, there must be unity, or at any rate, concord between the various professional bodies, and for that reason he favoured the delega- tion of the duty to an ad hoc registrative body.He did not favour the institution of a third grade within the Institute. As a title, he thought that the word “Chemist” was preferable without adjectival qualification. He submitted a resolution signed by eighteen members in York supporting the compilation of a register as a means of unifying the profession, viz.:“We consider that the compilation of a Register would go far to unify the Profession, and support the movement to bring such a Register into being.” Mr. H. J. Hodsman (Leeds), pointed out that a register of the “directory type ” would be a great convenience, especially as some of the principal societies no longer issued their member- ship lists.He had also been impressed by the fact that the founders of the Institute had in mind the desirability of a register, but they seemed to get side-tracked into making it an examining body only. The lack of facilities for training and examination might have justified the policy 50 years ago, but the effect had been to cramp the Institute. Now that the Institute delegated examinational functions more freely and relied on a scrutiny of qualifications, it became a general registering body, and he would require much persuasion before agreeing that it was desirable to set up a new one. His main criticism would be that the Institute tended to measure chemists by the standards of the laboratory worker, and to look coldly on attainments and experience which proved successful in manufacturing industry.If necessary, he would establish a third grade and for that purpose thought the name “chemist” might serve, as it did not lend itself to the formation of specious combinations of letters which might lower the prestige of F.I.C. or A.I.C. At the same time, there inust be a line drawn somewhere. He saw, for instance, no movement for including solicitors’ clerks and nurses among legal and medical practitioners. There would always be a body of chemical workers at the fringe of any professional organisation, however widely the net was cast. Chemistry, unlike law or medicine, was a subject of general educa- tion just like Latin or English. Young people become interested in the subject at school; they were later assisted financially to go further with it at college. Chemistry was, therefore, a profession which could be entered cheaply by the clever boy, and that must have an effect on the economic position of chemists themselves.The Chairman summed up the discussion as indicating a feeling among those present in favour of compiling a com-prehensive register of chemists. There was a divergence of opinion as to whether the Institute should be the registering body or whether a new organisation should be created for the purpose. He pointed out that the Institute seemed to be the only body with machinery for sifting the claim to registration. Professor C. H. Desch (Sheffield) contributed a written statement: “The subject of the registration of chemists has to be considered in connection with the general question whether it be desirable to make chemistry a closed profession.So far as the position of fully trained chemists is concerned their interests are adequately safeguarded by the Institute, which has the standing of a recognised professional institution, and insists on a standard of experience and knowledge which is generally regarded as satisfactory. The British Association of Chemists, of the work of which I really know nothing, seems to be adequate to safeguard the interests of persons engaged in chemical works, etc., who have not reached the standard required by the Institute. The whole influence of a qualifying body depends on its maintenance of a high standard.So long as the Institute holds its present position, the possession of its Fellowship or Associateship will be regarded as the best qualifica- tion for a post in public service or in works. I very strongly object, however, tg any attempt to make chemistry a closed profession. The examples of medicine and law are commonly quoted, but in these two professions the range of qualification is comparatively narrow and easy to define. On the other hand, a chemist, by which term I understand a man who practises some occupation, the scientific basis of which is chemistry, cannot be defined, since his functions may vary so very widely. Any attempt to close the profession would mean a standardisa-tion and the enforcement of a narrow outlook on chemists.Even the restriction of the practice of medicine, necessary as it is felt to be, bears serious evils with it, and we have seen lately how a privileged body may become tyrannical by refusing to recognise any methods which have not been approved as orthodox. I sincerely hope that all scientific workers will keep 47 themselves free from any such narrow restrictions. We need in science the greatest possible independence of thought and action, and I consider that chemists should aim at maintaining their position by keeping up a high standard of work and personal honour, and not by any attempt to exclude outside workers.” Dr. Forster moved that: “This meeting declares itself in general agreement with the statement on registration prepared by the Manchester and Liverpool Sections, and urges the Council to go forward with the compilation of a register of professional chemists,” Mr.David McCandlish (Leeds) seconding, suggested that some guidance might be obtained from the action of the dental pro-fession in a similar matter. The motion was carried by 10votes to 2, several members having left the meeting before the vote was taken. In addition there were written communications supporting registration from 19members (including 18 from York), and I against. On 24th January, Prof. J. W. Cobb gave a lecture before the Section, on “The Training of a Fuel Chemist,” of which the following is an abstract. The conviction that our fuel supplies must be used efficiently and economically is becoming more firmly and generally estab- lished, with the result that there is probably no branch of chemistry providing better opportunities than fuel for the right type of man.These opportunities come in the first instance in connection with the established carbonisation industries. The gas industry depends upon scientific practice in respect of its main products, its by-products, and the proper utiJisation of gas, coke, and tar. The development of the gas and coke oven industries depends on a scientifically trained personnel, more than on any other single factor. Moreover, the need for economy in fuel utilisation, the demands for liquid fuel, particularly motor spirit, the awakening of the public conscience to the evils arising from smoke,all make for the intervention of the trained fuel technologist.The training has to meet many requirements, and, if it is to be effective without being too long, a careful selection has to be made of the subject-matter. It would be easy to say that such a training should include courses that would imply the superposed training of a chemist, a physicist, and an engineer, 48 followed by works experience. Such a scheme is quite impractic- able and would inculcate too exclusively the attitude of the acquirer of knowledge and not sufficiently that readiness €or independent action and for malting the best use of knowledge already acquired, which is characteristic of the best type of practical man.The courses in fuel or gas engineering, as given by the Univer- sity of Leeds in the first year, are given, are given up entirely to basic sciences, Chemistry, physics, and mathematics, with an introductory course in general engineering and a short course (one hour per week) in fuel. The second year course develops chem- istry and engineering further, and deals with such special branches of physics and chemistry as thermal efficiencies, calorimetry, and pyrometry-all of fundamental importance to the fuel technolo- gist. The third year course may be varied, but is substantially devoted to the more specialised subjects of carbonisation, fuel, and gas engineering. In this year the special technique of the fuel chemist is learned in the fuel laboratories in connection with furnaces, refractory materials, pyrometry, calorimetry, gas analysis, the methods of testing gas appliances and the like.Contact with the most modern practice is maintained by short lecture courses, given by lecturers from outside, on such subjects as coke oven and gas works practice, gas distribution, and benzole recovery. Practice in exposition by the students is obtained at a weekly colloquium where new processes or re-searches are explained by the students themselves. Some works experience is obtained by the students, during the long vacation, at gas works, coke oven plants, and producer gas plants, although the first vacation course is usually spent at a general engineering works.This three years’ course leads to a degree or a diploma. The successful student is ready to take a works post in the fuel industries, since he has a knowledge of the principles underlying the use of fuel and of the laboratory technique employed in fuel work, and also a knowledge of industrial processes which must, however, be supplemented by experience. The fourth year course consists in carrying out under super- vision some piece of allotted research work, and is really a training in research methods: it leads to an honours degree. The fourth year training is not suitable for every student and is only recommended for those who have some aptitude for research. 49 In the other universities which set out to train fuel chemists, the practice is somewhat different.At London, for example, the fuel training is entirely post-graduate, following upon the completion of a full degree course in science. The fully qualified fuel chemist is now in great demand. His work is of an interesting character; his opportunities are great and likely to be greater, In the discussion following the lecture, Dr. L. L. Lloyd (Bradford), advocated instruction in economics for students destined for industry, and suggested the advisability of giving notice in advance of the subject of lectures so that students might form their own opinions. Mr. C. P. Finn (Wath-on-Dearne), doubted whether any university training would give a man in advance the “applied economics” of the type necessary to a works manager, which could be learnt only in the school of experience.Men trained in the methods described by Professor Cobb were better fitted than the average graduate in chemistry for successful work in the coke oven industry. The chemist was often too anxious to remain in a laboratory. Mr. C. P. Thorp (Hull) expressed approval of the curriculum outlined and lamented that his own university training left him without the knowledge of engineering which he found so necessary in his daily work. Mr. H. Marsden (Wakefield) spoke of the difficulty which a young industrial chemist finds in calculating costs, especially in a large concern. Mr. H. J. Hodsman (Leeds) said the address raised the question of the training of industrial chemists.The Institute regula- tions seemed designed to suit laboratory workers, analytical and research chemists. Was it desirable that all men destined for manufacturing life should hc forced through the same mould? It may be said that their engineering training in applied chemistry should follow graduation, but time was a limiting factor. For certain types of men destined for an industrial Life, early association with practice was desirable. In a discussion on qualifying examination standards, Mr. Riley (Leeds) insisted on the maintenance of the matriculation standard. The chairman ernphasised that admission to the Institute was regulated by the charter and the historical develop- ment of the Institute. Professor Cobb in replying, said that the students in Fuel at 50 Leeds took ;I short course of applied economics.He doubted the advisability of exacting a course of training specially suited to laboratory workers for all chemists going into executive industrial work. He would also prefer to demand in all cases some experience in the practice of chemistry after graduation before admission to the Institute. Mr. McLellan’s paper on “The Chemist in the Food Industry ” will be given on 14th March. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A meeting of the section was held at the Institute, on 15th December- Mr. G. W, s. Marlow in the chair-when the proposition was discussed-That provision should be made for the election of a certain number of Associates to the Council.Mr. Tritton referred to the early constitution of the Institute, pointing out that in 1885 there were about 430 members, less than 20 being Associates. At the present time about 65 per cent. of the members of the Institute were Associates, but the Council was still composed solely of Fellows, He thought that the tendency was to make the conditions for Fellowship more severe and consequently a large proportion of Associates did not proceed to the Fellowship, Moreover, the younger men were now taking posts in industry, and many would ultimately obtain managerial posts of importance. These, even if remaining Associates, should be entitled to take part in the policy and management of the Institute. The total subscriptions paid by Associates were about double those paid by Fellows and, for this reason also, Associates should have their own representa- tives on the Council. Associates were specifically excluded from the Council by the terms of the Charter, and, therefore, to put this suggestion into practice would necessitate an alteration.He considered that the present constitution of the Council was undemocratic and not in the best interests of the Institute. Mr. Barrett, in seconding the proposition, suggested that the Council should appoint a Committee to consider the matter. The Associates desired someone to represent their views on the Council. Mr. Phillips said that the Institute was artificially divided into two classes. To many Associates, the Fellowship was not open because of the restricted character of the Fellowship examinations. 51 Mr.Kendrick considered that Associates should be represented on the Council, especially with regard to the election of Asso-ciates to the Fellowship. The present regulations were too limited to allow the greater proportion of Associates to become Fellows. Many of those who were so excluded might be of great value to the Institute and their presence on the Council would give it wider views, including those of industrial chemists. Mr. Kent-Jones pointed out that it was possible for Asso-ciates to be examined in specialised branches of Chemistry for the Fellowship if they applied to the Institute for such exam- inations. He considered that any move which would reduce the necessity or desire of Associates to become Fellows would be wrong.Mr. Winks explained that the desire of the Institute was for as many Associates as possible to become Fellows. Although specified branches for the Fellowship examination appeared to be limited they were viewed in a generous way. The election of Associates to the Council would tend to maintain a continual barrier between Fellows and Associates. Mr. McLachlan thought that it was not necessary for Asso-ciates to be eligible for election to the Council, but that there should be a change of policy with regard to the admission of Associates to the Fellowship. Mr. Collett explained the changes in the regulations with regard to the admission to Associateship and Fellowship which took place in 1917.Previous to that date it was necessary to pass the intermediate examination or obtain a first or second class honours degree before taking the A.I.C. examination in the special branch chosen. He explained that the Council desired and expected Associates to become Fellows and that they were fully alive to the difficulties which some Associates experienced in finding in the syllabus a branch which would meet their requirements. One of the prime duties of the Institute was to act as a qualifying and examining body: he asked the members to consider, therefore, whether Associates should be members of the body which considered applications for election to the Fellowship. There was no discrimination on the Council between the interests of the Fellows and the Associates; the only privileges the fornier had, apart from the additional prestige, were possible membership of the Council and the right to make themselves responsible for registered students. 52 Messrs.Howard, Crosbie, A. J. Chapman, and Claremont also contributed to the discussion. Mr. Tritton, in his reply, discussed the various points which had been raised during the debate. The Chairman put the motion to the meeting, which was lost, 15 voted in favour, 18 against. It was agreed to pospone until the next meeting, the con- sideration of a motion “That in future the annual general meeting be held at some reasonable hour in the evening.” The discussions were keen and full of interest.Manchester and District.-On 6th December, 1926, at the “Manchester,” Ltd., the Section held a social evening. After an address by the Chairman (Dr. Levinstein)-in the course of which he reviewed the position with regard to the question of Registration-a Dinner, Dance and Cabaret took place and was greatly enjoyed by about 200 members and friends. Mrs. Nora Pearson with a partner gave a demonstration of dancing, and later appeared, in conjunction with Mr. Ryder Boys, of the Manchester School of Music, in the Quarrel scene from “The School for Scandal.” South Wales.-A largely attended meeting was held jointly by the South Wales Sections of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institution of Mechani-cal Engineers, on 8th December, at the Technical College, Swansea, Mr.C. M. W. Grieb in the chair. A paper on “Lubricating Oils, their Preparations, Properties and Examination,” was read by Mr. E. Le Q. Herbert, of the National Oil Refineries, Ltd. Mr. Herbert condensed a wide subject into a paper full of interest and concluded with a description of recent researches on lubricating oils. An animated discussion followed, Messrs, Grieb and Wood, Profs. Bacon and Coates, and others taking part. A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Herbert concluded the meeting. A meeting of the South Wales Section of the Institute of Chemistry, was held on 26th January, at the University College, Swansea, Mr. C. M. W. Grieb being in the chair.The two resolutions relating to the present system of election to Council, passed by the North-East Area Executive Committee and the Liverpool and North-Western Section were then discussed, After some discussion, it was decided to adjourn the further consideration of the matter to another meeting, and the Hon. Secretary was requested to circulate a copy of the resolutions to all members of the Section. The meeting desired that the agenda should also give notice of a discussion on the desirability of Associates being eligible for election to Council. The meeting then adjourned to a joint meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals. Mr. J. R. Green read a paper on “Quantitative Spectro- graphic Analysis in Metallurgy,” describing the methods of Spectrographic Analysis.The paper was illustrated by numerous examples and slides. In the discussion, Messrs. Grieb and Taverner emphasized the limitations and difficulties of the method. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Green. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). AN informal social evening was held at the Institute on 26th January. An excellent programme of music was provided by members of the Association and a dumb charade, culminating in a representation of the process of transmutation, performed in ten scenes, was very cordially received. A visit to the Royal Institution has been arranged by the courtesy of Sir William H.Brag for Wednesday, the 2nd March; and on Thursday, 31st March, Dr. E. F. Armstrong will give an address at the Institute on ‘‘The Transition from Chemical Student to Industrial Chemist.” January Examinations, 1927. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship was held at the Institute from 3rd to 8th January, inclusive. Fourteen candidates were examined and seven passed, two candidates completing their examination by satisfying the Board in the translation of French and German technical literature :-PASSLIST. Avent, Alfred George, Merchant Ventured Tech. College, Bristol. Bunce, Edwin Herbert, Birkbeck College. Clulow, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under G.E. Johnson, Esq., F.I.C., at the Municipal Tech. College, Hull; and Bradford Technical College. Cocker, Leslie, Huddersfield Technical College. X-iunecke, James Richard, BSc. (Lond.),Trained under G. E. Johnson, Esq., F.I.C.,ah the Municipal Tech. College, Hull. Myer, Edward, Liverpool Central Tech. School. Taylor, Arthur Edgar, Birmingham Municipal Technical School. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-In the theoretical papers, the answers to the questions on physical chemistry were rather superficial. The definition and determination of P, was generally well done, but the answers dealing with equations of state, application of electrometric methods in analytical chemistry, and Brownian motion were vague and unsatisfactory. No candidate dealt successfully with the quantitative part of the question on Brownian motion, and the term “electrometric” was stretched to include electrolytic analysis and even gas analysis in a combustion pipette.In inorganic chemistry, answers requiring memory only were well done; but the methods suggested for the preparation of pure gold, ammonium chloride and caustic potash, or for the separation of aluminium,iron and titanium were very inadequate. Tn the practical inorganic paper, the qualitative work was 55 fairly good, bat only four candidates definitely found vanadic acid, although all the candidates observed and noted at least two characteristic reactions for vanadium. In the quantitative section, the chlorine determination was fairly accurate, and that of calcium was nearly as good, although some candidates did not appear to recognise the fact that calcium phosphate would be precipitated on the addition of ammonia in excess.The phosphate determination was badly done, only two candidates obtaining good results. ORGANICCHEMI~TRY.-In the theoretical papers, the his- torical question on the work?of Griess, Hofmann and KekulC was attempted by all candidates and generally well answered. A question on the stereochemistry of trihydroxyglutaric acids was attempted, but not very successfully, by only three candidates. Only one candidate gave a practicable process for separating aliphatic primary, secondary and tertiary amines from a mixture of the three bases.The method generally favoured was that of treatment with nitrous acid, which involves the destruction of the primary mine. In the practical exercises, the candidates, when required to identify the elements in the phosphate or arsenate of quinine failed, with one exception, to recognise the presence of the phosphorus or arsenic in the acid radical of the quinine salt. Candidates were asked to identify either methyl acetate or ethyl formate,-isomeric esters with similar boiling points. This exercise was performed rather badly. In three instances the acetate was returned as the formate on quite inconclusive evidence. The results obtained on the second day in the quantitative exercise-determination of quinine in its phosphate or arsenate -were very satisfactory. In the qualitative work, some difficulty was experienced in finding nitrogen, by the cyanide test, in methylacetanilide.FROM FRENCHTRANSLATION AND GERMAN.--AlthOUgh the passages selected for translation were longer than usual, the results were better than in former examinations. There were no failures in French; the three candidates who failed in German were also weak in the theoretical and practical organic papers. 56 The following papers and exercise8 were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 3rd JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the method of preparation and properties of the element fluorine. Compare the properties of fluorine and its compounds with those of the other halogens, with special reference to points of difference.2. Give an account of how you would prepare: (a) Pure gold, from sterling gold. (b) Pure ammonium chloride free from carbon compounds. (c) A solution of caustic potash of high purity, especially as regards freedom from sodium compounds, 3. What is “Brownian motion’’ and how has it been studied ex- perimentally ? Whak deduct.ions have been drawn from the quantitative study of Brownian motion 0 4. Give an account, with examples, of the application of electro-metric methods in analytical chemistry, OT Give a critical account of the methods proposed for the separation ofaluminium, iron and tifaniwn. 6.Write a short essay on the compressed gas industry from the point of view of its influence on advancesin pure chemistry. 2 to 6 p.m. (Foaa pueatwns only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the preparation, properties, reactions and applications of three of the following : metallic tungsten, phosphorus trioxide, potassium metantimoniate, zirconia, potassium bichromate. 2. Define Pg,and describe a method for its determination in a coloured liquid. Give examples of the useful application of measurements of P, in the laboratory and in industry. 3. Complete the equations: 2 S0,NCl + ccq = NaNH,+N,O = 2HC1+MoOs = Give the conditions necessary for each reaction and indicate how dehite products may be isolated in each cam. 4. Give an account of the sources, preparation and uses of the principal compounds of boron.5. Discuss the following equations of Btate: (a) van der Waals (p + u/ua) (u -b) = RT. (b) Dieterici p(v -b) = RTe ltTO --A and indicate the best means of comparing the deductions from those equations with experiment, or Discuss the following statement : “Whenever acidity or alkalinity exhibits itself in a solution of a salt we can infer hydrolysis.” 57 TUESDAY, 4th JANUARY, 1927: 10 am. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What contributions to organic chemistry are associated with the names of the following chemists: Kekuld, Griess and Hofmann? 2. Describe the methods avaihble for the preparation of aliphaticamines, indicating the processes for isolating primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines from mixtures of these bases. 3.How are the following inorganic reagents employed in the synthesis of organic compounds: (a) aluminium chloride, (b) chromium trioxide, (c)ozone, (d) zinc dust? 4. What is implied by the term “alkaloid”? Select any three alkaloids and show how their chemical constitutions have been determined. 5. Indicate the possible number of isomeric trihydroxyglutaricacids, CO,H.CH(OH).CH(OH).CH(OH).CO,H. How many of these isomerides am known, and how many are opticaUy active t Describe the preparation from natural sources of one of these isomerides. 6. Write an essay on the introduction of sulphur and radicals containing sulphur into organic substances, contrasting the methods available in the aliphatic series with those practicable in the aromatic sene8. WEDNESDAY, 5th JANUARY, 1927: 10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Identify the elements in the material A, which is a salt of an organic base, and determine the percentage amount of the base. (A‘: quinine phosphate, or A”: quinine arsenate). (The identifications must be returned to-day, but, if necessary, the quantitative estimation may be completed to-momow,) 2. Identify the organic liquid B. (B‘: methyl acetate or W:ethylfonnate.) (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY, 6th JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the two components of Solution C. C’: methykcetanilide in aaetone; C”: p-aaetotoluidide in methyl alcohol.FRID.4 Y, 7th JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the solution D. (Potash alum with 10 per cent. orude sodium vanadate.) (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Determine calcium, phosphoric acid, and chlorine in solution E. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) Results are to be expressed as grams of Ca,Cl, and PO, per lo0 grams. of solution. Candidates are recommended to weigh out the portions of solution taken for analysis. SATURDAY, 8th JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Conclude the analysis of solution E. 58 Notes. Lectu re.-Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, Past President, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on 11th March next, at 8 p.m., when he will deal with the general progress of the profession of chemistry during the past fifty years.Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee hinds that in consequence of the insertion of a line--on the form for the payment of annual subscriptions-to provide for a con-tribution to the Benevolent Fund, the response so far received this year shows some improvement. Members who pay their subscriptions by bankers’ form, however, do not receive this form. The Committee has, therefore, issued a form to such members in order that those who wish to do so may instruct their bankers to pay an annual contribution to the Benevolent Fund, and by this means secure an assured income which will place the fund on a sounder financial footing. Marcelin Berthelot.-The centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot will be celebrated at the Seventh Congress of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle (49, Rue des Mathwins) to be held in Paris in October, 1927.South Africa.-Mr. James Gray, Honorary Corresponding Secretary (Transvaal), has forwarded a copy of a Memorandum on “The Profession of Chemistry in the Union of South Africa,” compiled from information received from members of the South African Chemical Institute, at the request of the Union Depart- ment of Labour. The Memorandum shows that there are about fifteen private practitioners in the Union, whose work is mainly analytical chemistry for the general public and for mining and industrial companies,-the analysis of minerals, water, coal, manufactured and raw products , fertilisers and feeding stuffs.The majority of chemists in the Union are employed in industries, 59 either as analysts or in control of inanufacturiiig processes. The chief industries are mining (gold, platinum, copper, diamond and coal), iron and steel, explosives, fertilisers, soap and glycerine, cement, ceramics, glass, food stuffs, brewing, sugar, condensed milk, mineral waters, glucose, starch, oil expressing, and lubri-ca ting greases. The Union Government employs chemists in Government Laboratories at Cape Town and Johannesburg, at several agri- cultural colleges, and at the Agricultural Laboratory, Pretoria ; and many chemists are engaged as teachers in the universities and high schools. The attention of the Department of Labour is directed to the fact that the chemist is required to have a good education and to undergo a systematic training leading to recognised degrees and qualifications, for which ample facility is provided in the Union.Professional training by means of correspondence schools is definitely deprecated. Attention is directed to the Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute, and to the fact that examinations are heId in South Africa. The prospects for new entrants to the profession in the Union are not promising, because few new industries are starting; there is no great prospect of expansion of chemical work in the estab-lished industries and the value of chemists and of scientific control is not sufficiently appreciated.60 0bituary. ACWORTHJOSEPH JOHN died on 3rd January in his 74th year. Born at Rochester, Kent, he studied science at the College of Chemistry in Oxford Street, and after working for a short time at the Britannia Works Co.-now Ilfords, Ltd.-proceeded to Erlangen where he engaged in research on the colour sensitising of photographic emulsions and was awarded the de,pee of Ph.D. In 1871 he returned to England and erected laboratories for experimental work at Cricklewood, where he established the successful business of t.he Imperial Dry Plate Co. with which hc remained associated until his retirement in 1917. He was elected a Fellow of tho Institute in 1878. BICKELLFREDERICK GUTHRIEdied at Sydney on 7th February, in his 66th year.He was tJheson of Professor Frederick Guthrie of the ltoyal College of Science, and studied chemistry at University College, London, and at theUniversity of Mebrkurg, but returned wit,hout graduating on receiving an offer of the position of Assistant to Professor Maxwell Simpson at Queen’s College, Cork, with whom he worked from 1882 t.0 1888. He was then appointed Assistant Dainoristrator at the Royal College of Science, where he continued until 1890, when he proceeded to Australia and became Demonstrator in Chemistry at Sydney University tinder Professor Liversidgc?. Two years later he was appointed Chemist to the Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, which position he held until his retirement in 1923, when he received a presentation in recognition of his servioes and proceeded to Queensland as AgriculturalEditor of the Daily Mail, Brisbane.He was the author of manypapers contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society, Thorp’sDictionary of Applied Chemistry, Agricultural Gazette (New South Wales), and the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. ALBERT BADENHomms died, as the result of an accident, at Birmingham, on 24th December, 1926, in his 27th year. Born at Wolverharnpton, he was educated at the Contra1 Secondary School, Birmingham, and matriculated at London University in 1916. In 1917 he entered the laboratories of Rudge, Whitworth, Ltd., where he worked for fourteen months, and in the following year was on service with the Wireless Section, R.N.V.R.After the war he was engagedfor six months in tho physical testing department of the Austin Motor Co., Ltd. He studied at the University of Birmingham from 1919 until 1922, when he graduated as B.Sc. in Metallurgical Chemistry, in the Honours Division. Later, he was appointed Scientific Investigator and Ilosearch Metallurgist to the Birmingham Small Arms Co., Ltd., and, in August 1926, obtained an appointment with the Crittall Uanufacturing Co., Ltd., at Braintree, Essex. He waa elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. EDWARDHENRYRENNIEdied at Adelaide early in January, 1927, in his 75th year. The son of E. A. Rennie, Auditor-General, New South Wales, he was educated at the Grammar School tmrl t,he University of Sydney, where he graduated as B.A.in 1870 and M.A. in 1876. At 61 bqth examinations he obtained gold medals and distinction in natural science. From 1870 to 1875 he was lecturer in natural science at the Sydney Grammar School, and after holding a similar appointment for eighteen months at Brisbane Grammar School, came to London in 1877 and studied at the Royal College of Science. At the end of 1878 he became assistant to Dr. C. R. Alder Wright and demonstrator in chemistry at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School. In 1882, he obtained the degree of D.Sc. (London) and, on his return to Australia, was for a time engaged in the Government Analyst’s Department in Sydney.In 1885 he was elected to the Angus Chair of chemistry in the University of Adelaide, which he held for over 40 years. He was twice President of the Royal Society of South Australia, and was the autjhor of various papers on the Chemistry of Australian natural products. He was elected a Fellow in 1880 and for many years was An Ilonornry Corresponding Secretary of the Institute. CHARLXSFREDERICK died in his 28th year while on a holidaySTOCKER in Switzerland, being overwhelmed by an avalanche on the 2nd January. Born at Bromley, Kent, he was educated at Aldenham School, and matriculated at London University. He continued his studies at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, but his course was interrupted by 20 months service with the Machine Gun Corps.In 1921, however, he obtained the diploma of A.R.C.S. (First Class) and graduated as B.Sc. (London) before joining the Research Staff of Messrs. Vickers. In 1925 he became Manager of the Medway Oil and Storage Co., Isle of Grain, Kent. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. Informtation has only lately been received of the death, in March, 1925, of REGINALDSUGDEN. He was educated at West Leeda HighSchool, and at Leeds University where he graduated as B.Sc. with First Claw Honours in 1913. He continued working as a University Research Scholar and was awarded the degree of M.Sc. in the following year, when he ww appointed Works Research Chemist to Messrs. George Bray & Co., Ltd . He was elected an Assoctiate of the Institute in 1917.ALEXANDERWATT died at Wallasey, Cheshire, on 30th November, in his 79th year. In 1866, he began his chemical studies as pupil assistant to Professor A. Cnun Brown, then an Extra-mural lecturer in the Medical School at Edinburgh, where he remained until 1869, when he eii~clred the University of Edinburgh and for two years acted as class assistant to Professor Cmm Brown, also studying physics under Teit and botany under Balfour. In the examinations of the Science and Art Department, in 1869, he obtained first place in Organic Chemistry and eighth placrs in Inorganic Chemistry, and was awarded the “Hope” Scholarship of the University for the years 1871-1872. He matriculated at the University of Bonn and worked under KekulB and Engelbach, and in 1872 worked with Kolbe at Leipzig.On his return he obtained an appointment as Assistant in the chemical works of Messrs. Macfarlan & Co. at Edinburgh, then worked for a few months at Oakbank Oil Works, Mid Calder, and in 1874 became Chief Chemist to Messrs. Macfie 8: Sons, Liverpool, with whom he remained until his retirement a few years ago. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. By his Will he left S50 to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute, and to the Library his collection of photogra,phic negatives of titles, pictures and portraits from books on alchemy, chemistry and early science . 62 JVHNW'JUSTER died ut Sliakespearo Hoacl, Hanwell, 011 Wth Jauuery,in hi8 60th year.Educated at, King Edward VI High School and Mason College--now the University--.Birmingham,he passed the Intemedi8te Examination of the Institute in 1900, and, having worked for about 8 year with Mr. J. Kear Colwell, passed the Final Examination for the Associateship in tho Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc., in 1901. He then entered the laboratory of Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, at Guy's Hospital, where, in addition to analytical work he devoted himself to research in toxicology, and in 1904 he was elected to the Fellowship. After the death of Sir Thomas in 1908, Mr. Webster was appointedChemical Pathologist at St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, where he became associated with Dr.--now Sir-William H.Willcox, and later was appointed Senior Official Analyst to the Home Office, in which capacity he was engaged in many notable criminal cases involving the detection of poisons.63 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Chemicals, British, Their Manufacturers and Uses.” Pp. 286. (London: Eniest Benn, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. The Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manu-facturers, 1927. “Chemistry, First Principles of.” F. W. Dootson and A. J. Berry. Pp. 339. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.) 6s. An elementary textbook for the use of candidates for the School Certii ficate Examinations of the English Universities. “Chicago University : Abstracts of Theses.” Science Series, Vol.11. Pp. 399. (Chicago University Press.) 15s. Theses submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Chicago in various branches of pure and applied science. “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Vol. VII. Pp. x + 977. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.). L3 3s. Deals with titanium, ziwonium, hafnium, thorium, germanium, tin,lead, and &he inert gases. OPTICALCONVENTION,1g26.-The Institute has received a copy of the Catalogue of Optical and General Scientific Instru- ments exhibited at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in April last (6s. net, gd. postage). The book contains illustrated descriptions of the instruments and apparatus exhibited by leading British makers, and descrip- tions of the Experimental and Research and Historical Exhibitions at the Convention.The Optical Convention has also announced the publication of its Proceeding, in two volumes, quarto, bound in cloth, Parts I and 11 (k3 net, postage IS. 3d.). The volumes contain 84 the full text of.the presidential address and of nearly IOO papers read at the Convention, with reports of the discussions and of certain special lectures. Particulars of the above can be obtained from the Optical Convention, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, s.w.7. Messrs. Adam Hilger, Ltd. have published a Bulletin of Development covering the twelve months ending 30th June, 1926, giving, inter aZia, particulars of new instruments produced by the Company, and a list of publications from its Research Department.Messrs. Bailli&re, Tindall & Cox, London (English Agents) have forwarded a specimen copy of ‘‘Chemical Reviews ’’ which is published by the American Chemical Society, 22s. 6d. net, post free, per annum. British Chemical Standards-The organisers of the British Cheinical Standards niovenient have published a report on the threc years’ working of the movement: October 1922 to September 1925. The object of the movement is to supply reliable analysed samples of steels, irons, slag, ores, brass, gunmetal, phosphor bronze, manganese bronze, white metal, dolomite, etc., for the use of chemists in iron and steel, engineering and other works, and also in universities, colleges and technical schools.The analysis is supplied with each sample. Copies of the Report may be obtained on application to the Organisers, 3, Wilson Street, Middlesbrough, England. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 21st January, 1927, 3 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 27 new Associates were elected and 8 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and 3 Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Chqnnan, Cecil, BSc. (Dun.), A.M.T.Chem,E., 108, Gaia SCreet, Riddrie, Glasgow. Hickinbottom, Wilfred John, Ph.D. (Bim.), 142, Albert Bod, Stechford,Birmingham.Phillips, Henry, D.Sc. (Lond.),SO, Brook Street, Kennington, London, S.E.11.New Assodates (elected without Examination). Ad~tiii, William Bennett, B.A. (Cantab.), Woodleigh, East Barnet ROILC~,Enfield, Middlesex. Angel, Thomas Huber, B.Sc. (Wales), 27, Loasdale Road, Soumemouth. 13nrne!s, Ceorge Reginald, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 49,Holland Rotcd, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Uanchester. Harnes, Ronald Sidney, B.Sc. (Wales), “Craiglee,” Marine Terrwe,Waterloo Port, Caernarvon, N.Wales. 13eLtzeley, Robert George Lynton, M.Sc. (Birm.),74, Gough Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Chadnrick, Richard, B.A. (Cantab.), Clinton, Moorfield Road, Ben Rhyd- ding, near Leeds. l%colmne. Alick Irving, BSc., Ph.D. (Liv.), School House, Banks, near Southport.Herbert, Ernest LeQuesne, B.Sc. (Edin.),“ Jesmond,” Broadway, Stockport.Holloway, Arthur Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Albion Rod,London, N.16. James, Alfred Clive, BSc. (Lond.), Government Laboratory, Clement’g Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C.2. Marriott, Robert Henry, MSc. (Leeds), Westcroft Lodge, High Street, Carshalton, Surrey. AIoNab, William, XA., BSc. (Glas.), 56, Eden Street, Riddrie, Glasgow.Norman, &.hur Geoffmy, BSc. (Birm.), 313, Gillott Road, Edgbaston,Birmingham.Pollett, William k’ranois Ogilvie, B.8c. (Land.), 2, Greenham Road, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10. Stiff, Philip Alfred, B.A. (Cantab.), 9, Coombs Road, Skewen, Glani. Stubbs, Leslie William, BSc. (Loncl.), 31, Meadvale Road, Croyclon.Tompkins, Eric Sidney, 13.8~.(Birm.), “Jlycot,” Scholar’s Lane, St#ratford-on-Avon.GG IVarburton, Miss Ida Kathloeu, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68,Poxhtrll Road, ShwWO(N{Rise, Nottingharn.Webster, John George, Assoc. H.W.C., c/o Dickson, 9, Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh.Westwood, John Borthwick , Assoc.H.W.C., 10, Neadowbank Aveiiue , Edinburgh.IVilCshire, John Laumncc, 13.S~. (Lond.), 36, Fordel Roncl, Cat.forc1, London, S.E. 6. New Associates (by examinatiod. Awnt, Alfred George, 5, Langham Road, Knowle, Bristol. Bmce, Edwin Herbert, 37, Northcote Rod, Walthamstow, Emex. Cocker, Leslie, 25, Barbiwn Road, York. Hunecke, James Richard, B.Sc. (Lond,), 1, Brooklyn Street, Hull. Myer, Edward, 26, Field Way, Waverkreet Liverpool.Tficglor, Arthnr Edgar, 76, Rlackpool Stmet, Rurton-on-Trent,. New Students, t'larke, John Robert, 21, Hereford Road, Seaforth, new Liverpool.Greenstein, Jacob, 63, College Lane, Durban, Natal.Gresham, Harold Ernest, 8, Campion Street, Derby. Loveless, Alfred Henry, Little Urswick, Ulverston, Lana Pickering, Basil Arthur, Division of Chemistry, Scott Agricultural Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya Colony.Sanders, Frederick George, 45, AnerIey Park, Anerley, London, S.E.20. Snow, George Edward, 108, East Parade,Heworth, York. JYoodhed, Mtwriw, 47, Snnderland Rod, Bradford. DEATHS, Fellows. ,I oseph John Acworth, Ph. J ) Frederick Bickell Guthrie. Edward Henry hnnie, 1) Sc. Alexander Watt. John Welwter. Assooiates. Allwrt Uden Hohiies. Charles Frederick Stcwkrr Ihinulcl Supden. 67 General Notices.Examinations in 1 927.--The arrangements lor exainiria- tions for Associateship and Fellowship during 1927 arc. as follows: Dates of Exam. Entries close. 25th to 30th April, Monday, 14th E‘eb., 1927. or 2nd to 7th May. 19th to 24th Sept. Monday, 18th July, 1927. OY 26th Sept., to 1st Oct. Noticeto Associates.--Associaleselectedprior to February, 1924,who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Kegulations for aclniission to the Fellowship. Appoiiittnents Register.-A licgister of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified cheniists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their collegc course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same term as Pellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appoiiitments Kegister. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ-mcnt arc required to pay 6s. Od. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for ;t further period of six months if nccessarj.. ?‘he Institute also maintains ;1 Register of Laboratory Assistant s who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Internicdiate Science Examinations. 1;t~llowsarid Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students art’ iin itd to cornmuriicatc with the Registrar. The Librai*y.--The Lilirary of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and ICcgisterccl Students bctween 68 the hours of xo am.aid G p.ni. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 ii.iii. and I pm.), except when examinations are being held. TIN. library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.rn.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reierence purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are rcquired to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.Covers for Journal.-hknibers who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Illessrs. A. M'. Bain & Co., Ltd., r7-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z. onto bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS the following terms: Buckrani case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. Sd. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in formirig a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to mcriibcrs lecturing on various phases of the history of chcniistry. Changes of Address.-In view of tlic espeiisc involved, tlirough frequent alterations of addrcssograph plates, ctc., licllows, Associates and lkgistered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give as far as possible, their perirzrinent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments: 6th Edition, 1927. -The sixth edition of A List of OficiaL C'lzewicnL Afi1Suintments is now ill proof.Corrections and suggestions which niiiy iiicrcasc the usefulncss of the List, will be welcoind. Communications should bc addressed to the Ikgistrar. PAGES MISSING FROM 69 TO 70 Officers and Members of Council, 1927-1928 PRESIDENT: RItTHUIG SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.So., F.RS. VICE-PRESIDENTS : EDlVAl%l)RIC€IARDS BOLTON. HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, DSc., PH.~. ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, ~>.SC.,LIJ.D., F.K.S. ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.8. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE,C.B.E., D.Sc., F.1C.S. HON. TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMSERS OF COUNCIL: FItANCIS WILLIAM FREDERICK ARNAUD : (MAIDSTONE).THOMAS LEWIS BAILEY, PH.D. : (LONDON).HUGH CHARLES LOUDON BLOXAM: (NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE). PERCY EWART BOWLES, PKD.: (NORTH-EASTCOAST AND YORKSHIRE).ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN: (LONDON).FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.H.S.:(OXFORD).GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. :(CHESTER).WILLIAM CLAYTON, D.Sc. : (LIVERPOOL).JOHN WILLIAM COBB, C.B.E., B.Sc. : (LEEDS).FVALTER HENRY COLEMAN: (GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND).WlLLlAM MURDOCH CWMMING, D.Sc. : (GLASQOW).JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc.: (LONDON).FRANKLAND DENT, M.Sc., Pa.D.: (THEOVERSEASDOMINIONS).BERNARD DYER, D.So. : (LONDON).ALFRED VTNCENT ELSDEN, BSc. : (WOOLWICH),LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc.: (LONDONAND SOUTH EASTERN COUNTIES).ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, BSc.: (LONDON). THOMAS GRAY, DSc., PH.D., LL.D.: (GLASGOW).CHRISTOPHER MAURICE WALTER GRIEB, BSc.: (FYA~SB;ND COUNTYOF MONMOUTH).ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., I).Sc., PH.D.: (LIVEELPOOL).EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.80.: (LONDON).HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., BSc., PH.D.:(HWDDLRSFIELD).BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD: (LONDON). CHRISTOPHER KELK INGOLD, DSo., F.R.S. : (LEEDS).ARTHUR WILLIAM KNAPP, l3.S~.: (BIRMINGHAM).ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., P3.D., F.R.C.Sc.1.: (IRISHF~IZSTATE).THOMAS MACARA: (LONDON). WILLIAM MARSHALL : (MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT).BASIL GORDON MoLELLAN: (YoRK). LIONEL GUY RADCLIFFE, M.Sc. TECH.: (MANCHESTER).ALFRED RkE, PxD. : (MANCHESTER).ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc. : (CAMBRIDGE).WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E.: (ARDROSSAN).FRED SCHOLEFIELD, M.Sc. : (MANCHESTER).FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc.: (BRISTOLAND SOVTH-WESTERN COUNTIES).RICHARD THOMAS, D.Sc. : (LI~RPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN).JOSEPH HAROLD TOTTON, R.A., BSc. : (NORTHERNIRELAND).DOUGLAS FRANK ‘SWISS, D.Sc. : (BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS).JAMES ADAM WATSON, A.C.G.I.: (EDINBURGHAND EAST SCOTLAND). 72 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS 1927: APRIL ~TH. 1927: NOVEMBEPV 18~~. MAY 20~~. DECEMBEH. 10~~. JUNE 17~~. 1928: JANUARY 20~~1. JULY 22SD. JANUAIIY 27~~ OCTOBER 21s~. FEBRUARY 1~TH. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: THURSDAY, 1sT MARCH, 1928. CENSORS: 1927-1928: THE PRESIDEKT, emoflcio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. PROFESSOR GEOHGE GERALD HENDERSON, DSc., LL.D ,F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E.,F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.So., F.R.S. Committees for 1927-28.CHAIRMAN FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH E. R.BOLTON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, (3. C. CLAYTON, HAROLD G.COLMAN, F. DENT, A. V. ELSDEN,L. EYNON, E. M. HAWKINS, E. HXNKS, B. F. HOWARD,PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,* THOMAS MRCARA, R. H PICKARD, AND J. F.THORPE. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: TIIE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. AKNAWD, T.L. BAILEY,E. R. BOLTON,* P. E. BOWLES, G. C. CLAYTON, F. DENT,B,DYER,C. M.W. GRIRB, T. GRAY, E. M. HAU'KINS, B. F. HOWAKD,PATRICK H. KIRKAL Y, A. W. KKAPP, A. G. G. LEONARD,W. MAR$HALL, A RE)!!, E. K. RIDEAL, W. RINTOUL, AND J. H. TOTTON. NOMINAT1ONS, EXAMINATIONS, AN D INSTlTUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE (VIUE-CHAIRMAN: PATRICK H.KIRKALDY). PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THEPRESTDENT, WITXI H. C. L. BLOXAM, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN,F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, W. M. CUMMING, J C. DRUMBIOND, L. EYNON, I. M. HElLBRON, H. H. HODGSON,PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. 11'. KNAPP, A. 0.G. LEONARD,T.MACARA, B. G. MaLELLAN, F. SOUTHERDEN, R. THOMAS, 5. F.THORPE," I). F. TWISS, AND J. A. WATSON. 73 SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1927-28. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESTDRNT, THEHON. TREASURER,* TTTEFIKANCE AND HOUSE CONMIT'I'EE. WITH P. F. BOWLES (NEWCASTLE),W.H. COLEMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER),W.M. CUMMING I\'. )I. GIBSON (BELFAST),(ULASGO\Y), C. M. W. GRIEB, H. H. HODGSON (HUDDERSFIELD),A. W. KNAPP, A. G. C. LEONARD (DuBrm), Whf.McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), W. MARSHALL, B.G. McLELLAS, G. H. PEKRY, C. PROCTOR, F. SCHOLEFTELD,F. SOUTHEHDEN ( HHISTOL), R. THOMAS (LmmrooL), G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTHWALEX), J. H. TOTTON, 0. TRTGGER D. F. TWISS (BIRXLN~EEAM),(LONDOX). AND J. A. WATSON (EDINBURGH). Tn the case of Section rrpresentatives, the names of their respective towns or distiiicts are inserted. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH F. W.F. ARNAUD, T. L. BATLEY, H. C. L. BLOXAJI, E. It. BOLTON,* A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, C. H. CRIBB, F.DENT, J. T, DUNN,B. DYER, A. V. ELSDEN, H.J. EVANS, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, E.M.HAWKINS, E.HINKS, G. N. HUNTLY, W. MARSHALL, S.E. MELLING, A. MOHE, G. H. PERRY, J. C. PIIILIP, P. A. ELIJY RICHARDS, W.H. RORERTS, C. A. SEYLER, H. SILVESTER, C. J.H. STOCK,G. RUDD THOMPSON, J. F. TOCHER, E. W. VOELCKER AND J. A. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THEPRESIDENT,* WITH J. E. COATES, G. G. HENDERSON, P. H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, R. €3. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, AND L,G. RADCLIFFE. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT,THEHONORARY TREASURER, AND THE REGIS-TRAR ?LND SECRETARY. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re APPOINTMENTS REGISTER : THEPRESIDENT, WTTH E. R. BOLTON,* F. DENT, A. V. ELSDEN,L. EYNON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, B. D. PORRITT, W. RINTOUL, F. SCHOLEFIELD, AND J. F. THORPE. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re REGISTRATION : THEPRESIDENT,* THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER, WITH ARTHUR J.CHAPMAN, G. C. CLAYTON, J. C. DRUMMOND, A. V. ELSDEN, H. J. EVANS, 0.A. F. HASTJLO\V, I. M.HEILRRON, A. W. KNAPP, S. E.MELLINQ,F.L.PYMAN, W. RINTOUL,F. SCHOLEFIELD, AND R. THOMAS. 74 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1927-28. Cbiman :THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nmin&tions, Examinations and Imtitutiona Committee. Examiners for the Aersociateship : GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.So. (Low.), A.R.C.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., DSo. (Lond.), F.R.S. Examiners for the Pellowship : Branch A,-INORGANIU CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E.,D.So. (Lond.). Branch B.-PEY~ICAL CHEMISTRY: JAMES CHARLES PHILIP, O.B.E., M.A., D.Su. (Aberd.), F.R.S.Branch C.-ORuANfc CEEMISTRY: FRANCIS ERNEST FRANCIS, D.So. (Vict.), PhD. (Erlmgen). Branch D.-BIoammsTRY : HENRY STANLEY RAPER, C.B.E., D.So. (Leeds), M.B., Ch.B. Branch E.~HEMISTRY(including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water : WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.So. (Vict. and Liv.) : THZRAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOQY, AND M~ROSCOPY:SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS, D-So., M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S. Bmnch F.-AGRXCULTUXALCHEMISTRY;HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Branch G.--INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY((General Chemical Technology) : JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.So. (Dun.). Examinem in the special sections of Bmch G will be appointed as required. HON. AUDITORS : 1927-28. WALTER PIERPOINT HARMSWORTH AND CHARLES EDWARD BARRS.AUDITOR : 1927-28. DAVID HEAVDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : Mzsslzs. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Uishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS: THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E.,Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (Cantab.), F.T.C. Professor George Gerald Henderson, D.SC., LL.D., F.R.S. (President : 1924-1927) From a photograph b.r Lafay~tte.] 75 Forty-Ninth Annual General Meeting. TUESDAY, 1st MARCH, 1827. THE49th Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Kussell Square, London, W.C.X.,on Tuesday, 1st March, 1927,at 4.30 P.M., Prof. G. G.Henderson, the retiring President, in the chair. PRESENTATION OF THE MELDOLAMEDAL. The President welcomed Mrs. Meldola and expressed the -great pleasure it gave the members that she was able to be present for the presentation of the Meldola Medal. He said that on the recommendation of the Board of Examiners, with which Dr. Percy Spiclmann was associated as representing the Society of Maccabaeans, the Council had awarded the Mcldola Mcdal to Dr. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, in recognition of the quality of his research work,-more particularly, perhaps, his investigations of various aspects of photo-chemical change. The members hardly needed reminding that the Medal was instituted by the Society of Maccabaeans in memory of a promin-ent Maccabaean, who was a distinguished chemist, Professor Raphael McMola, formerly President of the Maccabaeans and an active President of the Institute.(Hear, hear.) The competition for the Medal was restricted to young chernists, and he took it that the significance of that restriction was that the Medal should be regarded not merely as a reward for'good work well done, but rather as an encouragement to further efforts, and in that sense he had great pleasure in presenting to Dr. Norrish the Medal, and in asking him to accept it with his personal congratulations and good wishes. (Applause.) The President then presented the Medal to Dr, Norrish. Dr. Norrish said he thanked the President and the members of the Institutc of Chemistry and the members of the Society of hlaccabaeans for the great honour thcy had bestowed upon him, He only wished that he could feel more worthy to be associated with the name of Meldola in whose honour the Medal was founded; but he would give his best assurance that it would 76 be his earnest endeavour in the future to deserve the Medal, even if he did not feel worthy of it at the moment.Any success that he had achieved had been in a large measure due to his chief, Professor Lowry, and to Dr. Rideal, to whose inspiration he owed a great deal. He considered himself very fortunate in having been able to spend so many years at the Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory. .(Hear, hear.) The Minutes having been confirmed, the President called upon the Hon.Treasurer to submit the Annual Accounts. ANNUALACCOUNTS. Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy (Won. Treasurer), said that he was sorry, for the sake of the members as well as his own sake, that it was not possible to adopt the same procedure as with the Minutes and take any remarks he might have to make as read. He was glad to be able to point to the continued satisfactory condition of the finances. The statement of accounts gave very full details, and therefore there was very little to explain, but should any member present wish for any further details he would endeavour to supply them later. Last year he had mentioned that the Council had, after consideration, adopted a new form of grant to the Local Sections. That new system had been working for the past twelve months, and so far he thought it had worked with complete satisfaction.He should like to draw attention to one item in the receipts side of the General Account, which had caused some concern, namely, the slight decrease in the amount received from Associates’ subscriptions. That decrease was due to a number of Associates being in arrear with their subscriptions. Some of them were out of empIoyment and some of them were receiving only small sdaries, and in such cases the Council was loth to press for payment. The amount of the annual subscription was small, but in some cases it was a real consideration, and if a good and sufficient reason was given for the non-payment of the subscription, time was always allowed by the Council.When the increase in membership during the past ten years, and the difficulty in some cases of obtai ing appointments, were considered, it was hardly a matter for surprise that some of the newly-joined members turned to other professions and for that, or some other reason, allowed their membership of the Institute to lapse. It would save the office a great deal of trouble if notice were given of a change of profession or the 77 dropping of membership, as it would save sending out a number of notices. It was principally from correspondence with regard to the arrears that the office heard of cases which could be helped by the Benevolent Fund and by the Appoint- ments Register. Two years ago, when he first had the honour of addressing the members as Treasurer, he mentioned that the legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, which represented approximately one-sixteenth of his estate, would amount to about jc;4,800.For about two years the Institute had been waiting more or less patiently for Sir Alexander Pedler’s legacy to be paid.The legacy to which the Institute was entitled was the same in amount and as to its conditions as that left to three other scientific societies, and the four societies concerned had been acting jointly in the matter, and some time ago appointed a well-known firm of chartered accountants to take up the subject with their solicitors, and the Institute had now received Sir Alexander Pedler’s legacy, together with accrued interest, the whole amounting to about &770, taking the securities at their value on the 18th February.In addition to the securities and cash which had been handed over, the estate included some securities which had no present value and therefore had not been realised; so that there was a possibility-although he was afraid there was not much proba- bility-of a further division later on. He should like once more to express the gratitude of the members for this substantial increase in the funds and their appreciation of the thought which prompted Sir Alexander to make his generous bequest. (Hear, hear.) Under the directions of the will Sir Alexander requested that the money should be used, by each of the four societies benefiting, at their discretion for the advancement of science, and as far as possible for the advancement of chemical science.In using the income of the Fund the Council would no doubt see to it that the name of Sir Alexander Pedler was perpetuated. Turning from the General Account to the Benevolent Fund, he was glad to be able to report that several members who received help during prolonged unemployment had now obtained work and appeared to be firmly established, and he thought that fact alone justified the Benevolent Fund. A number of members had been helped over temporary difficulties; the first annuitant had been elected, a fact which he reported last year and, in addition to that, the Fund was giving definite yearly assistance to the widows of three members. In connection with the latter 78 cases the officers of the Fund were bearing in mind the fact that there were young children whose education would have to be provided for, and he could not imagine any better form of help that such a Fund could render.Organised group subscriptions from the staffs of laboratories, where a periodical collection of small subscriptions was made, afforded an excellent means of helping the Fund and provided quite a substantial sum. He would like to remind the members that the present year was the Jubilee year of the Institute and ask them to make a special effort for the Fund, which was doing much to alleviate the troubles of less fortunate members and their dependents. So far, this year about L50 had been received over that received in the corresponding period of Iast year, but the Fund was not yet in a position to extend its scope very much.Shortly, a legacy of -&o would be received under the will of the late Alexander Watt, and for that bequest the Committee had to record its gratitude. In order to emphasise what was being done and what was required to be done in the future, he might sum up by saying that there was one annuitant, that allowances were being made to three widows, which practically meant three more annuitants, that it would be necessary soon to provide for the education of several children, and that there was a desire to provide for another annuitant this year. He felt sure that having put the position plainly before the members, both with regard to the needs of the Fund and the good work it was doing, he could leave it to them to provide the necessary funds, not only for the present needs, but also to build up a Benevolent Fund worthy of the profession.He would like once again to express his great indebtedness to his colleagues on both the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee for the great interest they had taken in their work and for their personal kindness to him. He had especially to thank those members who, under the By-Laws, were debarred for a time from continuing their work on the Finance and House Committee, and especially his predecessor, Mr. E. W. Voelcker, for the help and advice which he had always so freely given.Also he wished to tender his thanks to the Registrar and the Accounts clerk, Mr. Aiken. In moving the reception and adoption of the accounts for 1926,he asked the members to accord their hearty thanks to the Honorary Auditors, Mcssrs. Barrs & Harmsworth, and he should like to add a word of thanks to them for auditing the accounts of 79 the Benevolent Fund. He moved the reception and adoption of the accounts for 1926. Mr. S. F. Burford, in seconding the motion and the vote of thanks moved by the Honorary Treasurer, said that the manage- ment of the finances of the Institute was an arduous and onerous undertaking. If the honorary Treasurer and Auditors were satisfied, he thought the members had every reason to be so. The motion was carried unanimously.REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The President moved the reception and adoption of the Report of the Council. (For the President's Address, see pp. 83-95.) Mr. William Macnab said he had great pleasure in seconding the adoption of the Report, which the members had had an opportunity of reading. Those present had had the still greater advantage of hearing the admirable remarks of the President illuminating and extending the Report. It had been a great privilege to listen to the President, and he thought all the mem-bers would feel that the interests of the Institute had been well looked after. The Report of the Council for the year 1926, was received and adopted unanimously. REPORTOF SCRUTINEERS. The Registrar read the Report of the Scrutineers, and the President declared the officers elected as follows:-Tho number of valid votes cast for the 'Officers was 815.President: Arthur Smithelis (813). Vice-presidents: E. R. Bolton (792), H. G. Colman (794), Ernest M. Hawkins (792), G. G. Henderson (815), R. H. Pickard (794), J. F. Thorpe(803). Honorary Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkddy (814). The number of valid votes cast for the General Members of Council was 815. The General Members of Council were declared elected as follows:-Wm. Rintoul (602), I. &!I.Hcilbron (581), G. C. Clayton (667), J. W. Cobb (540), Bernard Dyer (532), J. C. Drummond (526), Thomas Gray(525), Wm. Clayton (518), A. W. Knapp (516), C. K.Ingold (515), E.K. Hideal (5M),W.M.Gumming (509), F. D. Chattaway (508), Alfred RBc (504), A. V. Elsden (498), A. G. Francis (497). T. L. Bailey (493), B. 0. Mchlltm (4911, L. G. Itadcliffe (489), H. C. L.BIoxam (487), F. Scholefield (4781, A. J. Chapman (471), Thomas Macara (464), F. W. F. Arnaud (449), Edward Hinks (435), H. H. Hodgson (427), B.F. Howard (419). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 774. The following were declared elected:- A. Chaston Chapman (499), Sir Robert Robertson (445), Prof. G. G. Henderson (420), Sir Herbert Jackson (371). 80 The President cleclarcd that the officers (President, Vice- Presidents and Hon. Treasurer), General Members of Council, and Censors, whose names had been read, were duly elected for the year ending 1st March 1928.He wished to take the opportunity of expressing the grati- tude of the members to the scrutineers-Mrs. Tookey-Kerridge and Dr. L. E, Campbell-who undertook the task of counting the votes, which was no mere formality, because he knew it took them at least a day-and-a-half to do the work that had to be done. Therefore on behalf of the Institute, he offered the scrutineers very cordial thanks for the duty they so willingly undertook. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS. Dr. George McGowan proposed that Mr, C. E. Barrs and Mr. W. P. Harmsworth be re-elected Honorary Auditors for the ensuing year. The members were greatly indebted to them, Mr.Andrew Scott seconded the resolution, which was carried unanimously. Mr. L, K, Boseley proposed that Mr.David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be reappointed auditor at a remuneration of thirty guineas. The motion was seconded by Mr. H.I>. Abell and carried unanimously. VOTESOF THANKS. Mr. F. G. Edmed said that the members had listened with very much interest to the address of the retiring President, and he thought such Presidential Addresses always came as a fitting climax to the President’s term of office, particularly in the present case when the Institute had made such great progress under Professor Henderson. He had been particularly touched by the graceful tribute Professor Henderson had paid to the late Sir William Tilden, under whom he (the speaker) had the honour of being trained, and to whose interest and friendly help he owed a very great deal.He had listened with interest to the very closely-reasoned statements of Professor Henderson with regard to the vexed question of Registration; it was quite obvious that was a problem that was going to cause considerable trouble in the future, and it was a great help to get the opinion of one who had evidently devoted very close attention to such a difficult and important problem. He had very much pleasure in moving that the thanks of the meeting be accorded to the President for his Address and that he be asked to allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL. Dr. L. E. Campbell seconded the motion, which was carried with acclamation. Sir Robert Robertson, in proposing a hearty vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of the Council, said that that afternoon the members had heard something about the mechanism and running of the Institute and some of the “secrets of the prison house” had been reveakd.The members knew the great sacrifices that were made by members of Council and the other officers of the Institute by giving their time to the interests of the Institute. The motion was carried with acclamation. INDUCTIONOF PRESIDENT. The retiring President said he might be permitted, as representing the retiring members of Council, to say that he believed each one of them, like himself, had felt it a privilege to be allowed to take part in directing the affairs of such a great institution. He had tried-although it was almost impossible to do so-to express his own personal thanks, not only to his fellow members of Council, but to all the members of the Institute, for the way in which he had been treated during his term of office.He would now vacate the chair in favour of the new President. Prof. Henderson then left the chair, which was taken, amidst cheers, by Prof. Arthur Smithells, the new President. Prof. Smithells said that he had to thank Prof. Henderson in the first instance for the most generous and gracious terms in which he had ushered him into such a high office. He was afraid that what Professor Henderson said about him sprang more from the kindness of his heart than from any merits of the new President. To those members present, and to those who were not present, who had elected him to the office and conferred upon him so signal an honour, it was impossible for him to find any adequate words of thanks, and he was sure they would understand and synipathise with his embarrassment at feeling unable to give any kind of expression to what he felt.The honour of the Presidency had come to him quite unexpectedly, and he could only say in the simplest possible words that he was profoundly sensible of the dignity conferred upon him and profoundly grateful for such a mark of the members’ confidence. He had known the Institute for a very long time and had seen it grow from small beginnings to what it was at present, an Institute not only of first-class importance to chemistry and chemists, but of no inconsiderable consequence to the public of this country and indeed to the Empire. (Hear, hear.) When he looked round the room and saw the portraits of Past-Presidents, he believed there was not one that he had not known personally, and a number of them had been men with whom he had enjoyed very close personal friendship.He knew what those men were, and he knew what they did, and although it only deepened his sense of the honour that had been conferred upon him, it would be understood that it was somewhat disconcerting. He had, during his recent term of office as Vice-President, sat under two old and much valued friends, Mr. Chaston Chapman and Prof. Henderson, and he was sure that no in-coming President could have had better examples before him than those two of his predecessors in office.He could only say that with advancing years his desire to learn from his betters and to improve his ways did not diminish. Some people might say that there was not much room for diminution in those qualities, but he could say that although he could not hope to equal either of his predeces-sors he could at least in one respect hope to be ranked with them, and that was in his earnest desire to give the best that was in him to the interests of the Institute of Chemistry. (Hear, hear.) He knew that in doing the work he should be able to count upon the assistance of those close at hand in the Council and upon that indispensable help to which Prof. Henderson said so much was due, that of the Registrar and Secretary, of the Assistant Secretary and of other officers of the Institute, to all of whom Professor Henderson had paid just tribute.With their help he hoped to be able to carry on the duties of President without any discredit to the Institute, and if he did not succeed-and he could not succeed in every particular-he was sure he might count upon the indulgence of the members. What he had said must be his lame acknowledgment of the honour that had been conferred upon him. All his best speeches were made on his way home from meetings, and if he thought of anything more felicitous, he was sure the Registrar would allow him to make emendations in any report that migtit be issued. (Applause.) The meeting then terminated.83 The Address of the Retiring President. Prof. 6. G, HENDERSON, D.Sc., F.R.S. INsubmitting the Annual Report for your reception and adoption, I have again to remark upon the increase (242) in the roll of membership, which is six more than that recorded last year. On the other hand, the decrease in the number of students indicates some abatement of the enthusiasm for chemistry which marked the period immediately following the war. It has not been the policy of the Institute at any time to adjust the stringency of its regulations and examinations on any principle of “supply and demand”; but rather to indicate to those who believe that they have a bent for our science as a profession that it does not necessarily lead to fortune, that it calls for hard work and sacrifices; and since, as a matter of fact, the supply of chemists does at present exceed the demand, more than average ability is required for even moderate success.It is to be deplored that there are not openings for all who have pursued the somewhat lengthy curriculum and attained the requisite standard of qualification, but in our profession, as in niany others, this situation is due very largely to the sudden and abnormal influx of graduates after the war, which in the face of subsequent years of industrial depression could not be entirely absorbed. It is sometimes said that the proportion of graduates in chemistry who join the Institute is not so high as it should be. The annual output from the British Universities of first and second class honours graduates in chemistry has been roughly estimated at 1,000.I am inclined to think that that figure is too high, but in any case I am sure that a very large number of such graduates have no intention of practising chemistry as a profession. Many engage in teaching chemistry and general science in public and secondary schools, and these would do well to qualify for membership because their association with the hstitute would be advantageous, since they are entrusted with the early instruction of pupils who will ultimately become 84 chemists. Many enter other professions, and it is surprising to find now-a-days what a large number of men,who have graduated, not only in Arts, but in Science, are engaged in callings having no particular relation to their university curricula; and although a great deal of study and labour may in this manner appear to have been wasted, yet I cannot help feeling that the lack of appreciation of science by the public of which we so often com- plain is in some measure combated by the graduates who are not actually pursuing science as a livelihood.I believe, however, that the majority of those who, after obtaining the necessary qualifications as the result of their academic careers, actually practise chemistry in tlw full senst’, are becoming attached to the Institute. Although our Roll has steadily increased, our losses by death are fortunately less in number than they have been for some years; but the list of these contains names which will be received with special regret.Our esteemed Past President, Sir William Augustus Tilden, passed away in December. One of the many well-known chemists who studied under Hofinann in the old College of Chemistry, he was ;Lmaster of his craft, a distinguished investi- gator, a successful teacher-expecting strict disciphe, but very human and devoted to his students-and the author of many useful books. He will rank as one of the outstanding men of science of his period-a period of many great men and of great progress in chemistry. His interest in thc science and the profession was nwint;iincd long after his 1-etireincmt aid \\.as evidenced by his attendance until quite recent times at meetings of the many societies of which lie was an honoured inember. He was President of the Institute when his powers were probably at their best, and his period of office marked a definite advance in the development of its work.It is gratifying to us to know that he watched with the keenest satisfaction the steady growth, in numbers and influence, of the Institute for which he had done so much. I referred last year to Sir John Burchmore Harrison; and now by the death of Professor Edward Henry Rennie, the Institute has lost another Honorary Corresponding Secretary who was ever ready to help us and often welcomed nierribers of the, Institute visiting or settling in Australia. Professor Rennie occupied the Angus Chair of Chemistry in the University of Adelaide for over 40 years, and ybrsued many investigations on the chemistry of Australian natural products.Of other members whom we have lost, William Spiller, a very early Fellow and a Past Member of Council, who died at the ripe age of go years, will be remembered for his early association with the British dye- stuffs industry, his name being identified with “Spiller’s Purple ”; Dr. Joseph John Acworth was a pioneer of chemical industry and the founder of the Imperial Dry Plate Company; Charles Rumble should be recalled as the inventor of the viscometer, of which the standard “Redwood” viscometer is a modification; John Webster, Senior Home Office Analyst, as a skilful toxicologist, whose public services are well-known to all; and Alexander Watt, as an able chemist, whose work was mainly devoted to sugar technology, and who kindly remembered our Benevolent Fund in his Will.The Report of Council is presented in such detail that I do not feel justified in taking up your time by making more than a few brief comments on the work of the various Committees; but I would ask your indulgence to allow me later to refer to the progress of the Institute during my term of office and to add some personal impressions which I hope will be of interest. You will have observed that the views and assistance of the Institute are freely sought by authorities and by other institutions, and that it continues to co-operate with other bodies by appoint- ing representatives to participate in the consideration of matters of mutual interest.The Hon. Treasurer has dealt with the subject of our financial position and resources, recently augmented by the substantial legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, which will no doubt be applied in the spirit in which it was bequeathed. The Hon. Treasurer has also commented upon the Benevolent Fund and the practical manner in which it has been administered, It is not merely as a matter of form or custom, but with all sincerity that on behalf of the Institute as a whole, I express our grateful thanks and acknowledge our indebtedness to the Hon. Treasurer and his Committees for their valuable services. The reference to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee shows that among the difficulties with which we have to contend is that of endeavouring to secure a title to which our claim has, I venture to say, been fairly and clearly set forth in a statement which has been transmitted to the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.I hope that before long the Committee will concur in the publication of the statement in 86 full. When that time comes, T think it will he acknowledged that the Legal and Parliamentary Committee-under the chair -tmnship of MI..E. R. Rolton has been prompt to act, ancl tht! question will bv asktd, ‘‘How in the face of that statement can we be denied the only title by which chemists are known elsewhere through the civilised world, and the only name that can possibly be applied to those who seriously pursue the science and practice of chemistry in the investigation of the secrets of nature, and its application to arts and manufactures? ” Other titles have been coined, but, in my view, none but that of Chemist can satisfy us, and.we must persist in this claim in the hope that our friends thc pharmacists, who are so fortunate in alternative designations, will come eventually to realise how seriously the profession, to which they must acknowledge much indebtedness, is hampcrccl by the existing confusion and how far-reaching is the effect of this confusion in hindering the proper recognition, by the community at large, of the importance of the chemist and his science to the industries and trade of the country.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, of which in my absence, Mr. Kirkaldy has also almost invariably acted as chairman, has presented a record of steady and useful work. I would direct the particular attention of Associates to the revised regulations for admission to the Fellowship, and that of the Students of the Institute, in this our jubilee year, to the award of a medal and prize in honour of our first President, Sir Edward Frankland. Under Dr. Slater Price, the Publications and Library Com- mittee has also a record of activity which deserves our hearty commendation ; and the proceedings of the Public Appointments Committee, of which Mr. Bolton was chairman, show that the professional interests of members have been watched and useful action has been taken in several matters of importance.The Committee is reviewing the whole position of public analysts under the Sale of Foods and Drugs Acts, having particular regard to the increasing duties and responsibilities imposed upon them in respect of which local authorities in general have allowed very little or no additional remuneration. The Com-mittee has been empowered to obtain legal advice on the matter, and public analysts will be informed with regard to any steps which may be taken on their behalf. So far, I have sumrnarised most of the main features of the 87 Report, and I may be expected to say something on the much discussed subject of Registration, upon which the work of almost all the Committees has some bearing, In March, 1925,before the matter had been so thoroughly considered by the Council and the Local Sections, I made the following statement :-“As regards Registration, the relation of our profession to the public is different from that of medicine or of pharmacy, and I for one would not welcome legislation which would have the effect of restricting the freedom of any man to practise any profession or craft in which he can prove himself able to earn an honest living without hurt to his fellow-citizens.In this matter I am expressing a personal opinion, and am quite open to conviction, but my feeling is that the question of Govern-ment registration of chemists is not at present within the sphere of practical politics.” I would emphasise the fact that then I had an open mind on the matter.1 was anxious to hear the arguments for and against ; and since then I have had the advantage of presiding at the York Conference in 1925,and at the meetings of the Registration Commit tee. I have carefully considered the Statement pre- pared by the Committee and have read the reports of the dis- cussions on the subject so far held by the Local Sections. I am still open to conviction. One or two Sections have yet to forward their reports, and the Registration Committee will then consider any concrete suggestions which may have been advanced. Whatever the conclusions arrived at by the Committee may be, I do want to assure the Fellows and Associates that the Council is anxious to give due consideration to their views and wishes, and I am confident that if any action can be taken with the full assurance that it will benefit the profession, the Council will gladly pursue it.I make this appeal, however, that every Fellow and ,4ssociate shall loyally stand by the Institute as the body duly authorised by the Crown to register those who are qualified to practise chemistry in the sense in which we use that expression. It is possible that the opportunity will shortly arise when the Institute can usefully enter into negotiations on this subject, and it would, in my judgment, be a serious disadvantage to the profession if during any such negotiations voices were raised in our own ranks which appeared to question the rights of the Institute as the recognised repre- sentative professional body.88 The reports of the Sectional meetings already received indicate that considerable diversity of opinion exists. and 1 think it not improper to remind you that, under the provisions of the Koyal Charter, the Institute is given authority to examine, to grant certificates of competency, and to register persons qualified to practise thc profession of chemistry. Thc powers entrusted to 11s have been cxerciscd for half n century with tht. result that the Register includes the names of more than 5,000 qualified chemists, and that we can now claim with justice that there is a profession of chemistry-which was certainly not the case fifty years ago.I am not convinced that it would be advis-able for the Institute to undertake the preparation of an addi-tional list including, firstly, those chemists who are qualified for the Fellowship or Associateship, but have not as yet applied for admission, and secondly, others who are not qualified for membership. In my opinion the production of a general list of persons connected with chemistry, if considered to be desirable, might very well be undertaken by the Federal Council, but it must not be forgotten that the expense incurred in the prepara- tion and maintenance of a list of this kind must necessarily be considerable. In this connexion I desire to draw the special attention of our members to the recently approved modifications of the Regulations for admission to the Associateship.* The Council has given careful thought to the case of chemists who have been unable to follow what may be called the normal course of training, and yet have acquired such knowledge and experience as justify their admission to an examination, and has formulated the following regulations :-Candidates who are not less than twenty-five years of age will be admitted to the ordinary examination for the Associate-ship on condition, (I)that they have received systematic instruc- tion to the prescribed standard, by day OY evenifzg classes, in chemistry, physics, mathematics, and one optional subject, (2) that they have been engaged in the study and practice of chemis- try for at least eight years, and (3) that they are recommended for special consideration by at least three Fellows. Moreover, a candidate who is not less than thirty years of age may be admitted to exnllzination for the Associateship, the natwe of whichwill bedecided by the Council in eaclz case, on condition * [Regulations for the Admission of Students, Associates and Fellows,Revised June, 1926.) that he can produce evidence of training in, and adequate knowledge of, chemistry, physics, and mathematics, and that he has been engagcd in the study and practice of chemistry for at least twelve years and has attained a responsible position.He must also submit the names of three referees, of whom one at Ieast must be a Fellow or Associate. I would also direct attention to the fact that in special cases the Council will consider evidence of general education other than the passing of a preliminary examination.The effect of these modifications of the Regulations is to make admission to the Associateship possible for at least the great majority of those who can claim to be trained chemists, but I have reason to believe that their significance has not been fully sppreciatcd by many of our members, and therefore make no apology for referring to them. In the concluding paragraph of the Report, the Council has been so kind as to suggest that my period of office has been marked by an increased sense of fellowship among members and a quickening of interest in the affairs of the Institute and of the profession.During thc last three years it has been my good fortune to be able to visit most of the Local Sections in this country, and nothing has been more gratifying to me than to note the well-attended meetings and the growing enthusiasm of the members in the consideration of matters affecting their profession. This activity of all our Sections will, I hope, be (mcouraged by every possible means, because there is no doubt that our Institute and our profession can only progress by our holding together in the true spirit of fellowship. Opinions with respect to policy and procedure may be somewhat divergent, but on the other hand, all the Sections are united in striving to support the Institute’s unceasing efforts to secure adequate recognition in all quarters of the national importanceof chemistry.I am sure that you will agree with me in feeling that we owe a debt of gratitude to the Ofice-bearers and Members of Com- mittees of the Sections for the good work they have so willingly done, at the cost 1 fear of no small sacrifice of time and energy. Last year I referred briefly to the work of the Censors, and I think it well to mention that the complaints referred to these officers during the past year have been very few. In those cornplaints which related to certificates which appeared to have been given for advertising purposes, thc Censors have been satisfied that no fault lay with the rncmbcrs concerned. They (30 were innocent and had been sinned against by the misuse of their certificates.One case of serious importance has not yet been concluded. Complaints regarding advertising for practice were received from the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. At home, soliciting for practice by means of public advertisement or by circular letter or in any other form is regarded as discreditable to the profession, and hitherto it has been the practice of the Censors to discourage advertisements by Fellows and Associates in any country; but it was pointed out that in certain parts of the world it was the practice of professional men to insert “pro- fessional cards ” in newspapers, and evidence to this effect was received from India, South Africa, and Brazil. In some places medical men have adopted the practice, and an enquiry addressed to the General Medical Council elicited a reply to the effect that the Council had jurisdiction over registered practitioners where- ever they were practising, but in every instance in which a complaint was received the case was considered on its merits, having regard to all the circumstances, and one of the circum- stances would certainly be the custom of the country in which an alleged offence was committed.The Censors felt that representations which they have received rendered it advisable that they should ask the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries to ascertain for them the views of members abroad on the general question. Some replies have been received which show that there is a difference of opinion on these matters which will require further consideration.The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSand the Reports of the Council which have been published during my term of office have given full details of our activities, but I will add a few statistics which may be of interest. The membership of the Institute and the number of students on the roll at the close of the four years ending respectively on the 3rst January, 1924,1925,1926 and 1927 are as follows:-1924 I925 - 1926 - 1927 Fellows 163s 1685 1731 1763 Associates 2761 3023 32*3 3423 St udeiits The number of Fellows and Associatcs S~OWSa net increase uf 787; but the number of students at present on the roll is 152 less. During the past three years we have examined 308 candi-dates, of whom 137 have passed.In the same period our financial position has becoine niore firmly established and, thanks very largely to legacies from Sir Alexander Pedler and Mr. Edward Riley, our reserve funds have been considerably augmented. The position of the Institute generally as the representative body of the profession is becoming steadily consolidated and its place in the affairs of the country is becoming more and more definitely acknowledged. Notwithstanding the increase in metn-bership, the Appointments Register indicates a slight decrease in imemployment, and I believe that when the industrial activity which has been so much retarded in recent years becomes inore fully restored, as we all trust it will be, chemists will have greater opportunities of showing what they can do to help in maintaining our economic position, and will participate in the results on a scale more representative of their deserts than they have done in the past.The Conference held at York in July, 1925,so far as it re- viewed the regulations of the Institute, and the Conference of Professors of Chemistry held in London, in January, 1926,on “The Place of Applied Chemistry in the Training of Chemists,” proved to be helpful in establishing the principles on which it was subsequently decided to modify the Regulations, and I hope that the practice of holding conferences from time to time to discuss matters of general interest to the profession will be continued. When we compare the present Regulations with those in force ten years ago it will be realised that in accordance with the decisions of thz special general meeting held in April, 1918,the Institute has made it possible, so far as it could be made reasonably possible, for any person who can legitimately claim to be a chemist to become attached to the Institute, provided that he is prepared to comply with fair and reasonable conditions.I yield to none-not even to our Registrar or to our Assistant Secretary-in my firm belief in the aims and objects and useful- ness of the Institute; but it was not until you did me the honour to elect me to this Chair that I began to realise how much more the Institute does for its members and for the public than I had hitherto imagined.The report in our JOURNAL of the proceedings of the Council and its Committees are in themselves sufficient to !K! demonstrate the importance of the part which the Institute plays, but I have also been impressed by the amount of work done day by day in the oflice, which is only known to those actually engaged in it, yet is of great value to our profession. During the past three years 1 have spent many whole days at the Institute, and therefore can attempt to give an account of a typical day in the office, in the hope of still further ex-posing the delusion, which appears to linger in the minds of a few, that the activities of the Institute are almost wholly confined to testing the qualifications of candidates for mern- hership and registering those who are qualified.On the day fixed for a iiiecting of the Council I arrive at the Institute shortly after 10o'clock and find the business well in hand. The. morning post, which varies from 300 letters a day in January to 50-60 a day in August, hat.;htw distributed. The letters containing cheques and accourits to the Accounts Clerk ; applications for membership or examination, letters connected therewith, or relating to appointments, and others on technical matters, gifts of books, and a pile of journals, to the Assistant Secretary; those asking for Regulations and forms to the Chief Clerk; changes of address and similar matters to the Register Clerk, who also deals with the acldressograph plates ; correspond-ence from Government departments and other authorities and institutions, Benevolent Fund matters, Local Section letters and notices, letters containing various enquiries-often of a confidential gr unusual character-to the Registrar. I find a heap of certificates to sign, while the Registrar con-tinues the dictation of letters until I am ready to consider with him the Council Agenda with its correspondence and reports, in preparation for the meeting in the afternoon.U'c are frequently interrupted by members of the staff coming for instructions, or by callers or telephone caIls, which require the personal attention of the chief officer, unless the Chief Clerk or thc Assistant Secre- tary is able to deaI with them. In the mcantirne, the printing departmcnt is busy with notices to be issued from the office to thc members of the various Scctions and th(b addressograpli is busy with the cnvclopes for them. In the tiling and indexing department the incoming letters of the day were rcgistered when they were opened, and the letters of the previou:; day are now being filed with carbon copies of the repIies.The replies to urgent letters, with addressed envelopes attached, are awaiting signature. Enquiries arising from the day's correspondence 93 and a inass of dctail have received attention before 12.30,when, with the two chief officers, I have an opportunity for the dis- cussion of questions of policy or of general interest to the pro- fession, which we are able to continue during lunch. On our return, we are joined by the Hon.Treasurer, and matters of finance and benevolence claim our attention. The Council inects at 4 o’clock, but before that, the letters for despatch, or most of them are ready for signature. The Council takes tea with the recentIy elected Associates and Fellows, who have attended for the admission ceremony, which is the first business of the meeting. The Reports of Committees and abstracts of the letters requiring the special consideration of the Council have been circulated beforehand. The Reports are submitted by the Chairmen of the respective Committees, and the business is keenly followed and dealt with as expeditiously as possible. The decisions of the Council on most of the applications are communicated to candidates on the same evening, and other matters of urgency are dealt with either at the same time or on the following day.I have heard it suggested that, because the officers are often in attendance late with Committees, they may find some time €or leisure, to compensate for staying late two or three times a week; but there are minutes and reports to prepare, and instructions to be carried out, and I know well that a full day’s work falls to every member of the staff every day. I have been amazed at the number and variety of subjects dealt with in the correspondence and also with the careful way in which enquiries of all kinds have been answered: an inscription might well be placed on our door-“Enquire within upon any-thing! ” Within my knowledge enquiries have related to books and journals, Government papers and reports, the purchase and disposal of apparatus and instruments, contracts of service and partnership, professional fees, income tax, laboratory accom-modation, hotel and boarding house accommodation, historical subjects, the loan of lantern slides, photographs and prints, conditions of life and professional prospects in various industries and in various parts of the Empire and elsewhere abroad; intro- ductions to fellow members and other persons, licences for stills and for the recovery of spirits, the names of specialists in various branches of work and in different parts of the country, the inter- pretation of various Acts of Parliament, and patents.Among enquiries which one would hardly expect have been requests that the Registrar should act as a reference for tenancies, insurance 94 and fidelity guarantees, should recommend medical consultants and dentists, schools, hotels and hoarding houses, and should obtain tickets for the Zoo. Of course, it is obvious that the more enquiries received the greater is the accumulation of information; but I doubt whether many other officers of Institutions of this kind treat all enquiries with quite the same good nature. I give you the information because I think that you should know of these things, and not, to encourage an extension of any unreasonable demands on the time and services of our officers. Before bringing this address to a close I desire to give ex- pression to the regret with which I have observed that a con-siderable number of Associates appear to regard promotion to the Fellowship with a certain degree of indifference, or at any rate do not seek to gain the Fellowship as soon as may be possible.I would urge them to bear in mind the difference in professional status between the Fellow and the Associate, and also to cherish the ambition to qualify themselves for election to the Council and thus to have the privilege of taking a prominent part in directing the affairs of the Institute and, consequently, in promoting the welfare of our profession. Now that the end of my term of office as your President is rapidly approaching, I should be guilty of flagrant ingratitude if l’ neglected to take this opportunity of expressing to all my colleagues on the Council during the last three years my deep appreciation of the kindly consideration with which they have supported my endeavour to discharge my duties in a manner worthy of the high traditions of the past.My unavoidable absence from most of the meetings of Committees has added to the labours of the Vice-presidents and Conveners, and particularly of Mr. Kirkaldy, and I offer them most sincere thanks. More perhaps than ever before the advice and assistance of the Regis- trar and the Assistant Secretary have been simply indispensable, and my gratitude to them and to all the members of the staff for their unfailing and most willing help is unbounded. The kind-ness shown to me by all has made my term of office a very happy one, and I shall retain the most pleasant memories of it during the rest of my life.My last duty, which is at the same time a very great pleasure, is to welcome my old friend Arthur Smithells as my successor. Professor Smithells’ eminence as a chemist, as an authority on educational matters, and as the leading builder of the flourishing 96 school of chemistry at Leeds, is so firmly established that to dwell upon it would be altogether superfluous, The valuable services which he has rendered to the Institute are also so weU-known that I need only remind you that he has been a Fellow for forty years, has served for three full terms as a Member of Council, and also for two periods as a Vice-president, and is at present the President of the London Students’ Association.Moreover his personal qualities equip him at all points to approach the task which lies before him with the assurance that his efforts will meet with success and approval. IE relinquish my post with absolute confidence that in his hands the dignity and influence of the Institute will be more than maintained.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9275100027

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

96 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1927. Council and Committees, 1927-1928.-‘rhe names of t lie Officers, Gericbral aid District MemI)ers of Council, and C,ensors, who took oftice on 1st March, are given on pages 71-72. At the first ineeting of the new Council, held on 11th March, tlw Stailding and Special Committees and their Chairmen for tlic ensuing year were appointed. (See pages 72-73.) At a meeting of the Council, held 011 18th February, the Hoard of Examiners was re-appointed, as on page 74. Lecture,-On the 11th March, at the Institute, Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., Past President, gave a lecture on “The growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the past Half-Century.” The President, who occupied the chair, referred to Mr.Chapman’s services to the Institute and, in moving the vote of thanks, at the conclusion of the lecture, recalled some of his own experiences which confinned Mr. Chapman’s impressions of earlier times. The lecture is published and issued with this Part of the Journal. Public Analysts.-The Ministry of Health has published a leaflet entitled “Procedure under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, etc.” and described as Memo. 36iFoods (Jalzuary I927), Section I11 of which refers to Appointment of Public Analysts, as follows:-10. When the appointment of a Public Analyst is submitted for the Minister’s approval, particulars of the appointment should be given on the official form. 11. If the person appointed does not already hold a11 appointment as Public Analyst, it is necessary for him to provide sakisfacfory docu-mentary evidence of competence in analytical chemistry, therapeutics and microscopy. 12.The Minister will ordinarily accept as sufficient evidence of competence in all three subjects the diploma of Fellowship or Assocbte-ship of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland together with a certificate granted by the Institute after an examination conducted by them, in tho Chemistry (including microscopy) of Food and Drugsand Water. 13. Where a registered medical p+wtitiolleris ap,pohWd as o Public Adyst his medical diploma is ordinarily accepted as sufilcient evidence 97 of competence in therapeutics and microscopy, but he is required to furnish evidence of competence in analytical chemistry.14. Where a candidate for the office of Public Analyst does not possess the specific evidences of competence mentioned above, it is necemmy for him to produce documentary evidence that he has attained an equivalent standard of competence in each of the three specified subjects. A personal testimonial is of no value as evidence of competenceunless it is given by a person who is himself a recognised expert of highstanding in the subjects in question and testises to his personal knowledgeof the proficiency of the candidate in these subjects. It will be remembered that the Council has represented to the Ministry that in view of the present position of the profession of chemistry it should be no longer necessary to suggest that medical men, as such, should become candidates for appoint- ments as public analysts, since the ordinary curriculum for the practice of medicine does not cover thc necessary know- ledge of, and skill in, the chemistry and microscopy of food and drugs.The Ministry did not see fit to adopt this suggestion, but has definitely accepted the principle that, if a registered medical practitioner is appointed as public analyst, he will be required to furnish evidence of competence in analytical chemistry of the same standard as would be required from any other person. The Council have further represented to the Ministry that a registered medical practitioner should be required to furnish evidence of microscopy at least to the same standard as that required in the case of Fellows of the Institute.It appears clear, however, from the first sentence of clause 14 above, that all candidates for appointment as public analyst will in future be required to have attained a standard of competence, in each of the three specified subjects, equivalent to that possessed by Fellows of the Institute who have passed the examination of the Institute in the Chemistry (including niicroscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water. Derby Technical College.-The Derby Technical College has been added to the list of institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute. Sir Edward Fran kland Medal.-Mr. Frank Bowcher, who designed the Meldola Medal, has been entrusted with the design and execution of the dies for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal.The medal will represent Sir Edward Frankland as he appeared at the time of the foundation of the Institute. 98 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The Section discussed “Registra- tion,” on 10th November, 1926. The Chainnan, Dr. W. H. Gibson, read the report of the Special Committee on Registration, from the Journal of the Institu te . Mr. A. P. Hoskins, in opening the discussion, said that to be of any use registration must be compulsory; the voluntary system as at present carried out by the Institute did not embrzce nearly all chemists. If registration was to be compulsory a line of demarcation must be drawn, and he did not see how that line could be drawn.There were routine workers who, though quite good at their particular job, were not qualified to express an opinion on the results of the work when done. If such workers were registered in a third grade the public would not discriminate, and the standard of the chemist in the public view and the employer’s view would be degraded. He thought that the line of demarcation now existing in the membership of the Institute could not be improved. Mr. R. F. Blake considered registration to be vitally necessary in the public interest, and instanced a number of cases where the public had suffered through the issue of certificates by firms instead of individuals, the work having been shown later to be of doubtful value.Dr. A. E. Cashmore considered registration to be desirable, but not practicable upon any lines which had so far been suggested. Mr. J. R. Bainbridge questioned the desirability of registra-tion on the lines suggested in the report. While the lower grade of chemist would be gradually improved, and finally possibly eliminated, registration would confer a status on them which would for many years tend to lower the prestige of the profession as a whole. Dr. Gibson suggested that it might be practicable to have a government register of chemists qualified to sign certificates, 99 much in the same way as medical men were empowered to sign certain certificates. Others who would be prevented from signing reports could continue to do chemical work, as at present, under supervision, Reports used in industrial concerns would, of course, be on a different footing; but when they were published or sent to outsiders some kind of registered signature seemed necessary.Discussion became general on the points raised, and finally the views of the meeting were summarised and agreed to as follows :-“That compulsory registration might be practicable if con- fined to chemists qualified-as may be determined by the State-to sign chemical certificates or reports. “This reduces the area of registration, but does not debar the less qualified man from earning his living in the pro- fession. It is also immaterial whether the qualified registered chemical practitioner is actually practising or not.“It would not be essential for the qualified registered chemical practitioner to be actually a member of the Institute of Chemistry. At the same time, it is to be hoped that the State would base its qualification for admission to the Register largely on the qualifications demanded by the Institute.” A meeting of the Section was held in the Botany Department of Queen’s University, on 26th January, Dr. W. H. Gibson in the chair. Dr. J. Small, Professor of Botany in the University, delivered an address on “Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Plants,” in which he described his “ Range Indicator ”’ method of obtaining approx- imate, but reasonably certain, measurements of relative acidity of plant tissues.He showed a series of tables giving the results obtained by analysing hundreds of thousands of observations which had been made in the Department of Botany, by Miss M. W. Rea and Miss S. H. Martin, using this method. The variation in actual acidity was shown to range within normally well-defined limits, and to occur from tissue to tissue in the same part of the plant, and from one species to another within the same family. Certain natural families are predominantly rather acid, while others are relatively less acid. The variation was followed in the Sunflower plant through all tissues and all stages from the seed to the mature flowering plant. An interesting discussion followed in which Drs. Robertson, Hawthorne and Gibson took part, It was suggested that different conditions of growth of the various plants might lead to different results.Prof. Small stated that external conditions had little effect. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. A meeting of the Section was held in the Science Department, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, on the 23rd February, Dr. W. H. Gibson in the chair. Dr. Gregg Wilson ,Professor of Zoology at Queen’s University, gave a delightful account of Primitive Australia. There wtas much that was primitive in the great Australian island-continent. Side by side with the most up-to-date developments in social and economic conditions could be found relics of thc stone-age grade of society, Plants and animals were largely of tvpes that had ceased to exist in other parts of the world, SO rnirch so that Australia hat1 been called the land of living fossils.Ainong tlw most interesting animals was ceratqdus, the lung fish, an cxamplc of the kind of creature that might have been ancestral to the Amphibians. The egg-laying mammals , PZatyPm and echidlzn were mentioned as showing a number of reptilian characteristics, and as being the most primitive of living mammals. The interesting distribution of the Mnrsupials was commented on, their world-wide area inMesozoic times having been contracted to two discontinuous regions,-America, where the true opossums are found, and Australia, the home of the vast majority of thc order. The habits of Australian aborigines were discussed, and it appeared to the lecturer that they had been generally too severely judged. It was true that the aborigines had neither agriculture nor domesticated animals; but in some lines of work they wcrc unsurpassed Their knowledge of woodcralt was marvellous.The lecture was coiicluded by a study of the family lifv of thc aborigines with reference to their ethical and religious ideas. A cordial vote of thanks was passcd to the lecturer. Birmingham and Midlands,-A concert was held jointly with the local section of the British Association of Chemists, at the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, on 7th February. An enjoy-able evening was spent, an excellent prograrnrnt’ hcing arranged by Mr. Johnson. On 9th March, the Section considered the Report of the Special Committee 011 Registration.The Chairman, Prof. Ling, 101 said the Section was fortunate in having present Mr. Collett, the assistant secretary of the Institute, to explain the Report, Mr. Collett said that the Committee had issued what was cssentially an “interim” report. It was only intended to summarise the opinions which had so far been expressed. No proposal had been directly negatived and the Committee arid the Council were quite open to rcceivc further information and suggestions. He thought that he could best help the inembers of the Section by putting a series of questions. The first would be : ‘‘ Is it desirable that we shoiild aim definitely at compulsory registration with a view to restricting in sonic way the activities of those who are not registered? ” If so: “Should any such restriction apply only to those who individually come before the public as practising for profit and who wished to give evidence in the courts?” or “Should it apply to the very much larger class of chemists who are employees arid who earn their living by any sort of chemical work?” In either case it would be necessary that it should be convincingly shown that any such restriction would be in the public interest.The Committee had not, up till now, felt that any case could be made sufficiently strong to ask Parliament to pass a restricting Bill which would apply to all chemists, engaged in industry and otherwise. The second main question would be: “Is voluntary registration desirable ?” He pointed out that voluntary registra- tion by the Institute was already taking place and suggested that the regulations were such that any fully trained chemist could obtain registration by the Institute.It was thought, however, by some that the present system of registration was insufficient and that the Institute should ask other bodies to join in some wider scheme of registration. The Institute was specifically granted authority under its Charter to examine, to grant certifi- cates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise chemistry. He asked members of the Section to consider seriously whether it were wise or expedient that the Institute should now be asked to delegate part of its duties to any other body.If, however, it were decided that the Institute should ask other bodies to join in setting up some form of Joint Registration Council, other questions would arise, such as, “What inducement was to be offered to persons at present unregistered by the Tnstitutt.to subniit tlicinselvcs to the new autlioritj*? ” “\!’bat control, if any, should be exercised over the persons so registered i ” 102 “Who was to bear the cost of the necessary administrativc work? ” It was upon questions such as these that the Council desired to obtain the considered judgment of the niembers of all the Sections. He quoted from Prof. Henderson’s address of xst March, in which the retiring President appealed to all members to stand loyally by the Institute as the body duly authorised by the Crown to register those qualified to practise chemistry, and not to allow the result of any negotiations which might be entered upon to be prejudiced by questions as to the rights of the Institute as the recognised representative professional body.Mr. Knapp thought the Report of the Special Committee 011 Registration a very able one, in that it presented the difficulties and disadvantages with great fullness and force. It left the unsatisfactory impression on his mind that the Committee, while contending that the Institute was the only body suitable to tackle Registration felt the difficulties were too great for it to overcome. It would be remembered that in the case of the medical profession, it was none of the qualifying bodies- whether connected with Surgeons, Physicians, Apothecaries Herbalists, Dispensers or Pharmacists-which finally became the registration authority, but the General Medical Council.hlr. Knapp thought there would be a greater chance of success if the registering body was an entirely independent one. With 5,000 chemists in the Institute, and possibly 5,000 outside, it would be reasonable for the Institute to provide at least half the members of such a Council. To be registered as a chemist, it should not be necessary to be a member of the Institute, or to subscribe to any particular association or society. He did not think the time was ripe for a compulsory register, but believed a voluntary register conducted by an independent Council would be a success. Whik other chemists would possibly profit from registration more than the members of the Institute, he thought that all would benefit from unity, and that ultimately the status would be raised, the entrance into the profession controlled, and chemical knowledge remunerated at more nearly its true value.At the same time Registration was in the interest of the public. The Institute had made an excellent beginning in protecting the public from incompetent public analysts and gas examiners. In the public interest no one should be allowed to report on a water supply whether for drinking or for use in a boiler, or report on the purity of drugs, foods, technical products, or on the absence or presence of poisons unless he were a chemist. It is more difficult to prove, but it is just as important to the public, that every works should possess a qualified chemist, for on him depends the constancy of composition, the standard of quality and the absence of objectionable impurities in its products.Mr. liiiapp understood that in Greece certain specific work could only be done by chemists, and that in Quebec only members of the Association of Professional Chemists were entitled to call them- selves Professional Chemists. Mr. Alcock emphasiscd the difficulty of adequately defining a chemist. He maintained that the Schemes of Registration already advanced would be of no value to the profession as a whole. Dr. Wardlaw directed the attention of the meeting to the fact that all professional bodies which enforced registration had special difficulties to overcome. He recommended that the more detailed study of each of these instances would be of con-siderable advantage to chemists when they defined their position. Mr.Caulkin urged that compulsory registration, by bringing together other organisations under a single control-having wider powers than the Institute,-would strengthen the pro- fession. Moreover, it would limit, still further, unfair competition. He considered that the Institute could be the registering body without in any way relaxing the standard of qualification. Those who could reasonably be classed as chemists, and were yet unable to fulfil all the conditions demanded by the Institute for admission to the Associateship, should be registered after a careful scrutiny of their qualifications. They should not, however, be permitted to use the initials A.I.C.or F.I.C. Although compulsory registration was desirable, Mr.Caulkin realised that it would be difficult to enforce at present. He suggested that as an interim measure a system of voluntary registration under thc aegis of the Institute might eventually lead to compulsory registration. Mr. Whitehouse drew attention to the difference in the emoluments received at present by chemists and medical officers employed by official bodies. He was in favour of Registration provided that it could be made general. The Institute appeared to be the most suitable body for this purpose.Mr.NichoUs stated that in industry there were many grades of workers carrying out chemical tests: to include all these in a 104 scheme of registration would not raise the status of chmistry. In large works with well-organised chemical staffs there w,ould be no difficulty, as the work was generally under the control of qualified men; but in works where the nature and scope of a chemist’s work might be imperfectly understood, the fixing of it dividing line would not be easy; nor would the results be satis- factory. Dr. Hickinbottom considered that the present high status ol the professional chemist, compared with that of 50 years ago, was due to the high standard of trainiiig required by the Institute, tlw Universities and other qualifying bodies.Any scheme of registration which tended to lower that standard by admitting unqualified persons would bring the profession in to disrepute. The Chairman dealt with the relation of the proposed schemes of Registration to the minimum qualifications required for a registered chemist: there should be no lowering of the standard of training. Mr. Knapp said that he would like to reply to two points. The suggestion had been made that registration would create aiid bring in many insufficiently qualified men. It must be recognised that these men existed, were called chemists, and affected the public judgment of chemists. By recognising them we could begin to guard the gateway to the profession, and raise the standard, It was strongly contended by the dentists, when they closed their ranks in 1921,that they had admitted too many entrants, The President declared in 1926,that the difficulty was not how to avoid excess, but how to ensure a steady and adequate recruitment.It had been suggested too, that compulsory registration would entirely close the profession. This was not so; but probably only a registered chemist would be allowed to do certain operations, and only his certificate would be accepted as legal evidence, or be used to recover damages in a civil cause. It was evident that firms would continue to employ unqualified men, but riot in positions of responsibility. A written statement was received from Mr.Willcox. He considered that registration would be a benefit to the profession, and to be effective should bc compulsory. He declared himself in favour of a third gradc. Mr. Collett being called upoii to reply, said that he was sure that tlit: Couiicil would be glad to consider the views which had been expressed. 105 If thtl Stkction would takc it as an cxpressioii of a. piircly personal opinion, he would say that he himself had a feeling in favour of a third grade in the Institute. He felt that the position of the profession would be enhanced by the existence of a strong homogeneous professional body covering with its aegis all ranks of those practising chemistry. He realised, however, that there were difficulties in introducing a third grade.He was not con- vinced that the medical profession had been right in registering persons with qualifications of very differing standards, which differences were not perfectly understood by the public. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Collett. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The annual general meeting of the Section was held on 11th March in the Chemical Department of Rristol University,---Sir Ernest H . Cook in the chair. The Report of the Honorary Secretary and the Financial Statement were received and adopted. To fill vacancies caused by retirement, by rotation, of Mr. R. P. Littler and Dr. E. Vanstone-who were warmly thanked for. their services,-Messrs. F. O’Brien and Edward Russell were elected members of the Committee.Messrs. F. H. C. Bull and A. E. Jones were appointed Honorary Auditors. A discussion on Registration took place, in which the following participated: Dr, E. Vanstone, Messrs, R. D. Littlefield, E. Russell, A. W. M. Wintle, H. R. Jensen, E. Lewis, F. Southerden, W. Armstrong Storey, and the Chairman. Kesoliitions were passed as follows :--“(I) That the resolution passed at the ineetiiig held on 26th March, 1925, be reaffirmed, namely-- “That this meeting approves of the proposal that an attempt should be made, with legal assistance, to obtain the registration of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry with a view to the ultimate legal protection of properly qualified chemists.” “(2) That a referendum of all members of the Institute he taken on a number of questions relative to Registration.” A hearty vote of thanks wits accorded Sir Ernest Cook for his services during the second year of his chairmanship of the section, especiall!.in view of his arduous public duties, and 106 a vote of thanks was passed to the authorities of Bristol Uni-versity for the facilities granted for the holding of meetings, Edinburgh and East of Scotland.---Mr. J. -4dani Watsw has been elected Chairman of the Section, Mr. A. M,Cameroil, Vice-chairman, and Mr. J. W. Ingham, Honorary Secretary. The members of the Committee for the present session are:- Messrs. S. Allen, W. M. Ames, R. Bruce, W. R. Guy, J. L. Kay, Dr. A. Lauder, Messrs.G. H. Smith, J. C. Smith, Dr. W. N. Stokoe,Dr. J. F,Tocher,Mr. A. Tait, and Dr. W. T. H. Williamson. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A smoking concert was held at Ardrossan on 25th February, when the members of the local Section were the guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club, Mr. Rintoul in the chair. Dr. W. M.Cumming has tendered his resignation as Honorary Secretary of the Section after a term of office of about five years. His resignation was accepted with regret and he was warmly thanked for his services. He was asked to continue his con- nection with the publicity campaign. Dr. I?. F. Gordon was elected Honorary Secretary $YO tern. Huddersfie1d.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held at the Technical College, Huddersfield, on 25th February.Dr. Hodgson took the chair and introduced Professor I. M. Heilbron, who addressed the meeting on “The Unsaponifiable Matters of Oil and their connection with certain Oil-soluble Vitamins.” He described the properties of the hydrocarbon squalene, isolated from shark liver oils, and traced its possible relationship to the sterols. Dealing with cholesterol he showed how spectrographic examination of this substance indicated the presence of a foreign substance and dealt with the methods which have been used for its separation This compound to which the name pro-vitamin has been given passes into vitamin D on irradiation. A discussion followed and a very cordial vote of thanks was given to Professor Heilbron. The last meeting of the session’was held at the Technical College on 11th March, Dr.Hodgson in the chair. Professor Ingold gave an address on “Transmission of Reactivity in Molecules,” of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract. 107 A consideration of the stable groups and sub-groups of electrons, together with the numerical magnitude of the restrain- ing nuclear charges, leads to an interpretation of the differences, both of kind and degree, in the reactivity of analogous compounds of different elements.--The two chief ways in which a compound may decompose, namely by ioiiisation and retrograde I: z addition, correspond electronically with the appropriation of a duplet by a single atomic nucleus or by two nuclei acting in conjunction. Predisposition to reactivity is attributed to lack of compensation between the nuclear attraction and electronic repulsion acting on a given duplet , the resultant forcc slightly shifting the control of these electrons from one atomic nucleus to another in accordance with the above modes of decomposition, Such small shifts alter the screening action in different directions of the electron-groups surrounding the adjacent atomic nuclei, and thus it arises that reactivity can be propagated from atom to atom in a chain.This view, which is illustrated mainly by means of the reactions of exhaustive methylation and analogous aliphatic decompositions, and by benzene and naphthalene substitutions, leads to a more consistent interpretation of these phenomena than has been previously possible.As a further illustration of the mode of reasoning, some predictions (not deducible from analogy), were made in connection with each of these subjects, so that the diagnostic value of the theory could at a later date be tested. A brief discussion followed and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded Professor Ingold €or his paper. Irish Fpee State.--A General Meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, on 16th February. Prof. Adeney, and later, Mr. O’Farrelly, in the chair. A number of exhibits of apparatus were shown, and demon- strations in the working of each were given by the exhibitor. Prof, Sydney Young :-Various types of fractionatiiig columns ;demonstration of the preparation of absolute alcohol by distillation of alcohol, water and benzene.Prof. W. E. Adeney:-Apparatus for measuring the rate of absorption of oxygen by water as applied to the determination of pllution of water by sewage. Mr. J. Andrews :-The sintered plate Soxhlet extractor with remarks on its advantages, and methods of ckansing the appara-tus after use. 108 Dr. W. R. Fearon:--Limitations of test papers for approxi- inate determination of hydrogen ion concentration; titrations of coloured aqueous solutions using sylene ; thc use of crystal violet as an indicator for hydrogen ion concentrations. Ur. A. G. G. Leonard:-An “automatic” siphoii and its limitations. Mr. Stringer :-The coiistruction and uses of the Hele-Shaw st re am-line filter.Leeds Area.-On 14th March, Mr. B. G. McLellan read a paper before the Section, on “The Chemist in the Food Industry.” Defining the Food Industry as the winning of edible sub- stances from the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, and the furnishing of these for alimentary purposes, Mr. McLellan said that 011 account of the diversity of industries involved it would bc quite impossible to do more than give indications as to how chemical science should be employed. The old idea that the only concern of the chemist was to ascertain and safeguard the purity of the raw materials and products was rapidly becoming a thing of the past, and the lecturer quoted his own experience of how in the film with which he is connected the staff had grown from two or three, to a large staff engaged not only on analytical work, but upon technical and research problems.A detailed knowledge of the properties of the raw materials of the industry is essential to the man who is to develop chemical science in a food factory, xiid to this end he will devote his t!iiergies to perfecting his analytical procedure, and to making himself familiar with focd laws mid regulations. ,4n early opportunity should be taken to consider sampling procedure, and to form relations with the other officials of the company- buyers, storekeepers, etc. ,-so that he will be in a position to take responsibility for the quality of raw materials, and to know that these will not be used until certified. Having established this section of his work he will turn to technical enquiry.Here his object is to effect a financial saving; incidentally, a quick result may go a long way to establishing his prestige, and he may find several problems capable of easy and rapid solution in connection with the services-steam supply, for example. Anyscheme which he has to put forward should be carefully con- sidered from a costs point of view. Passing on to the actual manufacturing operations, it will bc found that the relatively delicate substances under treatment 109 are easily injured or brought to decomposition. There will be a maximum yield of valuable product which it is well to ascertain and seek to approach. Deterioration may be caused by com- bined excess of time and temperature.How to niinimise this will call for insight into the chemistry and physics of the processes. This was illustrated by considering the evaporation of a sugar solution in various ways-open steam-heated pan, film evaporg- tors, and vacuum pan. The problem will need working out in all its bearings so that complete data can be furnished to the engineer who is responsible for the purchase, erection and main- tenance of the plant. Corrosion of, and contamination by metallic substances require a watchful care. Drying operations as applied to foodstuffs were cited as another example. The problems of heat transference to the material without overheating were considered and reference made to the part played by such appliances as drum and spray dryers.As it is all-important that the products should reach the consumer in an unimpaired condition packing operations demand much care, especially as the product is frequently hygroscopic. In summer the packing room may become relatively humid, especially if the number of workers is high. The hygroscopic power of the product must be ascertained and the safe limits of atmospheric humidity fixed. Suitable ventilating and air- conditioning plant will have to be installed to ensure that the safe limits are not exceeded. On the other hand, the material may be liable to the attack of micro-organisms, necessitating a biochemical study to find the conditions needful to achieve immunity. When making investigations such as these the chemist must visualise what may happen when he finishes the problem, as no technical investigation can be considered complete until it is capable of being carried out by those in charge.Clear instruc- tions and control measurements should be worked out. It may be necessary to teach a simple titration, but this should be the limit expected of the operative. During his work in the factory the chemist cannot have failed to note subjects on which more or less elaborate research work would be invaluable, and this must be undertaken if real progress is to be made. To this end plans must be laid, and the scope and objects of the research clearly defined so as not to obscure the main issue. Mr. McLelIan discussed the r8Ie of the Research Associations, especially that for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades.This has done valuable fundamental work, which has been translated into usc. in the factories of the members. Instances were given, such <as the investigation of the elusive bIoorn which develops on chocolate and niay arise from more than one cause. The work of the Research Association by no means abolishes the need for factory research. The Association aims at investi-gations of a general nature, and it is for the factory chemist to see their application to his own problems. The manufacturer with a chemical staff is better placed for utilising the new dis- coveries. The Association’s work is intended to keep the manufacturer ahead of his foreign competitors, but he must still compete with rivals at home, and for this his research laboratory is one of his weapons.Liverpoot and North-Western.--A meeting of the Section was held on 9th December, 1926, at St. George’s Res-taurant, when a resolution was passed urging the Council to convene a Special Coinmittec of members of the Institute (includ- ing Associates), upon which all Districts should be equally represented for the purpose of reconsidering the method of election of General Members of Council as outlined by the North-Eastern Area Executive Committec. The Chairman also reported that a Sub-committee had framed a line of action and was in touch with the Manchester Sub-committee on the question of the registration of chemists.A mecting was held on 13th January, at St. George’s Restaurant, when various matters were considered, including an appeal from the Mersey District Adult School Union for voluntary lecturers for the educational classes at Walton Prison. The Chairman supported the appeal and urged the value of this work. It was reported that the Old Blue Coat School had been acquired for the use of the Learned Societies of Liverpool, and negotiations had been re-opened for securing suitable rooins for a chemists’ club. Messrs. Hanky and Kideout were appointed representatives on the Advisory Committee of Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool and District. The Chairman urged that since the subscriptions to the Local Section had been discontinued, the members should sub-scribe to the Benevolent Fund, 111 Prof.Heilbron then clelivercd ;L short acldrcss on vit an ins. Having pointed out the various members of this interesting class of active physiological substances so bar established, he dealt in detail with our knowledge of vitamin-D and embodied in this his own work carried out in collaboration with Dr. Kamm and Dr. Morton. He explained that the idea that cholesterol on irradiation could be converted into vitamin-D was erroneous, for a careful spectrographic examination of this substance had proved the presence in it of a minute quantity of another com- pound giving well-defined bands. This substance was the vitamin precursor which, on irradiation with light, became con-verted into the active material.Prof. Heilbron dealt further with the importance of ensuring thc pi-csence of this vitamin in milk and other foodstuffs, and pointed out that not only could it be regarded as a specific against rickets, but that in all probability its presence was a safeguard against many other diseases. After a full discussion, a hearty vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Bennett, and this was carried with acclamation. It was announced that the March meeting would be held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, when a paper would be delivered by Prof. J. C. Drummond. At a meeting of the Section, held at St, George’s Restaurant, on 10th February, it was agreed to convene an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Section on 23rd February, to frame concrete proposals on the subject of Registration. To faciIitate the business the Chairman was empowered to edit suggestions submitted to the Section and to circulate a memorandum thereon to the members in good time to permit full consideration of them.(Copies of the Resolution passed on s3rd February haw been forwarded to the Council.) A proposal received from the Local Section of the British Association of Chemists to hold a joint meeting at LiverpooI University, on 24th February to hear a paper by Mr. N. Simpkin on “Coal and its Purification,” was accepted. Dr. BrisIee then read a paper on “Some Little-known Yro- perties of Aluminium and Lead,” illustrated with many specimens. The lecturer dealt in an entirely practical manner with some important faults in the metals which were met with in practice and explained how the remedies for these had been found.The defects referred to were caused by crystallisation of metals 1If! oI high piu-itr, iiiducccl by vibration in thc caw of I d and unsuitable+ antlealing wditiom in the-cast: of ;iliirniniuni. ('tiemists \WII~forctd to i*ealisc-*that metals as ordiiiarily met with wt'rc' alloys aitd possessed differeii t propertics from pure metals, The properties of alloys were of great iiiiportance in industry. The discussion on the paper led to interesting questions regarding lead for reaction chambers, homogeneous lead coating of iron vessels, the mystery of the adherence of electrolytically deposited metals and of crystals of metal, and the X-ray analysis of crystal structure.London and South-Eastern Counties-The Section met at the Institute on the 16th March,-Sir Robert Robertson in the chair. Mr. Curtin Cosbie proposed: "That in future the Annual General Meeting of the Institute be held at some reasonable hour in the evening." He considered that the majority of mem- tiers, particularly the younger members, wishing to attend could not do so on account of the early hour, 4.30 pm., appointed for the meeting, and that such an hour was only suitable to thosc who were easily able to absent themselves from their work. Miss Winifred Wright seconded the motion. Miss R. Michaelis, speaking as a member occupied in a works outside London, proposed that the annual meeting be held at 8 p.m.Mr. Hinks explained that an early hour was necessary for the convenience of members living at a distance from London and suggested that 5.30 p.m. should be the hour of the meeting. This was seconded by Mr. Eynon who considered 5.30 p.m. to be a reasonable compromise which should suit a11 members. Mr. Hawkins and Mr. Claremont also spoke in support of this proposal. Mr. Rrewis and MI..'f'ritton spoke in favour of the original I 11 otion. The Chairman said it was undoubtedly the case that the attendance at the Annual General Meeting was much less than it was some years ago, and that meetings had not now the live- liness and fire of some of the old meetings. Voting on the motion resulted in the approval of the proposal that the Annual General Meeting should be held at 8 p.m.113 The following motion which had been submitted to the CounciI by the North-East Coast Executive Committee was discussed:-“That owing to the anomalies that arise from the present system of election to the Council, the Council be asked to reconsider the advisability of electing its members by District alone.” Mr. MacLachlan stated that this proposal had been put forward at the joint meeting in Liverpool in 1923,and had been rejected, largely owing to the opposition of the London members then present , Mr, Hinks asked “ What are the anoinalies referred to hi the Iiiotion? ” There were not lacking suggestions as to what these anomalies might be, the chief one being the number of nomina- tions by the Council; but as the motion in this respect lacked the necessary specificity, this subject could not be debated.The Chairman then proposed consideration of the second portion of the motion, referring to election by District. On putting the question to vote only two members supported the proposal, the remainder voting against it, The Sect ion continued the discussion concerning the relation of the Associateship to the Fellowship, which originated at the December meeting, The discussion was opened by Mr. Kendrick. He said that it had been repeatedly said that whatever alteration wight he niade in the regulatioi~s, the lowering of tlw standard oi‘ vxamiiiation for tlic Ft4lowship could not be entertained.It had also heen stated that the present Associateship was only comparable with the old Znterinediate Examination. Stress was laid upon the prestige attaching to the Institute, and especially to the Fellowship, which would be effected if the standard was modified. He read an abstract from a presidential address, given by Sir Herbert Jackson, in 1919: “ The result of the modification of the conditions is shown in tho iiicrease in the roll of tQe Institute which the Couiicil feel will strengthenconsiderably the position of the Institute 8s the represontativs body of professional chemists of this country.” Ah, from a presidential address, given by Mr. Chaston (:hapmail, in 1923, when the membership had increased by421,he read: *‘ So the org~iiialrt,iotiaid coiisolidatioii of our profession procued apttcc, and as ciich year pltsses \vvc’ CBH discern with greater clearness that our Institute is becoming more truly representative of all that ie best in the profession of chemistry, and point With legitimate pride to the increasing part it is playing in the affairsof the nation.” Again, in 1924, the President, Mr.Chaston Chapman, said: “During my term of office the number of Fellows and Associates has increasccl by 1129, which indicates the enormous headway made bythe Tnstitute.” These remarks showcd what stress was laid upon the numerical increase of the Institute’s members, and how this increase was reflected in the greater prestige and power of the Institute in national affairs.It appeared to be a matter of pride that the numbers were rapidly increasing. If the relative tiurnbers of Fellows arid Associates were considered it would lie seen at once to which section this increase in prestige was mainly due, In 1920, the Associates numbered 1413,Fellows 1548;and in February, 1927,the figures were Associates 3423, Fellows 1763. That meant that while the increase of Associates was over 2000, that of the Fellows was only zoo or so: a ratio of 10 to I. It followed that the increase in prestige of the Institute was almost entirely due to Associates who had become members under the new conditions. The number of Associates who became Fellows was absurdly small. In 1926-2461 Associates had been registered for three years, and yet only 43 actually proceeded to the Fellowship, that is, less than 2 per cent proceeded to the higher grade.Actually 53 Associates applied for election, and of these 10were declined; 25 were examined, of whom 18 passed. These figures werc, however, niorc favourable than the figures for rgzq., when only 9 were examined, of whom 5 passed; and for 1925,when 14 were examined, of whom 8 passed. Further, of 81 new Fellows in 1925,only 57 were previously Associates, and of these only 8 became Fellows by examination. These figures, he said, pointed to one of two cases, either the standard for the Fellowship was much too high or the standard for the Associateship much too low, The latter seemed to be the opinion of those Fellows who deplored the present disparity in numbers.They said that the present Associateship was only tquivalent to the old Intermediate , and apparently ignored the fact that all standards of qualifications of this kind tended to rise. For example, whereas the London RSc. Honours degree could, until recently, be obtained in three years, a fourth year as now necessary. The Institute had Iiioved in exactly the 115 same direction by refusing the Associateship unless four years training had been completed. It could not be contended, therefore, that the standard for the Associateship had fallen, and he could but assume that the standard for the Fellowship had been raised too high. When it was argued that in no circumstances could the standard again be lowered it should be borne in mind that it was merely arbitrary and not as ‘‘ the Laws of the Medes and Persians.” The only means of enabling more Associates to proceed to the Fellowship was to reduce the standard required.Mr, A. J. Chapman complimented Mr. Kendrick on his statement of the case. He pointed out that alterations in the regulations had been published since the December meeting. and that a wide choice of subjects was now available for an Associate who wished to be examined. He considered that this would result in a more satisfactory increase in the numbers proceeding to the Fellowship. The Chairman suggested that the new regulations had received very careful consideration and had been adopted after full discussion by the Council.He thought that there shouId be some propaganda urging Associates to make full use of the new facilities. Mr. Hinks explained that the term “standard” as applied to examinations was intangible, but what it really meant, as regards the Fcllowship, was that a candidate should be con- versant with and competent in his particular branch of industry and should be able to act independently. Mr. Kendrick, in reply to an invitation from the Chairman to make a proposition, moved :-“That, while recognising the work of the Council, if and when the present regulations governing the election of Associateship to the Fellowship should be revised, an a1teration in the standard required for the Fellowship should not be regarded as impossible.” This was seconded by Mr.Tritton, Mr. Northall-Laurie proposed as a counter-motion that, as the Council had just issued new Regulations, the motion before the meeting should be left in abeyance. This proposal was duly seconded and carried, Manchester and District -On 11th January, the Section was addressed by Prof. J. B. Cohen on “Air Pollution.” The lecture was illustrated by numerous slides relating to observa- tions made over a long period in Leeds, and its neighbourhood. Prof. Cohen expressed regret at the slow progress made in the solution of the problem of smoke abatement, and contrasted the clear atmosphere, clean house fronts and leafy boulevards of many large continental towns, with the murky atmosphere and smoke-begrimed buildings of most of ow cities.Although the matter had received some government attention, nothing had been done up to the present to meet the difficulty. This state of affairs was not due to lack of effort on the part of heating engineers who had produced a greater variety of smokeless heating apparatus than, perhaps, any other country. By means of slides, Prof. Cohen showed the cause of excessive smoke and called attention to the tarriness of the smoke from house fires which accounted for deposits of soot clinging to buildings and vegetation. He estimated that the air over a square mile con- tained some five tons of suspended soot at one time, but the amount of deposit varied very much even at distances of only a few miles.At times it was carried great distances; he had observed the surface of Lake Coniston covered with a frlm of soot with characteristic tarry drops. The bad effect of a smoky atmosphere on vegetation was illustrated, showing how it retarded the growth of leaves and hence the assimilation of carbon dioxide, and made it impossible for evergreens to thrive in many districts. If the carbon dioxide assimilation in the dirtiest part of Leeds was represented by the value 8, that in the Headingly district would be 52.8 and at Westwood Lane 110. The loss of sunlight and in particular of the valuable ultra-violet rays was very great in smoky districts. Another polluting ingredient in the atmosphere directly attributable to the burning of coal was acid fume; the stunting of vegetable growth and the premature loss of leaves due to it was shown by striking diagrams.The acid in the air caused, in London alone, an annual expenditure of ~120,000for renewal of building stone. Although it was impossible to estimate the actual cost to the nation of burning coal instead of smokeless fuel, the sum was a very large one. Six per cent. of domestic coal was lost as soot, equivalent to a yearly loss of 2& million tons. The loss on coal burnt industrially was about 0.5 per cent. and represented about half a million tons. These figures, however, 117 took 110 account of losses due to inefficient heating, which had been variously estimated at 20-30 inillions tons per annum.In a town like Manchester, the use of open coal fires increased its laundry bill by about ~250,000in the year and caused further large expenditure for window cleaning, painting and decoration. As a remedy for air pollution, Prof. Cohen advocated greater use of coke, gas and electricity, none of which caused air pollution. Coke he regarded as the cheapest form of fuel. Electric radiators possessed great advantages in requiring no flue and in respect of rapidity of action. The Chairman, Dr. Levinstein, in thanking Prof. Cohen for his address, emphasised the public importance of the subject. He thought that, possessing, as we do, by some fortunate chance the great capital asset of coal, it was criminal, from the economist’s point of view, to waste it by burning in open coal fires.When we reflect, said he, that oil, bitumen, sulphur and saltpetre, are imported in such large quantities, and that these materials can, in a large degree, be obtained from coal by suitable treatment, their dissipation by wasteful processes, causing at the same time pollution of the air, was an economic crime of the greatest magnitude. Perhaps the only plea in favour of a coal fire was its supposed cheerfulness. He could see nothing cheerful in a coal fire, the glowing embers of a good coke fire were much more satisfactory and heat-giving, and the possessor of it had the comfort of knowing that he was not polluting the atmosphere. But while the present views held sway, he admitted that it might be a dangerous matter for any Government to legislate against the use of coal.It would be more practical, he thought, to concentrate on the production of a better quality of coke and to enforce regulations on the gas works to this end. This would bring about an increased domestic use of coke or semi-coke and at the same time conserve the valu-able by-products of the coal. Time did not permit of further discussion. A vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. Lewis Dale and seconded by Mr. A. J. Hall, was carried unanimously. South Wales,-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the Technical College, Swansea, on the 16th March. Mr. C. hf. W.Grieb, in the chair, when Mr. E. A. Tyler read a paper entitled “Further Notes on Pure Chemicals.” 118 Mr. Tyler said that he had found the impurity contents of many British reagents to vary in kind and amount, and that since the war German reagents had also suffered from these defects. British manufacturers were undoubtedly striving to standardise and to improve their fine chemical products. Manyof the published methods of analysis were unsatisfactory : for example, he found that no satisfactory method existed for determining small amounts of chloride in alkali nitrates. He described a method by which very promising results had been obtained, and which he intended to apply to determinations of other impurities. An interesting discussion followed, in the course of which the hope was expressed that Mr.Tyler wouId shortly publish his work. A hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer concluded the meeting. 11.9 Notes. Marcelin Berthelot.-The centenary of the birth of Marcelin Bertheiot will be celebrated at the Seventh Congress of the Soci6tk de Chiinie Industrielle (49, Rue des Mathurins) to be held in Paris in October 1927. The Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1925-1926 (Cmd. 2782)has recently been pubhished by His Majesty’s Stationery Office (3s. net). The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council, that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study, so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions, would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library.The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals, specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have now been made to lend any of these, and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. The Mines Department has forwarded a paper, by A. L. Godbert, on Laboratory Methods of Determining the Inflammability of Coal Dusts (Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper No.31, H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 6d. net.) The publication contains an historical survey of the subject, a review of the influence of various factors on the inflammability of dust clouds, and a discussion of the relative inflammabilities of coal dusts. It also indicates the lines of further researches which are now proceeding in the Board’s laboratories at Sheffield. Canada.-The Annual Convention of Chemists in Canada will be held in Quebec from 6th to 9th June next. Any Fellow or Associate who may be in the Dominion at the time is invited to attend. Obituary. AETHURWILLIAM CROSSLEY died on 6th March, at Thorngrove,Alderley Edge, in his 59th year. Born at Accrington, he WRS educated at Mill Hill School and at Owens College-now the University-Manchester, He graduated B.Sc.in the Honours School of Chemistry in 1890, and was awarded MSc. in 1893 and D.Sc. in 1899. He continued his studies at Wurzburg, where he obtained the degree of Pb.D., and at Berlin. In 1893 he became Demonstrator of Organic Chemistry and in the following year he held the Bishop Berkeley Fellowship at Owens College, before he was appointed, in 1895, lecturer on chemistry at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, where he remained for nine years.In 1904 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Research Laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and, in 1914, Professor of Chemistry in the University of London (King’sCollege).During the war he acted as Secretary to the Chemical Warfare Committee, Ministry of Munitions, and from 1916, was Command-ant and Superintendent (with the rank of Lieut.-Colonel) of the Experi- mental Station, Royal Engineers, at Porton. After the War, he returned to King’s College as Daniel1 Professor. In 1919, he was appointedDirector of the British Cotton Industry Research Association in which capacity he organised the Shirley Institute at Didsbury, which was opened by the Duke of York in 1922. There he controlled a staff of over 100, including about 40 graduates in science, and had carried out much original work of importance to the cotton industry, when he has obliged to resign through ill health. He was the author of many papers contributed to the Royal Society, and to the Chemical Societies of London and Berlin.He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of St.. Andrews, and was elected a Fellow of the Hsyal Society in 1907. For his services during the war, he was appointed C.B.E., C.M.G., and an Officer of the Legion of Honour. He was for several years foreign secretary of the Chemical Society of which he was President in 1925 and Longstaff Medallist (1918). He passed the examindon for the Associateship of the Institute in 1890, was elected a Fellow in 1899, served on the Council from 1909 to 1910 and as an Examiner from 1911 to 1920. Mr. S. E. Melling, Member of Council for Manchester and District, represented the Institute at the service held at Manchester Crematorium on 9th March. DUCALDGEORUEFLETCHERdied at Kilcreggan on 9th March, in his 64th year.He studied at the College of Science and Arts, the Royal Infirmary School of Medicine, Glasgow, and in the laboratory of Messrs. Wallace, Tatlock & Clark, and passed the honours examinations of the Science and Art Department in theoretical and practical chemistry. He continued for two years as Assistant in the laboratory of Dr. Clark, and then held an appointmcnt for two years as Chemist to the HampdenChemical Company, and then with Messrs. J. and D. Hamilton, Oil Refinera and Paint Manufacturers of Gbsgom. He was elected an Associate of tho Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. JAMESFLETCHERdied at Hendon on 26th February, in his 38th year.He was educated at Oldham Hulme Grammar School, matriculated in the University of Mancliester in 3906, where he graduated BSc. with 121 first class honours in 1914, and was subsequently awarded the degree of M.Sc. He was the author and joint-author of several papers con- tributed to the Transactions and Proceedings of the Chemical Society, and during the war was engaged as a Chemist at the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough, where he carried out a considerable amount of important physico-chemical research on dope and other aircraft materials. In 1918, he obtained an appointment with the British Aeroplane Varnish Co., Ltd.-now Titanine-Emaillite, Ltd.-and at the time of his death was Manager of the Hendon Works of that Company.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. JAMES died at Streatham, on the 1st March, in his ALFREDKENDALL 76th year. About 1870, he was engaged with Messrs. Foster and Gregory, Manufacturing Chemists at Streatham, and from 1873 he was Senior Chemist to Messrs. Burt, Boulton and Hapood at their Silvertown Distillery, and was latertrmaferred to the Alizarin0Company at Greenford. Subsequently he joined Messrs. Sadler and Co.,at Middlesbrough, where he worked his patented process for making dinitrobenzol from coal gas. He remained there for some years and then returned to Messrs. Foster and Gregory at Streatham. He worked in conjunction with the late Sir Joseph Swan on the problem of cheap electricity and took out patents in 1883 and 1885 for genersting electricity by passing hydrogen through platinum plates.Shortly before his death he applied for patents for an invention to generate electricity by thermo -chemical means. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. ALFREDMXCASMITH,who died at Ballarat, Australia, on the 14th May, 1926, was the nephew of Dr. R. Angus Smith, F.R.S., first Chief Inspectfor of Alkali, etc., Works. Born in 1844, at Perth, Scotland, he was educated in his native town and in London, where he graduated as B.Sc. in 1867. He then became research assistant to Professor,- later Lord,-Playfair, at Edinburgh, but on account of ill-health went to Australia in 1876, and became chief of the staff of the Bendigo School of Mines.Five years later he was appointed lecturer in chemistry and metallurgy at the Ballarat School of Mines where he remained for 42 years. When he retired, some three years ago, his past students living in Western Australia presented his bust to the school, and a Mica Smith Scholtwship was established in Ballarat in his honour. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1881. MONTAGUEWILLIAMSdied at East Twickenham on the 17th February, in his 28th year. He was educated at the County School, Windsor, and, after serving for two years with the Royal Field Artillery in which he held a commission, continued his studies at University College, Reading, and graduated B.Sc. London, with first class honours in chemistry, in October, 1922. In the following year he was engaged as Senior Science Master at Alleyn’s School, Dulwich.He subsequently worked under Sir Frederic Nathan, at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and at the Birkbeck College, and in June, 1926, obtained the degree of M.Sc., when he was transferred to the Chemical Research Laboratory of the Department at Teddington. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. ERRATUM. JOURNAL,Part I, 1927: page 60 In the obituary notice relating to Dr. J. J. Acworth for 1871 red 1891. 122 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Analysis, Quantitative.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. vii + 135.(London: Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd.). 3s. 6d. A scriev of experiments illustrating the main types of reactions involved in ehsmentary gravimetric and volumetric analysis, with explanations and supplementary notes, for use in schoob. “Atomic Theory.” An Elementary Exposition. A. Haas, translated by T. Verschoyle. Pp. xiv + 222. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.). 10s. Gd. The elementary quanta; theory of the hydrogen atom; R6ntgen rays; theory of the elements; general theory of spectra and of atomic structure ; appendix. ‘‘Chemical Annual, Van Nostrand’s.” A Hand-book of Useful Data for Analytical, Manufacturing and Investigating Chemists, Chemical Engineers and Students. Edited by J. C. Olsen. Sixth issue. Pp. xv + 882. (London: Chapman & Ha31, Ltd.).21s. Atomic weights and general tables; temperature correction ; cal-culation of volumetric analyses ; ionisation constants; tables for specific gravity, vapour tension and alcohol; equivalents of weights and measures ; themnochemistry ; stoichiometry ; list of books. “Chemical Engineering and Chemical Catalogue.” Third edition. Edited by D. Pul. Newitt. Pp, 404. (London: Leonard Hill). 15s. A catalogue of hcavy and fine chemicals, raw matcrisls, machinery, plant and equipment applicable to production industries, stanhrdisecl condensed and cross-indexed. Compiled with the co-operation of leading British manufacturers. ‘‘Fertilisers, ArtificiaI.” Their Chemistry, Manufacture and Application. P. Parrish and A. Ogilvie, with foreword by H.C. Brown. Pp. 355. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.). 45s. Uenera.1 survey ; supply ; treatment and manufacture of phosphates- plant and machinery; methods for dealing with tosic gases; compound manures ; manufacture of basic slag; mechanical handling of materials; coiiveying plant, costs; establishment and design of works : trend of future developments. 123 The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. 1926, the Lectures arid Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts:-AUSTRALIAN COUNCIL:N-QTIONAL RESEARCH Proceedings of the T'an-Pacific Science Congress. Australia 1923. Vob. I and 11. E4ited by Gerald Lightfoot, M.A. BEARK,J. GAULD, &I.Sc.,A.1.C.: The Chemistry of Paints, Pigments and Varnishes. J. Gauld Beam.London, 1923. hkSSRS. G. BELL& SONS, LTU.: A Text-Bpok of Organic Chemistry, Historical, Structural and Economlc. John bad. London, 1926. hfESSRS. ERNEST BENN,LTD.: Artificial Fertilisers. Their Chemistry, Manufacture and Application.P.Parrish and A. Ogilvie, with aforeword by H. C. Brown. Vol. I. London, 1937. British Chemicals. Their Mmufacturem and Uses. Being the Official Dimtory of the Association 01 British Chemical Manufacturers for 1927. London, 1927. The Chemistry and Examination of Edible Oils and Fats. Their Substitutes and Adulterants. G. D. Eldon. London, 1926. The Essential Oils. Horace Finnemore. London, 1926. Synthetic Rubber. 8. P. Schotz.London, 1926. BONAZZI, :OTTAVIO Mtqnetochimica. Ottavio Bonazzi. Pisa. BRIGGS,DENNIS BROOK,M.A., A.I.C. : Classified ProbIems h Chemistry. Dennis Brook Briggs. Lond~n, 1926. Quantitative Analysis. Dennis Brook Briggs. London, 1927. CAHN, ROBERTSIDNEY, DR. NAT. PHIL., A.I.C.: Berichte der Dptschen Chemkchen Gesellschaft. Vol. 68. 1925. Berlin and Lezpzag, 1926. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS : Gbatracts of Theses. Science Series. Vol. 11. London, 1927. First Principles of <:hemistry. F. W. Dootson and A. J. Berry.Cambridge, 1927. An Introduction to Surface Chemistry. E. K. Rideal. Cambridge,1926. 124 MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: Chemistry in Modern Life. Sviulte August Arrhenius. Translated from the Swedish and Revised by Clifford Shattuck Leonard. London, 1926.Chemistry in the World’s Work. Harrison E. Howe. London, 1926. Indicators. Their ‘use in Quantitative Analysis and in the CoZori- metric Determination of Hydrogen-ion concentration. Dr. I M. Kolthoff. An Authorised translation based upcin the second Gemran edition revised and enlarged by N. Howell Furman. London, 1926. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publieation of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Henry Gilman, Editor- in-Chief. Vol, VI. London, 1926. Potentiometric Titrations. A Theoretical and Practical Treatise. I. M. Kolthoff and N. Howell Furman. London, 1926. The Scientific Principles of Petroleum TechnoloeT. Dr. Leo Gur-witsch, Translated and revised by Harold Moom, M.Sc.Tech.London, 1926. Van Nostrand’s Chemical Annual. A Hand-Book of Useful Data. Edited by John C. Olsen. Asst. Editor T. R. Le Compte. London, 1927. MESSRS. J. & A. CEURCHILL: Chemistry of the Proteins, and its Economic Applications. DorothyJordan Lloyd. Introduction by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins.London, 1926. Theoretical Organic Chemistry. Part I. Francis Arnall and Francis W. Hodges. London, 1926. COLEMAN,J. B., A.R.C.S., F.I.C.: The Preparation and Analysis of Organic Compounds. J. Bernard Coleman and Francis Arnall. London, 1926. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Atornio Theory. An Elementary Exposition. Arthur Haas. Trans-lated by T. Verschoyb. London, 1927. Cement, Concrete and Bricks. Alfred B.Searle. Second edition. London, 1926. Chemistry of the Oil Industries. J. E. Southcombe. London, 1926. Zinc Oxide. History, Manufacture and Properties as a Pigment.Dalton B. Faloon. London, 1926. MESSRS. CROSBYLOCKWOOD& SON: Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names. A Dictionary and Com-mercial Handbook. William Gardner. London, 1926. Dyestuffs and Coal-Tar Products. Their Chemistry, Manufacture and Applicrttion. Edited by Geoffrey Martin. London, 1926. The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron. W. E. Woodward. London, 1926. The Modern Soap and Detergent Industry, including Glycerol Manu- faature. Vol. 111. The Manufacture of Glycerol. London, 1926. Practical Glass Manipulation. D. B. Briggs. London, 1926. 125 M.DUNOD: Air Liquido, Oxygbne Azotc, Uae rares.Georges Claude. Dcuxihme Bclition revis& et misc a Jour. Pa&, 1926. Chimie GBnbmle et Industrielle. Tome V. Chimie Organique.QuatriAme bdition revueC et augmentdo par le Docteur Etfore Molinari. Paris, 192G. MESSRS. GURNEY & JACKSON: A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Fritz Ephraim. Englishedition by P. C. L.Thorne. London, 1926. MESSRS. Fv. HEFFEE& SONS, LTD.: Practical Physical and Colloid Chemistry. Leonor Michaolis. Author-ised translation from the second German edition by T. R. Parsons. Cambridge, 1925. MESSRS. LEONARDHTLL: Chemical Engineering and Chemical ,Catalogue. Third edition. London, 1927. HORNBY,A. J.W., B.Sc., A.I.C. : Tobacco Culture. A Comparison of Methods adopted in the United States and in Nyasaland.A. J. W. Hornby. Zomba, 1926. HYDRO-ELECTRIC :POWERCoMMrssroN OF ONTARIO Statement of Engineering report by the Hydro-Electric Power Com-mission of Ontario, submitted to the International Joint Commission respecting the proposal to develop the St. Lswrence river, 1921. Toronto, 1925. LUCAS, A., O.B.E.,F.I.C.: Antiques :Their Restoration and Preservation. A Lucas. London, 1924. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. 'clr. MelIor. Vol. VII. London, 1927. Practical Organic and Bio-chemistry. R. H. A. Plimmer. London, 1926. A Students' Manual of Organic Chemical Analysis. Qualitative and Quantitative. Jocelyn Field Thorpe and Martha, Annie Whiteley.London, 1926. Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, and some Mathematical Functions. G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. Fifth edition. London, 1926. MERSEY AND IRWELL JOINT COMMMTEE: Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee Proceedings, 1935-1926. Preston, 1926. MINES BRANCH,DEPARTMENT CANADA:OF MINES, Final Report of the Peat Committee. Peat: its Manufacture rtnd Uses. Ottawa, 1926. 126 THE OPTICAL CONVENTION : Proceedings of the Optical Convention. PartsIand 11,1936. London,1927. PARTRJDCE, F.I.C. :WILLIAM, Catalysis in Industrial Chemistry. G. C. Henderson. London,1919. The E1cment.s of Physical Chemistry. J. Livingston R. Morgan.Fifth edition revised and enlarged. Lotldon, 19 14.Monographs on Inorganic and Phydcd Chemistry. Osmotic Pressure Alexander Fincllay. Second edition. London, 191 9. Soaps ltnd Proteins. Their Colloid Chemistry in Theory and Practice. Martin H. Fischer. With the colluboration of George D. Mc-Laughlin and Marian 0. Hooker. London, 1921. Some Physico-Chemical Themes. Alfred W. Stewart. London, 1922. St,errochemistry. Alfred W. Stowart. Second edition. London,1919. A System of Physical Chemistry. William C. Mac. Lewis. Third edition. Vol. 111. Quantum Theory. London, 1924. The Theory of Allotropy. A. Smits. Translated from the German with the Author's sanction by J. Smeath Thomas. London, 1922. RIBBJS JOINT :COMXITTEE Ribble Joint Committee Proceedings, 1925-1926. Preslon, 1926.TEED,FRANKL., D.Sc., F.I.C. : Volumo Alterations on and in Solution. Frank L. Teed. London,1926. Books Purchased. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 1923, 1924 and 1926. (up to July). Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Priestley. To the year 1795. Written by himself. With R continuation to the time of his decease, by his son, Joseph Priestley. London, 1809. The Mineral Industry during 1925. Vol. XXXIV. Edited by G. A. Roush. London, 1928. Rothamsted Memoirs on Agricultural Science. Vols.VIII, IX, X and XI. Harpenden. Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. ITI., Part 11. Beryllium and its Congeners. Joshua C. Gregoryand May Sybil Burr. London, 1926. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J.Newton Friend. Vol. VII, Part 111. Chromium and its Congeners. Reece H. Vallance and Arthur A. Eldridge. London, 1926. 127 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th February, 1927, 3 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 30 new Associates were elected and 14 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows and z Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellowship. English, Solomon, DSc. (Gheff.), The University, Sheffield. Jenscn, Barold Bupert, M.Sc. (Liv.), 1, Berkshim Road, Bishopston, Bristol. Rial, Walter Percy, BSa. (Lond.),A.R.C.S., Shanghai Waterworks Co.,Ltd., Shanghai, China. New Associate elected after Oral Examination under Clause " C " of regulations, Weldon, Percival Robert, 7, Merton Avenue, Elwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.New Associates (elected without Examination). Archibald, Hugh Munro, B.Sc. (Edin.), Behaven, ArgyIe Crescent,PortoLelIo, Midlothian. Amour, John, B.Sc. (hnd.), 30, Kelburne Drive, Paisley.Armstrong, Douglas Edgar, B.Sc.(Lond.),9, Bloomfield Road, Highgate,London, N.6. Barnes, Reginald Furlong, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.,74, Homestall Rod,Honor Oak, London, S.E.22. Bennett, Charles Leslie, BSc. (Lond.), 11, Waldenshaw Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23. Bolton, Henry Leonard, Homelands, Spring Lane, South Norwood,London, S.E.26. Campboll, Evan Lockha&, B.A., Sc.B. (T.C.D.), A.R.C.Sc.I., 9, EndsleighGardens, London, N.W.1. Daubney, Charles Gaspard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 124, College Road, Bromley,Kent.Gooderham, Walter Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Weston Road,Acton Green, London, W.4. Graymore, John George, MSc. (Lond.), 41, Rutland Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.Hardy, Richard Kenneth, B.A. (Oxon.), Government Laboratory,Clements Inn Passage, Sbrand, London, W.C.2. Hill, Frank RowIand, B,Sc. (Lond.), 122, Church Lane, London, S.W.17. Hill, William, B.&. (Glas.), Woodburn View, Hope Street, Hamilton, Lanerkshire. Hughes, Hubert Ivor, B.Sc. (Wales), 89, Penchwintan Road, Bangor,N. Wales. Joselin, Frank Edward, BSc. (Lonct.), A.C.G.F.C.,86, Pendle Rod,fitreatham, London, S.W.16. 128 Littler, Harold Gilbert, 1’h.D. (Liv.), 21, Oxford Drive, Waterloo, nr. Liverpool.Lowdell, Donald Pcrcival, B.Sc.(Lond.), 29, Holland Park Avenue, London, W.11. Macdonald, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 197, Putney Bridge Rod, London, S.W.15. Maemaster, James Cameron, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.),3, College Avenue, Lon- donderry, N. Ireland. May, Cecil John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 1, Highbury Place, London, N.6. O’Brien, Eric Ackerley, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), 19, Ruabon Road, Didsbury, Manchoster. Ostle, Joseph Carleton, BSc. Tech. (Manc.), c/o Know Mill Printing Co., Ltd., Entwistle, Bolton. Pratt, Ronald Arthur, BSo. (Lond.), Chemical Research Department, Directorate of Explosives Research, Royal Arscnal, Woolwich, London, S.E.18. Richardson, William Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Cleves, East Molesey, Surrey.Shill, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 8, Judd Road, Tonbridge, Kent.Stephens, Lawrence Victor, B.Sc. (Birm.), 48, Springfield Road, Moseley,Birmingham.Stewart, George, junr., B.Sc. (Glas.), 16, Athole Gardens, Newlands, Glaagow.Walker, Frederick Claude, A.C.G.F.C., 88, Tressillian Rod, Brockley,London, S.E.4. Wright, Cyril Maynard, BSc. (Lond.), Home Farm, Nacton, nr. Ipswich. New Students. Blow, Claude Montague, Rooksbury, Ridgmont Road, St. Albans. Coates, Harold Vincent, 27, Catterick Road, Didsbury, Manahester. Cook, Frank Henry, 13, Yardley Wood Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Davis, Harold Fredorick, 23, Abbey Road, Cambridge. Deanesley, Richard Marston, Claremont, Wolverhampton. Hillier, George Edward, 59, Rectory Grove, Clapham, London, S.W.4. Lloyd, Edric Ivor, Isycoed, Neath Road, Resolven, Neath, Glam.MacDonald, Charles Alexander, 108, Hebdon Road, Tooting, London, S.W.17. Mitchell, William, 12, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh.Moses, Geoffrey, 73, Manchester Road, Lostock Gralam, Northwich. Peden, William, 142, Main Street, Elderslie. Roach, Sydney Parker, 65, Milton Road, Eastbourne. Smith, James Fergus, 32, Elm Row, Edinburgh. Young, Harold Sidney, 64, Culverden Road, Balham, London, S.W.11. DEATHS. Fellows, Arthur William Crossley, C.B.E.,C.M.G., F.R.S. Dugald George Fletcher. James Alfred Kendall. Assooiates. Janies Fletcher, M.Sc, (Vict.). Monfague Wilhs, M.Sc. (Lond.). I29 General Notices. September Examinations.-Examinations for Associate- ship and Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September or 26th September to 1st October.The list of entries will close on Monday, 18th July, 1927. Notice to Associates-The attention of Associates elected prior to April, 1924,who have since been continuousIy engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry, is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship which were published in JOURNAL Part I, 1927, pages 27-33. These regulations will shortly be printed separately and cir- cuIated. The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possibIe. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Pt4zeforStudents.-A medal and prize for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000words, on ‘‘The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People ” will be awarded in January 1928, and presented at the next annual general meeting, or at a meeting of the local section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the local section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December, 1927,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. The Committee of each local section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein, The essays selected by the local sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. 130 Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. MeI dol a Med aI.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annualIy to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the adniinistrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient docs not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service, The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January, 1928)to work of the character indicated.The award for the year 1927will be made in January, 1928. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for 131 appointments is kept at the Ofices of thc Tnstitutc. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists, Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. Gd. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there-after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of SLY months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate w7ith the Registrar.The Library.-Thc Library of the Iiistitutc is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.), Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use thc Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Jou rnal.--Members wh~desire COVCTS Tor binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) arc rquestcd to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they arc: desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z. onto bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS the following terms: Buckram case, IS, zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Address,-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Kegistered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requcsted to give as far as possible, their permalzent addresses for registration. Ofl?cial Chemical Appointments: 6th Edition, 1 927. -The sixth edition of A List of O@cial Chevrticnl Appointme& is now in proof. Corrections and suggestions which niay increase the usefulness of the List, will be welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Registrar. PAGES MISSING FROM 133 TO 134

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9275100096

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 I JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1927. Registrar and Secretary. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. Juue 1927. Publications Committee 1927-28 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Cltairnaa?c) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Preside&) H. C. L. BLOXAM A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON W. M. CUMMING J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON I. M. HEILBRON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer) A. W. KNAPP A. G. G. LEONARD THOMAS MACARA B. G. McLELLAN FRANK SOUTHERDEN. R. THOMAS D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON. 135 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY 1927.Public Analysts.-The Public Appointments Committee has had under consideration for some time past the conditions of appointments of Public Analysts as they are affected by recent legislation and regulations. On the’6th April the Committee convened a meeting of Public Analysts held at the Rooms of the Chemical Society in order to consider the lines of representations to be made to the Ministry of Health A statement was prepared setting forth the views expressed and urging that for the proper administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts which have been passed in the interests of public health as well a s for the prevention of fraud it is highly desirable that future legislation should provide that the Exchequer should contribute to the cost involved and that public analysts should thereby be placed in a similar position as regards security of tenure etc.as Medical Officers of Health and Sanitary Inspectors. A copy of this statement was forwarded to the Ministry with a request that a deputation might be received in support thereof. On 25th May Sir H. Kingsley Wood Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health received a deputation from the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts. The deputation which was introduced by Dr. G. C. Clayton M.P. consisted of Messrs. A. Chaston Chapman E. R. Bolton F. W. IF. Arnaud Cecil H. Cribb Edward Hinks with the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Mr. Chaston Chapman said that the object of the deputation was to put before the Ministry the question of the remuneration of Public Analysts with special reference to the additional work imposed upon those officers by legislation as well as by the Regulations issued by the Ministry during recent years.In 1860 an Act entitled “The Adulteration of Foods Act,” was passed which in 1872 was extended to include drugs. In 1875 the Sale of Food and Drugs Act was passed which had the effect of repealing the previous Acts and this was amended or extended by subsequent Acts until by the Act of 1899 the term “food” was held to include every article used for food or drink by man other than drugs or water and any article which ordinarily enters into or is used in the composition or preparation of human food and also flavouring matters and condiments.Thus the admin- istration of this Act as amended and extended comprised the examination for genuineness and purity of every article of food and drink other than water used by man. It was the 1875 Act which created Public Analysts who were officers specially qualified and empowered to carry out the provisions of that Act. At that time food adulteration was of a relatively crude and simple character and could be detected by comparatively simple means. The fees paid to Public Analysts were on the whole higher than they were ten or fifteen years later and having regard to the comparatively simple character of the work they were called upon to do the remuneration was not such as to afford cause for serious protest.The Act provides that two classes of persons should be entitled to take samples for examination under the Act (i) Medical Officers of Health Sanitary Inspectors Police Officers and others authorised by the various local authorities and (ii) any member of the general public who felt that when purchasing an article of food or drugs the article supplied had not been of the nature substance and quality demanded. Clearly the latter was a proper provision but it was also felt that unless a reasonably small fee were fixed for the analysis the public would hesitate to take advantage of this particular provision. Accord- ingly it was enacted that the fee paid by any such member of the public should be 10s. 6d.; but the debate at the time showed quite clearly there was an understanding that the balance of the Public Analyst’s fee should be paid out of public funds.Unfort- unately the fee of 10s. 6d. without any augmentation came in process of time to be treated as if it had been a statutory fee for all purposes of the Act and 10s. 7d. was in fact the average fee in respect of 232 appointments paid by public bodies to their Public Analysts in 1914. If the work falling on the shoulders of the Public Analyst had remained fairly constant and if no other circumstance had changed this fee though always inadequate would not have brought the matter to the acute stage at which it stands to-day and which had compelled the Institute and the Society to bring it to the notice of the Ministry. 137 Mr.Chaston Chapman repeated that when the Act was passed very little comparatively was known of the chemistry of foods and that methods of adulteration were crude and simple. Owing to the large amount of voluntary research and investigation carried out and still being carried out mainly by Public Analysts without remuneration and entirely in the interest of the public the amount of work involved in the examination of articles of food became enormously increased and they realised that they had been manufacturing a rod or rather a great many rods with which to scourge themselves. As the knowledge of the chemistry of foods increased so did the ingenuity of the adulterator. The Public Analyst found himself confronted with the need of employ- ing new and increasingly delicate methods for the purpose of meeting and defeating the modern adulterator.The appliances which sufficed in 1875 had become thoroughly inadequate and out-of-date and the modern analyst found himself compelled to equip a laboratory with the most modern refinements and to spend large sums of money in the purchase of delicate chemical and physical apparatus. At the same time the amount of work involved had increased to such a point that the Public Analyst could not carry out the work himself and was forced to resort to the help of one or more properly trained assistants. The chemical work involved in the examination of articles of food had increased and with it the expenses involved; but there was another point which had made the plight of the Public Analyst still more serious namely the large number of amendments of the law departmental orders and regulations and recommendations of Royal Commissions and Departmental Committees and other Bodies all of which had combined to add to hi3 labours on a seriously and rapidly ascending scale.A list of these was given in the pamphlet on the “Conditions of Appointments of Public Analysts,” published by the Institute in September 1923. From that it would be seen how vastly the amount of work thrown upon the shoulders of the Public Analyst had increased since the passing of the 1875 Act. Mr. Chaston Chapman then directed special attention to the following since they involved a new principle :- Public Health (Condensed Milk) Regulations r g q .Public Health (Dried Milk) Regulations 1923 Public Health (Preservatives in Food etc.) Regulations 1925 and 1926. 138 Whereas previously the Public Analyst had been required to certify merely whether samples were genuine or adulterated he had now been compelled in many cases to ascertain whether certain samples complied with a fixed definite standard of composition which involved additional work of a very onerous character and which had previously been unnecessary. For many years the great bulk of the analyses had been done by Public Analysts for a fee of 10s. 6d. which was in reality inadequate in 1875. About 1919 many authorities realised that some increase in the remuneration of Public Analysts was absolutely necessary but the majority overlooked the fact that the expenses connected with their work (rent rates apparatus salaries etc.) had more than doubled.In many cases not- withstanding this circumstance no increase was given and where such was granted it was frequently inadequate. The average is still very low and only in Scotland does it reach the still low level of 17s. As if a31 this were not enough some authorities had adopted a system of sampling in which a much larger propor tion of troublesome and time-consuming samples were submitted to the Public Analyst who was thus deprived of the advantage of a flat rate for all samples adulterated or unsdult erated. Summarising the position of the Public Analyst at the present time Mr. Chaston Chapman said that increasing knowledge increasing refinement of adulteration increasing number of Regulations affecting the public health increasing work and responsibility of every kind were thrust upon his shoulders until it was no exaggeration to say that if the Public Analyst was to carry out his work properly and to safeguard the health of the public he could only do so at a loss to himself or by making the more remunerative portions of his practice pay for this thoroughly unremunerative portion.As a proof of the efficiency with which the Public Analysts of the country had carried out their duties notwithstanding the inadequacy of their remuneration attention might be directed to the ever decreasing percentage of adulterated samples as revealed in the official statistics.But the Ministry and other departments had gone to the extreme limit and if any further strain was put upon the Public Analyst it would be an impossibility for him to maintain this high degree of efficiency and the public health might be seriously prejudiced. 139 He did not suggest that local authorities had any desire to exploit either the public spirit or the necessities of highly and expensively trained scientific men but in attaching to Public Analyst appointments conditions of remuneration which were thoroughly incommensurate with the services demanded they were incurring very serious risk. If the present state of affairs was allowed to continue the appointments would not continue to attract and be held by men of the necessary high professional qualifications and attainments.I t had been held that the law gave little power to the central authority; but since Parliament had ordained the end it was difficult to believe that it had not also the power to provide the means so that Public Analysts should not be forced to undertake unlimited work for extremely limited pay. Failing such power the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts wished to suggest that the Ministry should take the earliest opportunity of indicating to the local authorities that in the public interest they should grant to the Public Analysts increased and adequate payment for their work. Sir Kingsley Wood in replying said that he was fully alive to the good work done by Public Analysts as a body and felt that credit was due to them for the reduction in food adulteration which statistics showed.He appreciated that the work of Public Analysts had become more complex that a higher standard of competence was demanded and that subtler forms of adultera- tion were now practised. He agreed that it was probable that the Preservatives Regulations would involve more work per sample examined. He pointed out however that the holding of public appointments conferred a certain status which attracted private work and that although it inight not be a complete answer to the case made it was a fact that the recent and prospective increase in the number of samples submitted involved a corresponding in- crease in the total remuneration of analysts.Sir Kingsley thought further that there might be advantage in an extension of the system of whole-time appointments. He was glad to observe that Mr. Chapman did not suggest that there should be any call upon the Exchequer. He emphasised that under the statute the remuneration was paid by the local authority and was to be agreed upon between them and the analyst and that as the Exchequer had thus no direct interest in the matter the Minister could not attempt to give any directions to local authorities. I t seemed to him therefore though he did not wish to appear in any way unsympathetic that the case presented to him by the deputation should more properly be addressed to the local authorities and he doubted whether anything would be gained by the interven- tion of his Department.Sir Kingsley promised that the points raised should receive his careful consideration and that he would report them fully to Mr. Chamberlain. Mr. Chaston Chapman thanked Sir Kingsley Wood for receiving the deputation which then withdrew. With regard to Sir Kingsley Wood’s reply referred to above it should be mentioned that while the holding of public appoint- ments confers a certain status which attracts private work it is aIso true that some manufacturers prefer not to employ Public Analysts for consulting work. It is also partly true that it is an advantage to receive an increased number of samples; but it may act very adversely to the interestsof Public Analysts if all the samples are of the troublesome kind which is the present tendency.I t is sometimes difficult to adjust the number of assistants employed to the number of samples received without incurring a loss; and it does not always follow that a large number of samples can be analysed more cheaply than a small number $YO rata. The reference to the public funds by which Mr. Chaston Chapman meant the local rates arose from his showing how the fee of 10s. 6d. came to be regarded as a standard. It was simply because that was the fee suggested for which analysis could be made at the request of members of the public and at the time the 1875 Act was passed the speakers in the House of Commons understood that this fee would be augmented from the rates. It is realised that it is difficult for the Ministry of Health to intervene; but the situation is anomalous because the Ministry can and does impose further work on the Public Analyst while apparently it has no right to pay for additional work or to insist that it is paid for.Sir Kingsley Wood also suggested that there might be advan- tage in an extension of the system of whole-time appointments; but the cost to the local authorities would be at least double provided that rent staff equipment and all necessary expenses 141 are taken into account. An independent practitioner main- taining his own laboratory and having a reputation in one or two special lines of work can accommodate one or more ofzthese appointments but he bears the establishment expenses on his general practice. Subsequently a letter was received from Sir Kingsley Wood stating that he had reported the representations of the deputa- tion to Mr.Chamberlain; but seeing that the statute expressly provided that the remuneration was to be agreed upon between the analyst and local authority Mr. Chamberlain did not feel that he would be justified in issuing any general communication to local authorities on this subject. Sir Kingsley added how- ever that the Department was often consulted informally about matters which did not require the Minister’s approval and he promised that if consulted about fees to be paid to public analysts the Department would bear in mind the considerations which had been put before it by the deputation. It will thus be seen that although the Ministry of Health can legislate for the public analysts to do more work it maintains its inability to intervene on the question of their remuneration Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-Dr.G. C. Clayton M.P. and the Registrar gave evidence before the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts at the Home Office on 1st April in support of a memorandum forwarded by the Council to the Departmental Committee in October 1926 regarding the use of the title “chemist.” Further particulars will be published in due course. The Title “Chemist.”-Mr. Vincent H. Kirkham Honorary Corresponding Secretary has reported that the Legislative Council of the Zanzibar Protectorate has lately passed a decree to regulate the dispensing and sale of drugs and poisons in which only the word “ druggist ” is used to define a person who mixes compounds prepares dispenses or sells any drug or poison.The decree comes into operation in the Protectorate on 1st July 1927. Mr. Kirkham who is Director of Agriculture and a member of the Legislative Council spoke in support of the Bill but moved an amendment which was adopted for the deletion of the word “chemist ” from the bill. He said that it was only among English speaking people that the confusion had arisen about the meaning of the word. He gave a short history of the use of the word 1422 showing that in the year 640-according to one way of calcula- tion-the Arabs over-ran Egypt one name of which was Qimia. They found at Alexandria a university where many things were studied.The Arabs were interested in the studies of the men who were trying to make gold out of baser metals. This study they called A1 qimia. The spread of Arabian culture westward along Northern Africa at length reached Spain and in the thirteenth century universities were established there where the Arabian culture with its alchemy algebra and other sciences began to flourish while Greece and Rome were falling into barbarism. The old alchemists whilst searching for a method of trans- muting base metals into gold found out many things about the composition of matter and eventually the science of chemistry evolved from these efforts. Those versed in this science were called “ chemists. ” It was extremely difficult for an Englishman to realisc the incongruity of applying this title to the person who compounded a cough mixture or sold rat poison because for sixty or seventy years the term has been thus misused.It would be better appreciated Mr. Kirkham said if he drew parallels for instance if one spoke of buying a ton of coal from a geologist the incon- gruity would be apparent so also if one referred to a greengrocer as a botanist a butcher as an anatomist or a fishmonger and poulterer as an economic biologist; and it would be more polite than accurate to designate as a zoologist the man u7ho had sold you a pup. Mr. Kirkham then referred to a body-the Institute of Chemistry-whose members were actually “ chemists,” because they were versed in the science of chemistry and pursued the study of the composition of matter and research after means of making new substances.It was being felt even in England that the term “chemist” should be applied only to those to whom it properly belonged. Mr. Kirkham also moved an amendment requiring that all drugs sold under the names given in the British Phar- macopoeia should conform to the standards as laid down in the Pharmacopoeia. Brit is h Engineering Standards Associati on.-Mr. Arthur J. Chapman has been appointed as the representative of the Institute on the committee for the standardisation of sieves and screens used in various industries. 143 Salary Stat istics.-The Council proposes to repeat the procedure adopted in 1921 and to issue a questionnaire regarding the salaries and conditions of appointment of Associates and Fellows in whole-time appointments.The replies which may be anonymous will be collated and curves published showing the average salaries of such Fellows and Associates at various ages in different branches of work. H on o rary Correspond i ng Secretary.-Dr. William Arthur Hargreaves Director of the. Department of Chemistry for South Australia has accepted office as an Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute. Chemical Society t i brary.-Mr. George Nevill Huntly has been appointed as the representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society in the place of Dr. Robert H. Pickard Vice President who has retired from that Committee and has received the thanks of the Council for his services in that capacity during the past two years.For the year 1927 the Council has forwarded a donation of 4250 to the Library of the Society. The Library is available by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute and for reference purposes to the registered students of the Institute. contribution of EIO towards the expenses of the Celebration of Berthelot Celebration.-The Council has forwarded a the Centenary of Marcelin Berthelot which will take place in Paris in October. Prof J. F. Thorp Vice-president has been appointed to represent the Institute on that occasion. Benevolent Fund.-At the Council meeting held on 17th June the Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the total receipts-subscriptions annual subscriptions and donations- so far received during 1927 amounted to 4632 4s.7d. compared with L486 14s. qd. in 1926. The annual subscriptions which are specially desired show an increase of k43 8s. zd. A sum of E37 has been repaid on account of Ioans compared with L30 in 1926. The payments-grants loans annuities-made during the same period amount to k282 IS. gd. compared with L224 10s. in 1926. Mr. Robert D. Littlefield has been co-opted to the Benevolent Fund Committee as the representative of the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section. 144 J u bilea Celebrations,-The Council has under considera- tion the arrangements to be made in connection with the celebra- tion of the Jubilee of the Institute further particulars of which will be notified to Fellows and Associates in due course.Method of Electing the Counoi1.-Replies have been received from most of the Local Sections regarding the suggestion received from the North-East Coast Executive Committee (representing the Leeds Area Huddersfield and Newcastle Sections) that members of Council should be elected by district alone The Council will give further consideration to this matter when reports have been received from all Sections. 145 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The Section met at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 30th March Dr. W. H. Gibson in the chair. In the unavoidable absence of Prof. Scott Robertson who was to have read a paper Mr. Darbyshire Geography Master of the Academical Institution kindly gave a lecture on “ Historical and Racial Geography,’’ which was greatly appreciated.The lecture concluded with a hearty vote of thanks proposed by Mr. Honneyman seconded by Mr. Hoskins. Bristol and South-Western Counties-Sir Ernest H. Cook has been re-elected chairman of the Section for the ensuing session. Arrangements were made for members of the Section to visit the Melksham Works of the Avon India Rubber Co. Ltd. on a3rd June by kind permission of Mr. Hinde the Managing Director. The party including members from Wiltshire Devon and Somerset was received by Mr. Swanbrough Assistant Works Manager and was conducted over the extensive works by Mr. Lane Mr. J. F. Reid and Mr. W. R. Littlejohn who explained the various processes.The visit was of absorbing interest and after the members had been entertained to tea by the management Mr. R. D. Littlefield in the regretted absence on account of illness of Sir Ernest Cook expressed the cordial thanks of the members to the Company for the courtesy and hospitality which had been shown them. Cape.-The Section held a meeting in the Physical Chemical Laboratories of the University of Cape Town on the 1st April when Prof. Newbery gave a series of demonstrations in connection with the employment of various appliances used in the investi- gation of colloids. 146 The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the same day when the Secretary submitted a report showing that four meetings had been held-one at Somerset West two in the Physical Chemical Laboratories of the University and the fourth in tlie form of an excursion to the Southern Sewage Disposal Works at Athlone.The Section had entertained mem- bers of the Cape Town Chemical Society chemical students and members of the professional staffs of the University and also representatives of the municipalities of Cape Town and Stellen- bosch. Very satisfactory publicity had been given to the pro- ceedings of the Section which had met with the appreciation of the Council of the Institute. Mr. E. H. Croghan had been nominated to represent the Section on the South African Committee of the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry of which Professor Smeath Thomas was chairman of the executive.Four other members were also serving as representatives of other bodies. The Annual Report was adopted and a vote of thanks was accorded to the Honorary Secretary for his valuable services. The Treasurer submitted the financial statement and report which were also received and adopted. A discussion took place on the propriety of chemists advertis- ing for practice in thc public press. It was stated that it was not tlie custom of chemists practising on Cape Province to advertise but the view was expressed that in any case a “pro- fessional card ” advertisement in a technical paper containing no more than would be shown on a brass door-plate would be less objectionable than the trade advertisements which are sometimes inserted in the lay press having the name and quali- fications of the chemist who analysed the goods prominently set forth.Some discussion took place on the Benevolent Fund. It was suggested that Sections should be at liberty to assist cases of distress that might arise in South Africa. The officers and committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows :-Professor J. Smeath Thomas Chairman; Dr. C . F. Juritz Secretdzry; Mr. E. H. Croghan Treasurer; Prof. E. Newbery and Mr. G. C. Scully members of the committee. Dr. W. Pugh and Mr. &I. H. Hallack were elected auditors. 147 Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Following the Annual Meeting which was held on 14th February an ordinary meeting was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry at which Mr.J. A. Watson read a paper by Mr. B. D. W. Luff on “The Use of the Microscope in Qualitative Analysis.” Mr. Luff drew attention to this little used application of the microscope and gave an outline of the methods used in the identification of inorganic substances upon the microscope slide by the formation of crystalline deposits of characteristic and easily recognisable appearance. Since only minute quantities were needed the methods were of particular interest in cases where perhaps only a tiny speck of material was available. Mr. Luff explained how the work was carried out and how the processes of dissolving the substance under examination testing for gas evolved if any precipitating various metals and if necessary separations by filtration could be performed upon the slide itself with little other apparatus.Very interesting lantern slides prepared by Mr. Luff showed clearly the characteristics of the crystals obtained with various metals. In a discussion following the paper the question of the expediency of the training of students in these methods arose but the opinion seemed to be held that such work could not find a place in the ordinary course. The final meeting of the winter programme was held on 24th March in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Mr. J. A. Watson presiding. Mr. A. M. Cameron read a paper on ‘‘ Fire Risks in Industry.” He dealt first with the classification of causes of fires and then discussed in detail a number of the groups of causes such as spontaneous combustion careless storage static electricity ignition of inflammable vapours dust the production of oxy-hydrogen and insolation.Finally Mr. Cameron gave a summary of his views on fire prevention and fire-fighting. The paper was illustrated by lantern slides showing various fire effects and also fire-fighting appliances. In the ensuing discussion Mr. W. A. Williams referred to his own experience of an unexplained fire in a rubber-sawing depart- ment. He questioned whether as Mr. Cameron had suggested it would always be safer to attempt to recover an inflammable solvent than not to do so because the recovery plant itself might 148 introduce added risk.He also emphasised the importance of having a dual water supply with en tircly independent sources for a sprinkler system in ordcr to guard against a possible failure of one supply. In his works n special fire inain was laid and uscd €or no othcr purpose except to supplement the tower supply to the sprinklers. Major R. Bruce gave two instances in his own experience of fire risks,-one the spontaneous combustion of cot ton netting upon trcatmeiit with oil; the other a dust explosion in the boiler- house chimney due to accumulated soot which became ignited when coke was temporarily in use in the furnace with probably a large excess of air passing up thc chimney. Mr C. N. Kemp referred to a case of the failure of a switch to break a circuit when the voltage accidentally became 460 instead of 230.This suggested the need for care in installing such systems; otherwise there was the danger of fire due to the forma- tion of arcs. In conclusion Mr. Cameron replied to questions and was heartily thanked for his interesting paper. The paper will be publishcd separately by the Institute and issued to members and registered students. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The meetings for the Session 1926-1927 concluded with a Smoking Concert held in conjunction with the Society of Chemical Industry at Ferguson and Forrester’s Restaurant on 25th March. Members of the Ardeer Chemical Club the Andersonian Chemical Society and the Alchemists’ Club participated. There was a good attendance and the evening proved most enjoyable.Liver pool and North - Western.-At an extraordinary meeting of the Section held on the 23rd February to discuss and formulate concrcte proposals on the subject of the registration of chemists a resolution was passed covering the suggestions summarised below :- (I) That the Institute should take the initiative in all negotiations ; ( 2 ) that it is desirable that the Institute should negotiate in this matter with bodies of the type of the British Associa- tion of Chemists the National Union of Scientific Workers (Chemists’ Section) etc. whose membership is confined to chemists and whose activities are concerned with the pro- fession of chemistry as such; 140 (3) that a Gcneral Chemical Council should be formed in which the Institute the Privy Council the Universities the British Association of Chemists and the National Union of Scientific Workers should have full representation (University representation to be by groups e.g.Scotland Northern Univer- sities etc.) ; (4) that all technical bodies which include chemists (the Society of Public Analysts the Society of Leather Trade Chemists the Institution of Chemical Engineers) should be taken into consultation in framing the minimum qualification for the general register; (5) that in the first instance a candidate not otherwise eligible for admission to the Register should give evidence of a sufficient general and scientific education and of at least seven years’ practice in pure or applied chemistry with evidence of dependability and initiative the applicant to be not less than 30 years of age; and that six years after the inception of the Register the only qualification for admission should be an approved university degree or its examinational equivalent ; (6) that within the General Chemical Council the constitu- ent bodies should remain autonomous but that their various activities should be co-ordinated so far as possible-e.g.the Appointments Registers should be fused; (7) that the Institute should continue its present functions as a qualifying and examining body; (8) that the British Association of Chemists should continue its present functions and in general look after the cconomic interests of the profession ; (9) that any person whose namc is on the general register after its inception should receive at any time if and when he specially requests it on paying a fce a certificate or statement to the effect that his name is upon the Register and that he was admitted to thc Register at a .certain date; that such certificate should also include (a) a statement or summary of the minimum qualification at the time at which admission was made to the general register and (b) a statement that such certificate does not imply any definite qualification more than the minimum qualification for the general register in force at the time of admission The Section was not in favour of a third grade of membership of the Institute and endorsed the rcsolution passed by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section that a referendum of all members of the Institute be taken on a number of questions relative to registration.On 16th March before a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry Prof. J. C . Drummond gave a lecture on ‘‘ Bio-chemical Aspects of the Nature of Life,” a t the University Prof. W. H. Roberts presiding. Professor Drummond pointed out that the differentiation between systems which might be regarded as living and non- living had occupied the minds of thinkers from the very earliest times. “Animism,” which was founded in the Middle Ages had survived in the various vitalistic theories current at the beginning of the last century. These theories had been shaken by the discoveries of Wohler which together with the work of such chemists as Moore and Baly had taught us something of the transition from the inorganic to the organic; there had also been great extensions in the study of the evolutionary processes of plants and animals.Further light on the subject had been provided by the study of ultra-microscopic viruses and the bacteriophages of d’HerelIe. The phenomena of life could be studied under such headings as growth assimilation respiration reproduction and move- ment all of which represented complex energy changes. Warburg had shown that the process of respiration was to a large extent controlled in the cell by the presence of iron which element seemed to occupy an important r61e. In all cells there was an iron-containing pigment known as cytochrome which was related to the blood pigments known as the haernoglobins.Even in the phenomenon of reproduction it had been found that the processes of fFrtilisation and cell division could be controlled in the laboratory by physical and biochemical methods. Dakin and his colleagues had emphasised the importance of the arrangement of amino-acids in the protein molecule ‘as affecting the biological specificity of various proteins. The lecture was greatly appreciated and Prof. Drummond was accorded a hearty vote of thanks. Chemistry.” 151 At the meeting held in May Mr. A. J. Hall read a paper before the Section on “Cellulose in the Hands of the Chemist.” Mr. Hall referred to the many uses of cellulose and devoted special attention to artificial silk and the problems encountered in dye- ing the material.He showed that difficulties arose not only from the variable nature of artificial silk but also owing to the combinations of the material with other fibres employed in fabrics. The lecture was illustrated by specimens and at its conclusion Mr. Hall was accorded a hearty vote of thanks. The Section has invited Mr. William French to inaugurate the next session on 13th October with a paper on “Fifty Years of London and South-Eastern Counties.-Sir Robert Robertson presided a t a meeting of the Section held at the Institute on 27th April when Mr. George Stubbs Deputy Government Chemist discussed (‘ Some Recent Legislation Affecting Chemists.” In addition to the new Food and Drugs Amendment Act 1927 which has been passed to give effect to the recommendations of the Departmental Committee on the “Use of Preservatives and Colouring Matters in Food,” Mr.Stubbs dealt with the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1926 in connection with which an Advisory Comniittee on which chemists were well represented has been appointed to frame regulations regarding sampling methods of analysis qualifications of agri- cultural analysts and other matters. He also referred to the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 which would come into full operation in August 1927 providing for the production importa- tion and distribution of therapeutic substances under licence. In connection with this Act the draft regulations prescribing the methods of examination include a provision that in the estima- tion of arsenic in substances of the salvarsan group the method used must be approved by the Licensing Authority.He men- tioned also the Dangerous Drugs Act 1925 the Merchandise Marks Act 1926 the Sale of Food (Weights and Measures) Act 1926 the Petroleum Act 1906 and the Lead Paint (Protection against Poisoning) Act 1926 dealing in each case with matters of interest to chemists An interesting discussion followed in which Messrs. Hinks Hawkins Howard Carr and others participated and the pro- ceedings terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Stubbs. 152 Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Manchester Section held on 7th March at which Mr. S. E. Melling presided Prof. E. C . C. Baly delivered a lecture entitled “Plant Chemis- try.” Prof.Baly said that probably the one reaction in chemistry which was more interesting than any other was the one by mcans of which a living plant succeeded in converting carbonic acid or carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates including of course the simultaneous reactions whereby materials of the nature of proteins and similar substances were produced. The reaction was interesting because it was the fundamental reaction a t the basis of all life. If that reaction did not take place neither he nor anyone else in the room would be there because they would not be living. That was why in spite of all the polarity theories of chemistry which were so fascinating and interesting there was a fundamental reaction underlying them all which deserved somc attention But frankly the problem had proved to be an extremely difficult one.It had been well known for many years starting originally from the work of von Baeyer that the process which took place in the living leaf of the plant was one of extraordinary mystery and at one time something practically magical as well as mysterious had been applied to it in the term vis vitalis or “the force of life.” I t was felt that there was something which differentiated the chemistry of the living organism from the chemistry of inert material. In 1921 Professors Heilbron and Barker and Prof. Baly himself published a preliminary paper in which they claimed to have obtained ordinary formaldehyde by the action of light upon carbon dioxide in water.This claim was considered by many people as a distinct contribution to the subject of the photosynthesis which took place in the leaves of plants. The pioneers in this particular experimental field were Prof. Moore and Mr. Webster who had investigated the possibilities of the conversion of carbonic acid into formaldehyde. They found that when solutions of carbonic acid in water were exposed to ultra-violet light nothing happened; that was to say they were unable to detect the formation of formaldehyde but they did find that in the presence of colloidal ferric hydroxide small quantities of formaldehyde were produced. Prof. Baly said he and his fellow workers differed somewhat from that conclusion because they found that if water through which a stream of 153 carbon dioxide was passed were exposed to ultra-violet light there was afterwards very definite evidence of the formation of formaldehyde.Moore and Webster showed that formaldehyde on exposure to ultra-violet light was converted into substances which showed some of the reactions of ordinary hexose sugars. Subsequently said Prof. Baly there had been put forward the idea that formation of carbohydrates in the living leaf took place in two stages the first stage being the formation of ordinary formaldehyde and the second stage being the subsequent con- version of the formaldehyde by polymerisation under the action of light into sugar. As a matter of fact when this proposition was examined from the physico-chemical point of view it was found to be erroneous.According to modern views of chemistry every single reaction required that the reacting molecules must be activated by the supply of a certain amount of energy before they underwent any reaction whatsoever. The great mystery of the living leaf was that in spite of the fact that a very large number of gram-calories had to be absorbed to bring about the reaction yet the plant managed to effect it by means of visible light and indeed as far as one could ascertain by light which lay within the yellow region of the spectrum. There was a photo-chemical reaction on the surface of the leaf and it was believed that the large total quantity of energy necessary to activate the carbonic acid was supplied at the surface and then the process was completed by visible light.Photosynthesis took place in those cells which contained chloroplasts. There was strong evidence that the phenomenon of photo synthesis of the plant was due to surface aborption. There was also a fatigue effect to be considered. If the light was too strong the plant ceased to work though it became active again after being placed in the dark for a couple of hours. With too much light the functioning power of the chIorophyU was arrested. Prof. Robinson proposed and Dr. E. Ardern seconded that a vote of thanks be accorded to Prof. Baly for his extremely interesting lecture ; this was carried by acclamation. A discussion then ensued in which Prof. Robinson Dr. E. Ardern and Messrs E. Thomas Short Manley and Hannah took part.Prof. Baly in replying to the discussion said that a systematic examination was being conducted in regard to sugar syrups which were formed by the action of light and concentrated 154 formaldehyde. The term “Carbohydrate ” was distinctly vague particularly if only ordinary tests were used. Sir James Irvine and Dr. Francis found that such a sugar symp examined by them was a sticky and extremely sweet substance which was optically inactive and from which they were able to prepare pure tetramethyl glucose. The formation of various complex carbohydrates and indeed of simple carbohydrates was largely governed if not entirely govered by the hydrogen-ion concen- tration. Probably the preferential formation of sucrose in particular species of plants was due to the occurrence of a particular hydrogen-ion concentration which was maintained by a suitable buffer solution.There was a peculiar merit in a coloured surface as compared with a white surface. Possibly carbonic acid when absorbed by the coloured surface received more energy than when it was absorbed by a white surface. In the latter case ultra-violet light was required to the formation of sugar. I\nalaya.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Kuala Lumpur Federated Malay States on 27th February Mr. F. L. Okell in the chair. The annual report and financial statements for 1926 were received and adopted. The report showed that at the annual meeting held in February r926 the members of the Section visited the Government Opium Factory and the Municipal Sewage Works; also that three meetings had been held at Singapore at which papers were read by Mr.A. G. Harrington on “The Working of the Municipal Sewage Plant;” by Mr. J. C. Coway on “Opium Analysis;” and by Mr. F. L. Okell on “Tin and its Analysis;” and that two meetings were held in Kuala Lurnpur when papers were read by Mr. J. Edwardes on “Recent work in connection with the established practice for the Yrepara- tion of Plantation Rubber,” and by Mr. R. 0. Bishop on “ Malayan Fibres.” A sub-committee of the Section has under consideration certain recommendations concerning the sale of fertilisers. The committee for the Section was elected as follows :-Messrs. F. L. Okell J.Edwardes C. D. V. Georgi M. Jamieson H. Marsden and R. E. Willgress (Hon. Secretary) Messrs. J. C. Cowap and A. G. Harrington were elected Honorary Auditors. Thanks were accorded to Mr. H. Marsden the retiring Hon. Secretary to Mr. Okell as acting Chairman and to the Director of the Institute for Medical Research for providing accomrnoda- tion for meetings of the Section. Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual Dinner of the Section was held on 25th March in con- junction with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Newcastle-on-Tyne Chemical Industry Club,- Dr. J. T. Dunn in the chair. The toast of “The Progress of Chemistry,” was proposed by Prof. Arthur Smithells the President of the Institute who reviewed the more important discoveries during the last century and said that he had no uneasiness as to future progress.He concluded by referring to the work done by Mr. F. I-€. Carr with whose name he coupled the toast. Mr. Carr in replying made some interesting references to the chemistry of silks and to several important bio-chemical pro- blems. Sir George Renwick Bart. proposed the health of the Chair- man remarking that it was fifty years since Dr. Dunn had first taken an active part in promoting the progress of chemistry in various branches in the North-East Coast district. He expressed the hope that he might continue to do so for many years to come. Referring in humorous vein to his own deplorable lack of chemical knowledge he said that he relied on men like Dr.Dunn to guide him in distinguishing between things “pure” and “impure,” in order that people might live a little longer. The younger chemists must play their parts well if the decay of chemical industries on Tyneside were to be checked. Dr. J. T. Dunn in reply referred to the work and progress of Armstrong College since its early beginning when the laboratories consisted of old attics and cellars at what was now the Mining Institute. The meeting concluded with musical items rendered by Madame Humble and Mr. W. Hendry with Mr. C. V. Rutherford at the piano. South Wales.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held in Swansea on 29th April Mr. C. M. W. Grieb in the chair. Mr. C . W. Wood attended by invitation and received a cigarette case presented by the local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry as an acknowledgment of his services as Hon.Secretary of both Sections. In making the presentation Prof. J. E. Coates said that Mr. Wood had served as Hon. Secretary for over two years and the work could not have been better done. The work was difficult 156 owing to several factors but his present appointment as editor of a technical oil paper indicated his efficiency and experience in secretarial work. Mr. Wood had already received many ex- pressions of thanks which Prof. Coates said he endorsed as strongly as possible. The Sections were delighted to welcome him and wished him all success in the future. Mr. Wood replying said that he was wry grateful for the gift and appreciated very highly the kind thoughts that had been expressed.He had enjoyed his work as Hon. Secretary and he thanked all who had helped him. The Chairman then opened a discussion 011 the method of electing members of Council suggested by the North-East Area Executive Committee which had been referred to the Section by the Council. He said that there appeared to be some dis- satisfaction at the large proportion of London members of Council but it must be remembered that attendances of provincial members a t Council meetings were unavoidably less. Mr. Made1 pointed out that election by district alone might prevent very desirable candidates from being elected if several happened to belong to the same district.Mr. Ayling regretted that the anomalies were not specified in the resolutions as in the absence of more definite inforniation the meeting could do very little. He remarked on the small pro- portion of members that exercised the vote,-the number of voters in the recent election being approximately only 800. There seemed to be some objection to the large number of nominations made by Council but the remedy appeared to be for members to send in a larger number of their own nominations. Dr. Ramsay thought that the Council nominations contained too many academic members and an insufficient number of chemists engaged in industry. Prof J. E. Coates said that many thought that the Council nominees should not be specially marked on the balloting papers.He moved and Mr. Made! scconded “That this meeting approves of the present method of election of General Members of Council.” The motion was carried. In opening a discussion on the desirability of Associates being eligible for election‘to Council the Chairman said that the gist of the arguments in favour of this proposal when it was before the London Section appeared to be that as there was such a pre- ponderance of Associates they ought to be represented on 157 Council but he failed to see in what manner the present reprc- sentation was detrimental to the interests of Associates. Mr. Ayling drew attention to the large proportion of Associates to Fellows approximately two to one and to the fact that very few Associates now proceeded to take the Fellowship.Of Fellows recently elected approximately 40 per cent. had not been Associates. It appeared reasonable therefore that some proportion of Council should consist of Associates. In considering the reasons that Associates do not proceed to the Fellowship Dr. Ramsay thoug1i.t that the non-rctuniable fee was a partial cause. Many Associates might consider themselves eligible for election without examination but if they were referred for examination on application and were unwilling to sit (as many were) the fee was forfeited. Mr. Anderson expressed himself in favour of Associates being eligible for Council and Mr. Ayling further suggested that Associates might have different views from Fellows and that it would help Council to have these views at first hand.Dr. Hinkel said that there had been many arguments in favour of Associates being eligible but none against and he proposed the resolution “That this meeting is in favour of Associates being eligible for election to Council.” Mr. Ayling seconded and the motion was carried nem con. It was further resolved unanimously “ That Council be requested to ascertain the views of other local Sections on this motion.” Referring to a resolution recently passed by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section that “A referendum of all members of the Institute be taken on a number of questions relative to Registration ,,’ Prof. Coates suggested that it was most important for Council to have the opinions of members who were unable to attend local Section meetings.It was unanimously decided to support the Glasgow resolution. After a brief consideration of the possibility of publishing articles on chemical matters in local newspapers the meeting concluded. The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On the suggestion of Prof. Uonnan the Students’ Association recently arranged a programme of Works Visits for a party of fifteen students of chemistry and the Professor of the University of Amsterdam. The visitors arrived on mst April and on the same day visited Messrs. Parke Davis and Company’s works at Hounslow. In the evening the Committee and a few members of the Associa- tion met them at the Institute Mr. Collett welcomed them on behalf of the Institute and Mr.R. 0. Gibson A.I.C. a former Vice-president of the Association who had worked for two years in Holland also joined the party. The sociable disposition and the fluent English of the visitors resulted in a most enjoyable gat hering. On 23rd April a party of twenty-five members of the Asso- ciation accompanied the visitors to the National Physical Laboratory. A visit was paid to University College Laboratories and an informal singsong was held in the College the Hollanders being acquainted with many English Students’ songs such as “ Clementine.” During the following week the Association also arranged for the party to visit the Tar and Ammonia Products works of the Gas Light and Coke Co. Beckton; the Royal Institu- tion; 0x0 Ltd.; Osram Ltd.; and J.Lyons Ltd. In all cases the hospitality shown was much appreciated. In addition to the more serious side of their visit amusements were by no means neglected. Notes. Official Chemical Appointments Overseas.-The Institute has received copies of a Colonial Office Memorandum (Miscellaneous 280 10th edition) on Agricultural Forestry and other Scientific Appointments in the Colonial Service printed in March last which contains information for the assistance of intending candidates for such appointments. For service in Tropical Africa candidates must be not less than 214 years of age at the time of taking up their duties although they may apply earlier in order that their applications may be completed in time to be considered at the earliest possible moment.For other appointments candidates should usually be not less than zx years of age; candidatcs for colonial agri- cultural schohrships should be not less than 19 years of age. The usual maximum age limit for junior appointments is 35 but candidates under 30 are in most cases definitely preferred. No candidate will be considered by the Secretary of State for the Colonies for appointments at his disposal who has not-if of suitable age-served in some branch of H.M. Forces during the late war unless his reasons for not having done so are con- sidered entirely satisfactory. Under Part I General-Appointments at the disposal of the Secretary of State are confined to those Colonies Protectorates etc. which are administered under his directions :- In Tropical Africa on the East side Kenya Nyassalsnd Protectorate Tanganyika Territory Uganda Protectorate Somaliland Protectorate Zanzibar Protectorate and Northern Rhodesia.On the West side Nigeria the GoId Coast Sierra Leone and the Gambia. Eastern Colonies and Protectorates Ceylon Hong Kong the Straits Settlements and the Malay States. The West Indian Colonies Jamaica Bahamas Barbados Windward Islands Leeward Islands Trinidad etc. and British Cuiano and British Honduras. Western Pacific Fiji Gilbert and Ellicc Island Colony British SoIomon Islands Protectorate. Cyprus and Gibraltar in the Mediterranean. Various islands Mauritius Seychelles Bermuda Fdklancl Islands and St. Helena. 160 Palestine The ’Iraq Government Service is almost exclusively staffed by ’Iraqis although British officers are attached as advisers or inspectors to certain departments appointments being made by the King of ’Iraq with tho concurrence and usually on the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.General information respecting the Colonial Service can be obtained from the “Dominions Office and Colonial Office List,” published by Messrs. Waterlow & Sons which contains also the Colonial Regulations showing the rules as to leave of absence free passages etc. These regulations can be purchased sepa- rately from H.M. Stationery Office. Information regarding the East African Dependencies-conditions of life climate and living expenses-can be obtained from H.M. East African Trade and Information Office Royal Mail Buildings Cockspur Street London S.W .I.Similar information concerning Malaya and the West Indian Colonies (together with British Guiana and British Honduras) may be obtained from the Malay States Information Agency 88 Cannon Street London E.C.4 and the West India Committee 14 Trinity Square London E.C.3 respectively . The Secretary of State does not select candidates for appoint- ments for self-governing Dominions (Canada Australia New Zealand Union of South Africa the Irish Free State and New- foundland) or for territories under their control regarding which information can be obtained from the High Commissioners or Agents-General in London. Appointments in Southern Rhodesia are controlled by the local Government.Applications for appointments in Malta should be addressed to the Secretary to the Head of Ministry Malta; and applications for appointments in the Sudan should be made to the Controller Sudan Govern- ment Oflice Wellington House Buckingham Gate London S.W.1. Members of the Universities of Oxford Cambridge London (and University College) Edinburgh Glasgow Dublin (Trinity College) and Wales should apply through the Appoint- ments Committee or Board of their University. For appoint- ments in North Borneo applications should be made to the British North Borneo Company 17 St. Helen’s Place London E.C.2. Information regarding appointments in Sarawak made by His Highness the Rajah can be obtained from the Sarawak Advisory Committee Sarawak 2 Millbank London S.W.I.Under Part I1 Agricultural Appointments-reference is made to Specialist and Research Appointments including those of agricultural chemists for which a good scientific university 161 education and some post-graduate work are required. In a footnote it is stated that a chemistry student who wishes to qualify for appointment as an Agricultural Chemist should refer to the syllabus approved by the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain. and Ireland for the Fellowship Examination in the branch of Agricultural Chemistry and that it would be to his advantage to possess the certificate of the Institute in that branch. Reference is also made to Colonial Agricultural Scholar- ships and to the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad particulars of which can be obtained from the Private Secretary (Appointments) Colonial Office.The Memorandum contains particulars of the approved establishments of the Agricultural Departments of t hc Colonies and Protectorates which are administered under the direction of the Secretary of State. Part III deals with Forestry Appointments and Part IV with Veterinary Appointments. In Part V Appointments for Analytical Chemists-in referring to other appointments for chemists at the disposal of the Secretary of State-the Memo- randum contains the following statement :- “A candidate for one of these appointments should usually be an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry and should possess a good University degree in Chemistry.It would also be to his advantage to bold the certificate of the Institute of Chemistry in Branch E-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and Water. The duties and qualifications required vary but as a rule the Government Analyst may be called upon to undertake any analytical work that falls outside the sphere of the Agricultural Chemist e.g. the analytical examination of stores such as cement oils and paints; thc analysis of samples of water food and drugs; tho identification and assaying of oms; bacteriological and medico-legal work. His duties may include the teaching of the native subordinate staff and a ccrtriin amount of work outside the laboratory stwh as t8he inspcction of cargoes on board ships. &search Chemists are sometimes requkd to carry out special inves tigcttions.” Particulars of certain appointments arc then given.Part VI deals with geological appointments which in some colonies include appointments for chemists. Income Tax.-A notice which was recently issued by the Institute of Structural Engineers states that H.M. Inspectors of Taxes are being advised that no objection need be raised to the allowance for Income Tax purposes of Members’ subscription in the following cases :- (a) Where a member is assessable under Schedule D in respect of professional profits; and (b) Where a member is assessable under Schedule E in those cases only in which continued membership of the Institution is an indispensable condition of tenure of appointment.University Col tege London.-The President d repre- sent the Institute at the celebration of the Centenary of University College London. A congratulatory address has been forwarded to the President the Provost the Deans of the Faculties and the Committee of the College recalling the names of its past great teachers of chemistry,-Edward Turner Thomas Graham George Fownes Alexander William Williamson Charles Graham William Ranisay,-and expressing the hope that the College will ever continue to pursue its great and beneficent work. British Engineering Standards Association.-The British Engineeriiig Standards Association has pubIished an Indexed List of British Standard Specifications and Reports C.B. 2007~ price IS. net. The folIowing are of general chemical interest :- 12-1925.Portland Cement Specification for. 29-1 909 Stwl Forgings for Narine Purposes Specification for Ingot. 30-1907. Stcol (lCksLings for llisrinc Purposes Specification for. 32-1921. Steel Bars for tho production of Machined Parts Specification for. 35-1907. Copper Alloy Bars for use in Automatic Machines Specifica- tion for. 44-1909. Cast Iron Pipes for HydrauIic Power Specification for. 48-1919. Wrought Iron of Sniithing Quality for Shipbuilding (Grade D) 51-1913. JYrought Iron for USE! in Railway Rolling Stock (“Best- Tws Pitches Bitumens and Asphalts when used for Road Specificatiou for. Yorkshiro” utid Grades A I3 and C) Specification for. 93-1 027. Boilcr Tribes (including Superheater Smoke and Element Tubes) for Locomotive BoiIers Specification for Cold Drawn IVeldlcss Steel.cTS-IO14. Sult-Glazed Ware Pipes Specification for. 76-1916. Yurpos(:s heport on Nomenclature of and Specifications 78-1917. 83-1922. for Tar and Pitch for R o d Purposes. (The Specifidions for Tar are temporarily withdrawn.) Cast Iron Pipes and Special Castings for Water Gas and Sewage Specification for. Aircraft Dope and Protective Covering Standard of Reference for. 114-1920. Valve and Valve Spring Steels for Aircraft (Under Revision). 115-1924 Metallic Kesistance Materials for Electrical Purposes Specifi- cation for. 123-1 924. Hard Drawn Copper Solid and Stranded Circular Conductors for Overheid Power Transmission Purposes Specification for. 203-1924.206-1924. Specifications for. Pure Mineral Lubricating Oils Classification of. 217-1926. Vulcanised Fibre for Electrical Purposes Specification for. 219-1925. Soft Solders (Grades A B C D E F G H and J) Specifica- 210-1924. tion for. 220-1926. Fine Zinc (or Spelter) (Grades A and B) Specification for. 221-1 926. Special Zinc (or Spelter) Specification for. 222-1926. Foundry Zinc (or Spelter) Spccification for. 229-1926. Flame-proof Euclosures for Electrical Apparatus and Tests for Flame-proof Enclosures Specification for. 239-1926. Genuine Dry White L e d for Paints Specification for. 241-1926. Genuine White Lead Oil Paste for Paints Specification for. 242-1926. Refined Linseed Oil Specification for. 243- 1926. Raw Linseed Oil Specification for.Turpentine T,ype 1 Specification for. 245-1926. White Spirit Type 1 for Paints Specificatioii for. 245-1926. Zinc Oxide (Types 1 and 2) for Paints Specification for. 256-1926. Asbestine for Paints Specification for. 256-1 926. Interior Oil Varnish Specification for. 257-1926. Exterior Oil Varnish Specification for. 258-1926. Flatting or Rubbing Oil Varnish Specification for. 259-1926. Boiled Linseed Oil Specification for. 244-1926. Barytes for Paints Specification for. 261-1926. Ready Mixed Linseed Oil Paint (Oil Gloss) Genuine White 163 136-X921. Benzol for Motor Fuel Specification for. 137-1922. Porcelain Insulators for Overhead Power Lines (3,OOO- I50,OOO Volts) Specification for. 144-1921. Creosote for the Preservation of Timber Specification for.146-1926. Portland Blastfurnace Cement Specification for. 148-1923. Insulating Oils for use in Traiisfomcrs Oil Swikhes and Circuit Breakers Tentative Specification for. 187-1923. Sand-Lime (Calcium-Silicate) Bricks Specification for. 188-1923. Dctermination of Viscosity in Abso1ut.e Units Method for the. 189-1 925. Cast Iron Filter Plates and Frames Specification for. 198-1925. Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars Cakes Slabs and Billets Specification for. 199-1 924. Electrolytic Copper bigots and Ingot 13ar.s Specification for. 200- 1924. Tough Copper Cakes and Billets for RolIing Spccification for. 201-1924. Fine Copper Cakes for Rolling Specification for. 202-1924. Electrolytic Cathode Copper Specification for. “Best Select ” Copper Specification for.Silver Solder Specification for. 209-1924. Fuels for Heavy Oil Engines (Petroleum and Shale Oils) Paints Specification for. Zinc Oxide Oil Paste for Paints specification for. Extra Hard Drying Varnish Specification for. 260-1926. Lead Specification for. 262-1926. Ready Mixed Linseed Oil Paint (Oil Gloss) Tinted Paints (White Lead Base) Specification for. 272- 1926. Red Oxides of Iron ( C h s 1 Natural or Mixed lron Oxides) for 273-1926. 274-1926. Dr. Ernest Vanstone of the Seale-Hayne Agricultural and Technical College represented the Institute at the Conference of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions held at Plymouth from 4th to 7th June. 164 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- “Atoms and Molecules.” Part I Chapter XI1 of “The Foundations of Chemical Theory.” R.M. Caven. Pp. viii + 141. (London Blackie & Son Ltd.). 7s. Older theories and views of valency mid chemical constitution ; cquivdcn t atomic ancl molecular weights ; chsification of the elements; the modern view of the ahom and molecule; tho colloidal state. “Brewing and Malting A Standard Manual of.” J. Ross- Mackenzie. Pp. xxiii + 415. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son). 45s. A practical guide to the Art and Science of Brewing and Malting and to t.he Physical and Chemical Evaliiation of the materials cmployed in these industries. A revised and augmented work based on “A Hardy Book for Brewers,” by H.E. Wright. “Chemistry The Elements of.” W. Foster. Pp. xviii + 576. (New York D. Van Nostrand Company). $2. X goneral test-book in which elemoritmy priicip1o.s are illustrated from history ancl applications of chemistry. “Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry,” including the first Messel Memorial Lecture. H. E. Armstrong. Pp. xxxi + 276. (London Ernest Benn Ltd.). 15s. “ Inorganic Chemical Synonyms and other Useful Chemical Data.” E. R. Darling. Pp. vii + 119. (New York 30. Van Nostrand Company). $I. ‘‘ Mkmento du Chimiste.” I .-Partie Scientifique. Revised under the direction of M. Boll and P. Baud. Yp. 676. (Paris Dunod) . A book of tables constants etc.,’in French. “Nature’s Serious Tale as reveaIed by Science Instinct and Common Scnsc Some Recent Discoveries.The late Thomas Jamieson. (Aberdeen The Rosemount Press). Papers left by the late Mr. Jmieson to be published and privately circulated after his death. 165 April- May Examinations 1927. f . nicLy . . 15 Abstract of the Report of t h e Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- No. examined. No. passed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- At the Institute 25thc30th April and 3rd- *28 6th May At Natal University College in March . . 9 1 For the Fellowship- At the Institute and a t the Royal School of Mines Branch A.Inorganic Chem- istry Section 11. MetJlurgy. 16th- 20th May * 2 1 . . 1. At the Universily lbadiing Branch (U) .%griculturd Chemistry Oth-13th May At the Institute Brirnch (fd) Tht Chem- ist ry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs uncl of Water 9th-14th At the Victoria University Mmchcster Branch (F) Biochemistry? with special reference to Chemical Pathology 2nd- 6th May At Bristol Branch (G) Industrial Chem. 0 d > 1 10 1 . . . . . . . . 1 Tar and Ammonia 9th-13th May 1 istry with special reference to Coal At the Institute Chemistry of Foods with special reference to Milk and Milk Products 9th-13th May . . . . 1 At tho City Laboratories Liverpool Special Examination in Oils arid Fats 1 - 51 25t h-2 9th April 26 * Two candidates failed only in the translation of German technical literature.One candidate passed the examination in the translation of l.’rench and Uerrnuri technical literature and one in the translation of German technical literature thereby completing their examination. 1 1 1 - EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. The standard reached by a large number of candidates at this examination was in many respects distinctly unsatisfactory. Candidates should realise that the standard of knowledge required is a high one and quite equal to that necessary in order to obtain a good honours degree. In the written payers on Inorganic and Physical chemistry the only questions which were reasonably well done were those the answers to which could be cullcd directly from ordinary text-books.The majority of the Candidates seemed unable to tackle any question from the laboratory point of view and had no practical knowledge of gas analysis. In the paper on Organic Chemistry many of the candidates did not seem to be thoroughly grounded in the elementary principles. Some of them stated that they had been “cramming up” such topics as alkaloids terpenes sugars and purins but their answers showed that they were not clear on elementary points such as the differences between nitriles and isonitriles. -4 simple calculation on the distillation of nitrobenzene in steam was seldom correctly done and an elementary question on the diazo reaction was not treated adequately.Knowledge shown of the historical development of organic chemistry was very imperfect. In the practical work both Inorganic and Organic candidates did not make sufficient use of the text-books provided. This inability to employ chemical literature was notably shown in the qualitative exercise on the molybdate and tungstate and also in the quantitative separation of copper and nickel In the Organic quantitative exercises candidates did not look through the books to find proximate methods for the quantitative estimations of phenolic substances and aromatic amines. Kjeldahl estimations were suggested when quicker proximate methods for estimating amines were available. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. In the examination in Branch E,-the Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water,-the knowledge shown of optics in relation to the microscope was weak.Future candidates should also pay much more attention to acquiring knowledge of the appearance and structures of foods and drugs under the microscope. 167 In some cases little was known of the methods for the estimation of arsenic in its organic compounds. Some candidates also had very scanty knowledge of the new Preservative Regulations and the methods for determining whether or not a sample of milk is of Grade A quality. Weakness was also shown in the knowledge of the phosphates usedfor food purposes together with the impurities likely to be found therein. PASS LIST. Examination for the Asaociateship in General Chemistry.Brown George AH.-W.C. Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh. Freeland David Michael Chelsea Polytechnic. Harding George Royal Technical ColIege Sslford; and College of Tech- nology Manchoster. Keeley Eric Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s College London. Lawrence Cyril Dunn 13.S~. (Lond.) Truinecl under S . R. Illingworth I).&. P.I.C. at the School of Mines Trcforest. Lucke Douglas Thurlow B.8c. (Lon&) Sir John CUSS Technical Institute London. Nattrass Ernest Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) University College London; ancl East London College. Thompson Archibald Waiter Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Tompsetf Sidney Lionel B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s Coltege London; and Northern Polytechnic London. Examination for the Fellowsirip.In Branch A Inorganic Chemistry Section I I Metallurgy. Blyth Howard Neville B.A. (Oson.). Sandilands James. In Brunch D Agricultural Chemistry Ling Edgar Roberts B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. In Branch E The Chemistray (includiriq iikficroscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. ChiIds Hugh B.Sc. (Manc.). Chilvers Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.). Crosbie-Oates Raymond B.Sc. (Liv.). Hornby Frederick Percival B.Sc. (Lond.). Noughton Arthur Sereld M.Sc. (Loncl.). Mann Thomas. Monk Harold Edward B.Sc. (Liv.). Sherratt John Graham B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Sutton Richard William BSc. Tech. (Manc.). Watridge Roy Warren B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch P Biochemistry with special reference to Chemical Pathology. Hocking Frederick Denison Maurice M.B.B.5. (Lond.) M.R.C.S. L.K.C.P. A.C.O.F.C. In Branch Industrial Chemistry wit?& special reference to Coat 168 l'av and Ammonia. Eadie Robert George Watt B.Sc. (Glus.). In a Speciat Examination in the Chemistry of Foods with special reference to Milk and Milk Products. Bogod Mark A.R.C.S. In a .Special Examination in Oils and Fats. Rhys -Davies William. The following papers and exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 25th APRIL 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. Nitric oxide is absorbed by a solution of ferrous chloride and it has been stated that the definite compoiirid FcCl,(NO) is formed. Describe in cletail how you would test this statement experimentally.2. Give an account of the preparation properties reactions and applications of THBEE of the following:- Silicochloroform (trichlorsilane) anhydrous cuprous sulphate calcium hydride potassium cobaltinitri$e. 3. Give methods suitable for the accurate determination of small proportions (0.1 per cent. or less) of:- ( a ) NO in liquid nitrous oxide. (b) CO in hydrogen. (c) Oxygen in liquid carbon dioxide. (d) Nitrogen in liquid ammonia. The gases are assumed to be supplied in cylinders under pressure. One method is to be described in detail. 4. Give a short account of the present state of knowledge of the molecular complexity of liquids. 5. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The theory of indicators treated historically.(b) Recent additions to our knowledge of crystal structure. ( c ) Active nitrogen. determined. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the sources mode of extraction and purification of either (a) Selenium and selenious acid or ( b ) Lithium and two of its compounds. 2. Define the radioactive constant of a radioactive element Give details of one method by which this constant can be experimentally 3. Draw up a scheme for the quantitative analysis of either (a) Lopidolite (only Li K Na Al F water need be considered); or (b) Apatite (variety cont&ining fluorine). 169 of theso changes on its use as a hoat-resist.ing material. Discuss the evidence for or against the existence of one or mom silicic acids.4. Discuss the changes which occur on hesting silica and the beahg 5. Describe the Weston cell. Give full dctuils of tho methods of purification of the chemical substances used in the construction of this cell. - L- 6. Define the meaning of the terms in the van't Hoff equation K = o'02T2 and give the outline of the proof. How far has this formula been confirmed experimentally? TUESDAY 26th APRIL 1037. 10 am. to 1 p.m. these processes. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the laboratory methods of separating and purifying organic substancw by distillaticm including in this discussion distillations (u) in stcam uiid (6) under reduced pressure. A mixture of iiitrobenzena and water boils a t 00" under 760 111111. pressure.At this tomperature the vapour pressure of water is 733 mm. FVhat proportion of thc total distillate in steam consists of nitrobenzene ? 3. W'hat developments in organic chemistry are associated with the rmnies of Hunsen Dumas Frankland and Wohler. 3. Contrast. the methods available for the preparation of aliphatic cyanides (nitriies) a i d isocyanirles (imiitriies) Compam the chemical properties of the two series and dduce evidence in support of the chemical constitutions ascribed to the isomerides C,H,N. 4. What is implied by the terms (a) aldol condensation ( b ) Claisen's reaction? Illustrate your answer by giving TWO examples of each of 3. Starting from aniline how are the following prepared:- (u) Bcnzcnediazoniurn chloride; (b) Diuzoeininobenzenc ( c ) Arninotizobenzene? What is tho action of reducing agents on each of thcse substances? 6.Describe the pparatioii of phthelic anhydrido and outline tho conversion of this substance into (a) anthruquinonc (b) cosin ( c ) indigotin. FIRST PERIOD. WEDNESDAY 27th APRIL 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Solution d contains three organic substances. (Phcnol dimethyl. aniline benzene ; or m-cresol p-toluidine methyl alcohol.) Refer these constit,ucnts of the solution to their respective classes and identify the compounds. ( This exercise mu.ut be completed to -day.) 2. JVrite up a method for estimating any one of the three con- stituents of solution A and submit the method for approval to the Exam- iners. Carry out the approved method of analysis and express your results iu grams per litre.( l ' h i s exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 170 1. 1. THURSDAY 28th APRIL 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the organic matend B. (Cacodylic acid; or Ammonium urate.) 2. Complete exercise 2 of previous day. FRIDAY 29th APRIL 2927. 10 a.m. lo 4.30 p-tn. Heport on the nature of the substaim C. (Calcium sulphrtte lead molybclate and precipitated silica.) ( T l k exercise must be completed to-day). 2. Determinc silver nickel and copper in solution D. Express the results in grams per 100 grams of solution. This exercise rnay be completed to-morrow). SATURDa4Y 30th APRIL 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Comploto the analysis of solution D. 1. SECOND PERIOD.TUESDAY 3rd MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p m . 1. Solution E contains three organic substances. ( /3-napthol o- toluicline ethyl alcohol ; or p-naphthol aniline toluene.) Refer these constituents of the solution to thoir respective classes and identify the compounds. Examiners. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Write up a method for estimating any oiie of the thme con- stituents of solution E. and submit the rrtcthod for approval to the Carry out tho atpproved method of analysis and express your results in grams per litre. ( This exercise may be cmnpleled to -morrow. ) WEDNESDAY 4th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic material F. (Caffeine or sulphonal. ) 2. Complete exercise 2 of previous day.THURSDAY. 5th AIAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the substance G. (Sodium silicotungstate and lead sulphate.) (This exercise ?nust be completed to-clay.) 2. Determine silver nickel and copper in solution H. Express the results in grams per 100 grams of solution. (This exercise mag be completed to -mowow). FRIDAY 6th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete the analysis of solution H. Fo Cn . . - Ore Limestone . . 12.0 30.0 22.0 3.0 28.0 8 clwts. 6 02. - 5 dwts. 1.5 5.0 Iron Ore - 47.5 Ag per ton - - 171 short CtLO and SiO Earths S Au per short ton - 6-0 35.0 - 172 2. Describe with the aid of a sketch an acid open-hearth furnace and indicate its chief dimensions. Give a brief outline of tho working of a chargc and the approximate analysis of (1) the pig iron used (2) the lining material of tho hearth and ( 3 ) the bricks in thc roof.3. Compare wrought iron arid vcry mild skcl stating clearly how they differ and give H typical amlysis of each. \Vhy are wrought iron tubes of small calibre frequently preferred to those made of very mild steel ? 4. How would you determine the tcrnperature of a 12-ton ingot of steel which has just bwn removed from an annealing furnace ? Describe the appliances you would use. It is assumed that the ingot is well above a red heat. 5. State the met-hods you would employ for determining ( a ) the combined carbon in a mottled iron and. (b) the total carbon in a sample of ferro-tungsten. 6.Describe the difficulties inherent in the accurate deteniintttion of sulphur in pig-iron and steel and indicak how far these dificulties are met by the methods commonly used. 7. Give a brief account of the reactions of vanadium. Indicate how thesc reactions niay hc applied to the rlcterrninatiori of vrtnaclium in ores and st.eels. 8. Givc an account o f the changes that occiir in thc micro-stmctuw of the inner tube of a piccc of or(li~~tiicc from thc casting to the finish(v1 tube. State the trrutinoit recrivcd t~nd ticscrilw. thr structure obtniiic!d in each case. It is wxsnmcd that the stw1 c.on1ains 0.3 per cent. carbon 3.5 per cent. nickel 0.6 per cent. chromium i t n t l O.(i p r cent. mnarpnese. TUEh‘DAY 17th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percantages of the chief constituents in 5t sample of basic slag.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY 18th MAY 1027 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make an assay of the antimonial gold ore for golcl and. silver. 2. Determine the percentages of tin and tungsten in a snmplc of “tin concentrate.” (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY 19th M A Y 1927 10 a.m. lo 3 p.m. Determino the perccntagcs of thic chief coristitucnts in an slloy steel. (This exercise mag be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY 20th M A Y 1927 10 a.m. lo 5 p.m. Prepare the two samples of tabc for cxarniiiation under the microscope. Sketch their striictiirrs itnd rt-port as far as you arc able wslwcthg the materials of which the tubes are made. Branch D.Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY 9th MAY 2927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) I. Write a short cssny on the colloidal propwties of thc soil. 173 2. Describe the origin manufacture and cornposition of the slags as fertilisers paying special attention to the ttltorations which have taken place in the nature of these subutauces of lute ycrtrs. 3. Give in outline three methods for the mechanical analysis of soils including the reccntly introduced official Inothotl. What information of practical value clo you expect to obtain from tho mechanical analyois? 4. Discuss the law of diminishing returns as it applies to the appli- cation of fertilisers to the soil. 5. Describe the manufacture properties and use of two of the more rcccntly introduced nit,rogenous fertilisers.6. It is desired to test the fertilising value of four different mineral phosphates by means of a field experiment. Grassland which has received no manurial treatment for many years is the only land available. Describe all the steps you would take in initiating the exporiment. You can assume that the chemical analyses of the phowphatcs are supplied to you. 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail how you would ciotcrmins the digcstibiiity of the main const,itucnt,s of a sample of linseed cake. Sheep are assumed to be the only animals available for the experiment. 3. Give a short account of the iniportancc of the ash constitlicnts of a ration rrferring t80 any recent work on the subject with which you twc acquainted.3. Statc what you know of the origin approximate composition and use of fish meal as a feeding stuff. What do you look for in a gooti sample and what estimations would you carry out in the laboratory if a sample were submitted to you for report. 4. A cow of approximately 10 cwt. live weight is giving 2 gallons of milk a day and is not in calf. Mangolds hay and oat straw are avail- able as home-grown foods and these can be supplemented by any suitable concentrated feeding stuffs. Work out a suitable ration for the animal. Discuss your choice of concentrated feeding stuffs from the point of view of cost. (Tables of analyses and current market prices are provided.) 5. Give a short account of the chemical composition of any three important insecticides or fungicides.The three chosen should bzlong to different classes of washes. 6. Describe the changes which take place on adding rennct to milk. Statc tbo average composition of (a) the fresh curd (b) tho finished cheesc (Cheddar) and ( c ) the whey. What processcs arc thcrc for the utilisation of the lust-named product. TUESDAY 10th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 1. Make a qualitative examination of the given potato manure and estimate three constituents of fertilising value. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2. Investigate tho nature of the substance B. (Inulin.) WEDNESDAY 11th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report on the given samplcs of milk. 174 THURSDAY 12th MAY 1927 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Make a full technical analysis of the given feeding stuff and write a report thereon. (This exercise may be cwnpleted to-nlowour.) FRIDAY 13th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Estimate the lime requirement of the given sample of soil. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 9th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Explain the following terms in relation to Microscopy:- Spherical aberration ; achromatic ; apochromatic ; numerical aperture ; double refraction; optical index. 2. How is formaldehydc prepared? State its properties and its uses as a reagent. How may it brx detected and estimated when present in small quantities in food? 3. Briefly state what mcthods you would adopt for the identification and cstiination of arsenic in its organic combinations.Answer in a separate book. 4. State thc composition of the following preparations giving the medicind dose in each case:- Tirict. aconiti tinct. cttmph. co. tinct. digitalis tinct. scillae ; synipus ipccac. syrupus chloral; ext. ergotae liq. ext. filicis liq. est. ipecac liq. 5. Givc an account of the nature and therapentic properties of any three synthetic drugs in common use. Explain briefly the principles which have guided endeavours to synthesise substances with desired therapeut.ic act ion. 6 Give an exact account of the nature and origin of ergot. Discuss its thcrapeutic uses and describe the symptoms of poisoning by the drug. by their use? 2 p.m.to 5 p.m. FIVE questions only to be attempted. 1. Givc a short account of thc nature and propertic s of proteins and of the procluchs resulting from their hydrolysis. 2. h l i c n t o brit:fly how the various phosphates used in food products arc prcparcd. What impurities are liable to be intmduccd into foods 3. What prcscrvatives if any and what proportions of the same are xow permitted iii the following foods :- Sausages j tbrns non-alcoholic wines dried chcrries butter gelatine bcer. 4. Statc how you would proceed to determine whether or not a sample of milk sold as Grade A milk conforms with the regulations. 6. A margarine is prepared from palm kernel oil neutral lard butter fat arachis oil and cottonseed oil. Briefly indicate the me6hods you would adopt to -certain the presence and proportion of each fat.6 Describe the B.P. process for the estimation of morphine in opium. 175 TUEBDAY and WEDNESDAY 10th and 11th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse 8 s fully as possible and report upon the sample of cheese A and the sample of baking powlcr U. (Gcnuinc! clicesc; baking powder consisting of sodium acid pyrophosphatc sodium bicarbonate and ground rice.) Write official certificates for each on the forms provided. THURSDAY 12th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the food C for irritant poisons and if present determine the amount. (Zinc chloride or mercuric chloride.) Make a qualitative examination of t.he powdcr U which is a mixture of two substances only. (Quinine sslicylute i*IlCl salicin or reaorcinol and benzoic acid or quinine sulphate and phenazono.) PRIDAY 13th ,4fA4Y 1937 LO a.m.to 5 p.m. Esaminc the specimens E F G H J and K microscopicaIly. Make rough drawings of and iiamc the diagnostic structures irk each and if possible identify the spechncns. SATURDAY 14th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. I. Examine microscopically the wheaten flour marked A arid report upon any abnormalities present. 2. From the piece of muscle provided (R) make preparations to show as clearly as possiblc the structure of tlm (ibres. 3. Assume that thc. suniple of nrhit (C‘) is that ol’ a pitticrit who while taking salicylic acid niedicinnilp is under suspicicm o f acciclen t d poisoning by carbolic acid. Dwidc whether cit1it.r of thcsc! acids is present or both.Branch F. Biochemistry with special refercnce to Chemical Fathology. NONDAY 2nd MAY 10 a.?tb. to 1 p m . (Not more than FOUR questions to be altemnpted.) 1. Uoscribe the occurrcnce properties and chemical structurc? of 2. Give an account of the general properties and methods of puri- 3. Describe the various types of oxidation mechanisms that have 4. What do you understand by thc “biological value” of a protein lecithin. What is known as to its importance in the body? fication of enzymes. What is known as to their nature? been demonstrated in living tissues and give examples of each. and how may it be determined? 5. Give an account of the discovery of vitamin C (water soluble). How may foodstuffs be examined for its presence ? 2 pm.to 5 p m . (Not more than FOUR questions to be attewzpted.) 1 . Discuss the methods available for aescssing the functional activity of the kiclricys in renal disease. 4. 176 2. Describe tho causes of glyooeurie and the means you would adopt for their differentiation in man. 3. Give an account of tho origin and fate in the body of tho bile pigments. How may variations in the amount procluccd be detected? Describe the van den Bergh reactions and their uses in jamidice. What is meant by the term “basal metabolism.” How is it measured and under what conditions does it show variations from the normal ? 5. What conditions am described 8s inborn errors of metabolism? Discuss what is known of the origin of homogentisic acid in alcaptonuna and the light it throws on normal metabolic processes.TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY 3rd and 4th MAY 1937 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine qualitatively the samples of urine A B and C and mport upon them. 3. Determine the nitrogen distribution in the urine C and tho amount of any abnormal constituents you find to be prcscnt. Write a report on tho results of your examination. (These exercises must bc concluded by the end of the second day.) THURSDAY 5th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the ratio of urea nitrogen to non-protein nitrogm in the blood D and estimate tho blood sugar beforc and after incubation for two hours a t 37’ C. Comment on the results. FRIDA Y 6th MAY 1927 I0 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the stomach contcnts E removed one hour after a test meal Report on the functiontil activity of the stomach as revealed by your esamination.3. Mako a qualitative examination of the urinnry calculus F. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal-Tar and Ammonia. MONDAY 9th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.nt. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give a general account of the methods used and the principles underlying their use for measuring the pressurc and the flow of liquids in tubes describing and explaining especially devices used when prcssure differences are small. 2. Describe briefly and generally the conditions and requirements which clet.ermine the form in which the fuel necessary to carry out a process is most advantageously applied-as coal coke powdered fuel oil producer gas etc.--illustrating your answer by reference to particular processes known to you.3. Explain clearly why the solid matcrials for chemical works processes are usually more or less finely disintegrated instoad of being used in thcir natural lumpy state. 177 Describe very shortly how such h e division is effected (giving met.hods of action but no details of construction of the machines you have in mind). What difference would it make in the choice of machincry whether the material to bo disintegrated were coal bone or wood? 4. Give a general account of those properties of vapours especially in relation to heat which enable us to utilise the evaporation of liquids to effect separations of liquids from solids or concentration of solutions in works practice.What principles must guide us in seeking to carry out such operations economically and how are those principles illustrated in a multiple effect evaporator? 5. What are the properties of lead glass silica ware and the various “incorrodible” metallic alloys which fit them for use in chemical works operations and what disadvantages are associated with each material ? 6. Discuss the relative merits of the “permutite” and the lime and soda precipitation methods of softening a hard water when the softened water is to be used for-(a) steam generation (b) chemical oper- ations ? 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted of which Nos. 1 and 2 w e compulsorg.) 1. What part does “heat interchange” play h the distillation of tar and its products? Give diagram and description of a typical plant embodying this form of economy.2. Describe a large scale process for obtaining pure 0880 ammonia from gas liquor. 3. On what processes are centrifugal machines and filter presses employed in a modern tar works? Give details. 4. Describe various mems which are employed to break down water-in-oil emulsions on tho largo scale. 5. Describe briefly the plant you would design for making 4 ton of crude carbolic acid and 1& tons of crude cresylic acid daily from light oils containing 22 per cent of tar acids. 6. Describe the precautions you would observe in a tar works against risks of fire and explosion generally. TUESDAY 10th MAY to FRIDAY 13th MAY 1927 10 a.m.to 5 pm. 1. Determine the percentage of phenol and meta cresol in the mixturo supplied which contains phenol and ortho melu and para cresols. 2. From crude tar which is supplied to you prepare a sample of refined tar which will meet the requirements approximately of the Road Board’s Specification No. 2 and report on it. 3. You are supplied with a sample of coal tar naphtha. Report whether you consider it suitable for the manufacture of anti-fouling paints. (Note.-The sulphur-content of the sample is nil.) 4. You are given a sample of commercial ammonium sulphate which has become contaminated by gas liquor. Report on this. 178 The Chemistry of Foods with special reference to Milk and Milk Products. MONDAY 9th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.1. Write a short essay on the application of the microscope to the examination of food. 2. How is meat extract prepared? Discuss its nutritive value. 3. What impurities are liable to be introduced into the following foods in the process of preparation :- Self-raising flour; beer; vinegar; non-alcoholic beverages ; tinned foods. 4. Describe in detail a process for the estimation of “higher alcohols” in a potable spirit. 8. Discuss the use of so-called “improvers” in wheaten flour. Name any substances you know which have been used as “i~npmvers.” 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted of which Nos. 1 and 3 are compuluory.) 1. On what does the freezing point of milk depend. Discuss the valuc of the determination of the freezing point of milk in tho examination o f commercial samples of milk.Give details of this determination and indicate source of error and limits of variation in milk. 2. What are the causes and what is the extent of the variation in the percentage of fat in the milk of individual cows? 3. Discuss the manufacture of dried milk by means of the Just- Hat,maker process from the point of view of t.he economics of manufacture. 4. Describe two methods which are suggested for the utilisation of whey; give details. 5. Discuss the composition and properties of casein with reference to its use in chemical industry. 6. What vitamins have been recognised in cows’ milk? What is their source and to what extent may they be destroyed in “process” inilks ? 7.Write a short essay on hydrogen-ion concentration with reference to its importance in the dairy industry. 8. Compare butter and margarine giving the most important constituent,a of each from a physiological point of view. TUESDAY 10th MAY and WEDNESDAY 11th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each duy. 1. Determine the caffeine in the sample of coffee A. 3. Ident,ify and estimate the preservative in the stwnplo of lime juice B. (Formaldehyde.) 3. Examine and identify the oil C. (Sesame oil.) 179 THURSDAY 12th MAY and FRIDAY 13th MAY 1927 10 am. to 6 p,m. each day. 1. The sample of butter (A) has been made from the milk of cows fed on the sample of cod-liver oil (U). In what respect if any has this feeding modified the composition of the sample from the normal composition for fresh butter.2. Determine the calcium in tho sample of milk (C). 3. Estimate the preservative in the sample of cream (U). (Boric acid.) 4. Report on the purity of the sample of milk (E). Oils and Fats MONDAY 25th APRIL 1927 10 a m . to 1 p.m 1. Describe briefly some of the modern methods for refining oils and fats. 2. How are the following essential oils evaluated Peppermint lavender lemon. 3. What are the distinctive characteristics and tests of the following oils :- Rape cod-liver arwhis coconut and shea nut. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Give a short description of a method and plant employed for the production of glycerine from oils and fats. 2. Discuss the development of rancidity in oils and fats.3. A “lard compound” on analysis yielded the following data:- Iodine value 70; saponification value 205 ; Reichert Meissel number 2.5; Polenske number 3.5 and t.he Halphen test gave a pink coloration. State giving your reasons what fats you would infer to be present in the compound. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 26th to 29th APRIL 10 a.m. to 5 p m 1. The specimen A is the unsaponifiable matter extracted from a substance sold as a fat. Analyse it and rnport upon its composition. (Cholesterol and paraffi wax.) 2. Estimate the oil in the mixture B. 3. AnLtlyse and report upon the smplc of oil C which w - 8 ~ sold as a salad oil. (Mineral hydrocarbon coloured yellow.) 4. Examine the sample of linseed oil D and report upon its fit.ness for use in paints.(Linseed rape and mineral oils.) 5. Identify the pure substance E. (Palmitic acid.) 180 Obituary. WILLIAM BEAMONT HART died on 29th December 1926 in his 62nd year. He was educated at Manchester Commercial Schools and at Owens Colbge where he was Roscoe Scholar in 1885 and gained medals at the examinations of the City and GuiIds of London Institute in Alkali Manu- facture and Coal Tar Products. On leaving Owens College he was engaged for some years with tho Clayton Aniline Co. and in 1892 established a practice in Manchester. During the years 1895 to 1900 he visited Con- stantinople to advise the Turkish Government on the manufacture of sulphuric acid and smokeless powder. For these services he received the Order of Osmanieh in 1902. Resuming practice in Manchcster he waa retained by several important firms in an advisory capacity until his death.He served as a member of the Committees of the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Institute. He passed the examina- tion for the Associateship of the Institute in 1886 was elected a Fellow in 1890 and subsequently passed tho specid examination in Therapeutics Pharmacology and Microscopy. JAMES DAVID KETTLE died at Croydon on 20th May in his 48th year. He matriculated at London University in 1896 and graduated as BSc. in 1900; he passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1906 and the final examination for the Associateship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs etc. in 1907. From 1903 to 1911 hc assisted Dr.Alexander Scott and Sir James Dewar in research at the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution. He then joined the scientific staff of British Drug Houses where he remained until 1921 in which year he was appointed Assistant Government Analyst at Trinidad H e was home on sick leave at the timo of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the InstsitUte in 1910. WILLIAM CARLETON WILLIAMS died at Goring-on-Thames on the 25th May in his 77th year. He studied chemistry under Roscoe at Owens College Manchester where he gained the Associateship of the College the Dalton Scholarship and subsequently the degree of B.Sc. (Vict.). He pursued research at the Universities of Heidelberg and Bonn before returning to Owen’s College as a demonstrator and in 1883 was appointcd professor of chemistry in succession to Carnelly at Firth Collegc-now the University-Sheffield where he continued until his retirement in 1904.He was elected a Follow of tho Institute in 1884. 181 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 8th April 20th May and 17th June 1927 7 new Fellows were elected 32 Associates were elected to the Fellowship go new Associates were elected and 47 Students were admitted. The Institute has Iost z Fellows by death. New Fellows. Henderson William Pringle 14 bven Stroet Pollokshielcls Glasgow. Reiller Patrick Anderson The Colombo Commercial Co. Colombo Ceylon. Lessing Rudolf Ph.D. (Miinich) Southapton House 317 High lIolborn London W.C. I. Ma.nn Thomas 14 Alexandra Terrace Bransty Whitzhaven.Pratt James Davidson O.B.E. MA, B.Sc. (Aberd.) 3 Leinster Gardens London W.2. Rhys-Davies William 14 Dock Street Lower Briggate Leeds. Rowley Ernest Whitworth 14 Brackcn Road Darlington. Associates eleoted to the Fellowship Brtcharach Alfred Louis B.A. (Cantab.) 26 Willow Road Hampstead London N.W.3. Birkinshaw John Howard M.Sc. (Leeds) Maythorne Ardrossan Road Blyth Howard Neville B.A. (Oxon) 5 Dry Hill Park Road Tonbridge. Bogod Mark A.R.C.S. 8 Kenyon Mansions Queen’s Club Gardens Briggs Dennis Brook M.A. (Cantab.) Braclfield College nr. Rcading. Sal tcoats Ayrshire. London W. 14. Hightown Manchcster. Casson Simon Rcrnard B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 188 Xlizabeth Street Channon Harold John M.Sc. B.A. (Lond.) Department of Experimental Pathology Tho University heds.Chiids Hugh B.Sc. (Manc.) 32 Endcliffe Terrace Road Shefficld. Chilvers Cecii 13.S~. (Lond.) 29 St. Luke’s Avenue llford Essex. Crosbie-Oates Raymond B.Sc. (Liv.) Thc Chalet Park West Heswall Choshire. Drtvies WillizLm Lewis Ph,D. (Cantab.) M.Sc. (Wales) The University Reading. Dawson Stanley Ernest A.M.C.T. 8 Lynton Park Road Cheadle Hulme Eadie Robert George Watt B.Sc. (Glus.) 22 Whitcvale Street Dennis- Facer Albert William B. A. (Oxon) Agricultural Laboratory Box 387 Hocking Frederick Denison Maurice M.B. B.S. (Loncl.) M.R.C.S. S toc kport. tom Glusgow. Salisbury S. Rhodesia. L.R.C.P. A.C.G.F .C. 18 Wooclsidc Park Road N. Finchlcy London N.12. 182 Hornby Frederick Percival B.Sc.(Lond.) 83 Harberton Road Highgate London N.19. Houghton Arthur Sereld M.Sc. (Lond.) 38 The Drive Fulham B o d London S.W.6. Howell Owen Rhys Ph.D. (Cantab. and WaIes) 14 Kent K o d West Victoria Park Manchester. Hyde Claudius George A.R.C.S. c/o The Gas Referees 66 Victoria Street Westminster London S.W. 1. Ling Edgar Roberts U.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Cartref Oliver Rod Loughborough. Mandleberg Joseph Harold M.A. (Cantab.) The Ited House Worsley Road Swinton hlanchestor. McI,achlan Thomas A.C.G.F.C. 62 Leyland Road Lee London S.E. 12. Monk Harold Edward KSc. (Liv.) c/o City Analyst's Department Mount Pleasant Liverpool. Naylor Donald Sanderson H.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 117 College Road Whalley Range Manchester. Page Harold James M.E.E. KSc.(Lond.) Kothamsted ExpcrimentaI Stat ion Harpenden Herts . Picken James B.Sc. (Glas.) Qreig House Wiikinson Street Shefield. Sandilands James 103 West Holmes Gwdms Musselburgh Midlothian. Sutton Richard William B.Sc.Tcch. (Manc.) 22 Heavitree Road Eseter. Tainsh Pcter Wright O.R.E. A.R.T.C. 1 Craiglands Spitd Cheshire. Vernon Iz'illinm Harold Juggins 13.S~. (Bim.) D.So. (Lond.) 6 High Watridge Roy Warren B.Sc. (Lond.) 38 Vespasian Itoucl Bitterne Park Woodman Howland Marcus Ph.D. (Cantab.) School of Agriculture Street Wimblccion London S.W. 19. Southampton. Cambridge. New Associates. Agnew William Young B.Sc. (Loncl.) 22 South Hamilton Street Kil- mamock Ayrshire. Ashmore James Ernest BSc. B.Sc.Tec.11. (Sheff.) 15 Humber R o d Blackheath London S.E.3.Balmain William Andrew B.Sc. (Lond.) 22 Oukington Avenue Wemblcy Park. Berry IYilliam hI.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 279 Moss Lane Ihst I\loss Sidc Manohester. Berry IVilliam Ambler M.Sc. l?h.L). (Sheff.) 19 Blakeney Road Black Munro David B.Sc. (alas.) 23 Harrington Drivc East Kilbricle Lnnarkshire. Bone Miss Elizabeth Hume B.Sc. (Glas.) 69 Prince of Wtdes Mansions Battersea London S.W.11. Ihshaw John Cripps B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon) Wortley Vicarage Shefficld. Shcffield. Britten Gilbert Frederic B.A. M.8c. (S.A.) Government Chemical Brooking Reginttld Alfred Gilbert M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 3 Old Exeter Street Chudlaigh Dcvoxi. Brown George A.H.W.C. 11 Polwarth Gardens Edinburgh. Buchm James Lindsay B.Sc. (Loncl.) Hampden Club London N.W.I . Carter Ralph U.Sc. (Lond.) 65 Main Ridge Boston Lincs. Clark Frederick Leslie M.Sc. (Sheit) 170 Rarnsley ltoad Shefield. Laboratory P.O. Box 668 Cape TOYVIA S. Africa. Clulow Frvclerick William B.Sc. (Lond .) 14 Little Lane Manningham Bradford. 183 Cooper Leslie Hugh Norman BSc. (Wales) Eversby Marl Drive Llandudno Junction S. Wales. Cox Charles Beresford B.Sc. (Lond.) 51 North Road West Bridgford Nottingham. Croucher Herbcwt Harry B.Sc. (Lond.) Chemistry Department Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture Trinidad B.W.I. Dnrlcy John Harold 26 Gloucester Road South Ealing London W.5. Daviea John Berwyn Ph.D. (Liv.) 74 Salisbury Rod Wavertree Liverpool. Dennington Sidney Herman B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Grove Road Lowestoft. Eden Thomas M.Sc.(Vict.) Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden Herts. Elmer Frank William B.Sc. (Lond.) 8 High Road Wood Green London N.22. Evans Harry Leonard M.Sc.Tcch. (Manc.) Clee House Wells Green Crewe Cheshire. Frederick Robert Charlcs Royal Naval Medical School Royal Naval College Greenwich London S.E.lO. Freeland David Michad 13 Perryn Road Acton London W.3. Garcliner Percy Cyril Thendon Church ?Vay Whetstone London N.20. Guhault Ernest Michel B.Sc. (Sheff .) 22 Sterndale Road Millhouses Shefficld . Hall George Vincent MSc. (Lecds) 6 Borough Xoad Bridlington Yorks. Harding George 19 Wood Street Port Sunlight Cheshire. Harley David 13.S~. (Edin.) 47 Castleblair Park Dunfermline Fife. Hc~aley Alfred Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 79 Pop’s Avenue Twickenham Midcllcscx.Hcggie Richard Graeme B.Sc.Eng. (Witwatersrand) 42 Kotze Street Hospital Hill Johannesburg S. Africa. Hocbon William Brook A.C.G.F.C. 40 Park Avenue Wood Green London N.22. Hoyle Ronald Herbert, BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Lyndhurst Chigwell Inglis Alerandcxr Stewart Robertson B.Sc. (Edin.) 127 Kinghorne Road Duntlca Scotland. Ivison Norman John B.Sc. (Lond.) 24 Beacorisfield Street Newcastle- on-Tyne. James Robert Gilbert B.Sc. (Birm.) Bcllevue Harold Road Deal Kent. Jarrott IYulter George 123 Droylsden Road Newton Heath Manchester. Jeffrey Robert Stewart Martin BSc. (Glm.) Lithgow Avenue Kirkintil- loch. Joiner JTilliam Alexander M.Sc. (N.Z.) 67 Rakau Road Hataitai Wellington N.Z. JOWS Griffith William 101 Hungerford Road Crewe.Eswex. Jones William Glyrine B.Sc. (Wales) Gwynedd Manod Blaensu Keeley Eric Cecil B.Sc. (Loiid.) Ballingcion Bower Mount Rod Maid Ffestiniog N. IValcs. stone. Kenyon Miss Nancy Hannah B.Sc. (Liv.) 62 Queen Victoria Road Burnley Lanes. Knight, Arihur Howard B.Sc. (Birm.) East Winterslow nr. Salisbury Wilts. Koppikar Manjunath Nangesh M.A. BSc. (Bombay) c/o Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute King’s Circle Matunga Bombay. Lanning Hubert John B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Holcote Selbourne New Malden Surrey 184 Lawrence Cyril Dunn B.Sc. (Lond.) 46 Juer Street Park Road Battersea London S.W.11. Lawton George B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) 139 Ashby Road Loughborough Leics. Laxton Albrt Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) 110 Fairfoot Road Bow Leadbotter George Gilbert 7 May Street Monton Mancheater.London E.3. Light Louis M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.) Ph.D. (Ziirich) 68 Vernham Road Lighton Charles 13 Welbury Drive Bradford Yorks. Lucke Douglas Thurlow B.Sc. (Lond.) Stopford London Road MacKeand James Crawford Setch King’s Lynn Norfolk. MacPhail Dugald Ian BSc. (Glas.) 68 Dagger Lane West Bromwich Plumstead London S.E.18. Hadbigh . Staffs. Melville Edward Miller M.A. B.So. B.Sc.Agric. (Glas.) c/o H. Swanson- Woods Esq. 14 Burnbank Terrace Glasgow N.W. Mounfield James Denis M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Lynwood Walton Neath Road Lower Walton Warrington Lancs. Mowat Iwn Blair B.Sc. (Glas.) 9 Loudon Terrace Glasgow W.2. Murray Arthur GeorgG B.Sc. (Lond.) Linden House Linden Grove Beeston Notts. McNicol Reginald Arthur M.Sc.(Lond.) 18 Tho Manor Way Wallington Surrey. Nnttrass Ernest Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) 27 Wheelwright Road Erdington Birmingham. Nickels Lancelot B.Sc. (Lond.) 230 Nevell’s Road htchworth. Owen Arthur B.Sc. (Wales) 11 Bodfor Terrace Aberdovey Merioneth- shire. Owen Ralph David Lulworth Llantarnam nr. Newport Mon. Owcns William Morgan Ph.D. (Liv.) 35 Itomer Road Kenshgton Liverpool. Patterson James Bruce Eric M.Sc. (Lond.) 357 Goldhawk Road London W.6. Perry Archibald Laurence Hillyer B.Sc.Tech. (Mmc.) 272 Withington Road Chorlton-cum-Hardy Manchoster. Philip William George B.Sc. (Sheff .) 263 Pitsmoor Road Sheffield. Purkis Frank Theodore M.Sc. (Bh.) 59 Edgbaston Road Moseley Birmingham. Rau Hattilrudur Shivn BSc.(Allahahad) The Retreat The Luz Mylapore Madras India. Rowland Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.) 6 Essex Haad Enfield Middx. Schofield Maurice B.A. (Oxon) B.Sc. (Lond.) 64 Oakleigh Road Clayton Bradford. Hiinpson Alexander Thomas Spence B.A. (Cantab.) 3 Carlton Road Brockley London S.E.4. Smith George Stanley 13.S~. (Lond.) 46 Adelaide Street Crewe. Smith John David Main B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph,D. (Birm.) 57 Carless Avenue Harborne Birmingham. Smith Lionel Hewgill 33 Bcssingby Road Bridlington Yorks. Smith Philip Hugh Payne B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 22 Wallbutton Road Brockley London S.E.4. Stend John Charles William B.Sc. (Lond.) Langham Villa Montague Road Drttchett Bucks. Stimson John Charles B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 23 Cromwell Road Tunbridgo Wells.Thompson Archibald Walter 2 Kitto Road New Cross London S.E.14. s.w.4. Heath Birmingham. 185 Thorn Miss Vera Millicent B.Sc. (Lond.) 37 Stertde Road Sharrow S heffield . Tompsett Sidney Lionel B.Sc. (Lond.) Bio-Chemical Department Bland Sutton Institute Middlesex Hospital London W. 1. Turrell Levi Robert 97 Mildenhall Road Clapton London E.5. Wadsworth Raymond Varian 128 Bunbury Road Northfield Birming- ham. Wallis Edward B.Sc (Lond.) 28 Deauville Road Clapham London Wishart James Miller B.Sc. (Edin.) c/o Mrs. Lawton 11 Blandford Gardens Leeds. Wright Reginald Frank A.R.C.S. Fairhazel Avondalo Road Hove Brighton. Saxley Robert William B.Sc. (Birm.) 11 Naxby Road Washwood New Students. Brooks John Joseph Ablett 47 Pendle Road Stmatham London S.W.16.Bull Herbert Ivor Hill Crest Purton nr. Swindon Wilts. Calvert John Thornton 66 Burbage Road Herne Hill London S.E.24. Camfield Ernest 167 Wandsworth Bridge Road Fulham London S.W.6. Carter Geoffrey Frank IB Broadlands Road Highgate London N.G. Chamberlain Norman Hardy 13 Vambery Road Plumstead London S.E.18. Cook Eric Douglas 103 Dowanhill Road Catford London S.E.6. Daniel Lionel Laloo St. Joseph Trinidad B.W.1. Dunning Eric William Bee 286 High Road Kilburn London N.W.6. Ekins Reginald Percy 41 Granville Street Leamington Spa Warwick. Evans Walter Edmund 150 Pen-y-Lan Road Roath Cardiff. Fletcher Leonard Tempest 6 Grange TerrcLce,Yeadon nr. Leeds. Forbes Maxwell McLuckie G1 Manse Street Saltcoats Ayrshire. Fox Douglas Arthur Kavensworth 4 5 ~ Wickham Road Brockley London S.E.4.Gage George Jackson Park Side Ashley Road Epsom Surrey. Goss John Richard 59 Leeside Crescent Golders Green London N.W.11. Handy John Francis Charles 67 Shepherd Place Upper Brook Street London W.l Hebbs Lewis Goudin Spire 11 Albert Road Gtroud Green London N.4. Herriott Jack Shirley 129 Week Street Maidstone Kent. Holdridge Douglas Arthur 19 Moreton Parade May Bank Newcastle- under-Lyme Staffs. Howell Arthur Knighton 37 Crompton Road Errwood Road Levens- hulme Manchester. Javes Archie Ronald Westrena Chaucer Road Ashford Middx. Juster Miss Margaret Mary 44 Pollards Hill South Norbury London S.W.16. King Alexander 12 Cholmeley Crescent Highgate London N.6. Laycock John Craven The Spinney Market Lavington Wilts.Mann Jason Thomas William The Homestead Burchardbro Road Abbey Wood London S.E.2. Millar Stewart Halley 11 Montpelier Edinburgh. Olliver Miss Mamie 4 Northumberland Road Coventry. Parris Leonard Joseph Station House Catford Bridge London S.E.G. Parsons Josiah Dawe 138 Rainham Road Chatham Kent. Parsons Leslie George Brett 73 Lynton Avenue Ealing London W.13. Paul James Shearer c/o Mrs. Suttle Highwood Newton Road Stow- market. 186 ROSS RonaId Gabriel 92 Granville Road London N.12. Sands Reginald Robert 16 Monmouth Road Watford Herts. Schofield Henry Fryer Kimberlcy Middlewood Rod High Lane nr. Stockport Cheshire. SidclaIl Robert A.M.C.T. 28 Edna Street Higher Crumpsall Man- Chester. Sleigh Sydney William 49 Ftoyer Road Small Heath Birmingham.Smith Norman Wilson 17 Groes l3oaci Grassendale Liverpool. Stuart Norman 46 Platts Lane Hampstead London N.W.3. Tibbetts Thomas Wesley Heath Tavern High Strect Cradley Heath Staffs. Toms William 37 Seaview Avenue West R o d Dublin. Watson Eric George 8 Mount Adon Park Dulwich London S.E.22. Whittell James Frederick Inman School House Kirkeaton nr. Hudders- field. Woolf Nathan 97 Ellesmere Road Dollis Hill London N.W.10. Wraight Frederick Ernest Imperial College Hostel Prince (;'onsort Road South Kensington London S.JV.7. Wraight Wilf rid Hatherley Imperial College Hostel Prince Consort Road South Kensington London S.W.7. Young 'William Emlyn Bethel Road Llansamlet Swansea Ghni. Change of Name.Kloot Alfrtd Aaron Fellow-to Harding-Kloot Alf red,--by Dced Poll. DEATHS. Fellows. James David Kettle B.Sc. William Carleton Williams B.Sc. 187 General Notices. Se pte r n be r Exam i nation s .-Examinations for Associate- ship and Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September or 26th September to 1st October. The list of entries will close on Monday 18th July 1927. Not ice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to June 1924 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Students.- A medal and prize (EIO IOS.) for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words on “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People” will be awarded in January 1928 and presented at the nest annual general meeting or at a meeting of the local section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to rcgistcred students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the local section of the district in which the cornyetitor resides on or before the 3xst December X927 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.The Committee of each local section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the local sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. pating Institutions. 188 Bei I by Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Bcilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January 1928) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1927 will be made in January 1928. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. 189 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be suppIied with the fists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Li brary.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I pm.) except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to 190 notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2.to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. 2d.; binding 2s. gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments 1927.The following correctioiis and additions have been notified to the Registrar since the publication of the sixth edition of “ Official Cheniical Appointments” :- Cubriel 63. 64 Y‘3 * ADDENDA and CORRIGENDA. K. V. Eatoil. For “hl.Se.” reud “lj.Sc.” Livorpool. Add “ddditiorml Agriculturul dtiulyst.-E. Joiios A1.8~. (Vict. ~ i i d Liv.) F.I.C.” 62. Liverpool. Add ’‘ Additioiiul Public Arudyat,-E. Gabriel Joiiei h1.S~. (\‘ict. m c l Liv,) F.I.C.” Jlonmouth. Add “Deputy AwZyot.-U. Hogmi F.I.C.” Staffordshiro. Add “ A clditional Public Awalyst.-A. E. Johnsoli 13.S~. (Lond.) A.IZ.C.Bc.I. YLC.” A. 31. lVanclless. Add “ X A . (Cantab.).” Uritish Rescarch AssocitLtioii for Woollen atud Il-orsted l~iilustr.ies 1f’o.r present entry read “Director -S.(-4. Barker. Yh.L). B.1mt.Y. Chewists.-A. T. King l3.S~. (Lorid.) F.I.C. ; J. Barritt U.8c. (Lwicl.) A.R.C,S. A.I.C.; H. 1%. IIirst l3.8~. (Leeds) F.I.C.; Miss I?. PI;. Lambert M.Sc.” C. Kemp. .4dd “BSc. (Loncl.) A.H.C.S. U.I.C.” . 104. Birmingham The UiiiLwsity. Add “Heseaids Aaaisturst ire Oil Engineering and Reflning.-O. C. Elvins M.Sc. (Birm.) A.I.C.” 113. Keiidctl. Technical School. Delete ‘‘ H. W. Burgess,” ttnrl insert ‘‘ George Vogt.” 114. Leeds The University. Line 9 delete “M.l3.E.”; line 13 add ”J. \I-. Baker I).Sc. (Loiid.) A.H.C.S. A.I.C.; H. Burton XSe. Ph.D. (Sheff.) R.I.C.”; line 14 delete entry; line 13 for Leather Iriduatriea .’ n. McCandlish M.Sc. (Leeds). Leclurcr,s.-- *‘ P1i.U.” reud “D.Sc.” Add “l’rofe~sor of Applied Gheireistr,tj I\‘.1%. Atkiu L S c . (Loeds); F. C. Thompson M.Sc. ; H. Salt KSc. (Loeds) A.I.C’ 115. Liverpool Tho University. Add to Lecturers “ R. A. Morton Ph.D. (Liv.) A.I.C.” 1%. Insert “Cardiff. County Secondary School for Boys.-J. E. King l 3 . S ~ . (his.); Lt. F. U. Crlukwell J3.8~. (Lond.).” 133. Liverpool The University. Delete “C. 1). Bcngough,” mid ireaert ”C. 0. Baniiister hl.E~ig. A.H.S.M. F.I.C.” 135. A. d. IValker. &’or “F.1.C.” reud “A.I.C.” 136. Silttoti Lioiiiiigtoii. J’or present erhtry reud “A. C. UUK*I~S hI.8c.Touh. (Maiic.) Y.l.C. Head of Chornical Dcpt.; E. 1%. Ling l3.S~. of Agriculture Advisory Chemist” (Loncl.) A.lC.C.S. F.I.C.; G. 0. WOX; H. ‘l’. Uranfield Miriistry P.T.O. Page 141 Insert “Ultlonau Festinioy. Fecitiniog County Sohool. E. T. Jones M.Sc. (Wales) F.I.C.” 143. Insert “Urora (Sutherlaid). 11. C:. Schod. J. 1). Aluxitntlor 1LSc. (Edin . ) A. I. C . ’ ’ 144. Caistor (Lincs.) Ura~ninar Schoul. Ueletc “A. ljcouk ~ ~ r i t l A. Roebuck,” elid insert “ J. Player.” 142. Insert “Chester. The College. 3’. W. Hoopor B.Sc. (Liv.) A.I.C.” 151. Lancaster Royal Grammar School. For puresent entry reud “ J . Bradshaw M.Sc. (Manc.) A.I.C.; A Huck U,Sc.; C. H Tuck B.A.” 1 Us. Oldham Municipal Secondary School. E’or preaerd mtry r e d “E. Dickinson B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. A.1.C.; Miss hi ~IOOL’U B.Sc.” 170. Shrewsbury. Add “Priory County School. 8. D. Stennitt M.Sc. 174. Winderinere Grammar School. Delete “ V. S. Uolclirian.” (Manc ) A. I. 0.’ ’ Edwards Junr.” 186. ’Iraq. Add “ C‘hemist Oflcer to Air &Iir&try Hinuidi.-H. Lotttvii 1‘31. Imert “Government Quiiiirie E’ttctory Nudubatam Nilyiri Uhtrict. Manuf ucturing Chemist.-Honry Whea tley l3. So. (Lord. ) A. I. C .* ’ (Leeds) F.I.C.” 192. Invert “Director of AgriczLlture.-H. H Mmn M.8c. (Vict ) u . 8 ~ 198. Lahore. Add “College for Worneii. Miss S. M. Httrrisoii M.A. S Illartill (Oxon.) A.I.C.” 306. Uganda Protectorate. Add “ dgricubzcral CItwt&t.-lV. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.Y. A.I.C.” 343. List of Societies uibd 1 rtatituliotl*. ‘ i i ~ the Appcrdis attould iiccl~~dc “The Iriterriatioiittl Society of Loathor ‘l’rltdos’ Uhoriiists.” 2.33. Bioohemical Socioty. Add “ HOIL. Z’muaurer.-J. A. Gardrier M.A. (Oxon.) F.I.C.” 290 Indert “Bagnall D. J. T. 66.”

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9275100135

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1927. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER Registrar a n d Secretary. 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON \\'.C. 1. Aiigiist 1927. Publications Commit tee 192 7-28 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Presidmzt) H. C. L. BLOXAM A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON W. M. CUMMING J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON I . M. HEILBRON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Trcrrst~rev) A. W. KNAPP A. G . G. LEONARD THOMAS MACARA B. G . McLELLAN FRANK SOUTHERDEN. R. THOMAS D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON. 193 . Proceedings of the Council.JUNE-JULY 1927. Institute Jubilee Celebrations.-H.R.H. the Prince of Wales has graciously consented to give his name as a Patron to the Jubilee Celebrations of the Institute which will be held in London from Wednesday the 14th to Friday the 16th December 1927- The Institute was originally incorporated by licence of the Board of Trade under the provisions of Section 23 of the Com- panies Act 1867 on the 2nd day of October 1877. The Council felt however that it would be inconvenient to many members and particularly to those who are engaged in teaching to hold the celebrations in October and decided there- fore to fix the dates nearer the Christmas vacation in order that every branch of the profession may be well represented. The programme of arrangements will include a Conference devoted to education and professional matters a banquet and a conversazione.Other societies and institutions concerned with chemistry will be invited to participate in the social functions. The banquet will be held at the Wharncliffe Rooms Hotel Great Central on Thursday the 15th December-Professor Arthur Smithells C.M.G. F.R.S. President in the chair. The number of tickets will necessarily be limited to 520. Early application for tickets (10s. 6d.) each) not including wine is therefore advisable. Further particulars will be published in due course. Salary Statistics.-In 1919 and again in 1920 the Council issued a circular inviting Fellows and Associates engaged in whole-time appointments to send in returns with.regard to the terms and conditions of their appointments a special question- naire being issued for the purpose. The replies received were summarised and tables were published showing the average salaries of such Fellows and Associates at various ages in different branches of work and considerable information regarding the 194 conditions of chemical appointments was subsequently published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part 1 1920 (page 3r) and Part I 1921 (page 44). A similar questionnaire is now being issued and Fellows and Associates holding whole-time appoint- ments are invited to forward returns before the 30th September. The information given by any member will be treated as con- fidential; the form need not be signed and may if desired be typewritten.In addition to salary statistics it is also considered desirable to secure more definite evidence with regard to conditions of appointment especially I. Whether the appointment is under contract for a definite period and if so with what increments in salary. 2. Whether the chemist is permitted to undertake any other employment. 3. Whether the chemist is allowed to publish any work. 4. What are the usual working hours per week. 5 . What period of annual leave is given. 6. Whether special provision is made for recognising inven- tions and improvements in processes etc. 7. What .period of notice is required to terminate the ap- pointment. 8. Whether on leaving the appointment the chemist is restricted from practice in the same branch of work and if so for how long and within what area and whether provision is made for an allowance during a period of unemployment.The information hitherto supplied has been found not only useful to chemists generally but to heads of chemical depart- ments and employers. I t is hoped therefore that all members corning within the category indicated will do their best to assist in the preparation of these statistics by forwarding their returns as soon as possible. Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts.- A Sub-committee of the Public Appointments Committee has been asked to prepare for submission to the Royal Commission on Local Government a statement on the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act and the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act with special reference to the conditions of appoint- ments of public analysts and official agricultural analysts and 195 dealing with such subjects as security of tenure remuneration and superannuation.A statement regarding the position of official agricultural analysts under the new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act has been sent to all agricultural analysts with a covering letter recommending them to apply to their respective authorities for improvement in their emoluments. The Public Appointments Committee has also had before it a draft of the recommendations proposed to be made by the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. This document has been reviewed by members who are specially acquainted with the subject and a Sub-Committee has collated and forwarded sug- gestions and minor alterations to the Secretary of the Advisory Committee.Pu b1ications.-The revised edition of The Profession of Chemistry has been prepared under the supervision of the Publications committee and copies will be sent to Fellows Associates and Registered Students. The book will also be issued to persons enquiring for the Regulations in order that they may be more fully informed with regard to the profession which they propose to follow. The Publications Committee is indebted to several Fellows to whom they have referred the various chapters for criticism and will welcome further sugges- tions for the improvement of this publication in subsequent editions.The sixth edition of A List of O@cial Chemical A@ointments was published and issued to the Fellows and Associates in July The publication was delayed owing to changing legislation affecting the conditions of appointments and also to the difficulty of obtaining returns from certain quarters. The Council is greatly indebted to all heads of Departments Registrars and Secretaries of Universities and Colleges Official Chemists Town Clerks and others without whose assistance and courtesy the list could not have been prepared. The Registrar regrets that a few errata and omissions have occurred. These have been printed on a separate slip which is being issued with this part of THE JOURNAL. In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part 111 (page 147) reference was made to the lecture on “Fire Risks in Industry,” givcri in March by Mr.Alec M. Cameron before the Local Sec- tions of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry a t 196 Edinburgh. The Publications Committee on receiving the suggestion from the Edinburgh Section that the paper should be published in full formed the opinion that it was of such general interest and usefulness that it-should be printed as a separate monograph and with the consent of Mr. Cameron the Council has directed that copies should be sent to all members and Registered Students. Institute has received from the executor of the late Mr. Alexander Watt a legacy of &50 for the Benevolent Fund and also his collection of photographic negatives of titles pictures and portraits from books on alchemy chemistry early science and other literature which he bequeathed to the Library.The collection consists of over 500 plates and films. Many of these will be useful for the preparation of further lantern slides for the Institute’s Mr. Alexander Watt’s Bequest.-The collection which is available for the use of Fellows and Associates who wish to give lectures on the history of chemistry. Soci6t6 de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-Mr. Arthur R. Smith has been appointed to represent the Institute at the Seventh Congress of Industrial Chemistry to be held at Paris from 16th-zznd October 1927. The Congress will be followed by the celebration of the Centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot at which the Institute will be represented by Prof.J. F. Thorpe Vice-president. 197 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands-A meeting of the Section was held a t the White Horse Hotel Birmingham on 21st March. After a short musical programme to which Dr. Norris Messrs. Knapp Mason and Megson contributed Mr. F. H. Alcock gave a talk on the “Making of a Phannacopoeia.” In 1858 three Pharmacopoeias were in use namely the London Pharmacopoeia and those of Edinburgh and Dublin. These differed more particularly in the prescribed strengths of preparations. In order to eliminate the confusion due to this an Act of Parliament was passed (1854 having for one of its aims the establishment of a British Pharrnacopaeia. The British Medical Council was authorised to undertake the work of its production and was given the exclusive right of publishing printing and selling the book.The first Pharmacopaeia was published in 1864 but it did not meet with general approval. The Committee of medical men who were responsible for the book therefore proceeded to bring out another edition with the aid of Mr. Robert Warington of the Apothecaries Society’s Laboratory and Prof. T. Redwood of the Pharmaceutical Society. Both the first and second editions of the British Pharmacopoeia contained the articles of Materia Medica and their preparation. An addendum to the second edition appeared in 1874 and this introduced to the medical profession many new drugs and preparations such as acetic ether chloral hydrate sodium hypophosphite pepsin and amyl nitrite.A further edition issued in 1885 was not entirely successful in that the “parts ” system of weights and measures was introduced. Among the new classes of preparations and remedies described were apomorphine boric acid caffeine coca leaves physostigmine pilocarpine and thymol. Many minor alterations were made in the strength and constitution of preparations. The introduction of well-known substances such as acetanilide saccharine phenacetin phenazone and paraldehyde was made in an addendum in 1890. The British Pharmacopoeia has not always been in the van of progress and this has led to the production-as a result-of books such as Squire’s Companion to the Pharmacopa?ia Martin- 198 dale’s Extra PharmacopEia and the British Pharmaceutical Codex which are now indispensable to the active practitioner and pharmacist.Mr. Alcock suggested that young chemists would do well to read the B.P. for there were many interesting problems which required urgent solution. On the motion of the Chairman Prof. Ling a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. -4lcock for his most interesting address. The Section held an informal dinner on 30th March at the White Horse Hotel when the Registrar of the Institute was present and an enjoyable evening was spent. Malaya.-At a meeting held at Singapore on zznd June Dr. J. L. Rosedale Professor of Biochemistry at the College of Medicine gave a lecture on “The R61e of B Vitamin in Nutrition.” Describing the experimental work in which he and Prof.R. H. A. Plimmer had been engaged for several years he said that they had found that carbohydrate fat and protein each needed a definite proportion of B Vitamin in order to ensure assimilation. Different foods contained different amounts of this vitamin and the quantity had been ascertained in many of the common foods by feeding experiments. Sixty per cent. of whole-wheat bread or flour in a diet would amply fulfil the requirements while white bread and white rice which had been proved to contain no B Vitaniin had to be balanced by adding sufficient of some other food rich in B Vitamin to the diet. Ordinary green vegetables did not contain B Vitamin and it is absent from fish and muscle meat.The use of highly milled and polished cereals made it difficult to introduce-sufficient B Vitamin into ordinary diet. The power to resist disease was lowered and from careful post mortem examination of the experimental animals it appeared that constipation general lethargy the putting on of undue internal fat general gastro-intestinal troubles and rheumatoid arthritis were associated with the lack of appreciation of the importance of maintaining a definite balance between the quantity of B Vitamin and the total food eaten. A discussion followed and the thanks of the members were accorded Dr Rosedale for his interesting paper. 199 National Certificates in Chemistry 1927. THE Couiicil has received from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute the report of the Assessors on the examination for National Certificates held in 1927.Gilbert T. Morgan O.B.E. D.Sc. Assessors :-Professor F.R.S. and Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. DSc. I . Introductory.-The general standard of knowledge shown in the Examination has been maintained and in many cases improvements in teaching and in the conduct of examinations are manifest. The Assessors still feel it necessary however to offer a good many criticisms. I I . Standard of Knowledge in Theoretical Chemistry.-In Inorganic Chemistry the scripts from many schools showed that the candidates’ knowledge of the fundamental parts of this branch of chemistry was seriously lacking in precision. The knowledge shown on questions relating to atomic weights was often unsatisfactory and the formulz of quite common sub- stances were sometimes wrongly stated.In Physical Chemistry higher marks were often obtained than in Organic but thisseemed to be due more to thememorising of lecture notes than to real assimilation of knowledge. Erro- neous statements were made in regard to such fundamental matters as Avogadro’s hypothesis Graham’s law of diffusion critical pressure etc. Liquefaction plant was sometimes sketched and described but the underlying principles were not explained. In descriptions of the polarimeter many candidates omitted any reference to the Nicol prisms. The evidence adduced in support of ionic dissociation was based almost entirely on electrolytic phenomena. I I I .Training in Laboratory Arts.-The theoretical work of the candidates seems often out of touch with the realities of the laboratory and this weakness applies to both inorganic and organic chemistry. 200 IV. Startdad of Marking.-Lenient marking is still notice- able but less so than in formeriyears. Certain internal examiners are very critical judges but others more frequently function as advocates for their students. This was noticeable not only in the Senior but also in the Advanced Grade. Students are often given sufficient marks to pass when they have obtained no marks for the compulsory question and have given only scrappy answers to the remainder. V. Practical Exami.lzations.-Although the standard of the papers set in the practical examinations is more uniform there is still a wide divergence in the time allotted for the examination in the various schools.The period varies from two and a half to seven hours. It is suggested that a single period of four hours or two periods of two hours each on successive evenings should be taken as a standard for these examinations. The Assessors wish to emphasise again the necessity for a complete return of the keys to practical exercises and methods of allotting unknown substances. The standard of marking in the practical examinations shows even more leniency than in the case of the theoretical papers. Pass marks were sometimes given for work which included very bad mistakes. VI. Chemical Technology.-Candidates are often weak in the chemid principles underlying technical processes.For example the constitutional formulie of dyes and intermediates were often wrongly stated. VII. Physics and Mathematics.-It is still necessary to point out to certain schools the importance of providing full details as to syllabuses schemes of marking and solutions of numerical exercises. The syllabuses frequently suggest a higher standard and wider scope than the actual papers set. There is a general tendency to set very similar papers in successive years and the necessary number of questions can often be answered by dealing with electricity and magnetism only although the syllabus includes other branches of Physics. Examination papers should be an all-round test of the whole course and the scope of the examination should not be limited to those parts of the subject which are closely related to chemistry.The answers to electro-chemical subjects were not well done in particular knowledge of matters relating to electrolysis and primary cells seems rather unsatisfactory. There is still room for' much improvement in some schools in the writing of scripts; bad spelling poor diagrams and careless arithmetic are all too common. Over-marking though less prevalent is still found 'in some institutions and as in the case of the chemistry papers students are often given pass marks for papers which only contain scrappy answers to a number of questions. Since the scheme started some institutions have succeeded in making a marked all-round improvement but others do not show as much improvement as might be desired.VIII. During the present session one school has submitted candidates for the first time in the Ordinary grade. The number of entries in the Ordinary grade was 145 against 102 in 1926. In the Higher grade there were 38 candidates compared with 51 in 1926; of these 23 had obtained the Ordinary certificate of whom 15 were successful in obtaining the Higher certificate this year. One special case was informed last year that he would be awarded the Higher certificate if he passed the examin- ation for the Ordinary certificate this year which he has now done. National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland) .-Mr. William Rintoul Assessor for the examination held under the Joint Advisory Commit tee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute has reported that six candidates from the Royal Technical College Glasgow have been successful in the examina- tion held during the last session and have obtained the Higher Certificate.202 Examinations for Part-Time Students. The Departnzental Com.mittee [of the Board of Edwation] on Examinations for Part-Time Students has asked the Council for any views which it may have formed as the result of experience in administering the scheme whereby the Institute and the Board jointly issue certificates in chemistry to part-time students. In reply the Council has forwarded to the Departmental Com- mittee the following statement prepared by the representatives of the Institute on the Joint Committee for National Certificates in Chemistry pointing out however that it deals only with the specific request made to the Institute without reference to the larger question included in the terms of reference to the Com- mittee namely,-the place and value of examinations as elements in training for industrial comniercial and ‘professional activity.THE JOINT SCHEME FOR NATIONAL CERTIFICATES. When the Board of Education and the Institute of Chemistry first co-operated in the joint scheme of National Certificates in Chemistry the training of part-time students was mainly tested by examinations conducted by the teachers concerned and successful candidates were awarded certificates of the College or School in which they had studied. These certificates had but little significance outside a limited area there being then no national attempt at instituting a generally recognised standard of attainment .When the schools came to submit their syllabuses and courses for approval several of these were considered unsatisfactory by the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education and substantial improvements were required before recognition was accorded. Thus the inauguration of the scheme had at once a good effect. 203 In the first year of the joint scheme the task of assessment presented serious difficulties owing to the complete lack of uniformity in regard to the scripts and mark sheets forwarded to the Institute. It was evident in several schools that the local examinations had degenerated into perfunctory formalities ; for instance scripts were sometimes written in pencil and efficient supervision was occasionally lacking in the practical examinations.In the early years considerable difficulty was occasioned owing to the examination superintendents failing to carry out the instruct ions. The Institute of Chemistry is convinced that the scheme has given it the power to assist the progress of part-time chemical teaching at least in two important respects:-(I) by insisting that candidates receiving national rather than local certificates shall be well grounded in the fundamental principles of chemical science (2) by insisting on a high standard of proficiency in laboratory work. From the experience of the first year it was clear that these objects had by no means been generally realised under the previously existing examinational schemes of pa.rt- time instruction.The succeeding years 1923-27 have in nearly all cases shown a steady improvement in the general quality of the work as judged under the joint scheme. The examination papers set by the teachers in both theoretical and practical chemistry have shown evidence of careful selection and of insistence on a reasonably and uniformly high standard of knowledge from their students. The scripts show with few exceptions a remarkable improve- ment on the efforts of earlier years this being particularly noticeable in regard to practical examinations. There is no doubt that the introduction of the National Certificate has led in a very short time to a marked improvement in the quality of the chemical teaching of part-time students in many institutions.Examinational systems are never perfect and too much must not be expected of them but they undoubtedly stimulate self- denial perseverance emulation and ambition and thus encourage both teachers and students to do their best. 204 The present joint scheme has the great advantage over the old centralised system of the Science and Art Department inasmuch as it relies largely on the goodwill and co-operation of the teachers. These now set the majority of the examination questions acting as internal examiners but have the advantage of the co-operation of the common external assessors appointed under the scheme.There are certain teachers whose parental instincts are so strong that regarding their students as their intellectual offspring they endeavour to represent all their geese as swans! They lecture their classes on highly abstruse modern topics and then set their examination questions so that they can be answered at a pass standard by students who have committed the lectures to memory without thoroughly understanding them. This is however detected when the Assessor sets a comparatively easy compulsory question which usually proves a stumbling block to the spoon-fed candidates. Another abuse is sometimes observed when the teachers act as internal examiners. There is often a very noticeable difference in the standards of marking for strong and weak candidates.The former pass on their merits but in regard to the latter certain teachers consider it their function to act as advocates rather than as judges and they try to get weak candidates through by a too generous marking of fragmentary answers. There is some evidence that the institution of the scheme has resulted in part-time students carrying their training beyond that required for National Certificates in order to prepare them- selves for the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute. This stimulation of effort towards a professional career may be cited in further justification of the joint scheme. The curricula approved under the joint scheme sometimes comprise courses in various branches of chemical technology depending on the needs of local industries.In certain districts there is a tendency to start elementary students on studies in applied chemistry before they have gained sufficient knowledge concerning the underlying scientific principles which are essential to the proper understanding of the processes employed in indus- trial operations. Here again the Institute is enabled through the joint scheme to insist on an adequate inclusion of funda- mental science. 205 SUMMARY. Six years’ experience of the joint scheme for the granting of National Certificates in chemistry has proved the value of its examinations as an element in training for industrial life the following objects being kept in view:- (I) The inculcation of a sound training in scientific principles and an avoidance of premature specialisation.(2) The attainment by all successful candidates of an adequate standard of scientific knowledge. (3) The maintenance of a standard of proficiency in practical chemistry as tested by the performance of laboratory exercises carried out under adequate supervision. 206 Notes. Association of Special Libraries and I nforrnation Bureau.-The Fourth Congress of this Association will be held at Trinity College Cambridge from the qrd-26th September 1927 and will be open to all interested whether members of the Association or not. Copies of the detailed programme and other particulars can be obtained from the Secretary ASLIB 38 Bloomsbury Square London W.C.I. The Conference will discuss the recent Report of the Public Libraries Committee and such subjects as co-operation between libraries and book selection in science and technology.Sectional meetings will be held on information and statistics in commerce and industry on patent classification and other information bureaux questions. With the assistance of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees the Association will publish in the autumn a Directory of sources of specialised information edited by Mr. G. F. Barwick late Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum which will record under thousands of subject headings the various centres in Great Britain and Ireland to which those in search of specialised information may look for assistance. Iso-Propy I-Alcohol.-The Commissioners of Customs and Excise have directed attention to Statutory Rules and Orders 1927 No.783 relating to the Importation and Manufacture Sale and Use of Iso-Propyl Alcohol (price Id. net). The regu- lations may be cited as the Iso-Propyl Alcohol Regulations 1927 and came into force on the first day of September. They require every importer of iso-propyl alcohol making entry thereof under the Customs Acts at the time of importation to declare in writing in addition to the particulars required to be stated in thc entry the name and address of the actual consignee; and that every manufacturer shall within fourteen days aftcr the regulations come into force or within fourteen days after com- mencing to use any premises for the manufacture of such alcohol register his premises by delivering to the local Officer of Customs 207 and Excise a statement of his name and the premises at which such manufacture takes place.Every manufacturer seller and user shall in respect of the period from the first September to 31st December 1927 and in respect o$ each subsequent half year deliver to the Commissioners within fourteen days of the expiration of such periods a return showing (a) in the case of a manufacturer the total quantity of iso-propyl alcohol manu- factured by him during that period; (b) in the case of a seller (whether he is also a manufacturer or user or not) particulars of each quantity of such alcohol received or sold by him during that period with the date of receipt or sale of each such quantity and the name and address of the person from whom it was re- ceived or to whom it was sold; and (c) in the case of a user (whether he is also a manufacturer or seller or not) particulars of the quantity and date of receipt of each consignment of such aIcohol received by him during that period and the name and address of the person from whom it was received and also the purposes for which any iso-propyl alcohol has been used by him and the total quantity used for each purpose during such period.208 0 bituary . BENJAMIN ARTHWR BVRRELL died at Leeds on July loth 1927 aged 68. He was educated at the Leeds Grammar School and received his professional training under the late Thomas Fairley Professor (later Sir Edward) Thorpe and George Ward of Leeds.After a pupilage under Mr. Fairley he acted as his assistant for eight years during which time he taught Chemistry at the Leeds Institute. In 1883 he was appointed Public Analyst to the City of Cork and he held that position until 1890 when he rejoined Mr. Fairley at Leeds becoming later his partner and eventually in 1919 his successor as City Analyst. At the time of his death he was also Public Analyst to the North Riding of Yorkshire and the Borough of Scarborough Agricultural Analyst to the North and West Ridings Consulting Chemist to the Fire Offices Committee of London Gas and Water Examiner for the City of beds and the West Riding Water Examiner for Leeds and Harrogate and Consulting Chemist to the Yorkshire Agricultural Society. He was the author of a text book on food testing and of many papers on analytical practice.H e served on the Council of the Society of Public Analysts and on the Committee of the local section of the Institute and was for many years honorary secretary of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry of which he was Chairman for the last two years. He was elected Follow of the Institute in 1887. At the funeral at Woodhouse Cemetery Leeds the Institute was represented by Mr. 13. G. McLellan (Chairman of the Local Section and member of Council) and others. MADANLAL JEKISANLAS GAJJAR died at Girgaum Bombay on 25th July 1926 in his 50th year. Educated at the High Schools of Swat and Baroda he continued his studies at the Gujrat College Ahmedabad and at Wilson and Elphinstone Colleges Bombay graduating as M.A.with Honours in chemistry in 1906 From 1907 to 1912 he conducted a consulting and analytical practice and from 1914 was the proprietor of chemical works at Girgaum. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. JOHN ROBINSON LEEBODY died a t Londondorry on 27th July in his 88th year. He was tho son of the Rev. Henry Leebody of Ballinderry co. Antrim arid was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and Queen’s Colbge-now University-Belfast graduating as M.A. in 1863 and later as D.Sc. Intending to enter the Ministry he continued his studies at the Assembly College Belfast and was licensed by the Belfast Presbytery in 1865 but on the establishment in that year of the Magee (Presbyterian) College he was appointed to the chair of mathe- matics and natural philosophy and in 1891 aucceeded Prof.Witherow as President of the College which position he held until his death. Ho was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. 209 EDWARD NEVILLE MOTTRAM died a t Disly Cheshire on 26th July in his 28th year. Born at Eccles he was educated at the local Secondary School and after eighteen months’ experience in the laboratories of Messrs. Levinstein Ltd. at Blackley entered the University of Man- Chester where he graduated as B.Sc. in 1921 with bonours in chemistry. Subsequently he continued research under Prof Lapworth and proceeded to M.Sc. (1922) and Ph.D. (1925) the early part of his course being inter- rupted by six months’ army service.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. JAMES MATKEW PETRIE died at Sydney on 30th March in his 57th ycar. Educated a t Heriot’s School and at Heriot-Watt College Edin- burgh under Professors Perkin and Kipping he subsequently went to Australia and graduated in 1900 as B.Sc. at the University of Sydney. He held positions in New South Wales as assayer and chemist to the Deep Creek Gold Mining Company assayer in the Royal Mint Sydney and analytical chemist in the Geological Laboratory of the Department of Public Instruction and later was appointed lecturer in chemistry and assaying in Sydney Technical College. He was engaged for a considerable period in the laboratory of Prof. Archibald Liversidge in the University of Sydney upon research on the natural resources of New South Wales- rocks ores gemstones bituminous shales tobacco and wine.In 1905 he obtained the degree of D.Sc. and was for several years a Lecturer and Demonstrator in the University and later Macleay Fellow in Biochemistry at the Linnean Society Sydney. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903. HENRY RICHARDSON PROCTER died at Newlyn Cornwall on 17th August aged 79 years. He received his education at Bootham School York and was a student at the Royal College of Chemistry in 1870 and 1871 taking physics at the Royal School of Mines. He then joined his father who carried on a tannery at Low Lights North Shields where he remained until 1889. During this period he began scientific investigations on the chemistry of tanning and on processes for the estimation of tanning materials the results of which are embodied in the extensive series of papers in connection with which his name is so well known.In 1889 he became chemist and technical manager at Messrs. E. & J. Richardson’s bather Manufactory at Newcastle-upon-Tyne practising also as consulting chemist in the leather trade. In 1891 he was appointed lecturer on leather industries at the Yorkshire College,-now the University-Leeds where the present Leather Industries Department was established in 1897 of which he remained head until 1913 when he retired with the title of Emeritus Professor. During the war however he returned t o the Uni- versity and again took charge of the Department. A fund was raised for the establishment in his honour of an International Leather Research Laboratory at b e d s which was opened in October 1014 Prof.Procter himself being its first Honorary Director. He was the author of The (1919) and edited The Leather Chemists’ Pocket Book (1919). He delivered Principles of Leathr Manufacture (1921) The Making of Leather (1914) Leather Industries Laboratory Book of Analgtical and Experimental Methods lectures on the chemistry of tanning at the City and Guilds Institute 1855 and Cantor lectures on leather manufacture before the Royal Society of Arts. He was a member of the Advisory Committee of the Inventions Exhibition 1886 was one of the founders of the International Association of Leather Trades Chemists and a t his death was an Honorary President of the Association.He was m active member of the Newcastle Chemical Society and contributed to its Transactions before its absorption into the 210 Society of Chemical Industry. He was awarded the honorary degree of DSc. in the University of Leeds and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1923. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1891 and served as a Member of Council from 1902 until 1904. LAWCHLAN MACQUARIE STEWA~T died after an operation on 9th August in his 40th year. He graduated as M.A. and B.Sc. (Edin.) and after a course at the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture took the degree of B.Sc. Ag~ic. During the war he was engaged as a chemist at H.M. Factory Irvine and later was for a time with Messrs.L. B. Holliday & Co. Ltd. In 1919 he was appointed assistant lecturer and demonstrator at the University of Birmingham where- he continued for three years. At the time of his death he was engaged in private coaching in London. He was elected an Associate in 1919. GEOFFREY WEYMAN died at Hexham on 29th April in his 38th year. He was educated a t HuIme Grammar School Manchester the Royal High School Edinburgh and Armstrong College Newcastle-on-Tyne. He graduated as B.Sc. (Dun.) in 1910 and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1913 and D.Sc. in 1920. He was appointed Chemist to the Newcastle and Gateshead Gas Co. but on the outbreak of war was mobilised from the General Reserve of Officers attached to the Durham Light Infantry and served in France unt,il March 1915.He was then recalled for civil employment under the Ministry of Munitions and was engaged as chief chemist in the rccovery of benzol toluoI etc. at the Elswick and Ftedheugh Gas Works and a t the St. Anthony’s Tar Works. He continued in his appointment as Chief Chemist to the Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Gateshead Gas Co. until his death. He contributed several valuable papers to the Society of Chemical Indixstry to the North of England Gas Managers’ Association and to the Gas Journal and was the author of Modern Gas- Works Chemistry and patentee of several inventions of importance in the gas industry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1921 and served for some time on the Committee of his Section.At his funeral at Lamesley Cemetery the Institute was represented by several membera of the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section of the Institute. 211 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Chemical The Making of a A Guide to Works Practice.” E. I. Lewis and George King. Pp. 288. (London Ernest Benn Ltd.) 12s. 6d. A Guide to Works Practice; Part I-A Chemical its Manufacture and Cost; Part 11-Power and Plant; Management ctc. “Chimie Physique Lesons de.” P. Maurice Vezes avec une Pr4face de G. Urbain. Pp. i-ix + 545. (Paris Libraire Vuibert 1927.) Atomes e t Molhcules ; Electrochimie ; Vitesse des Rhtions; Equilibres Chimiques.“Colloids.” H. R. Kruyt translated by €3. S. van Klooster. Yp. i-xi-1-262. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman gi Hall Ltd.). 17s. 6d. net. General Introduction Preliminary consideration of colloidal systems boundary phenomena capiilary electrical phenomena. Suspensoids Stability of suspensoids charge and stability constitution of the double layer kinetics of flocculation other optical properties of suspensoids properties of suspensoids from the kinetic point of view formation of suspensoicl sols historical outline of the development of the theory of suspensoids. Emulsoids General properties of emulsoids stability of emulsoids protein sols osmotic phenomena gels. Special Cases Special sols. ’‘ Fertilizers and Soil Improvers.” W.Gardner. Pp. 184. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 7s. 6d. net. Description application and comparative value of fertilisers etc. “Flame and Combustion in Gases.’’ William A. Bone and Donald T. A. Townend. Pp. i-xvi 3-548. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1927.) 32s. Historical Review (particularly 1660-1880) ; Initiation and Development of Flame and Detonation in Gaseous Explosions ; Gaseous Explosions in Closed Vessels ; The Mechanism of Gaseous Combustion ; Catalytic and Incandescent Surface Combustion ; Appendix Classified Experi- mental Data relating to Ignition Flame Propagation and Detonation. 212 “ Mines Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board.” Volume I (1923-1925). Reports and Papers relating to Research into Coal Dust Fire-damp and other Sources of Danger in Coal Mines.(London H.M. Stationery Office 1927.1 Reports Memoranda etc. prices varying from 2d. to Is. 3d. “ Organic Chemistry Theoretical.” Part 11. Francis Arnall and Francis W. Hodges. Pp. i-x + 329. (London J. and A. Churchill 1927.) 10s. 6d. An extension and amplification of Par(; I. “Pickering Spencer The Scientific Work of the late.” T. M. Lowry and Sir John Russell. Biographical Notice by A. Harden. Pp. i-x + 247. (London The Royal Society 1927.) 4s. Part I Chemistry and Physics; Part 11 Investigations of the Effect of External Conditions on the Growth of Fruit Trees with Appendix. “ Punjab A History of Chemistry in the.” H. B. Dunnicliff and R. K. Bahl. (Lahore U. C. Kapur & Sons.) “ Thermometric Conversion Chart.” Percy L.Marks. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son 1927.) 3s. 6d. Deals with the thcrmometric scales based upon the use of mercury as the material medium; Do L’Islc Fahrenheit Rbumur Centigrade arid with the Absolute Scale. 213 Chester. The Register. A t the meeting of Council held on aznd July 1gq,4 Associates were elected to t h e Fellowship 20 new Associates were elected and 7 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 4 Fellows and 3 Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bickerstaffe Robert A.M.C.T. 33 Abbotshall Road Kirkcaldy Fife. Evans Gerald Clifton Merlin Banbury Road Stratford-on-Avon. Hind Stanley Reginald B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 48 CoIclough Road Meir Stoke -on-Trent .Mather Wilfred A.M.C.T. 302 Auclenshaw Road Audenshaw Man- Nottingham. New Associates. Baird David BSc. (Glas.) 26 Princes Place Ardrossan Ayrshire. Berry Harry B.Sc. (Lond.) Central Technical College Suffolk Stmet Birmingham. Birks Stanley M.A. (Oxon) The Limes High View Avenue Grays Essex. Bowden Sydney Fbskruge B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Harlington Road Toddington Dimstable Beds. Burstall Francis Hereward M.Sc. (Birm.) 12 Adelaide Road Teddington Middlesex. Cashmore Joseph Alfred 4 Octavia Street Battersea London S.W.11. Court Michael Burnett B.Sc. (Glas.) c/o Bavis,.40 Glen Road Wishaw Lanarkshire. Domes Hector Ingram M.Sc. (Wales) 13 Nevis Road Balham London S.W.17. Duthie Douglas Watt M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 32 Braemar Place Aberdeen.Green George Colman B.Sc. (Birm.) 469 Belchers Lane Little Bromwich Birmingham. Gurney Edward William Moye BSc. (TJond.) 79 Dalmally Road Addis- comb Croydon Surrey. Hammerton Charles B.Sc. (Lond.) 71 Northgate Wakefield Yorks. Hood Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) 64 Maxwell Drive Glasgow S.l. Jones Brynmor B.Sc. (Wales) 15 Field's Road Newport Mon. Jowett Fred Haigh B.Sc. (Lond.) 32 Moorhead Terrace Shipley Yorks Laverty William 203 M7hitehaugh Avenue Paisley. Subrahmanyan Vaidyanatha B.A. (Madras) Lecturer in Bio-Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India. Taylor John Leslie l3.S~. (Wales) 22 Llanfair Road Cardiff. Thornton Harold Douglas A.R.C.Sc.I. Fernhurst Greystones co. Wicklow I.F.S. Towlson Bernard Ellis B.Sc.(Lond.) Abbey Road West Bridgford 214 New Students. Uarnes Reginald Joseph 20 Preston Avenue Highnms Park Chingford London E.4. Kenworthy Leslie New Buckenham Norwich Norfolk. Maxted Sydney Walter Merlewood Park View Road New Eltham London S.E.9. Morrell Harry Norman 8 Walter Street Abbey Hey Gorton Mmchester. Pocock Benjamin 13 Talbot Terrace Burley Leeds. Trower Geoffrey John 237 Plashet Grove East Ham London E.6. Turner Harold Chance Gedling Forest Ridge Keston Kent. DEATHS. Fellows. John Robinson Leebody M.A. D.Sc. James Mathew Potrie D.Sc. Henry Richardson Procter D.Sc. F.R.S. Geoffrey Weyman D.Sc. Associates. Madanlal Jekisanlas Gajjar M.A. Edward Neville Mottram M.Sc. Ph.D. Lauchlan Macquarie Stewart M.A. B.Sc. Change of Name.(Miss) Amy Gladys Coucher A.C.G.F.C. Associate-on her marriage-to Mrs. Hocking. 215 Entries close. Monday 14th November 1927. Monday 13th February 1928. Monday 16th July 1928 General Notices. Examinations in 1 928.-The arrangements for examina. tions during 1928 are as follows:- Dates of Exams. 2nd to 7th January. or 9th to 14th January. 16th to aIst April. or 23rd to 28th April. 17th to aznd September. or 24th to 29th September. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO IOS.) for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words on “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People” will be awarded in January 1928 and presented at the next annual general meeting or at a meeting of the local section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the local section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1927 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. The Committee of each local section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be the most worthy of the ayard. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and.ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the local sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. pating Institutions. 216 Meldota Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval military or air service. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January 1928) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1927 will be made in January 1928. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible.The attention of Associates elected prior to August 1924 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 217 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. 218 Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society.are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers f o r Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.z. to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s. gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Ldd ress.-In view of. the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possiblc. their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9275100193

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1927. Registrar atid Secretary. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON 1Y.C. 1. October 7927. Publications Commit tee 1927-28 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chaivman) ARTHUR SMITH ELLS (Presidetit) H. C. L. BLOXAM A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON W. M. CUMMING J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON I. M. HEILBRON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer) A. W. KNAPP A. G. G. LEONARD THOMAS MACARA B. G. McLELLAN FRANK SOUTHERDEN. R. THOMAS D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON. 221 Proceedings of the Council. AUGUST-OCTOBER 1927.Ju bike Celebration.-Notices of the arrangements so far determined for the Jubilee Celebration which will be held in London under the patronage of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales on Wednesday the 14th and Thursday the 15th December are being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. On Wednesday the 14th December 1927 at 8 p.m. a Conversazione will be held at the Wharncliffe Rooms Hotel Great Central Marylebone. Every member of the allied Chemical Societies and Institutions is cordially invited to attend the Conversazione and to bring a lady guest. Following a reception by the President and Council at 8 p.m. a programme of music will be provided and there will be dancing from 9.30 to 12. All who wish to attend are requested to return the card of acceptance issued for the purpose on or before Thursday the 1st December in order to facilitate the arrangements.Tickets will be sent in exchange and only ticket-holders can be admitted. On Thursday the 15th December from 10.30 a.m. until 12.30 p.m. at a Cinema in the West End of London films wiU be shown illustrating British Industries in which Chemistry is applied. Tickets will be obtainable by Fellows and Associates of the Institute and Members o€ the allied Chemical Societies and Institutions who indicate the number which they require on the card of acceptance. Also on Thursday the 15th December the Institute Jubilee Dinner to which a company of distinguished guests has been invited will be held at the Wharncliffe Rooms Hotel Great Central at 7 for 7.30 p.m.,-the President in the chair.The following Chemical Societies and Institutions have been invited to participate in the Jubilee Dinner which for this year w i l l take the place of the Annual Chemical Dinner:-The Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Public Analysts the Bio-chemical Society the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association the Society of Dyers and Colourists the International Club. 222 Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists (British Section) the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Chemical Industry Members of the above societies and institutions and Fellows and Associates of the Institute who wish to be present are requested to complete the form of application for tickets (10s.6d. each) and to return it to the Registrar with the appropriate remittance at their earliest convenience. The accommodation is limited to 520. On Wednesday the rqth and Thursday the 15th December at 30 Russell Square London W.C. I. the premises of the Institute will be open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. to Fellows and Associates of the Institute and to Members of the allied Chemical Societies and Institutions who are invited to make use of the headquarters of the Institute while in London and may have letters addressed there c/o The Registrar. Documents and portraits of historical interest particularly in connection with the foundation of the Institute will be exhibited in the Council Room. Streatfeitd Memorial Lecture.-Mr.0. F. Bloch has kindly consented to give the Tenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Royal Photographic Society 35 Russell Square London W.C.1 on Friday the 18th November at 8 p.m. Mr. Bloch will deal with “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry,” and the lecture will be illustrated by lantern slides (see page 248). Sir Edward Fran kland Medal.-Mr. Frank Bowcher has submitted his plaster study for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal which has been approved by the Council and also highly commended by Professor Percy Frankland. The particular attention of Registered Students is directed to the notice on p. 248 of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PRO- CEEDINGS regarding the award of the Frankland Medal and Prize. Public Appointments.-From correspondence received from public analysts and official agricultural analysts there still appears to be great reluctance on the part of local authorities to revise the conditions of appointments of these officials.Many are work- ing under the same terms as were attached to their positions in 1914 although the intrinsic values of their fees has greatly decreased and all the expenses of practice-assistants’ salaries clerical work apparatus materials and rent-are higher than they were prior to the war. With regard to the new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act it seems probable that the number of samples to be dealt with will increase. Under the existing Act comparatively very few samples have been taken but under the new Act manufacturers importers and dealers as well as farmers will be entitled to have samples examined at such fees as the local authorities may determine.The schedules to the new Act moreover require vendors of fertilisers and feeding stuffs to give particulars of their commodities in greater detail than is now demanded and more precise definitions of goods will need to be verified by the analyst whose microscopical and chemical work will be thereby con- siderably extended. Under the new Act too the certificates given by the analysts will be used for checking deliveries to farmers and will necessarily require a high degree of accuracy since they will often relate to transactions of considerable mapi- tude. Official agricultural analysts have been advised therefore to seek for a just and reasonable modification of the terms of their appointments .Pub1 ications.-Copies of the revised edition of The Pro- fession of Chemistry with an introduction by the President are being sent to all Fellows Associates and Registered Students together with the notices of the Jubilee Celebration. The new edition of the Register is now in preparation and members are asked to return the fonns issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in order that their entries may be checked and corrected where necessary. Salary Statistics.-With Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS a questionnaire relating to salaries and conditions of appointments was issued to the Fellows and Associates who were invited to forward returns on or before the 30th September.About 1000 returns have been received but it has been considered desirable to extend the time in order to obtain further replies. It is hoped that members holding whole-time appointments who have not yet replied will assist the investigation by sending in the forms on or before the 30th November. If any member has mislaid his form a fresh copy can be obtained on application to the Registrar. 224 Local Sections. Belfast and District- At the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on the zand October Dr. Gibson addressed the Section on “ The Profession of Chemistry,” giving his views on the economic outlook as affecting the future prospects of the profession. A report will be prepared for inclusion in the next Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section will be held in the University Chemical Department Bristol on Tuesday 15th November a t 7.30 pm. when Mr. R. L. Collett Assistant Secretary of the Institute will visit the Section and will address the members on professional matters. Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Physical Chemical Laboratories of the University of Cape Town on 26th August,-Professor J. Smeath Thomas Chairman of the Section presiding. The Chairman welcomed and introduced Dr. Ellwood Hendrick of Columbia University U.S.A. who addressed the meeting on “ Reminiscences of some chemists I have met” remarking that he proposed to give a few random uncorrelated observations on people and things.Before doing so he related some of his own history how in 1877 he went to Germany and studied the preparation of aniline dyes and in 1881 returned to America to put into practice the knowledge he had gained. In 1915 he retired from practice and took to writing on chemical matters in a “popular” strain which is exemplified by Every- man’s Chemistry and other books and in 1924 took up his work at Columbia University. He proceeded with anecdotes concerning chemists with whom he had been associated and except during the concluding part of his address where it took a serious turn gave a highly humorous lecture. Speaking of L. H Baekeland who had worried him into writing popular chemistry when he had already made up his mind to do that very thing he also told how Baekeland was the first to invent a photographic paper that could be developed like plates.When Velox paper was put on the market the professional photographers could not make anything of it because they did not trouble to read the directions; but the amateurs found it a great success. Baekeland also tried to make synthetic resin in which work he contended with many difficulties reporting to his wife every little step in his discoveries. To-day one could hardly do anything electrically without Bakelite. Speaking next of Dorr and his vexatious experiences in cyaniding Dr. Hendrick toId how he lost not only his own money but also what the banks had lent him when his slime pits collapsed after an abnormal downpour of rain. Even after that set-back he in- vented the Dorr thickener and the Dorr classifier.To-day there were Dorr installations all over the world,-not only in the United States but even in Berlin and Johannesburg. Dr. Hendrick also spoke of Theodore W. Richards the only American who had received the Nobel Prize. He was one of those precocious boys who was ready for the university earlier than most people. He revelled in matters which others considered abstruse. He took up the study of atomic weights where Stas left off. People often asked why chemists studied such un- interesting things as atomic weights they simply had to do it although they did not always comprehend what they were doing. They correlated facts and brought them together until perhaps some vision dawned on the master mind and then light broke through on what was previously obscure and what had been confused became dear.Richards followed up his lines of reasoning and afterwards discovered the isotopes of lead a piece of work which marked a distinct step forward. Speaking of Irving Langmuir who seemed to have come into being as an afterthought-long after the rest of his family-he said that as a boy of 12 he came under the care of a brother who was ten years older and had already graduated in chemistry. He asked his brother,-“ Arthur what is this calculus that everyone is talking about ? ” “ Oh,” said Arthur “ it’s mathematics.” “Yes but what sort of mathematics is i t ? ” His brother could not afford him any further enlightenment. (“We older chemists,” interposed Dr.Hendrick “ don’t know anything about mathe- matics.”) But young Irving Langmuir was not satisfied. He managed to procure a book on the calculus and subsequently came back to Arthur in high enthusiasm. “You know Arthur,” he said “this calculus is quite simple and it is great.’’ Next Dr. Hendrick told of a student who was SO excited about a theory of atomic structures which he had worked out that he rang up his brother in the dead of night and stood with the cold wind blowing through his night clothes while he told him about it. 226 Next followed anecdotes of Jacques Loeb who was the first to bring about artificial parthenogenesis in unfertilised eggs of sea-urchins after treating them with isotonic salt solution. (Loeb was more of a biologist than a chemist.) After reading a paper at a meeting of a scientific society he said “ I’ll have no discussion after this paper you may just take it or leave it.,’ There were tales about chemical warfare during the Great War and then Dr.Hendrick spoke about “the way we teach chemical engineering at Columbia.” The students were grouped in squads of three and a definite piece of work was allotted to each squad. “GO and make carbon tetrachloride,” one squad was told. ‘ I How are we to make it? ” they asked. “ Poof ! you want to be chemical engineers and come and ask me how to make carbon tetrachloride? Go and find out!” So they hunted all the literature they could possibly find on the subject put out the apparatus-for the necessary appliances were all available- and finally submitted the product.The product was examined and approved and then they were told to make 200 lb. of it which after some puzzling was also forthcoming. Then another squad was asked-“Would it be worth while to make the article on a commercial scale in this country? ” Once more they set out to investigate and eventually returned a valuable thesis on an important study in the particular phase of chemical engineering. At the conclusion of his address Dr. Hendrick asked “ What position is the man of science taking up in the world to-day?” and continued-We are living in a more critical time than that of the Renaissance or the Reformation. A few mistakes of thought made just at this critical juncture may lead to the whole system of civilization breaking down.It would be no new thing civilisation had broken down before and that may happen again. What are we contributing to the stability of our civilisation? In the United States ideals have broken down since the war in a way that was most disconcerting. What were they doing to raise or maintain their ideals or to get scientific concepts of truth established? People needed to get into the habit of thinking scientifically realising that truth is attained only by a correlation of facts. They needed courage understanding high ideals wisdom and withal infinite patience. Prof. Smeath Thomas in proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Hendrick said that all present owed him a sincere debt for his fund of anecdote and illumination of the lives of men of science 227 who were world figures.Prof. Newbery in seconding said that he had thoroughly enjoyed the address and was especially glad to hear Dr. Hendrick’s closing remarks. As scientific men he said they had a message to the world which had to be demonstrated by their intense love of truth a love without which they could not be real scientists. Edinburgh and East Scotland.-The programme of meetings for the new session has been issued. Any member or registered student residing in the area who has not received a copy should apply to the HonSecretary of the Section. The ordinary meetings will as in previous years be held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Addresses will be given on Thursday 17th November by Prof R.M. Caven and on Tuesday 6th December by Prof. Sir James Walker. Joint meetings with other Scottish Sections have been arranged for Wednesday 7th December in Glasgow and for the z5th-26th May at St. Andrews The latter meeting will be addressed by Principal Sir James Irvine. London and South-Eastern Counties.-Sir Robert Robertson presided at a meeting of the Section held at the Institute on Wednesday the 19th October when Mr. S. M. Gluckstein a director of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. gave an interesting and valuable talk on “ Chemists and Dividends.” Mr. Gluckstein dealt with the development of the laboratory of his company which now accommodates a staff of 72 showing how the services of chemists were appreciated by the directors and giving a frank expression of his views based on the experi- ence gained during the past eight years.(The paper will be published separately and issued to Fellows Associates and Registered Students.) In the discussion which followed Sir Robert Robertson Mr. E. R. Bolton Mr. €3. F. Howard Miss K. Michaelis and Mr. A. L. Aspland participated. The proceedings terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Gluckstein. Manchester and District.-Mr. L. G. Radcliffe has been elected Chairman of the Section in the place of Dr. Herbert Levinstein who has retired and has been elected Vice-chairman of the Section. 228 Notes. Management Research Groups.-The attention of the Institute has been directed to a movement lately promoted by a number of leaders in various industries the aim being to bring together manufacturers and business men f w the exchange of information and experience in order that more efficient results may be obtained in the interest of both producers and consumers by applying the most recent developments in the technique of management.Management Research Groups were first started in Great Britain in 1926 by one or two industrial leaders who thought that in seeking a means of co-operating with their fellow industrialists in the study of such methods a form of organisation was needed which would allow of an exchange of ideas on their common problems. Their attention was directed to the Manufacturers’ Research Association of Massachusetts a voluntary organisation which had been working with increasing success for some six years.This suggested a method of co-operation which modified to suit local requirements and conditions might answer their purpose and appeal to British people. They accordingly sug- gested the idea to some of their business friends and at the end of 1926 three Groups were formed which have operated success- fully through the first half of 1927 while other Groups are now in the process of formation. Groups are not concerned so much with technical production problems as with the business problems which are more or less common to the majority of enterprises-organisation finance and lay-out of plant the disposition and planning of work advertising purchasing marketing distributing and so on.The object of a Group is therefore to assist specialists where they exist to keep in close touch with their subject by mutual exchange of information. The problems of each firm are thus subjected to the analysis and suggestions not of one trained mind but of several. The number of firms to be included in any one Group may vary according to the wishes of the members. Ten to fifteen 229 members have been found to be a convenient number in order to allow for the active participation in the work of the Group of alI members. While competing firms may be in the same Group in order to obtain perfect frankness it has been found best for Groups to consist of firms not directly in competition with each other.Variety in the character of the business similarity in size and localisation within a radius of say IOO miles are desirable considerations in the formation of a Group. The preliminary steps have usually included the calling of a meeting by three or four interested firms who invite a further number of firms to meet them in a discussion involving no obligation on the part of any of those attending. If a decision is then taken to form a Group the membership is completed by those present or with the addition of others who may sub- sequently be invited to join. Preliminary arrangements are made as to the organisation and financing of the Group (which is usually very simple and may consist of the appointment of a small executive to conduct the affairs of the Group) and as to the initial steps to be taken.So far the working of the Groups has followed two different lines in one case the constituent firms have met in London to discuss various problems; in others there have been visits to the works of members with short meetings to discuss points of interest raised during the tour of the works visited followed by afternoon sessions for the discussion of definite problems. Further steps may include the appointment of sub-committees of purchasing managers sales managers or chief chemists; or they may be appointed to consider any specific subject such as Pension Schemes etc. Further information about the movement may be obtained from the Honorary Secretary Major L. Urwick O.B,E. 23 Bloomsbury Square London W.C.I. London Programme Card.-A card which gives the dates of all ordinary meetings of chemical interest to be held in London during the session 1927-1928 will shortly be issued as heretofore. Times and places of meetings with topics for discussion will be notified in Chemistry and hdztstry from time to time. 230 Sep t em ber-0cto bet- Examinations 1927. For the Fellowship- A t the Victoria University Manchester Branch (D) Bio-Chemistry with special reference to the hormones; Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- For the Associateship- No. examined. No. passed. At the Institute General Chemistry 19th-24th September .. * l G 1 19th-23rd September . . f . A t the Institute Branch (E) The Chem- istry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water; 26th September to 1st October . . A t the Institute Branch ( c f ) Industrial Chemistry with special rtf * erence to Petroleum Technology; 26th to 30th ,. September At the Institute Chemical Technology September of Textiles; 19th to 23rd September A t the Institute Special Oral Examina- tion in General Chemistry; 21st . . * . 5 1 8 1 * Three candidates failed only in the translation of German technical literature. One candidate passed the examination in the translation of German technical literature thereby completing his examination.- 12 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the theoretical papers were with a few exceptions very poor. Many candidates appear to have read the papers very carelessly and frequently gave good answers to questions that had not been asked. Thus a detailed account of the isolation of argon is not an answer to a question on the part played by the inert gases in 3 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 28 231 the development of chemical theory. The time allowed-three hours for four questions-should be sufficient to prevent a hurried start. In the practical examination the qualitative exercise appeared to present some difficulty only a few candidates being certain of the presence of a fluosilicate.In the quantitative work the majority of the candidates appeared to be estimating bismuth for the first time and only a few obtained reasonably accurate determinations of the bismuth although the separation from sodium offered no difficulties. As regards the sodium deter- mination few Candidates rcalised the necessity of proving that neutral sodium sulphate was actually weighed. Most of the results were high probably owing to the presence of sodium pyrosulphate. The determinations of available oxygen were very erratic. ORGANIC CHEMIsTRY.-only a few of the candidates answered successfully the question involving a simple arithmetical cal- culation. The most favoured question was the one relating to organic substances of therapeutic interest.Eleven candidates out of fifteen attempted this question and eight of them gave good answers. The practical exercises were on the whole successfully carried out the quantitative determinations being more accurate than on former occasions. The German transla.tion was not good. It was evident that few candidates were able to translate German technical literature even with the aid of dictionaries. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. In the examination in Branch E-the Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water-the written and practical work with few exceptions was below the average the only redeeming feature being that the microscopic work was on the whole good. Few of the candidates attempted any estimation of the arsenic in the sample of beer or made a qualita- tive examination of the ingredients of the medicine.Several failed to identify the pure substance mainly owing to the fact that they lacked system and relied on haphazard tests. The work on Therapeutics and Pharmacology was on the whole well done. 232 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associatmhip. Macadam George Herbert B.A. (Cantab.) Cambridge University. Osborn Harry William Edward Sir John C w Technical Institute London ; and Northern Polytechnic London. Smirks William Nelson BSc. (Lond.) Birmingham Central Technical College. Smith Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) trained under G. E. Johnson B.Sc. F.I.C. a t Hull Municipal Technical College. Wilson Herbert Newton trained under the Chief Chemiat Messrs.Sacller & Co. Middlesbrough; and under the Head of the Chemistry Depart- ment Darlington Technical College. Examina$ion for the Fellowship. In Branch D Biochemistry with special reference to the Hormones FulIer Albert Thomas Ph.D. (Lond.). In Braitch E The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water Jones Henry Humphreys. Trace Leslie Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Turner Charles Frederick. In Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum Technology *Kelly Charles Ignatiug M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Chemical Technology of Textiles Jackson Stanley Ridingg B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Special Examination in General Chemistry Beaumont Glynne Wentworth. * To be elected on completion of three years’ registration as an Associate.The following papers and exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 19th SEPTEBIBER 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. What are the usual impurities in commercial bromine? Describe how you would prepare pure bromine from the commercial product. Give two methods for preparing a concentrated aqueous solution of hydrobromic acid. 2. Give the method of preparation propertiee and characteristic reactions of THREE of the following:- Magnesium sulphide sodium hyponitrite silver peroxide phos- phonium iodide tungsten trioxide osmium tetroxide. 3. What developments in inorganic and physical chemistry are associated with the names of any two of the following:- Deville Horstmann and Raoult.chemical theory. of 233 4. Describe Werner’s co-ordination theory. State the fundamental hypothesis and show how it supplements ordinary theory. Give TWO examples of new experimental work suggested by the theory and con- firmed experimentally. 5. Write a short essay on one of the following:- (a) The interpretahion of absorption spectra; (b) The part played by the inert gases in the development of 6. Describe the methods proposed for the quantitative determination mixture of the halogens (CI Br I) as alkaline salts. Criticise and discuss them methods from the point of view of accuracy and time required. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. How would you prepare normal ammonium molybdato (NH,),MoO ? Is this identical with the ordinary ammonium molybdate of commerce used as a reagent? Cescribe experiments you wouId carry out to determine the exact formula of your product.2. Give an account of the sources method of separation on the industrial scale characteristic reactions and applications of the pIa tin- group of metals. 3. Dry ammonia gas is passed over- (a;) Silver chloride; (b) Sfannic chloride; (c) Heated sodium; (d) Heated magnesium. Sfate the product in each case mentioning typical reactions and appli- cations. 4. Describe from the experimental point of view the prepamtion and properties of colloidal solutions of metals. Outline any practical applications these may have. 5.Give an account of the experimental methods used to determine the velocity of a homogeneous gas reaction. Show the influence exerted by the study of such reactions on the progress of chemical theory TUESDAY 20th SEPTEMBER 1927. 10 a.m. to I p.m. (FIVE questions only to be a&mp&.) I. Describe TERJCE general methods for the prepamtion of olefines and indicate TKR~EE characteristic reactions of these hydrocarbons. One hundred C.C. of a gaseous olehe are contained in a porous vessel mr- rounded by air and standing over mercury. When the volume of oon- hed gas has become constant it is found to measure 140 C.C. under atmospheric pressure. What is the molecular formula of the olefine? (Density of air 14.39). 2. What is implied by the term “cia- and trans-isomerism’’ in relation to carbon compounds? Give THREE examples of bhia type of isomerism and outhe methods for preparing any TWO of these isomerides.3. Starting from the hydrocarbon naphthalene demribe the preparation of the following derivatives (a) a-naphthol. (b) p-naphthylamine. (c) Phthalimide. (d) 1 - 6 0 - &mphthOl. 234 4. Describe the synthesis of tl-glucose. How is this akdose converted into (a) an isomeric kotose ( b ) an ddose containing one additional carbon atom? 5. How h a w pipendine and pyridine been synthesis4 from open Contrast the behaviour of them two aminea in regard to (a) benzoyl 6 . Describe the preparation of TIEREE of the following thempeutic In the afternoon the candidates were given passages for trmdation chain organic compounds ? chloride (b) methyl iodide (c) nitrous acid.substances (a) antipyrin (b) aspirin (c) phenacetin (d) veronal. from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 21st SEPTEMBER 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Solution A contains the Alkali salts of two organic acids. Identify these acids. (Sodium succinate and sulphanilate; or potassium oxalate and metmilate.) (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Estimate the amount of one of the acids dissolved in solution A expressing the result in grams of anhydrous acid per litre. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY 22nd SEPTEMBER 1947. 10 a.m. to 4.3G p.m. 1. CompIete tho quantitative exercise commenced yesterday. 2. Report on the chemical nature of the constituents of liquid B containing two organic subatances (methyl ethyl ketone and benzamide; or acetone and benzanilide).FRIDAY and SATURDAY 23rd and 24th SEPTEMBER 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of substanco C (potassium and zinc silicofluorides) . (This exercise must be m p l e t e d on F'ridcty.) 2. Make an analysis as complete as time will permit of sample D (sodium bismuthate). Examination for the Fellowship. Branch O.-Biological Chemistry with Special Reference to the Hormones. MONDAY 19th SEPTEMBER 1927 I0 a.m. to I p.m. (Only FOUR questions to he answered.) I . Give a brief description of the principal methods that have been used for the preparation and purification of insulin with reasons for the vtbrious steps in each process.What are the chemical properties of insulin and what is known about its composition ? 2. Describe the method of isolation of thyroxin from the thyroid gland and summarise the evidence by which its structure has been deter mined. 235 3. What is the evidence upon which the view is based that extracts of certain ductless glands influence the total metabolism of animals ? 4. What active principles are believed to be present in the pituitary gland and what is the present s t a b of our knowledge concerning them? 6. Discuss the relation between chemical structure and physiological action in substances related to adrenaline. 2 to 5 pm. 1. Describe the methods that have been used to characteriso proteins which are closely related.Give A classification of the proteins. mentioning briefly the principal features of each group. 2. Give an account of the colonring matters of flowers and green leaves. 3. Describe experimental evidence which illustrates the special value of haemoglobin as a respiratory pigment. 4. Describe the mode of oxidation of amino acids in the body and the experimental evidence on which it is based. 5. What do you understand by &he name “oxydo-reductasc” as applied to &n enzyme ? Give examples of such enzymes and tho reactions with which they &re concerned in the body. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY 20th and 21.d SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the pH-activity curve for the sample of urease supplied.2 . Determine the amount of “amino nitrogon” in the peptone A and express it as a percentage of the total nitrogen. THURSDAY 22nd SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 33 is a mixture of two amino acids. Sepmate and identify them and prepare a derivative of each. 2 Identify the substance C of biological importance. FRIDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 5 pm. 1. Determine the amount of reducing sugar in the blood supplied. Demonstrate experimentally conditions which cause tho amount to diminish and methods for limiting this change. 1. . Branch €.-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and oi’ Water. MONDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. lo 1 p,m. 1. Discuss the bearing of hydrogen ion concentration on volumetric analysis.2. Mention some of the more commonly occurring glucosides and sclponins and state their principal properties. 3. What chemical substances are used to promote the “strength” of flour. Discuss the advisability of the use of such materials. Fuse1 Oil. 4. What legal limits or restrictions govern the sale of the following articlw :- 236 2 to 45 p.m. 1. How is Methyl Alcohol produced commercially? How can itpl presence in Ethyl Alcohol be detected and estimated 4 2. What are the functions of the following Enzymes:-DU Malfslse and hvertaset State their principal murcea and analytical uses. 3. Explain the following terms in connection with alcoholic liquids:- Proof Spirit Obscuration Spirit Indication Original Gravity Denaturing A m r in a qmmte notebook.4. State the constitution of the following synthetic drugs and describe the methods used for their preparation Antipyrin phenacetin veronel. Discuss their therapeutic employment. 5. Enumerate the official preparations of Digitalis Nux Vomica Aconite and Belladonna leaves giving the medicinal dose in each case. Describe the methods which may be used in making a biological assay of digitalis leaves. 6. Discuss the various circumstances in which chronic lead poisoning occurs describing the symptoms as fully as possible. State how the metal may be estimated when present in the urine of a patient. (a) Potable Spirita (b) DriedMilkk; ( 0 ) RagFlook. (d) cocaine. 5. Outline briefly a bacteriological method for the standardisation of disinfectants.6. What are the characteristic differences between upland surface water shallow well water and deep well water? Discuss the significance of the presence of nitrates and ohlorides in each. TUESDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 6 pm. D e t e h e the original gravity and the quantities of alcohol and salt in the specimen of beer. Examine it generally and state whether it con- forms with the provisions of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acte. WEDNESDAY 28th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Analyse the medicine and ascertain if it has been correctly dispensed according to the following prewription :- Potass. Iodidi 3G. M e p e s . Sulph. 3iv. Tinct. Aurant 3ii. Aq. Chlorof. ad 3vg. Report upon the sample on the official form supplied 237 THURSDA Y 29th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the pure substance A. (Eucaine lactate; or Dial.; or Diamorphine hydrochloride. ) 2. Examine the beverage I3 for preservatives and determine the amount of any found present. (Benzoic acid or formaldehyde.) FRIDAY 30th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the specimens C D E F G and H microscopically. Make rough drawings and name any characteristic structuras. Identify the specimens if possible. SATURDAY 1st OCTOBER 1927 10 a m . to 1 p.m. 1. The samples A B and C are defibrinated bloods from three different spocies of animal. Assuming that the red corpuscles in A have an average diameter of 113200 inch obtain without the use of a micrometer rough estimates of the corpuscular size in the other samples.Draw any conclusions you can from your observations. 2. Estimate the iodoform in the ointment D. 3. Identify the fibres present in the sample E. Branch G.-Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum Technology. MONDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Six questiona mty to be Qttenapted.) 1. Give an account of current views on the subject of “detonation” or ‘cpinking.” How is this phenomenon rendered susceptible to measure- ment ? Describe a suitable apparatus wherewith to determine the relative “pinking” values of two given motor spirits. 2. Define the term “aniline point” and describe clearly how you would determine this constant for 8 particular gasoline What inference can you draw from the aniline poht of- (a) a straight run spirit (b) a cracked spirit? 3.Describe one commercial method of cracking. Give the antici- pated yield of gasoline from an average gas oil and state how the motor apiriit produced differs from straight run material. 4. You are given a straight run naphtha end point 265*C. and sulphur content 0.3 per cent. Describe how you would produce merchant- able gasoline and kerosene from this oil. 5. What is meant by the term “oiliness”? Describe any apparatus that might be used to give a measure of this property. How would you confer additional “oiliness” on A straight minerd oil? 6. Outline the chief methods of removing sulphur from gasoline. 7. Describe the Edelneau process illustrating your answer with diagrams.For what purpose was this process originally intended? 8. What improvements in petroleum technology are to be attributed to Frasch Burton Grey Gurwitsch Engler Redwood Steinschneider and Abel? 238 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What considerations would guide you in regard to choice of fuel and materials srrtmgement and construction of plant generating heat for each of the following purposes ( 0 ) the evaporation of water for steam raising (b) the low temperature carbonisation of coal (c) the production of foundry coke ( d ) the smelting of a metal of high melting point 0 2. What are the functions of an “monomiser” and a “superheater” in oonnection with a steam boiler? What are the circumstances which would make it desirable or otherwise to introduce either or both into a given installa tion ? 3.Discuss the methods which are available for the separation of a liquid from a suspended solid giving a general account of the plant needed for each method and stating the conditions which would render any one method preferable for urn in a particular case. 4. For what purposes may steam be needed in a chemical works? What bearing has the demand for steam for any of these purposes on the question of the desirability of using a steam engine or an internal com- bustion engine as the source of the power needed in the works ? 5. It is necessa.ry to raise liquid continuously to the top of a tower. What means can be used to do this and what baring will the nature of the liquid have on the particular form of plant that you would employ? TUESDAY 27th SEPTEMBER to FRIDAY 30th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m.to 5 pm. each day. 1. Make a commercial assay of the given crude oil A. 2. Sample 13 is a crude oil derived from a retortable material. Examine its main fractions and report on their hehavioiir to the usual refining agents. Draw up a refining scheme €or handling this oil with special reference to tho production of Diesel fuel. 3. Determine the aniline point of the fraction of sample A that boils up to 200” C. 4. Examine the phenolic bodies present in the fraction of oil B boiling between 200 and 250’ C. Leave a samplo of these substancea for inspection. 5. Determine the sulphur-content of- (a) The fraction of sample A boiling up to 200” C. ( 6 ) The fraction of sample €3 boiling between 200 and 250’ C.The Chemical Technology of Textiles with special reference to Cotton Bleaching Dyeing and Finishing. MONDAY 19th SEPTEMZ3ER 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. NOTES.- Whenever pOSSibk definite chemical changes should be ir;4?kated by equations. The FIVE questions may be attempted. 1. What is known concerning the chemical nature of cellulose? Illustrate your answer by reference to the behaviour of cotton towards the following reagents ( a ) nitric acid ( b ) acetic anhydride (c) sodium hydroxide (d) fuming hydrochloric acid. 239 2. What chemical substances are available commercially for the bleaching of cotton? Describe the chemical ntlture of these substances and explain their mode of interaction during the process of bleaching.Compare the suitability of these bleaching agents in regard to different commercial qualities of cotton goods. 3. Indicate the chemical principles underlying the production of colours of the Naphthol AS. type. What is tho chemical nature of the intermediates employed and of the colours developed in this dyeing process ? 4. Describe the several principal conditions concerning the structure of cotton fabrics that tend to the production of tho best degree of lustre by mercerising under tension. How does acetyl cellulose behave under the influence of mercerising under tension? Offer an explanation of the physical causes of lustre on cotton mercerised under tension. 6 . What are the objectives aimed a t in the sizing of cotton yarn- as conveyed by the terms light sizing medium sizing and heavy sizing? Discuss the methods of preventing the formation of mildew 011 sized cotton goods from the point of view of the proper selection of sizing materials and tho use of antiseptics.Mention the merits or demerits of the several antiseptic agents that aro used in the sizing of cotton goods. 2 to 5 p.m. NOTES.-. Whenever possible defmite chemical changes should be indicated by equations. The FIVE questions may be attempted. 1. Indicate the chemical constitutions of any TWO modern vat dyes and describe the application of these colours in the dyeing of cotton. Why are these colours less suitable for the dyeing of wool and natural silk and how has this disadvantage been overcome? 2. Contrast the processes for producing alizarin red on cotton and on wool.How would you identify the following red dyeings on the cotton fibre (a) alizarin red (b) primulino red ( c ) paranitroaniline red? 3. Discuss the recommendations and the objections respectively that you would assign to the use of the indigosols and of tho soledon colours for the dyeing of cotton wool and silk. 4. Discuss fully the general principles underlying the dyeing of acetyl-cellulose. Describe a method of producing a full shade of black on this fibre. 5. Name several methods and at least four of producing on cotton by dyeing a shade of green approaching that of brilliant green on tannin- antimony mordanted cotton stating tho colouring matters you would employ for the purpose.Discuss the special recommendations of each method chosen respectively with regard to the special properties of fwt- ness to (1) rubbing ( 2 ) light (3) washing. 1. T UESDA Y 20th SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the materials A and B which are commercial samples of substances ernployod in the technology of textiles. (This exercise intist beJinished to-day.) 2. Determine the degree of purity of either A or B. be ~ ~ ~ ~ l e t e d t o - ~ ~ r r ~ z o . ) (TI& eXWCi8e WEIDNESDA Y 2 1st SEPl’EMB&?R 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete ezercise 2 from ye&e.rday. Identify the mode of dyeing employed in producing the shades on dyed specimens C to J. Assign tho colouring matter employed to its appropriate class. Report on the fastness to washing of these eight dyed patterns.THURSDAY 22nd SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the samples of dyestuffs K L My N and 0. Refer theae dyestuffs to their class and prepare dyed patterns showing their suitability aa colouring matters for cotton and wool. fabrics. PRIDA 51 23rd SEPTEMBER 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify a ~ i d state your opinion of the composition of the com- 1)oiuitl “ 1’” reprosentirig a product in general use for the finishing of cotton 2. Exttrnirie tho two p&terrs “Q” and “R” and state how the finishod effect shown by each has been produced. 241 0 bi tux y . Information has only lately been received regarding the death of RIUHARD BURTLES which occurred on the 3rd July 1926 as the result of a bicycle accident.He was the son of the lato Alderman Richard Burtles of Manchester and was educated at Monchester Grammar School and a t the blanchester College of ‘I’echnology graduated as B.Sc.Tech. with first class honours in 1921 and was awarded the M.Sc.Tech. in December 1922. He gained a Manchester Education Committee Research Scholarship and later received a maintenanct grant from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and continued working being with Prof. Pyman from 1921 the results contributed to the ‘I‘mi~suctiort,c~ oj the Chemical Society. In January 1925 ho obtained a position as chemist with the Goodrich Rubber Company at Leyland. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. ARCHKBALD LXVERSIDGE clied a t Kingston-on-Thanies on the 26th September in his 80th year.From 1866 to 1870 he studieci science at the Royal College of Chemistry and the Royal School of Mines London where he gained a Royal Exhibition and medals in chemistry metallurgy and mineralogy and was awarded the diploma of A.R.S.M. in Mining and Metallurgy. In 1867 he was temporary instructor in chemistry at the Royal School of Naval Architecture and at the conclusion of his courae having spent some time in Frankland’s private laboratory proceeded to Christ’s College Cambridge whore for two terms he acted as demon- strator in the University Laboratory in due course obtaining the degree of Master of Arts. Towards the end of 1872 however he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney where he continued until his retirement mth the title of Emeritus Professor in December 1907.He was a member of the first Board of Technical Education in Sydney a Trustee of the Australian Museum (1876-1908) Honorary Secretary of the Hoyrrl Socioty of New South Wales from 1875-89 and thrice its Prosiclent (1886 1890 1901) a Commissioner for many Exhibitions Philadelphia 1876; Paris 1878; Sydney 1879 1889; Melbourne 1880 1888; Calcutta 1883; Amsterdam 1883; Indian and Colonial (London) 1886; and Chicago 1893. In 1883 he was elected Dean of the Faculty of Scienco in the University of Sydney and in 1890 he promoted the School of Mines in the University. He was the originator of the Australian Associotion for the Advancement of Science of which he was for many years Honorary Secretary from 1886 onwards and President in 1897.He also initiated the Sydney Section of the Society of Chemical Industry of which he was the first Chairman from 1903-05. He wlts the author of a book The Minerals of New South Wales published in 1888 and of many p!upers contributed to the Royal Society the Chemical Society the Koyal Sooioty of Now South Wales and other institutions. He was elected E’.R.S. in 1882 and also received tho degree of LL.D. in the University o f Glasgow. He was a Vice-l’reuidont of the Chemical Society (1910-13) and of the Society of Chemical hdustry (1909-12). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878 and after his return from Australia in 1908 served on a Committee concerned with the interests of members abroad until the appointment of Honorary Corresponding Swretaries.of Chlorates published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society (1900- 242 REGINALD CHARLES PAKES died at 56 Rannock Road London I$T. on 4th October in his 23rd year. Educated at Latymer Upper School and Chelsea Polytechnic he graduated &s BSc. with honours in chemistry and since 1923 had been a member of the laboratory staff of J. Lyons & Co. La. at Cadby Hall Kensington. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. WILLIAM HORACE SODEAU died a t Guy’s Hospital on 5th October in his 63rd year. He entered King’s College London in I890 rand con- tinued there as a Demonstrator in chemistry from 1894 until 1807 when he went to work at the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory at the Royal Institution.He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1895 graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry and physics and subsequently proceeded to the doctorate. In 1898 he was appointed first assistant to Prof. Kinch at the Royal Agricultural College Cirencester and later held a teaching appointment u t Cardiff before he was appoint.ed in 1900 chemist to H. M. Explosives Cornmiittee. From 1902 to 1906 he was engaged in experimental work and research with Sir W. G. Armstrong Whitworth & Co. Ltd. and the Whitehead Torpedo Co. Ltd. His name was associated with numerous patents including a series relating to torpedo propukion and he was the author of several original contributions notably of five papers on the Decomposition 1902) and another on the same subject published in the Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society (1903).For a considerable period he was stationed a t Fiume where during the war he was detained as a civil prisoner. After the armistice he was released and continued to work for the same principals a t Weymouth until 1921 and a t St. Tropez in France until 1926 when he returned to England and was appointed Scientific Investigator to the Dental Investigation Committee of tho Department of Scientific and Industrial Research which position he retained a t the time of his death. In this position he was associated with Prof. C. S. Gibson and worked in the Chemical Department of Guy’s Hospital Medical School where in a short time ho was successful in devising methods for showing the distortion and expansion of pIaster of Parig casts.H e wa5 a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and a Member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899. A t the commemoration service at the Catholic Apostolic Church Gordon Square London tho Institute was represented by the Registrar. 243 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “ Bacteriological Equivalents Dictionary of .” W. Partridge. Pp. xi + 141. (London Baillisre Tindall & Co.) 10s. 6d. French-English ; German-English ; Italian-English ; Spanish-English.“Cereal Chemistry Modern.” D. W. Kent- Jones. Revised and enlarged edition. Pp. vii + 446. (Liverpool The Northern Publishing Co. Ltd.) Composition of wheat flour and classes of wheat; nutritive value of bread; cereals other than wheat; colloidal chemistry; hydrogen ion con- centrationj strength and the colloidal chemistry of flour; the chemistry of the baking process; composition of mill products; bleaching and flour improvers; conditioning and the effect of heat on w h a t and flour; rnoisturo in wheat and flour; analysis of flour etc. ‘‘ Organic Chemistry Recent Advances in.” A. W. Stewart. 5th edition. z Vols. Vol. I. pp. xiv + 387; Vol. TI. xiv + 382. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.) ;GI IS. each volume.Volume I Some main currents in organic chemistry; sundry modern reagents ; addition reactions; aliphatic diazene compounds; ketens ; polyketides ; terpenes ; alkaloids ; purine group ; polypeptides ; trivalent carbon ; unsaturation; orienting influences in the benzene system. Volume 11. Carbohydrate constitutions ; sesquiterpenes; rubber; recent work on alkaloids ; anthocyanins; chlorophyll; depsidw ; theories of natural syntheses of vital products ; organo-alkali compounds ; cases of abnormal vrtlency ; structural formulae and their failings ; applications of electronics to organic chemistry; unsolved problems. “Plough Court.” The Story of a notable Pharmacy. Ernest C. Cripps. Pp. xviii + 227. (London Allen & Hanburys Ltd.) A volume describing the origin and progress of the firm of Allen & Hanbury issued to commemorate the Bicentenary of the Company.244 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zIst October 1927 5 new Fellows were elected 15 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 72 new Associates were elected and 26 students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows and z Associates by death. New Fellows. Beaumont Glynne Wentworth c/o Messrs. Huson QE Hardwick Harbour- masters’ Old House Liverpool. Deerr Noel Fielding F.C.G.I. Sutherland House Cawnpore India. Hastie Stuart Henderson O.B.E. B.Sc. (Edin.) The Grove Colquhoun Drive Bearsden Dun barton shire. Taylor Harold Burfield D.Sc. (Sydney) Department of Public Health Macquarie Street Sydney N.S.W.Turner Charles Frederick 1 Minehead Road Aigburth Liverpool. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bishop Robert Odell M.B.E. A.C.G.I. Department of Agriculture Kucbla Lumpur F.M.8. Chick Oliver 31 Auckltbnd R c d Ilford Essex. Cowen Lawrence Gordon A.C.G.F.C. D.I.C. c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co. Ltd. Abadun Persian Gulf. Fletcher Louis 56 Lochrin Buildings Edinburgh. FulIer Albert Thomas Ph.D. (Lond.) 54 Trent Road London S.W.2. George Ernest B.A. D.Sc (S.A.) 260 Oxford Street East London S. Africa. Griffin Kenneth Massy M.Sc. (N.Z.) Dominion Laboratory (Auckland Branch) Gleeson’s Buildings High Street Auckland N.Z. Grigg Yelix John Theodore M.Sc. (N.Z.) Government Analyst Govern- ment Buildings Christchurch New Zealand. Jackson Stanley Ridings B.Sc.Tech.(Manc.) 16 Longsight Road Holcoxnbe Brook Ramsbottom Manchester. Jones. Henry Humphrcys 13 Borkley Street Livorpool. Scutly Gerald Crwgh h1.A. (Cape) Cape Explosives I’orks P.O. Dyna- Trace Leslie Herbert, B.Sc. (Loncl.) Westwood Forty Lane Wernbley T’allance Hleece Henry M.Sc. (Birm.) 11 Ashfield Rod King’s Heath Watson Herbert Edmeston D.Sc. (Loiid.) M.I.Chem.E. Indian Institute Williams Percy Noel MSc. (Liv.) Hemingfield Old Chester Road mite Factory Somerset \Vest C.P. S. Africa. Park Middx. Birmingham. of Science Bangalore India. Bebington nr Birkenhead. New Associates. Alexander James Ranald M.A. B.Sc. (St. Andrews) Willoughby House Crieff Perthshire. Amos Arthur James BSr. (Lond.) 201 Folliestone Rod Dover Kent.Angus William Rogie M.A. BSc. (Abed.) 11 Chuthtn Place Aberdeen. Barlow Charles Gerald l3.A. (Cantab.) 20 Vale Court Chelsea London s.w.3. Batley Alan B.Sc. (Liv.) 28 Watnut Street Southport. Biggar David Gardiner A.R.T.C. Rockvale Westerton Drive Bridge of Allan Stirlingshire Scotland. Briers Frank B.Sc. (Lond.) B.Sc. (Oxon.) 259 Fosse Itoad South Leicester. Brogan Francis Joseph Anthony M.Sc. (N.Z.) Chemical Laboratory Department of -4griculture Sydney Street Wellington New Zealand. Brown Joseph Brownlie A.R.T.C. 12 Trainard Avenue Tollcross Glasgow. Chalk Leslio Jamcs M.Sc. (Lond.) 14 Shrubbery Road Southall Middx. Coates Archibald M.Sc. (Manc.) 14 Berkley Avenue Levenshulme Manchester. Copeman Donald Alfred R.Sc. (Edin.) Modderfontein P.O.Northrand Transvurrl S. Africa. Cornwell Charles William RSc. (Lond.) 41 Aintreo Avenue East Ham London E.6. Creasy IVilliam George B.Sc. (Lond.) White House Heming Road Jlavidson JVilliam U.Sc. (Gltts.) 28 Stuart Avenue Scotstoun Qlasgow. Edgware Middx. Davits Daniel Richard B.Sc. (Walos) 117 Penrhiwcoiber Road Penrhi- wceibor Glam. Deerden William Hoghton M.Sc. (Waiic.) Royal School of Mines Prince Consort Road London S.W.7. Evans Robert Jones M.Sc. (Wales) 9 Winchestcr Avenue Brondesbury London N. iV.G. Farquharson John BSc. (Abed.) Clenfarquhar Auchenblae Fordoun Sco tlnnd Garlick Harvey Satchell B&. (Lond.) 51 Sutton Court London W.4. Griffiths John Gaius Ashwell I3.A. (Cantab.) Gable Beach Coppico Avenue Great Sholforti Cambridge.Grover Cyril Ernest M.Sc. (Lond.) 33 Rodwell Rod East Dulwich London S. E .22. Guthric Alexander B.Sc. (Edin.) 36 Clarcmont Road Leith. Hall Miss Gertrude Louis& B.Sc. (Lond.) 206 Felixstowe Road Ipswich. Hamil ton George Nair lie Gordon l3. Sc . ((A Ias . ) Wit wa torsrand Techii ical Institute Box 32!)3 Johmnesbnrg Transvaa! S. Africa. Hamilton Ji'illiam B.Sc. (Glas ) A.R.T.C. ICoueCiclle Major's Place Falkirk S tirli ngshiro. Harvey John IMc. (Liv.) 176 Winclleshaw Roiid St. Heletis Lttncs. Hawkins Ernest Stephen B.Sc. (Loud.) A. R.C.S. 8 Folkestone Road Dover Kent. Haworth Robert B.Sc. (Manc.) c/o Canntiian Cebncse Drummondville Nr. Montreal P.Q. Canada. Hayward Stephen Best 13.S~. (Lond.) 16 Thornton Hill Wimbledon London S.W.19. Haywood Frederick Wardle BSc. (Loncl.) The Cedars Kegworth Nr. Derby. Horrobin Sydney BSc. (Lond.) 235 Chamber Road Oldham Lancs. Huelin Frank Edwin B,Sc. (W.A.) Darlington Western Australia. 246 Hunter John Bell 11 Brunton Place London Road Edinburgh. Hunter Thomas Girvan A.R.T.C. 22 Tanza Road Hampstead London N.W.3. Wells Kent. Jackson Emmanuel A.R.C.Sc.I. Christ’s College Cambridge. Jevons John Dudley Ph.D. B.Sc. (Birm.) The Cottage Coopers Hill Alvechurch Worcs. Kent Cyril Roy BSc. (W.A.) Kenny Street Bassendean Western Australia. Kracovski Jacob B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. 1 Preston Road Loyton- stone London E. 11 Lakeman Miss Enid B.Sc. (Lond.) 37 Culverden Avenue Tunbridge Lewis Harold B.Sc. (Lond.) 15 Cherrnsidc R o d Aigburth Liverpool.Macadam Geoffrey Herbert B.A. (Cantab.) Vale Cottage Bickley Kont. Macfarlane James Ronald B.Sc. (Glas.) 5 Walrner Crescent Ibrox c:1asgow. Macrue John Campbell B.Sc. (Glas.) 39 Thornwood Drive Partick Matheson Donald M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 39 Sunnybenk YIme Aberdeen. Glasgow W.1. Megson Norman Joseph Lane M.Sc. (Birm.) Brunswick House Olton Nr. Birmingham. Miller Douglas Churchill R.Sc. (Edin.) Craighulan Pitlochry Perthshire. Mitchell Patrick M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) Schoolhouse Countesswells Aberdeenshire. Munro Andrew Miller A.R.T.C. Dunellen Bishopbriggs Glasgow. Norris Malcolm Eric Girling B.Sc. (Lond.) The Yat Queenhill Road Sanderstead Surrey. Osborn Harry William Edward 27 Howitt Road Hornsey London O’ReilIy Patrick Joseph M.Sc.(N.U.I.) 46 Friary Street Kilkenny Ireland. Paterson Colin B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Its-mock Road Hammersmith London W.6. Provan Jr. Malcolm A.R.T.C. 13 Mavisbank Terrace Paisley Scotland. N.8. Randle Robert Lewis M.Sc. (Birm.) 60 BristoI Road Edgbaston Bir- Rao Kalle Umanatha B.A. (Madras) c/o The Mysore Iron Works Post mingham. Bhadravati (Shinoga District) India. dene Road Wembley Middx. brook Hythe Kent. Rees Henry George B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. St. Donats Harrow- Rowe Geoffrey Keene BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 124 Seabrook Road Sea- Smirles William Nelson BSc. (Lond.) 35 Springfield Road Kings Heath I3irmingham. Smith Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) 2 Mateham Avenue Ern Street Hull. S.E. 13. Smith Miss U’inifred Ethel BSc.(Lond.) 20 Blenheim Gardens Wernbley Park Middx. Soyka Charles H S c . (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 26 Elgin Crescent London W,11. Spong Alfred Herbert B.Sc (Lond.) 10 Elmsleigh Road Weston-super- Mare Som. Strtley Godfrey Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 74 Lansdownc Road London W.17. Taylor Herbert John B,Sc (Lond.) 20 Lewisham Park London Turner Geoffrey B.Sc. (Lond.) 250 Fosse Road South Leicester. Waghray Prithvinath M.Sc. (Allahabad and Manc.) c/o Tho Dyehouso Laboratories College of Technology. Manchester. 247 Westwood Robert James B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. c/o The Johannesburg Cansolidatad Investment Co. Ltd. P.O. Box 590 Johannesburg S . Africa. Williams Hugh Amphlett A.C.G.F.C. 249 Kennington Road London New Students.S.E.11. Wilson Arthur Norman B.Sc. (Edin.) 7 Grange Loan Edinburgh. Wilson Herbert Newton Bedford Road Nunthorpe Yorks. Winch Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 7 Merotone Close Brockley London S.E.4. Amner John William B.Sc. (Lond.) 40 Arnulf Street Rellingham London S.E.G. Rews William Fraser 76 Smdhixrst Street Aigburth Road Liverpool. Roclger Walter Henry 129 Sunderland Road Forest Hill London S.E.23. 13utterfield Henry Herbert 348 St. Albaus R o d Watforcl. Davies Joseph 25 Trafttlgar Street Lr. Broughton Sdford. Frycr Cyril Highfield School Lane Solihull Warwickshire. Gay Philip James 22 Dawson Road Kingston-upon-Thames. Qillies George Denholm 12 Bernard Avenue West Ealing London W. 13. Gillies Malcolm Schoolhouse. Tarbert Harris.Goldie Horace Arnold 19 Church Lane Tipton Strtffs. Hardie Hans Rernond The Elms Ruscombe Twyford Berks. Hodges Walter John Shaw Oa kleigh Cheltenham Road Gloucester. Isaac William Harold B.Sc. (Wales) Castle Farm Brecon S. Wales. Lord James Allan 1 Gordon Street Rawtenstall Rossendale Lancs. Lowther George Kenneth 9 Alexandra Road Harrogate Yorks. Mocklor John Stanley Moorwood Hall Lydden Terrace Leeds. Money Reginald William 41 Clarendon Road Putney London S.W. 15. Naylor John Stanley 12 Milton Street Saltburn-by-the-Sea. Para meswaran. Kollengode Narasimhaies Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India. Shanks William John 17 Edward Street Audenshaw Nr. Manchester. Solomon William 14 Finsen Road Denmark Hill London S.E.5. ll‘olton Miss Winifred Edris 44 Mount Nod Road Stroatham Hill London S.W.16. Wcrrett Leslie Alfred 130 Lordship Lane Tottenhaxn London N. 17. JVosthead James 71 Tyldesley Road Atherton Manchester. White Bertram 119 Silly Oak Road King’s Norton Birmingham. IVilliams. James Edward 96 High Street Street Somerset (Miss) Marjorie Doreen Johnston B.Sc. Associate-on her marriage-to Mrs. Eastham F.R.S. Change of Name. DEATHS. Fellows. Benjamin Arthur Burrell. Archibdcl Liversitlgc M. A. (Cantab) Hon. LL.D. (Glas.) A.R.S.M. JVilliam Horace Sodeau D.Sc. (Lond.) F.1nst.P. Assooiates Richard Burtles M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Reginald Charles Pakes B.Sc. (Lond.). 248 General Notices. Streatfei Id Memorial tectu re.-The Tenth Annual Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be delivered by Mr.0. F. Bloch at the Royal Photographic Society 35 Kussell Square London W.C.1 on Friday the 18th November 1927 at 8 p.in.; subject “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” The President Professor Arthur Smithells C.M.G. D.Sc. F.R.S. will preside. The lecture will be open to all Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Tnstitute and former studvnts of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of adniission gratis are obtainable by persons other than rnernbcrs and studcnts of the Institute on application to the Registrar Institute of Chemistry 30 Kussell Square London W .C. I. Examinations in 1 928.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1928 are as follows:- Entries close. Monday 14th November 1927.Monday 13th February 1928. Monday xGth July 1928. Dates of Exams. and to 7th January. or 9th to 14th January. 16th to 21st April. or 23rd to 28th April. 17th to 22nd September. or 24th to 29th September. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. IMPORTANT TO REGISTERED STUDENTS. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO IOS.) for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words on “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People” will be awarded in January 1928 and presented at the next annual general meeting or at a meeting of the local section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are 249 less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January 1928) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1927 will be made in January Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the local section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1927 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. The Committee of each local section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be the most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The essays selected by the local sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Meld ol a M ed al .-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 2928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. 1928. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pa ting Institutions. Notice to Associates,-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to October 1924 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose narnes are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations.251 Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to g p.m on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd.17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2. to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s. gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides f o r Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of f.dd ress.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanefit addresses for registration.252 Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday 12th December 1927. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I) the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March 1921 and amended on 1st March 1923:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands including the Counties of Hereford Salop Stafford Worcester Warwick Derby Nottingham Leicestcr Lincoln 1Cutlaiid and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties including the Counties of Gloucester Wilts Ilorset Somerset Devon and Cornwall. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast including the Counties of Flint Westmorland and Cumberland and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster 8 s lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. (iv) London and South-Erstern Counties includiug the Counties of hli-litidlesex Kent Sussex Surrey h r k s Oxford Bucking- htbnl Hertforcl ESSCX Bedford Cumbridge Suffolk Norfolk Huntingclon Hants with tho lsle of Wight and the Channel Islands (v) Mnnchester and District including so much of the Counties of Lancuster and Choster as lies to tho east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and N7arrington as aforesaid .(vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire including the Counties of Northumberland 1)urham and York. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland incIuding the Counties of Nnirn Elgin Bariff Aberdeen Kincarcline Forfar Yerth Fife I<inross Clackrnannan Stirling Linlithgow Edinburgh Haddington Berwick Yeebles Selkirk and Roxburgh. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland including the Counties of Chithiloss Sutherlaticl Ross and Cromarty Inverness Argyli Dumbarton Renfrew Lanark Ayr Wigtown Kirkcudbright ant1 Dumfrics. (is) ]!-ales (excluding the County of Flint see iii). The County of blonmouth. Northern Ireland us defined in tho Govcrnrrierit of Ireluud Act 1930 and subseyuont cnactmcnts relating thereto.(xi) Irish Free State as defined in tho Uovornrnent of Ireland Act 1920 and subsoquotit enactments relutiiig thereto. (sii) The Commonwealth of Australia the Dominion of Canada the IJorniiiion of New Zealend the Uniou of South Africa the Empire of India tho Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:- I1 (L) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any o m District as defined and adopted by the lnstitute in General Meeting 253 may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may as such nominate one candidate for such election or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that Districf shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for auch election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary a t the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form :- “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do heroby certify that A.B. of (registered a Fellow of this Institute is in address) our estimation a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 111. (1) On or before the fi€th day of January in any year the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81 a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District and the balloting list shall indicate which if any of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of Distxict (xii) this rule shall read 7 if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.(2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote but no Member shall vote for more then one such candidate. (b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary a t the office of the Institute so that it be received not later than by the first post oh the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. ( 1 ) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall on the third Thuraday in January in the year in which the election is held be opened by two Scrutineers not Members of the Council nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election a t a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting on the Third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose. 254 (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each Dishict respectively shall be elected and in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.( 6 ) If a t any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting anv candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has wid- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected or if there be no such candidate the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council a t the Annual General Meeting.V. After the fwst election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings owing to death resignation removal or otherwise shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned a t least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. I f there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii) such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated and all are eligible for re- election except Mr. Frank Southerden who has completed the period of three years as the representative for the Bristol and South-Western Counties District and retires in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands Douglas Frank Twiss DSc. Bristol and South-Western Counties Frank Southerden BSc. Liverpool and North-West Coast Richard Thomas D.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties Lewis Eynon I3.Sc. Manchoster and District William Marshall. North-East Coast and Yorkshire Percy Ewart Bowles Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland John Adam Watson A.C.G.I. Glasgow and West of Scotland Walter Henry Coleman. Wales and the County of Monmouthshire Christopher Walter Maurice Grieb B.Sc. Northern Ireland Joseph Harold Totton B.A. B.Sc. Irish Free State Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard BSc. Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Frankland Dent M.Sc. Ph.D.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9275100221

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1927. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER Registrar mzd Secretary 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. December 1927. 1 Publications Committee 1927-28 JOCELYN F. THORPE ( C / I ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ! L T / Z ) ARTHUR SMITHELLS ( P m s i d c / l t ) ; H. C. L. BLOXAM A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON W. M. CUMMING J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON I. M. HEILBRON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (iTr<rr\.lart*r A. W. KNAPP A. G. G. LEONARD THOMAS MACARA . B. G. McLELLAN. FRANK SOUTHERDEN. R. THOMAS D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON.257 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1927. Jubilee Celebration.-The programme outlined in Journal Part V for the Jubilee Celebration of the Institute was duly carried out. On Wednesday the 14th December a Conversazione was held at the Wharncliffe Rooms Hotel Great Central Marylebone and was attended by over 1,000 guests. Following a reception by the President and Council a programme of music was provided and dancing was continued until midnight. The occasion afforded a unique opportunity for the re-union of chemists from all parts of the country. On the morning of the 15th December at the New Gallery Regent Street by the courtesy of the Federation of British Industries and of the Gaumont Company a number of films were shown illustrating British industries on which chemistry has a bearing.A large number of members and students and their friends attended. At the Institute during both days of the Celebration an Exhibition of documents and portraits of historical interest was on view. held at the Wharncliffe Rooms Hotel Great Central where the company numbered 550. The toast of the evening was proposed by Sir Alfred Mond. The banquet was followed by dancing until Also on the Igth the Master and Wardens of the Salters’ Company very kindly entertained to luncheon the President and Officers of the Institute with delegates from the Local Sections and the Presidents or other representatives of many allied scientific and professional societies and institutions. In the evening of the same day the Jubilee Banquet was past midnight.A gracious message was received from H.R.H. the Prince of Wales the Patron of the Celebration and addresses and messages were received from many important scientific bodies as well as from Sections of the Institute in the Overseas Dominions. A full report of the celebration will be published shortly. 258 At a meeting held on the 16th December the Council tendered to the President its hearty congratulations on the great success of the Jubilee Celebrations and expressed its deep appreciaton of the service which he had rendered to the Institute by the part which he had taken in the arrangements and by receiving the guests and by presiding at the Banquet. The thanks of the Council were accorded to the Master and Wardens of the Salters’ Company for the hospitality extended to the Institute and for the kind thought which prompted the desire of the Company to honour the Institute on the occasion of the celebration to members of the Committee of the London Section for acting as stewards at the Jubilee Celebration to Mr.Gabb Mr. Cribb and Mr. J. H. Cook for lending exhibits to be show at the Institute during the Celebration and to the Royal Photographic Society for lending show cases etc. for the purposes of the exhibition. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-On 18th November at the Rooms of the Royal Photographic Society by kind permission of the Council of the Society Mr. 0. F. Bloch gave the Tenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. Mr.Bloch dealt with the chemist in the photographic industry and his lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. A short discussion followed in which the Presi- dent and others including Professor Morgan and hlr. F. H. Carr participated and the meeting terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer. Mr. Bloch’s lecture will be published as a separate monograph as soon as possible. Pu bl ications.-In addition to Mr. Bloch’s lecture Fellows Associates and Registered Students will receive copies of Mr. S. M. Gluckstein’s paper entitled “ Chemists and Dividends,” read before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section on 16th November which should prove of very great interest to manufacturers to their chemists and to the students as illustrating the development of the scientific organisation in an important industry.The revised edition of The Profession of Chemistry has been generally received with kindly criticism. The Registrar finds that more recent information regarding the Department of the Government Chemist was published in the sixth edition of where necessary. 259 Ogicial Chemical Appointments (page 49). The possession of this information was unfortunately overlooked during the revision. The Publications Committee will be glad to receive any further suggestions which may be received for the improve- ment of this book. Register 1 928.-Fellows and Associates are again reminded to return the Register forms in order that their entries in the issue for 1928 may be checked and corrected Cfliicial Agricultural Analysts.-The Public Appoint- ments Committee has further considered the desirability of taking action on behalf of Official Agricultural Analysts appointed under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1926 in view of the provisions of this new legislation which are likely to affect the interest of these officers.On the recommendation of the Committee a letter in the following terms will be issued to the Clerks of the County Councils and of the County Borough Councils in Great Britain and copies of the letter will also be be sent to the Official Agricultural Analysts to the Association of Municipal Corporations to the County Councils Association and to the Ministry of Agriculture:- FERTILISERS AND FEEDING STUFF8 ACT 1926.The Institute of Chemistry has among its Fellows nearly all of the Official Agricultural Analysts of the country. The Council of the Institute has had under consideration the provisions of the new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and the Regulations drafted in connection there- with by tho Ministry of Argiculture; and in view of the approaching operation of this Act the Council suggests that it may be helpful if some observations are offered for the consideration of the County Councils and other local authorities chargod With the administration of the Act. The operation of the old Act has been mainly concerned with the detection of adulteration with mis-statements in transactions between merchants and farmers and with the penal suppression of malpractices.The new Act in addition to this is largely civil in character and wider in its scope and may be utilised to control transactions between exporters and importers manufacturers of and dealers in all kinds of fertilisers and feeding stuffs as well as retail sales to farmers. This may be exemplified by pointing out that in the new Elegulations as drafted and about to be issued provision is made for the sampling by the Inspectors or Official Samplers of County and Borough Councils of parcels or fertilisers or feeding stuffs extending to one thousand packages or mom 260 Thus the commercial interests a t stake dependent upon official analyses will be largo and the responsihilitics which will devolve on Official Agricultural Analysts will be correspondingly increased Furthermore the definitions to be laid down under the new Act for the commodities coming under its scope and the standards which are to be implied by these definitions and the statements as to composition which will have to be furnished by vendors are more exacting and more detailed than those a t present reqriired under the old Act and consequently the labours of the analyst in dealing with samples sub rnitted to him will be considerably increased.Again the clerical work involved in recording results and in the issue and distribution of certi- ficates will be materially greater since under the old Act a great many of the samples submitted were “informal.” Some revision therefore will be called for in the remuneration of Official Agricultural Analysts nearly all of whom now receive a fixed fee per sample.Tho Official Agricultural Analyst as tho officer of a county or borough council looks to such Council for his fees and is to continue to do so. What proportion of these fees is to be recharged to or made payable by individual purchasers requiring analyses will be fixed as heretofore by the said Councils. Undel* the old Act the contribution to the cost of analysis payable by farmers has usually been scarcely more than nominal. In some cases the farmer has been called upon for no contribution at all and in others his contribution has been a small sum varying from 2s. 6d. to 7s. per sample. It is probable that most Councils will continuo to bear in mind that the ultimate object of the Acts both new and old is the protection of farmers and will not discourago them from availing themselves of its provisions by increasing the more or less nominal contributions which the farmers are now called upon to pay towards the cost of analyses.On the other hand however it will be matter for consideration as to what contributions may reasonably be fixed for importers manufacturers merchants and dealers who a t present have to pay full fees to the analysts and consultants on whose analyses and opinions they at. present rely for the settlements of their conmmercial transactions The Council of the Tnstitrite of Chemistry has made no suggestion under this head but merely points out the position. It is only directly concerned with the position of i t s Follows and with the expression of the hope that whatover local authorities may arrange about the apportionment of the expense of analyses between the authority and the different classes of applicants for analysis or other scientific assistance under the Act they u7ill fix an adequate remuneration for those who will be charged with the carrying out of the mom complicated analyses which will be required and also the hope that it will be borne in mind that for the most part the fees which are a t present paid to the analysts were fixed at a time when almost every expense entailed in conducting a chemical laboratory was sulnstantially lower than it is at the present day.The Council of the Institute aftcr careful consideration of the whole of the circumstances has drawn up the following proposals with regard to the remuneration under the new Act of those Official Agricultural Analysts who are paid by fee per sample feeling that in so doing they will have helped to give guidance to local authorities as to the fees that will be generally regarded by the chemical profession as fair and reason- able.It will be seen that in this scale regard has been had to the fact that the extent of information required in an analysis varies according to the commodity. 26 1 As an example it may be pointed out that in a sample of super- phosphate all the information required is usually the percentage of soluble phosphate. whereas in for instance a compound fertiliser the analyst will he called upon to state the percentage of soluble phosphate insoluble phosphate nitrogen and potash with in some cases even more detailed information.Further it is provided that in the case of any additional statement being made by the vendor this must be verified by the analyst. On these grounds therefore a graduated scale of fees has been formulated by the Council of the Institute for the analysis of varying degrees of complexity with however an alternative suggestion of a reasonable “ flat-rate ” fee if this should be preferred. The scale recommended is as follows:- (1) For analysis of a fertiliser or feeding stuff only where is the required determination . . . of . not a single less than item E l 1s. Od.per sample (2) Where a determination of two separate items is roquired . . . . not less than €1 11s. 6d. per sample (3) For fuller examination according to the complexity of the analysis required $3 3s. Od. per sample . . €2 2s. Od. to (4) In cases where the number of samples is likely to be small and a “flat rate” is all-round preferred fee by should the Local be . Authority . the . . €2 2s. Od. per sample Chemists in Beet Sugar Factories.-The attention of the Council has been called to the conditions affecting the empIoyment of chemists in Beet Sugar Factories and Refineries and the Council is in communication with the authorities con- cerned with the matter. Benevolent Fund.-The attention of Fellows and Asso- ciates is directed to the special appeal for the Benevolent Fund which is issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Benevolent Fund Committee would be glad to see record support given to the fund to mark the celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute. 262 Local Sections. held a meeting in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution when Dr. W. H. Gibson addressed the members on “The Profession of Chemistry.’’ Belfast and 0lstrict.-On the 25th October the Section In his address Dr. Gibson endeavoured to indicate what the future might hold for the entrant into the chemical profession. The ever-growing importance of the chemical factor in industry if this were all would make the chemical profession attractive and remunerative.The position of the chemist is not solely determined by this but is going to be modified to a considerable extent by the profound general changes taking place in the organisation of industry. Taking the three general components of labour power in industry as labour of ability (which includes the chemist) manual labour and mechanical labour power Dr. Gibson traced the effect mainly adverse of post-war influences in Great Britain on industry and upon the chemist. I t is becoming increasingly evident that industry in Europe is seeking to remedy its condition by what is variously described as scientific management rationalisation Fayolism Taylorism and in a restricted field mass production. Mass production is the production of an article using the maximum of mechanical labour power and the minimum of manual labour and labour of ability.It would therefore seem to narrow the field for employment of chemists and other technicians by reducing the number of chemists required. The rationalisation of chemical industry may tend to retard the growth of the chemical profession. By suitable grouping each chemist in a responsible position may find himself controlling the output of a far larger team of manual workers and much more energy in machinery or plant than at present. The chemist may have to face the prospect of fewer but more responsible and better-paid posts. It is likely that in the near future the annual requirement of chemists in industry will be accurately known.Should more be trained? 263 Birmingham and Midlands.-The first meeting of the present session took the form of a Smoking Concert on November 3oth Prof. Ling in the chair. An enjoyable evening was spent musical items being provided by members of the Sect ion. The annual general meeting took place on December Izth the chair being occupied by Mr. A. W. Knapp F.I.C. in the unavoidable absence of Prof. Ling. Satisfactory reports by the Secretary and Treasurer were read and adopted; Officers and Committee were duly elected for the present session. The meeting concluded with a very lively discussion of various points which are engaging the attention of the Section at present. A joint meeting with the Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Department of Biochemistry of the University on December 16th Prof.Ling presiding. Prof. Ling said he had great pleasure in welcoming the members of the two Societies to the new department which had been named the “ William Waters Butler Laboratories.” He then gave an historical account of the foundation of the British School of Malting and Brewing in 1900 the late Prof Adrian Brown being appointed to the chair. Since then the scope of the Department had been extended and at the present time in addition to the Diploma and Certificate Courses in Malting and Brewing there was an Honours School in General Biochemistry. The department had always recognised that one of its main objects should be original research in the many fields open to investigation in connection with biological problems.Prof. Brown’s work was well known; it dealt with bacteria and yeasts and the products obtained when they were cultivated on media containing definite chemical compounds When Prof. Ling took up his position as head of the depart- ment in 1920 his attention was directed in the first place to the chemistry of starch a subject on which he had worked for many years previously. Methods were devised for the estimation of starch in cereals and these are in general use at the present timc. In collaboration with Dr. D. R. Nanji researches on the con- stitution of starch had been carried out and it had been shown that two substances might be separated from starch granules- amylose and amylopectin.By the action of barley diastase amylose was converted to maltose whilst amylopectin was converted to up-hexa-amylose. Lantern slides showing sections of starch granules and the structural formulze of starch and its constituents were shown. Other researches which had engaged the attention of the department during the past eight years were then dealt with. These included work carried out on the pectins which are constituents of the cell walls of plants and of commercial impor- tance in the jam and confectionery industries. At the conclusion of the lecture a hearty vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer and the visitors subsequently inspected the new department now fully equipped with the most modern appliances both for the purposes of teaching and research.Bris to1 and South-Western Counties.-The second meeting of the session was held on 15th November in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol when Mr. R. D. Littlefield presided in the unavoidable absence of Sir Ernest Cook and welcomed Mr. R. L. Collett the Assistant Secretary of the Institute on his first visit to the Section. Mr. Collett gave an address on “The Chemist as the Professional Man.” He reminded the members that the Institute of Chemistry was about to celebrate its jubilee and called attention to the great changes which had taken place since the time of its foundation. At that time it had been seriously argued that it was derogatory to science that any man should attempt to make his living by the practice of analysis and investigation.In the early days apart from the teachers of chemistry and pure research workers there were few practising chemists ; these were almost entirely private practitioners who prided themselves on being “Bohemians.” Nowadays if a chemist were to succeed it was necessary that he should be as much a man of business and man of the world as a chartered accountant. The Institute of Chemistry occupied a unique position in that round its Council table met all kinds of chemists; the professors the teachers the chief chemists of large industrial firms the private consultants and public analysts and technical heads of Government departments. The Institute now numbered 5,300 members and its influence and prestige was rapidly in- creasing.Unlike the professions of medicine and law the majority of the members of the chemical profession were employees Many of them held very high positions of responsi- bility but they did not deal directly with the public. In spite of this he felt that their professional position was becoming increasingly recognised. Various points raised in the discussion which followed by the chairman Mr. E. Lewis and Mr. A. W. Wintle were replied to 265 by Mr. Collett who was cordially thanked on the proposition of the chairman for his admirable and stimulating address. The local celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute will be held in Bristol on 24th January when the President hopes to attend and will address a meeting at the University on “What has become of Tnorganic Chemistry? ” On the same evening a dinner will be held to which a number of distinguished guests have been invited.Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first ordinary meeting of the new session was held on 27th October in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh when Mr. J. Adam Watson delivered his inaugural address entitled “Chemistry the Slave of the Lamp.” The following extract is prepared from the report in the Weekly Scotsman on the 5th November :- From the earliest times he said there had been theories of the universe. In fact there had been as many theories as peoples. Thus the Hindu idea of the earth was a hemisphere supported on elephants who in turn stood on a tortoise that floated in water. What kept the water in place nobody tried to imagine- it was simply there.Nowadays we have a globe supported in space by gravitational forces but what really causes the gravita- tion is as little known as the container of the water. During the time that has elapsed between the two ideas much has been discovered concerning our universe. Within the limits of our knowledge the components of the cosmos are of finite number What warrants such a statement? I t is the information gained by chemistry in its exaniination of the spectra of terrestrial elements. The composition of the luminous bodies in the universe ceased to be a secret when it was dis- covered that the light absorbed by a cool vapour was identical with that emitted by the same vapour when in a condition of incandescence.Gradually all the lines noted by Frauenhoff er were identified and chemistry scored a great point when the spectrum of a gas newly discovered in a rare mineral was found to correspond with a band in the solar spectrum; and helium from being a problematical element known only as a dark line became an ordinary gas that could be examined in the laboratory Continued investigations along spectroscopic lines showed that the atmosphere of the sun is roughly stratified the denser elements occurring nearer the photosphere while the upper 266 portions consist mainly of hydrogen the corona or outermost envelope containing as well an element-named coronium-as yet unknown on the earth. The developments that followed on the discovery of radium leading as they did to the conception of atomic disintegration and the transmutation of elements have introduced a new phase in cosmical speculation.It is no longer possible to regard the sun merely as a mass of incandescent vapour gradually cooling from a very high temperature arid to calculate its age on this basis. Consideration must be given to the effect that radio-active elements may have on the rate of cooling. The decomposition of these bodies gives rise to heat so if this change be going on in the sun the rate of cooling will be retarded. But it may well be that the conditions are favourable for the building up of such elements in which case heat will be absorbed and the cooling rate will be increased. Thus chemistry has introduced another unknown quantity into an already involved problem.The knowledge gained in the investigation of radio-activity has given rise to a theory which accounts very plausibly for the definite order of events in the crustal movements that have at several periods resulted in the ridging up of the earth into mountain ranges. Being led into the realms of geology we find that a second “ branch of science ” must acknowledge its indebted- ness to the slave of the lamp for geologists done would have polished away every bit of that lamp in their calls for assistance. In the dark days when Werner was teaching that all rocks had been deposited from water and postulating a primeval ocean totally unlike anything that was known Sir James Hall made use of the magic powers of the lamp and prepared marble from limestone by heating it in a closed vessel under the pressure of the carbon dioxide evolved thereby laying the foundation of geo-chemistry.From then onwards chemistry has been the corner stone of geologic architecture. We have already seen the effect of studies in radio-activity on the old calculations of the sun’s age. Here the results are the same. Radium is found to exist in all rocks so that the heat developed during its disintegration must be considered in refer- ence to the internal heat of the earth and all previous calculations become valueless while the uncertainty as to the downward distribution of radium and uranium make it very difficult to estimate the necessary corrections.267 By this time we have reached the border line of yet another branch of science for it is the worker in physical chemistry who is best able to assist in geological problems. But really it is difficult to say where chemistry ends and physics begins chemical and physical properties are both manifestations of the same force. According to present-day theories the ultimate basis of matter is electricity. The elements are but a number of units of negative electricity or electrons revolving or vibrating under the control of a positive charge. Therefore we seek in the arrangement of the electrons for the explanation of differences and peculiarities of the chemical elements. It thus becomes a matter of mere expediency to call the hardness of the diamond a physica1 and the instability of phosphorus a chemical property.This position however has only been reached by the physicist and chemist working in conjunction and starting from the discovery that helium is a product of the breaking up of uranium. Thus has physics adopted the chemical notion of an ultimate particle as a fundamental conception in its latest theories. The case for biology is far different. All vital activity is dependent on chemical reactions sometimes simple more often exceedingly complex. A biologist can tell the purpose of the various cells in a living organism; he can also tell the way in which each part develops; but he must rub his lamp in order to learn what is going on inside the cells and what reactions are responsible for the growth which he observes.Unfortunately complete answers cannot at present be given to all the questions that may be asked. I t is possible to syn- thesise sugar in the laboratory but only by using reactions that cannot possibly take place in the sugar-cane. Chemistry has shown that the so-called organised ferments produce bodies called enzymes and these carry out the reactions peculiar to the ferment but the real nature of the enzymes is yet a mystery though it is undoubted that they are of a purely chemical nature. Here even the chemist hides his ignorance under a grand rion- committal name-ca talysis. Up to the present one branch of world knowledge or science has made no call on our genie of the lamp. So far no chemical reaction has been suggested as the cause of the bad weather of the past summer and the atmospheric conditions known as cyclones and anti-cyclones are still considered to be the result of 268 quarrels for precedence between masses of air differing in tem- perature and in the amount of moisture they carry.Since weather forecasting is still in its infancy there is a chance for the ubiquitous chemist to bring order out of chaos and deduce an equation that will tell us whether or not we should pack waterproofs and Wellington boots for our holidays. On deserting the refined and cultured sphere where science is studied for its own sake. for the humdrum world where everyone strives to get the biggest monetary return for the least effort it will be found that the mercenary manufacturer while he grudges the expense must yet call on the slave of the lamp.Mr. Watson surveyed the field of progress in alkalis paper- making dyemaking coal tar products and distillation of oil photographic emulsions analysis of foodstuffs and aids in the home. In the minds of some there was the thought that tobacco owed nothing of its flavour to adventitious aid. He could not leave them even that consolation. I well remember he said the consternation with which I read over the contents of a flavouring essence which the pharmaceutical firm for which I worked was preparing for a well-known Edinburgh tobacco maker. They were heliotropin cassia coumarin vanillin rum peppermint oil aniseed oil; and as if there were not more than enough the basis of the concoction was Stockholm tar! Having remarked on the happy hunting ground that chemis- try had opened up for the writer of sensational fiction he said that the chemists unfortunately were as yet treated as slaves and to a certain extent relegated to their dim and smelly regions as soon as the utility of their knowledge was over; but there was growing up an appreciation of their value and fortunately they were not entirely dependent on their resources.They had an Institute which was somewhat of a power in the land. When all members of the Institute work in the spirit of D’Artag- non’s motto “All for one and one for all,” chemistry in this country will come into its own. The discussion which followed was opened by Major R.Bruce. Mr. W. A. Williams spoke optimistically of the prospects in the profession and said that nowadays wise employers did not relegate the chemist to the background during periods of trade depression. Mr. Merson having recently returned from a visit to Australia and New Zealand assured the younger men that if they were prepared to go to these colonies they would find 269 employment and advancement more easily than a t home. It wits insufficiently known that these countries were able to absorb chemists and that they had most up-to-date chemical factories and other industries in which the chemist was in control. In spite of American influence British men and goods were s t i l l preferred. On behalf of the students present Messrs.A. Caws and T. R. Bird thanked Mr. Watson for his illuminating address. They welcomed the optimism of the other speakers and were glad to find that the young member’s point of view was considered. Dr. W. T. H. Williamson in reply to this said that the Section had tried always to encourage the younger members and he hoped they would take part in the discussions held. He noted that Mr. Watson had not referred to the artificial silk industry among the products of which the “art” silk stocking bore such elegant testimony to the skill of the “Slave of the Lamp.” Mr. W. M. Ames suggested that the young chemist of to-day would be better able to show his worthiness if he were given a freer hand so that his imagination did not become stifled nor his ambition cramped during the early years.Other speakers were Mr. J. Rutherford Hill and Mr. Abernethy the latter as an interested nonmember expressing the view that Mr. Watson in claiming for chemistry a premier place would not have support from any other body of scientists. In conclusion Mr. Watson was accorded a very hearty vote of thanks for his address. A t a meeting held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Pharmaceutical Hall Edinburgh on 17th November Professor R. M. Caven read a paper on “Chemical Formuh of Long Ago.” Commencing with references to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics the lecturer showed how the origins of the symbols of the later philosophers could be seen in the early picture writings. In particular the symbols of the metals were traced and it was shown how the more obvious properties of the metals were represented so that the less perfect iron copper and mercury were compared with the more perfect silver and the noble metal gold.Then followed the symbols of the elements or principles of Aristotle (earth air fire and water) and of Basil Valentine (sulphur salt and mercury). By means of old allegorical pictures and their interpretations the lecturer showed how the alchemists represented their hoped-for transmutations 270 and reactions in a way which would mystify the uninitiated. The return to symbols representing actual substances in contrast to the principles of the alchemists was illustrated by reference to Bergrriann and Geoffrey who in the later years of the Phlogis- ton period about 1792 used a most complete and well-thought out set of characters for the metals and their calces and for acids.Conibinations of these to give salts were represented in a simple way and methods of writing reactions of double decomposition were used which compared very favourably with our present-day system. Thus reactions in aqueous solution were clearly differen- tiated and precipitation of a product or evolution of a gas was also shown. Even something akin to ionisation could be traced. Unfortunately Bergmann showed confusion of thought with regard to phlogiston and in addition to writing a composite symbol for a calx which included the formula of the metal he also used another symbol for phlogiston.Dealing with the closing years of the eighteenth century and the period immediately before Dalton’s notation was put forward Professor Caven referred to the system used by Lavoisier with its first attempts to include the quantities of combining sub- stances in the equations the actual relative weights being stated without any underlying suggestion of an atomic theory. Thus the symbols of the substances did not themselves have any definite weight value this being added numerically. Although a t this time Hsssenfratz and Adet laid down a systematic code of symbols which was in itself quite good most of the chemists including Cavendish and Priestley abandoned the use of formulae entirely and siniyly wrote laboriously an account of the operations they performed.Finally came Dalton’s picture atoms a return to symbolism; but with a new meaning to the symbol since by him the symbol was meant not only to give the nature of the substance but also its combining weight. The cumbersome and somewhat in- adequate atom pictures later gave way to the letter symbols of Berzelius such as we use to-day with little modification. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer proposed by Mr. J. A. Watson Messrs. Rutherford-Hill and Kermack also speaking in appreciation of the paper. The Section held a joint meeting with the local branch of the Society of Chemical Industry on 6th December in the Pharma- ceutical Hall Edinburgh Mr. J. Adam Watson presiding. 271 Professor Sir James Walker in a lecture on Electro-Synthesk.gave in the first place an account of the experiments of Kolbe made some eighty years ago including the preparation of ethane from acetic acid and octane from valeric acid. Since Kolbe’s time the process of electrolysis of solutions of salts of fatty acids had been applied to the preparation of hydrocarbons with straight chains of carbon atoms of over sixty links in length. This he would define as true synthesis. In addition to the saturated hydrocarbon the reactions in some cases gave other products particularly the unsaturated hydrocarbon of half the length of chain and the ester of the acid used. The lecturer then referred to his association with the late Professor Crum-Brown and said that the method was adapted by them to the synthesis of dibasic acids the product of each step being used as the starting point of the next.Thus starting from sodium ethyl malonate they prepared diethyl succinate and so in turn the esters with four eight and sixteen carbon chains between the end groups. Other preparations gave the other members of the even series the method being quite general. Branched chain cornpounds were also used. Since the higher members of the various series tended to have a soapy nature some difficulties were here encountered but later on Dr. D. A. Fairweather had overcome these by using solvents other than water. The lecturer pointed out the importance of the methods for the preparation of long chain compounds of known constitution which could be directly compared with similar substances of natural origin with a view to elucidating the structures of the latter.A point of special interest was that the syntheses could be carried out in the cold thus minimising the risk of intra- molecular and other abnormal changes. The methods were not necessarily restricted to unsubstituted acids but if active groups were present they could be blocked by alkylation as in the case of glycollic acids. Nevertheless some experiments on these lines had not met with complete success. Discussing the mechanism of the reactions the lecturer referred to some differences in behaviour which had been found in using electrodes of different materials. A very suitable electrode for the cathode was a layer of mercury at the bottom of a glass vessel and an anode of platinum could be used.Three theories had been suggested to explain the mechanism. Kolbe 272 attributed the reactions to anodic oxidation later the union of the discharged anions with simultaneous elimination of carbon dioxide was suggested and still later the peroxide theory intro- ducing the intermediate formation of the peroxide such as acetyl peroxide which subsequently decomposed In any case there was not sufficient experimental evidence to determine the true mechanism. In his own laboratories there were two schools of thought the theory of direct union and the theory of anodic oxidation. Attempts to solve the problems of the anode mechanism by the direct study of electrode potential measure- ments so far had not been very successful.After the lecture a number of members spoke in appreciation and questions were asked by Major Bruce Dr. Kermack and Messrs. Cope Ingham Robertson and Cameron. In reply Professor Walker said that so far as he knew experiments of a similar nature with aromatic substances proteins and halogen derivatives of fatty acids had not been successful. The benzene ring even at the end of a fatty chain in some way prevented the normal reaction from taking place. Similarly halogen compounds in general gave no oily synthetic products complete breakdown resulting or else the ester forma- tion without synthesis. Dr. R. E. Gibson had obtained a quantity of hexachlorethane from trichloracetic acid. Ring closure was another thing which had not been observed in these experiments.On the other hand interesting reactions with cyclic compounds were possible and he quoted the case of sodium ethyl camphorate from which unsaturated synthetic products could be obtained in good yield as well as small quantities of other synthetic products. Dealing further with the constitutions of the products and comparisons with natural substances he showed how melting- point determinations could be successfully used and if the acids themselves gave ambiguous results the esters could be substituted. He thought that the method of synthesis could be relied upon to give a compound of known constitution. Although the sodium salts of high molecular weight were either soaps or like soaps these studies did not appear to have thrown any light upon the colloidal properties of the soaps.In the electro-synthesis it had become the practice to use alcoholic solvents for the higher members and in these solvents the colloidal properties were not marked. Other points dealt with were the yields of half saponification of the esters of dibasic acids the 273 use of stirring during electrolysis and the question of efficiency in relation to consumption of electricity. On the motion of the chairman a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Sir James Walker for his address. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The opening meeting of the session was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Engineering Group of that Society in the Ca’d’oro Restaurant Glasgow on 19th October when a paper was read on “The Desiccation (De Vecchis) Process of Beet Sugar Manufacture” by Dr.C. S. Garrett and Mr. G. W. Riley. The paper was subsequently published in Chemistry and Idt4stry (Nov. 4th n t h and 18th). A vigorous discussion followed upon the reading of the paper.* The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 28th October. The foIlowing office bearers and new members of Committee were elected:-Chairman Mr. F. W. Harris ; Vice-chairman Professor F. J. Wilson; Honorary Treasurer Mr. J. W. Hawley; Honorary Secretary Dr. P. F. Gordon; members of Committee Mr. T. J. R. Alexander Mr. Hugh Findlay and Dr. D. N. McArthur. Special reference was made in the Hon.Secretary’s report to the valuable work of the Committee appointed by the Section to enquire into questions relative to registration. Tribute was paid to Dr. W. M. Cumming who resigned the office of Hon. Secretary during the past session after about five years’ service and to Dr. I. V. Hopper who was resigning the office of Honorary Assistant Secretary. Prof. Henderson subsequently addressed the meeting. He dealt with the value of local sections to the Institute as a whole; and with the new regulations and exhorted alI Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. He appealed for a small annual subscription from every member to the Benevolent Fund. He then preferred to registration and spoke of the many views that had been expressed on the subject.At the conclusion of the meeting votes of thanks were accorded to the office bearers and committee and especially to Prof. Wilson who had so successfully conducted the business of the Section during three years and also to the Publicity Sub-committee. On 4th November Mr. F. W. Harris opened a discussion on “ Municipal Chemistry.” Starting with early practice from * Consequent upon the publication of a lengthy report of this meeting in the daily press the discussion was continued in the form of letters to the Editor of the Glasgow Herald. 274 the Middle Ages he led up to the Food and Drugs Act of 1875 which he said marked the birth of modern municipal chemistry. Mr. Harris then referred to the many duties carried out in modern times by municipal chemists in the interests of the community involving not only the analysis of food and drugs and the examina- tion of the quality of materials supplied to the various municipal departments but such great undertakings as the disposal of sewage which nowadays involved intricate biological processes and the consideration of the problem of atmospheric pollution as well as the utilisation of bye-products from the manufacture of city gas.An interesting discussion followed in which Mr. R. L. Collett Assistant Secretary of the Institute participated. During which several members expressed the hope that in view of the public importance of Mr. Harris’ address he would permit its publication in the local daily press. On the motion of Mr. Harris the meeting accorded Mr.Collett a hearty vote of thanks for attending the meeting and participating in the discussion. Papers on “Sulphur in Rubber Manufacture” by Dr. D. F. Twiss and ‘Naphthas and their Uses,” by Mr. C. Chapman were read at a joint meeting in the Ca’d’oro Restaurant Glasgow with the Edinburgh Section and with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institution of the Rubber Industry. A summary of the papers was published in ‘Chemistry and Indus- try” on 16th December. On 21st December the local Section celebrated the Jubilee of the Institute at the Ramsay Chemical Dinner which was held under the joint auspices of the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colowists the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club the Andersonian Chemical Society the Ardeer Chemical Club and the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow.This dinner is held annually but on the present occasion was sub-titled “Institute of Chemis- try Jubilee.” The Committee of the local Section have elected Dr. D. N. McArthur to the office of Honorary Assistant Secretary in succession to Dr. I. V. Hopper resigned. H u d d ersfi e I d .-The annual general meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel on 28th October Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the chair. The statement of accounts was read and approved. 275 Dr. F. I. Morley and Mr. C . E. Randolph were elected to committee in place of Dr. Paul and Dr. Everest who retired in accordance with the rules. Subsequent discussion dealt with the points raised at the last meeting of the North-East Coast Executive Committee at York.The following decisions were arrived at:- I. That this meeting endorses the recommendation of the North-East Coast Executive Committee viz. :- “That election to Council be by district alone provided that this be done by ballot within the several districts and not by a delegate nomination as at present obtains in the case of District Members.” As a rider to this it is the opinion of this meeting “That as long as the present method of election to Council obtains no indication should be made on the ballot paper as to which nominations are made by the Council and that the only intimation should be to indicate retiring members.” 2.“That a member shall not be debarred from eligibility for election to Council solely on account of his Associate status.” The first Ordinary Meeting of the Session was held at the Technical College Huddersfield on 16th November 1927. Dr. H. H. Hodgson took the chair and introduced the lecturer Professor C . H. Desch who proceeded to address the meeting on “The Structure of Metals.” The subject was illustrated by numerous lantern slides be- ginning with two showing the type of reflecting microscope camera and optical bench employed in metallurgical studies. All metals said Professor Desch are of crystalline structure but very few give external indications of this. Generally speaking to find the crystalline structure the interior of the metal had to be examined by etching a highly polished surface.Growth of crystals from molten metal was next dealt with showing that crystals grow by branching as distinct from regular uniform growth. The lecturer proceeded here to describe experiments by which it has been shown that the shape of crystal grains is deter- mined by surface tension. By a metallurgical study it becomes known which types of crystalline structure are weak and which strong and it is the duty of the metallurgist to find and remedy 276 structures known to be weak. As an example of this was cited the well-known process of annealing. The X-ray examination of metal crystals was next touched upon showing that by a study of the “space lattice” the most likely plane of shearing could be found.In conclusion Professor C. H. Desch said that it is now possible to predict the properties of a new alloy by a combination of chemical metallurgical. and X-ray knowledge. After many questions had been answered the meeting accorded a hearty vote of thanks to Professor Desch. On 1st December at the invitation of the Chemical Society of the Technical College Huddersfield a joint meeting was addressed by Mr. A. Cousen of the Department of Glass Technology Sheffield University on ‘‘ Modern Glass Manu- facture-Its Progress and Problems.” Mr. Cousen indicated the difficulty of assigning chemical formulze to even the simplest glasses and showed that the most profitable and useful method of study was by observing the effect of various oxides and variations in ratios of con- stituents on the physical properties of glass.He went on to show lantern slides illustrating the progress from hand work to modern machinery for working glass. For efficient operation modern machinery demanded careful control of the batch mixtures; it further called for variation of physical properties. Thus a slower setting glass was needed and produced by decreasing the lime and increasing the soda content of the glass. Other difficulties to be overcome were devitrification and chemical instability. All this was the work of the technologist so that the value of the chemist and technical man in the glass industry was admitted by managers and directors alike. A small party from Huddersfield journeyed to Leeds on 2nd December to join with the Leeds Area Section in the Jubilee Celebrations of the Institute in Yorkshire.By the kindness of the organisers of the dinner a centre table was reserved for the party which comprised Dr. H. €3. Hodgson (chairman) Mr. P. C a l m (hon. sec.) Mr. E. Lodge Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Weir and Mr. and Mrs. G. B. Jones. The Huddersfield guests for the occasion were :-Principal J. F. Hudson (Principal Technical College) and Mrs. Hudson Mr. J. D. Eaton Smith (representing the legal profession) and 277 Mrs. Smith and Mr. Warwick Mitchell (representing the local textile industry). The Huddersfield Section acknowledges its gratitude to the Leeds Area Section for the hospitality shown to its repre- sentatives and their guests.Irish Free State.-On 8th November at Trinity College Dublin before the Dublin University Experimental Science Association Dr. James Bell read an address on “The History of Chemistry in Dublin.” Although it does not come within the proceedings of the Section the following abstract of this address from The Irish Times of 9th November is reproduced as a matter of interest :- For Z O O ~ years chemistry was dominated by the belief in alchemy that is the possibility of transmuting baser metals such as lead and mercury into gold. So much did this idea obsess the minds of alchemists that little else was done. No doubt exists that the ancient Irish had some knowledge of alchemy. Towards the end of the sixteenth century Edward Kelly having forged several public documents in Ireland fled the country.He is next heard of in the position of alchemist to Rudolf I1 at Prague. Here it is said he converted mercury into gold obtaining a knighthood. The Emperor to find out the secret cast Kelly into prison. In attempting to escape he broke his leg with fatal results. Modern chemistry commences with Robert Boyle who denounced the alchemists and gave chemistry its present scientific basis. He is spoken of as the “Father of Modern Chemistry.” He was the son of the Earl of Cork but did not work in Ireland; his opinion was that Ireland was a barbarous country where chemical spirits were so misunderstood and chemical instruments so unprocurable that it was very hard to have any “hemetic” thought in it.Boyle was not wholly lost to Ireland His influence fell on two Dublin men the brothers Molyneux graduates of Trinity College who started chemistry in Dublin William Molyneux in 1683 founded the Dublin Philosophical Society which was short-lived owing to civil war. Its work was taken up by the foundation in 1731 of the Royal Dublin Society and in 1756 by the forerunner of the Royal Irish Academy. 278 Richard Kirwan born in Galway in 1733 studied chemistry in London for ten years. On his return with new ideas chemistry received a great spurt in Dublin. A contemporary of his William Higgins a Sligo man educated in England was made chemist to the Apothecaries’ Company of Ireland at the then princely salary of 6200 a year with apartments coals and candles.In 1795 he was made Professor of Chemistry to the Royal Dublin Society. Higgins had some idea of an atomic theory twenty years before Dalton but unfortunately failed to follow up his idea. During this time the University played no significant part in chemistry owing mainly to a distrust of the science on the part of the authorities. A succession of lecturers of whom little is known was attached to the Medical School from its foundation in 1711. The present chair was founded in 1785 its first occupant being Dr. Perceval of whom it is recorded that he knew little chemistry. He was followed in 1809 by Francis Barker of whom little is recorded. He held the chair till 1850 being followed by Apjohn whose claim to fame rests moreon physics thanchemistry ; he was however instrumental in bringing out the first edition of the British Phurmacop&a.The appointment of Barker coincided with a great advance in chemistry. The famous Sir Humphry Davy was brought to Dublin by the Royal Dublin Society before which he delivered a series of six lectures on the application of chemistry to agriculture receiving a sum of E750. He also obtained an honorary degree from the University. His visit led to the appointment in 1826 of his brother Edmund to succeed Higgins as chemist to the Royal Dublin Society. Here in 1836 he made one of the greatest chemical discoveries ever made in Dublin namely-acetylene gas. About the same time Sir Robert Kane born in Dublin and educated in Trinity College made an important discovery in connection with theoretical chemistry obtaining a cyclic hydrocarbon from an open-chain compound.Professor Apjohn retired in 1875 when James Emerson Reynolds was called upon to take the Chair. Although intended for the medical profession he taught himself chemistry with great success; perhaps no one has done more to further the reputation of Dublin chemistry than he. Reynolds’s best known contribution to chemistry was the discovery of thiourea an exceedingly reactive compound which led up to Dr. Werner’s great work on the chemistry of urea itself. 279 Reynolds’s reputation may be judged by his many distinctions among them being :-President of the Chemical Society President of the Society of Chemical Industry President of the Chemical Section of the British Association and Vice-Presiden t of the Royal Society.Reynolds retired in 1903 when the chair gained its present worthy successor Dr. Young. Proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Bell for his address Dr. J. Reilly said that there was no doubt chemistry had reached a very high standard in medieval Ireland In the succeeding 600 years there was very little development in the science principally because the greater portion of the population was deprived of higher education. In England also the position was bad at the beginning of the nineteenth century. At Cambridge for in- stance the Professor of Chemistry was also a Professor of Divinity. Chemistry was chiefly studied because of its applica- tion to medicine.The College of Science in Dublin had done much for chemistry. Dr. Reilly then referred to some famous Irish chemists from the seventeenth century to the present day. The work accom- plished by these men should be an incentive to the younger chemists. Dr. J. P. C. Kirkpatrick who seconded the motion said that the Irish were a learned people before the coming of the EngIish. Whether Ireland was an island of saints or not he could not say but it was certainly an island of scholars. After the arrival of the English the Irish who really wanted to get on with their work left the country. Many of them reached high positions in England France Germany and other countries. Great things were expected when Trinity College was founded in 1592 but unfortunately they did not fructify.In 1628 the then Provost pointed out “ that it was a poor College of divines.” There was little change until the end of the seventeenth century. Supporting the motion Professor E. A. Werner referred to a certain I talian publication dealing with the world’s greatest chemists. The well-known Irish chemists were almost altogether ignored but it was pointed out that “in Ireland ether is drunk as a liqueur-a refined form of alcohol.’’ The full paper is filed at the Institute for reference. Dr. Werner after the lecture exhibited some specimens of a new type of ware a substitute for china 280 The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 16th November 1927 in the Chemical Theatre Trinity College Dublin Professor W.E. Adeney presiding. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer were read and adopted. The following Committee was elected for the session 1927-28 Professor W. E. Adeney Mr. B. G. Fagan Dr. A. G. G. Leonard Dr. J. H. Millar Mr. A. O’Fmelly Mr. J. W. Parkes and Professor Sydney Young. Mr. P. O’Callagahan and Mr. G. Brownlee were elected Hon. Auditors. Professor Adeney was nominated as delegate to represent the Section at the Jubilee Celebration of the Institute in London and Dr. J. Bell was nominated to represent the Section at the Annual Dinner of the Belfast Section. Leeds Area.-On 31st October a meeting of the Section jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the University of Leeds when Dr.0. C. de C. Ellis of the Safety in Mines Research Station at Sheffield University gave a lecture on “Flame,” illustrated by many beautiful slides. Dr. Ellis showed how ideas of flame from mere superstition had developed with the growth of exact knowledge resulting from scientific observation. The recent development of photographic technique had made it possible to follow the life history of a flame with a remarkable insight. Dr. Ellis described his experimental method of snap-shot photography whereby the state and position of a flame could be registered at intervals of a few thousandths of a second on one plate. In this way a complete record of the process of an explosion could be made from ignition to extinction. Many curious properties were thus brought to light.Two flames separately ignited in a compound mixture show a marked individualism being reluctant to coalesce. A flame was always retarded on approaching an obstacle and appeared to seek out and penetrate any opening it might approach. The low density of a flame always affected the shape and the rotatory movement produced could be plainly recognised in the numerous slides displayed. The slides also showed the phenomenon of “ after burning,” the nature of which is a subject of considerable discussion among chemists and engineers. 281 A discussion followed in which the Chairman Mr. .H. J. Hodsman Prof. W. T. David Dr. A. Parker Mr. G. B. Howarth and Mr. Lighton participated. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Great Northern Hotel Leeds on 18th November Mr.B. G. McLellan in the chair. Messrs. R. 30. Abell T. W. Price D. McCandlish and G. V. Hall were elected to the Committee in the place of Messrs. N. M. Comber R. Whytlaw Gray L. L. Lloyd and J. A. Reddie. Mr. J. Firth and Mr. R. Gawler were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The Hon. Secretary and Treasurer were also re-elected. The Treasurer’s report was received and adopted. A paper on “The Training of a Leather Chemist,” was then read by Mr. H. Salt. Mr. Salt said that it was curious that what was probably the oldest industry in the world should have been so late in develop- ing on the scientific side. Leather chemistry could be associated with the name of the late Professor Proctor more closely than that of any one man could be associated with any other industry to which chemistry was applied.Before the opening of the Leather Industries Department in the Yorkshire College now the University of Leeds leather manufacture was considered to be a series of secret processes the successful operation of which could be acquired by years of practice; that chemistry could be useful to the industry had been appreciated by only very few scientists. No other Univer- sity in England had a similar Department and no other in the world granted a degree in the chemistry of leather manufacture. Such being the case the lecturer was justified in taking as an example of the training necessary for the leather chemist the courses in the University of Leeds which had given to the industry a number of chemists whose work was sufficient indica- tion of the soundness of the training At the outset it must be realised that it very wide field had to be covered.The skins of animals varied as much as the animals themselves. The study of skin immediately involved the chemistry of the proteins a knowledge both of physical and organic chemistry and also of histology and bacteriology. Vegetable tanning involved the chemistry of the colloids and a knowledge of botany. Tannage with oils and with[ mineral salts also opened up other wide fields. Some knowledge of 282 engineering was necessary in order to study the special machinery in use in the industry and an acquaintance with dyestuffs was also essential.Since the Association of Leather Trades Chemists published a journal in French and much literature was published in German a knowledge of these languages was essential. It was clear that the trainifig of the leather trzdes chemist must be very wide. The course at Leeds aimed at the production of chemists with both wide general and specialised knowledge and in its applica- tion to the production of leather. The course extended over four years; the students were required to attain a standard in pure chemistry equivalent to that required for an ordinary degree and were in addition required to pass examinations in the specialised subjects. For the honours degree students had to take honours courses in physical and organic chemistry bacteri- ology and enzyme action and engineering in addition to the usual physics French and German.They also had to take cIasses dealing with the special materials used in the industry such as barks woods leaves fruits etc. used for tanning and in the special methods of analysis of h e chrome and tan liquors etc. Microscopical methods were also studied. The student who had passed through the full course was not merely an expert in leather manufacture but was also primarily a well trained chemist; the honours degree wits accepted by the Institute of Chemistry. The paper was followed by a protracted discussion on the work of the chemist in the leather industries on the relation of works practice to academic training and on various points of technical interest.The proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. The Leeds Area and Huddersfield Sections celebrated the Jubilee of the Institute by a dinner held at the Great Northern Hotel Leeds on and December Mr. 33. G. McLeUan Chairman of the Leeds Area Section presiding. The guests included Prof. J. F. Thorpe F.R.S. Vice-President of the Institute of Chemistry; Mr. Francis H. Cam C.B.E. President of the Society of Chemical Industry; Mr. J. H. Portway President Leeds Chamber of Commerce; Prof. J. K. Jamieson Dean of the Faculty of Medicine University of Leeds; Mr. H. J. C. Johnston President of the English Ceramic Society; Mr. A. H. Mann Editor The Yorkshire Post; Mr. J. H. Barker 283 Chairman Yorkshire Branch Institute of Mechanical Engineers Mr.J. E. Storr Chairman North Midland Centre Institute of Electrical Engineers; Mr. H. Jennings Chairman Society of Dyers and Colourists ; the Bishop of Knaresborough (Dr. Lucius Smith); Mr. Warwick Mitchell Mr. Eaton Smith and Principal J. F. Hudson (Huddersfield). The Chairman having welcomed the Huddersfield Section said that chemists were formerly apt to be very seclusive but in recent years they had come to realise their community of interest arising from the fact that chemistry permeated practi- cally every branch of human activity. If science and the arts were to be interwoven successfully then the leaders of science and of the arts must mix together get to know one another and share their joys as they had in industry to share their difficulties.Welcoming the representatives of other professions he said the relations between the chemists and the engineers were very close for the chemist had often to call in the engineer to provide plant for a large scheme in the place of the laboratory beaker. In the solution of such a problem as the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen for instance the triumph could be claimed by the engineer jointly with the chemist. The bond was also close with the medical profession though chemists studied their problems irt vitro and the physiologists studied theirs iut vivo. The service rendered by the chemists to that profession had been exceedingly valuable. Mr. Francis H. Caw President of the Society of Chemical Industry gave the toast of the ?City and Trade of Leeds.” He suggested that the only way to prosperity which lay before industry was to continue to utilise science as much as possible and to eliminate the influence of unlimited competition.He welcomed the completion of combinations in the chemical industry generally and urged that the trade must be so organised that even the rank and file who were better educated nowadays than was formerly the case could take an interest in their work. We regretted that the old idea was still maintained in some parts that the man of science lost caste when he left pure science to aid industry. Mr. J. H. Portway Chairman of the Leeds Chamber of Commerce referred to the progress which in recent years was visible in Leeds but lamented the fact that trade was in some directions still very bad.Everyone would like to see a greater improvement in the staple industries particularly the heavy 284 trades. One thing they must have and that was peace in industry. He regretted the difficulties which had arisen in the woollen trade and expressed the fervent hope there would be an amicable settlement soon in order to prevent any stoppage of work. When trade was bad and foreign competition made things difficult the wise manufacturer sought means of reducing his costs. It was beginning to be realised that it was absolutely essential to progress to promote scientific research and to en- courage science to get to the root causes of their business difficulties. Prof. J. K. Jamieson who proposed the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry,” suggested that chemistry was waiting for a new inspiration.He thought it was coming and meanwhile he suspected that the energies of scientific men were being devoted to the invention of new technical terms with the object presum- ably of protecting their mysteries from the rest of the world. Prof. J. I?. Thorpe who responded expressed the regret of the President of the Institute that other duties prevented his at- tendance at that gathering. Reviewing the past half-century of organisation in the science of Chemistry he observed that the Chemical Society was formed for the discussion of new knowledge. The Institute had as its foundation duty the task of ensuring the efficiency of chemists. Although it was boasted that the total membership of all the twenty chemical societies in existence in this country made a very large figure it was to some extent a stage army for many of the members of one of the societies were also members of the others That multiplication was a really serious matter for the younger men who could not afford a large number of subscriptions.Was it not possible to do something to obviate that very great disadvantage! Dr. H. H. Hodgson Chairman of the Huddersfield Section also responded. Prof. J. W. Cobb proposed the health of the guests. Remark- ing on the help that the Press could render to science he observed that in the last decade the stature of the Press that used to be described as “ provincial ”-newspapers of the standing of The Yorkshire Post and Manchester Gztardian-had greatly developed and was now such as compared honourably with the best of the Metropolitan Press the superiority of which at one time used to be taken for granted.Mr. H. J. C. Johnston Mr. A. H. Mann and Mrs. McLellan responded. 285 Liverpool and North-Western.-Professor I. M. Heilbron presided at the Annual General Meeting held at St. George’s Restaurant on 10th November. Referring to the appointment of the officials of the Section the Chairman said that his successor would be elected by the committee. He announced that the committee had received with regret the resignation of Mr. Hanley from the position of Honorary Secretary. He expressed gratitude to Mr. Hanley for the many years of hard work which he had so ably devoted to the Section.To him more than to any other man the Section owed its present secure position. He had worked right well and it had been no easy task. In thanking Mr. Hanley he expressed the hope that he would be with them for many years to cvme in order that the Section might still have the benefit of his advice. Professor Roberts in supporting the vote of thanks said that Mr. Hanley was one of the onginal members of the Provisional Section the first formed in the country. He could thoroughly endorse all that the chairman had said. The Chairman announced that the committee had appointed Mr. H. E. Monk as Honorary Secretary in the place of Mr. Hanley and that Messrs. H. J. Evans and G. E. Knowles had been elected members of the committee.Messrs. Hardwick and Knowles were re-elected as Honorary Auditors Dr. Kamm and Mr. Ross Associates were also elected mem- bers of the Commit tee their nomination being unopposed; but as Mr. Ross had left the district the election of another Associate in his place was referred to the committee. Dr. Kamm being willing to serve was declared elected. Mr Hanley was appointed to represent the Section on the Benevolent Fund Committee. The Secretary’s Report on the activities of the Section during the past session was adopted. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones moved:-“That the position of Vice- Chairman be created and that the retiring Chairman be eligible for the position irrespective of whether he be a member of committee or not; also that the Vice-chairman be an ex-ofJicio member of the committee and that the rules be amplified accord- ingly.” Mr.Jones explained that the proposed addition arose from the fact that the chairman was elected from the committee. It would be a great advantage if the rules were altered to provide 286 for retaining the retiring chairman on the committee as Vice- Chairman in order that he might give the incoming chairman the benefit of his guidance and advice for at least one year. Professor Bannister seconded the motion which was carried unanimously. Subject to the confirmation of the new rule by the Council it was agreed that Professor Heilbron be appointed Vice-chairman of the Section. A discussion was held on the arrangements for a local cele- bration of the Jubilee of the Institute.Subsequently Professor C. 0. Bannister was elected Chairman of the Section and Mr. John Hanley was appointed a member of the Committee in the place of Mr. Bennett who had left the district. At a meeting held at St. George’s Restaurant on 13th October -Professor Heilbron presiding-Mr. William French gave a very interesting address entitled “ Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Chemistry.” Mr. French said that since the Institute had this year reached its Jubilee he thought it not out of place to refer briefly to its growth. He remembered the events in 1874 which led up to its formation in 1877. He was so impressed by the high ideals put forward by the first President Sir Edward Frankland that he set steadfastly to work to become a member of it but it was not until 18% that he entered for the Associateship Examination.The formation of the Institute was not a simple matter in its initial stage. The Chemical Society or many members of its Council were somewhat passive. The Universities did not give much constructive help-they were generally academic in their outlook. The professional chemists were for the most part unattached units and were a little afraid that their claim might be overlooked or swamped by too great a consideration being given to the academic factor. I t was Frankland who together with a small band of young but far-seeing men took the via m,edin and realised the need for an organisation for the profession as a whole The Institute as they knew it to-day with its sections estab- lished in the great centres of this country and in various parts of the Empire was very largely due to the efforts of Frankland who by his indomitable will his unswerving devotion to duty and his sagacity of purpose as indicated throughout his life overcame difficulties and smoothed the path to success.287 Referring to the local sections Mr. French expressed the opinion that they were a true measure of the advance made by the Institute during the past ten years. It was largely due to the hard work of Mr Hanley that the first Section had been formed at Liverpool and from this initial step a territorial system of Sections had been formed Manchester being the second. There had been for some years a general desire on the part of members in the north of England to get more into touch with the Institute to increase its activities and to make it more widely known.Mr. French strongly recommended all students and young Associates to read the History of the Imtitute. He had read it through with the abstracts of the Presidential addresses several times with undiminished interest. They were well written and well thought out having a driving power of remarkable inspiration and constructive criticism contending against apathy and passive resistance. This especially referred to Frankland’s first address when he outlined the policy and aims of the Institute the endeavour to raise the status of the chemist by enlisting men of sound general education and culture on which to base a highly scientific training.To-day they were proud of Frankland’s efforts of fifty years ago. Mr. French gave a brief account of Frankland’s early life in Lancaster. His intention after leaving the grammar school there had been to become a medical man but through an exaggerated account of the cost of medical training as given to his parents by the family physician he was advised to enter the profession by the “ back door.” Frankland became apprenticed to a chemist and druggist but he appeared to have quite set his mind against the business of this kind. He stated he “learnt nothing” from his master but he gave great credit to two well-known physicians in the town-the Johnson brothers- and a schoolmaster who taught him chemistry and electricity.The former subject fascinated him and as the ultimate result he became a great teacher and a great thinker and experi- mentalist. Mr. French referred briefly to his original work on Chemical Constitution his continuous publications of papers on various subjects and his books on Notation. Incidentally he recollected that when he was examined by Frankland in 1876 one question which completely floored him was-“ Write the Graphic formula 288 of Meerschaum.” When Frankland left Marburg to accept a lectureship at Queenwood College where he met Tyndall he relates-“ I had only once lectured before viz. at the Mechanics’ Institute in Lancaster during my visit there in 1846.” Mr. French then recalled his own early experiences at Cam- bridge University Chemical Laboratories under Professor Liveing in 1874.The laboratories there were vastly different from those of to-day both in facilities for lecturing and in equipment for practical work and research. Much glass apparatus was made by the teachers or assistants. Professor Liveing was an expert glass-blower and a handyman with tools. He would often sit down at the blow-pipe table surrounded by a few students and with a beaming smile genial manner and steady hand shew the evolution of a T-piece or glass bulb from a straight piece of tubing; he made Bell jars from Winchester Quarts and windows for the ends of his spectroscopic tube; and he ground down the sides of bottles on sandstone putting in place thin plate glass sides in order to produce prisms useful for examining liquids by the spectroscope.From his earliest days he appreciated that the study of Natural Sciences was progressive that the quest for truth in each and every branch was developing and that with each decade came abundance of new facts discoveries and theories. While it was beyond the possibility of any man to keep abreast of all the recent work published during those fifty years it was his aim to know something of it so far as a non- mathematical brain would allow him to do so but he honestly confessed that “ P values ” and much of the Physical Chemistry which had been given to them during the past fifteen years or so did not appeal to him This physical chemistry would possibly open up vistas for original work and chemistry might become a branch of physics.He wished it to be understood that he was not sufficiently drugged in the chemistry of the past as to obliterate from his mind the better work of to-day and the future. “New times demand new methods and new men The world advances and in t h e outgrows The laws that in our fathers days were best. And doubtless after us gome purer scheme Will be shaped out by Wiaer men than we Made wiser by the steady growth of truth.” The laboratory work the study of chemistry and other branches of natural philosophy in those days were calm and 289 rational-quite unlike the rush of to-day which appeared to the older generation its almost bordering on the murder or suicide of scientific method.Then there appeared to be more time to think and reason the idea heiiig rather towards a better and deeper understanding of the subjects under consideration. There also appeared to be less specialising and more thoroughness. The men trained in the seventies and early eighties as we know them to-day seemed to be more versatile. In those early days there were no typewriters no telephones no secondary batteries. When power was required for lecture work to illustrate the vaporisation of metals and the consequent examination of them by the spectroscope it was a ratter of fitting up fifty Groves’ cells. To-day many people hardly realised what a Grove cell was. Platinum in those days was 23s. an ounce and it was usual for a student to have his own platinum crucible There were no electric lighting vacuum bulbs; Swan and Edison had not yet invented these.He well remembered the excitement in the public press when Swan of Newcastle-on-Tyne brought to notice his first patented practical lamp of this nature about 1877; afterwards came Edison’s and others. After reading the announcement he had made one of these lamps and incidentally gave an account of its construction and its fate. The terminals were two pieces of rather thick platinum wire-the bulb was exhausted by a Sprengel pump and sealed. Four Groves’ cells were then fitted up and taken to a dark cellar. One cell wits connected and a feeble glow was observed. Two cells gave a bright glow whilst three cells gave sufficient light for reading.All assistants and students in the laboratory were asked to come and see it. They came-it was the first novelty of the kind seen at Cambridge. Someone said “Try four cells.” Alas! the lamp glowed very vividly for a second or two and fizzled out. At the same period about 1877 the scientific world was startled by the researches of Pictet in Geneva and CaiUetet in Paris who had liquified the previously so-called “ permanent gases ”-hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and air-a triumph arising from the earlier work of Andrews and Faraday. A year later 1877 Professor Dewar had installed at Cambridge one of Cailletet’s machines the first in this country and he remembered his jog on seeing oxygen liquified. 290 At Cambridge in 1874 there were five laboratories for practical chemistry-the large university laboratories from which sprang the new laboratories of to-day with Sir William Pope and Professor Lowry in charge and smaller laboratories at St.John’s (the first built in the town by Liveing before he became Professor) ; Caius College laboratory conducted by Mr. Apjohn then public analyst and later by Pattison Muir one of Roscoe’s pupils and assistants; Downing laboratory conducted by Mr. Lewis and that at Sidney conducted by the Rev. George Hicks (afterwards Bishop of Capetown). This laboratory although very small became known for the classical researches carried out there by Heycock and Neville on the properties of metals gold silver alloys etc. Liveing was the most unselfish man he ever knew He lived €or duty and service-he was not sure which came first- and while keeping always his chemical school in a progressive state his great aim was the building up of a medical school worthy of the University.He lived to see the accomplishment of this. He was the first man in Cambridge to open his lecture room and laboratories to women. As a lecturer he was quiet and undemonstrative; he disliked applause or any show of boyish exuberance at the result of some spectacular experiment. On many occasions he would stop during a lecture to give a little homily on good manners to medical students and suggest that they should read Lord Chesterfield‘s letters. He was most painstaking in the preparation for lecture illustrations.As a rule he gave notes a week beforehand of the work he wished to illustrate which he would invariably check or rehearse before a lecture took place. On one occasion a boy had been sent for something and told to hurry; the boy tarried and was met with the exclamation in short crisp words “Have you never heard the old saying ‘Never keep the devil waiting for hot pitch.’ ” On another occasion when about to illustrate the explosive properties of iodide of nitrogen which had been dried overnight on a piece of filter paper placed on a block of wood he noticed a fly settling on the paper. He stopped talking and gazed at the fly then called the attention of the students as to what might happen if the fly walked on to the black mass. He had hardly spoken when the fly meandered to its destruction.Bang!-a small 291 cloud-cheers from the audience! On the occasion of a lecture on the properties of ammonia Liveing specially requested that three jars of carefully dried ammonia and three similar j a m of carefully dried hydrochloric acid should be collected over mercury in his special mercury trough. Great care was taken with the preparation but when the time arrived for the illustra- tion (towards the end of the lecture) Liveing carefully placed a jar of each mouth to mouth-nothing happened. He next tried two other jars with a like result. He was for a moment speechless apologised and walked out of the room. As he walked out white clouds were appearing; the assistant went after him and told him what was happening.“The gases were too dry,’ he said but Liveing was far too much upset and worried to bother further about them. When some years later Baker had published his work he spoke to Liveing of the incident; he (Liveing) smiled and said “Yes,-no doubt it was as Wilson (the assistant) had said,-the gases were too dry.” When the honorary degree of D.Sc. was conferred on Liveing after sixty years’ Professorship the words of Lowell when speaking of Abraham Lincoln were pronounced by the Public Orator Dr. Sandys:- ‘‘ The kindIy earnest brave far-aaeing man Sagaoious patient dreading prcriw not blame.” His modesty was only exceeded by his generosity and worth. A hearty vote of thanks was passed to Mr. French on the proposition of the Chairman.The seventy-ninth general meeting of the Liverpool Section was held at the St. George’s Restaurant on 8th December. Thanks were accorded to the retiring officers the Chairman Prof. Heilbron ; the Secretary Mr. John Hanky; and the Assistant Secretary Dr. Morton. The vacancy for Assistant Secretary was filled by the election of Mr. E. E. Abraham. Prof. C. 0. Bannister the Chairman gave an address in the course of which he related much of his experience as a chemist and metallurgist. He thought the profession of chemistry still worth while for a young man and that it held out promise of more than ordinary interest and of sufficient-though not enormous-material reward. The chief things demanded of the novitiate were that he should love his job and not be afraid of hard work.292 A vote of thanks to the Chairman proposed by Prof. T P. Hilditch and seconded by Mr. Gabriel Jones was carried with acclamation. The Committee of the Section has decided to adopt Mr. H. E Monk as its nominee for the election of a District Member of Council. The dinner arranged by the Section in connection with the Jubilee Celebration of the Institute will be held at the Adelphi Hotel Liverpool on Friday 13th January. Tickets price 10s. 6d. may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary or Committee. Members are urged to a$& for their tickets early London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 16th November,-Sir Robert Robertson in the chair.Messrs. Bars and Rayner were appointed scrutineers to report on the ballot for Associate members of Committee. The Committee’s report and the Treasurer’s report were read and adopted. The Committee for the ensuing session was elected as follows:-Officers Chairman Prof. J. C. Drummond; Vice-Chairmen Sir Robert Robertson and Mr. G. S W. Marlow; Treasurer Mr. A. J. Chapman; and Secretary Mr. E. B. Hughes Committee.-Fellows Dr. L. E. Campbell Mr. S. H. Greenwood Dr. G. A. R. Kon Mr. P. J. Sageman Mr. N. Evers Mr. S. H. Johnstone Dr. L. H. Lampitt Mr. H. Shankster Mr. A. E. Garland Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Prof. G. T. Morgan Miss S. M. L. Snelus. Associates Messrs. A. W. Barrett J. Haslam A. V. Hussey S. G. Kendrick C. W. Spiers F. J. Tritton.On the proposal of Mr. Eynon seconded by Mr. Brewis a hearty vote of thanks was accorded the retiring Chairman Sir Robert Robertson for his services to the Section during the past year. After returning thanks Sir Robert introduced and welcomed Prof. Drummond who then took office as Chairman. The business of the evening was followed by a Smoking Concert rendered successful by the generous and highly appre- ciated services of the following artistes :-Mrs. Boseley violin; Miss Arline King and Miss Bertha Rackman songs; Mr. Boseley piano; Mr. J. H. Bushill Dr. L. E. Campbell Mr. H. H. Hudson and Mr. W. G. Messenger songs; Mr. F. W. Smith humorous was much enjoyed. 293 entertainment. A one-act Play (arranged by Dr L. H. Lampitt) Miss Winnie Cullen Miss Dorothy May and Mr.Mark Bogod Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting took place on the zIst October in the rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. The newly elected Chairman Mr. L. G. Radcliffe presided. The Hon. Secretary’s report on the past session’s activities and the financial statement of the Treasurer were read and adopted. Messrs. H. H. Bagnall M. Choate W. Hubball W. Silvester and Dr. W. J. Naunton were elected to the committee. The Hon. Secretary Dr. A. Coulthard and the Hon. Auditors Messrs. J. R. Hodgson and F. Scholefield were re-elected. At the conclusion of the business a joint meeting was held with the Society of Dyers and Colourists with Mr. J. R. Hannay in the Chair when a lecture was given by Prof.E. C. C . Baly entitled “ Light and Life.” Professor Baly called attention to the val- uable results that were being obtained by the treatment of men and animals with ultra-violet rays and discussed the scientific explanation of this. He considered the reaction by which carbohydrates and proteins were synthesised in the living leaf as of the highest fundamental importance as all life depends on this reaction. Visible light was unable to supply sufficient energy for the purpose. The quantity of energy as determined from thermodynamical data was known as the critical increment of energy. In order to form a single gram molecule of a hexose sugar the carbon dioxide required must absorb energy equiva- lent to 840,000 calories but in the living leaf this was achieved by the absorption of no more than 263,000 calories under the influence of red light.The definitive factor of the reaction was the amount of energy required to bring the carbon dioxide molecules into the particular reactive state that was required. Laboratory reactions of carbon dioxide were characterised by much smaller critical increments of energy than that of the carbohydrate reaction. The chemistry of the laboratory was one of low energy. That of carbohydrate and protein synthesis was one of high energy. The lecturer maintained the view that the whole chain of reactions in the living leaf which were the consequence of the initial activation of the carbon dioxide took place at an energy level far higher than that attainable by ordinary laboratory methods and suggested that this was the key of the mystery of the chemistry of vital processes.He 294 said that light was the driving force of life since the products of photosynthesis are the inevitable results of the high activation of carbonic acid due to the agency of sunlight. The problem was different in the case of men and of animals which do not depend on photosynthesis for their life and being. These obtained the high energy necessary to their vital pro- cesses by feeding on living plants or on other animals. Man differed from most animals in keeping his food awhile before eating it. When an animal was killed or a plant was gathered the vital processes ceased and the high energy began to be dissipated until at last all the components sank to the energy level of inanimate matter.But food values were not a mere matter of calories man should see to it that he had his food as fresh as possible; green vegetables especially lost their vital energy very quickly indeed. This should be a plea for a greatly accelerated distribution of food. The second way that man might gain energy was by means of light particularly that of short wave length for which his skin had the greatest absorptive power. In this connection reference was made to the con- version of ergosterol (present in the skin) into the anti-rachitic vitamin D by irradiation with ultra-violet rays as shown by recent work of Morton Heilbron and Kamm. This offered an explanation of the cause of the benefit accruing when rachitic children were exposed to ultra-violet rays.The special value of the new substitutes for glass which were transparent to ultra- violet rays was at once apparent in this connection. The influence of moonlight on plant and animal life was discussed by the lecturer. He referred to the folk-lore which upheld the benefit of moonlight to plants and its opposite effect on man. Instances of the beneficial action of moonlight on seeds and seedlings were given and experiments referred to which appeared to show that the action was due to polarised light of which moonlight contains some 10 per cent. during the early phases of the moon. As examples of the ill effect of polarised light on man attention was drawn to the peculiarly inflammatory effect of the light scattered from snow at high altitudes and the occurrence of " moon-blindness " in watchers on ships on moon- light nights in the tropics.In conclusion the lecturer stressed the importance to man of eating his food as soon as possible after it has been killed or gathered and the vital necessity of ultra-violet rays in both normal and subnormal health. 296 A discussion followed in which Prof. A. Lapworth Messrs. A. J. Hall L. G. Radcliffe Sylvester Scholefield Jowett and Edge took part. On the motion of Mr. Radcliffe seconded by Mr. Edge a hearty vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer and carried with great enthusiasm. A meeting of the section in conjunction with the Society of Chemical Industry the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and the Society of Dyers and Colourists (under the auspices of the last-named Society) was held on 4th November 1927 in the Assembly Room Blackfriars House Manchester.The chair was taken by Dr. H. Levinstein the President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists who received an enthusiastic welcome on his re-appearance after a period of prolonged illness. A paper entitled “Some New Principles in Chemo-therapy,” by Prof. A. G. Green and Dr. Myer Coplaus was read by Prof. Green. The following is an abstract of the paper :- The chemotherapy of dyestuffs and allied synthetic organic substances based largely upon the views of Ehrlich has on the whole been disappointing owing to the influence of factors not at first realised namely the chemical alteration of the drug under the influence of living matter.Such progress as has been made in therapeutic research has been mainly empirical since we are at present unable to predict what specific chemical groupings would give to a drug a preferential affinity for invading organisms rather than for the protective cells of the body. The authors have examined the question whether it may not be possible to exert a controlled and selective action upon foreign organisms and their toxins by the administration of compounds (derivatives of dyestuffs in particular) which are themselves inactive and innocuous but which could be converted in the body or particular parts of it into active agents. The slow and continuous production within the system of such an active substance might exert a definite bactericidal or at least bacteri- ostatic action without materially harming the defensive cells (leucocytes) .Two classes of compounds which might fulfil those conditions have been examined. A. Leuco-compounds which could give rise to physiologically active dyestuffs upon oxidation. 4. 296 B. Special dyestuffs (or leuco-dyes) containing “hbile- acidic” groups such as the “ sulphate ’’ group-NH.C&,. OS0,H or the “ omega-sdphonic ” group-NH.CH,.S03H These new classes of dyestuffs have been described in a series of papers by Green and Saunders published during rgzz and 1923. Whilst functioning in the unaltered condition like ordinary acidic dyestuffs (or leuco-com- pounds) they are converted by hydrolysis into basic compounds.From the authors’ investigation the following conclusions are derived. I. Leuco-compounds of the triphenylmethane compounds have a much smaller toxicity and bactericidal activity than the corresponding dyestuffs. When administered to animals they are excreted both by the liver and kidney if acidic or by the liver alone if basic. 2. Leuco-compounds of the triphenylmethane dyes exhibit a very remarkable neutralising or detoxicating action upon toxins such as those of diphtheria tetanus and cobra venom. In the case of the first two a very definite quantitative relationship could be proved- to exist which varies with the toxin and the leuco-compound. I t is believed that further investigation of this action may afford a basis for the local treatment of diphtheria tetanus and snake bite.3. Sulphate dyes and sulphate leuco-compounds have in the unaltered condition little toxic action and little or no bactericidal power. When however these substances are administered to animals they are excreted both by the kidneys and liver and render the urine and bile strongly antiseptic so that added .pathogenic organisms will not grow in these fiuids. Rabbits which had been artificially infected with an active strain of B. tyekzosus and had thus become typhoid carriers were completely sterilised by continued adminis- tration of sulphate compounds the organisms disappear- ing from gall bladder and blood. 5. Experiments made with mice infected with trypanosomum equifierdum indicate the possibility of employing omega- sulphonic acids of active substances for blood sterilisation.These substances outside the body exert little or no bactericidal or trypanocidal action. 297 The resrflts obtained would seem to indicate the possibility of new methods of attack in the treatment of disease in which substances having little or no toxicity or physiological activity in themselves may be administered with the object of gradually liberating in the system by chemical changes definite active drugs having a destructive effect upon invading organisms. A very interesting discussion followed in which Dr. Levinstein Mr. Hailwood Mr. Newton Mr. W. Kaye Miss R. Robinson and Dr.Renshaw took part. A hearty vote of thanks to the authors proposed by Mr. J. R. Hannay and seconded by Mr. C . J. T. Cronshaw was carried unanimously. The Institute’s Jubilee was celebrated in Manchester on 12th December by adinner held at “The Manchester” Ltd. (St. Ann’s Square) which was attended by many distinguished guests. Proposing the toast of the Institute Mr. W. Howarth President of the Textile Institute said the benefit of the work which the chemist did was to be seen in a wide sphere and the Textile Institute was applying that work for its benefit. At the time the Institute of Chemistry was founded the colleges and universities did not take the large part in the training of chemists that they did to-day and it might be claimed that the Institute by its examinations in which a very high standard had been maintained had played no small part in the development of systematic chemical education.It was difficult to realise what the position of professional chemists would have been to-day if no such institution had been founded in order to bring together in one body those who practised a calling now so necessary to the affairs of everyday life and the progress of civilisation. Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe Chairman of the Manchester and District Section in responding to the toast remarked that the advances in chemistry were so rapid that it was almost impossible to keep pace with them. The importance of the profession of chemistry was not recognised in the world outside the profession as it ought to be Those who followed it were too often confused with another type of chemist who they thought might be referred to as a pharmacist or apothecary.They had no quarrel-with him but they desired it to be understood that there were other types of chemist than the pharmacist and they thought they ought to have some sort of title that would distinguish them from the pharmacist. 298 A short address was given by the Chairman Mr. L. G. Radcliffe at the close of the dinner. The dinner was followed by a dance and cabaret entertainment. N ewcastle-on-Ty ne and North- East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting was held in the Chemical Industry Club Newcastle-on-Tyne on 25th November Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe in the chair. The report of the Committee and the accounts for the past session were received and adopted.The following were elected as members of the Committee for the ensuing year :-Chairman Prof. H. V. ,4. Rriscoe. Committee:-Mr. H. C . L. Bloxam Prof. G. R. Clemo Mr. J. Hamilton Dr. P. L. Robinson Mr. L. H. Sensicle ; Hon. Treasurer Mr. T. Wallace and Hon. Secretary Mr. F. H. Walker. Messrs. J. B. Duncan and A. Short were appointed Honorary Auditors. On the motion of Mr. G. J. Greenfield seconded by Mr. H. C . L. Bloxam it was decided that the rules of the local Section be reprinted and distributed to members. MI+. H. C. L. Bloxam placed before the meeting a summary of the programme for the Jubilee Celebrations of the Institute in London. The date--I3th January xgzS,-was fixed for the local celebrations and it was announced that the Registrar of the Institute had been invited to deliver a lecture which would be followed by a programme of music in the King’s Hall.Armstrong College New as t le-on-Tyne. Further dates for meetings were announced as follows :- 24th February and 26th March 1928. It was suggested that arrangements be made if possible to broadcast a “Talk” on the history and work of the Institute of Chemistry in connection with the Jubilee. The programnic for the session and the general activities of the Section were then discussed at some length. Thanks were accorded to the retiring members of Committee and also to the Honorary Secretary. South Wales.-A meeting of the Section was held at Thomas’ Cafk Swansea on 7th October Mr.C. M. W. Grieb occupying the chair. The Chairman welcomed Mr. Christie the first Chairman of the Section who attended the meeting during a visit to the district. A warm tribute was paid to Mr. Christie’s 299 early association with the Section and the keen interest he had taken in its formation. In reply Mr. Christie gave a brief account of the early history of the Section. The meeting discussed the resolution passed at the Extra- ordinary Meeting of the Liverpool and North-Western Section held on the a3rd February referring to registration. After a long discussion it was agreed that the matter of the resolution was premature and that it be referred for a future date. Dr. Macnair pleaded for better conditions for metaIlurgica.1 chemists in connection with the Institute’s regulations referring especially to the requirements regarding organic chemistry which were a hardship to the metallurgist.Dr. Macnair also commented on the non-returnable fee payable on application for admission to the Fellowship. The Chairman explained that this fee was necessary in order to cover expenses involved in examining and assessing the evidence offered in support of the application. He and other Fellows in the Section would gladly help to form an opinion on the Fellowship qualifications of any applicant before his case was forwardcd to the Council. The second nieeting of the session was held on 28th October Mr. C. M. W. Grieb occupying the chair. Dr. Macnair again referred to the position of the metallurgist in relation to the Institute.He would like to know the total number of chemists directly connected with metallurgy in the local Section and also in the whole Institute membership. The number must be fairly large and unless the Institute catered for metallurgists he feared that a separate body would be formed. The Chairman explained that this matter had been considered by a conference and it had been decided by the Council that a fundamental knowledge of organic chemistry must be an essential qualification of applicants for membership. Dr. Macnair pointed out that the training of metallurgists in most universities and colleges did not include a study of organic chemistry. Prof. Coates was of the opinion that no matter how well qualified a candidate might be in other branches of chemistry any candidate without some knowledge of organic chemistry had not sufficient fundamental knowledge of chemistry.The Chairman mentioned that the South Wales Section resolution referring to the election of .4ssociates to Council had 300 not received support from other local Sections and the matter had not therefore been carried further. The members then attended a joint meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at which Mr. D. H. Hey read a very interesting paper on “Hormones.” The lecturer described the better known ductless glands special attention being paid to the suprarenal thyroid and pituitary glands. The functions of the hormones secreted by these bodies were explained and far-reaching effects of abnormalities in the functioning of the ductless glands were cited.Experi- mental work on the removal of glands and on subsequent grafting also on the injection and oral administration of gland extracts was described. The chemical nature of the hormones of known constitution was explained and the brilliant work of Prof. Harrington which led to the synthesis of thyroxine was described. An account of recent work on insulin was given and the r61e of sulphur and of nickel and also that of cobalt in insulin preparations were discussed. Iieferciice was made to the discussion on this subject at the recent meeting of the British Association at Leeds and some of the possibilities of further work in this field were visualised.The lecturer concluded with a reference to the ideal attitude of scientific research to life. There was just a possibility that one day we might in our thirst for knowledge find ourselves with powers which we have no wish to possess; but that if we could direct our progress along such lines as would lead to a better understanding of life to the alleviation of human suffering and perhaps to the control over unhealthy conditions of mind humanity would be the richer for a store of knowledge the benefits of which it would be impossible to over-estimate. After an interesting discussion in which the Chairman Prof. Coates Dr. Macnair Mr. Ayling and Dr. Ramsay took part a cordial vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer.At a meeting held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 8th November Mr. George E. Hider read a paper on “The Engineer-Chemist and his Influence in Engineering Economics.” The lecturer remarked that during the present depression of many British industries representatives had been sent abroad to study foreign industries in order to ascertain how foreign enterprises were able to compete on so much better terms. This 301 was remarkable as in many cases the British industry had been the pioneer and British engineers chemists and other specialists were equal to those of any other country. He considered one of the chief causes more particularly in the tin-plate industry to be the lack of co-oyeration between engineers chemists salesmen etc.He suggested that the chemist should not be content to take samples and carry out analyses in the laboratory. He should ascertain that engineers interpreted results correctly and modified their processes according to the I information supplied. Revolutionary methods of manufacture such as their competitors were designing could not be originated without complete collaboration between engineers and chemists. Mr. Hider presented much evidence to show that prosperity in the past had spoiled perspective. Many inventions originating in Great Britain had been neglected in times of prosperity to be developed into highly successful industries by foreign com- petit ors. The lecturer concluded that Britain had lost much business because manufacturers had failed to regard obsolescence of processes as a concrete liability and had failed to link up the results of fundamental research with that series of acts which led to the economic accomplishment of any specific enterprise.An interesting discussion followed,and a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Hider for his interesting and suggestive lecture concluded the meeting. At the annual general meeting held on 9th December the annual report and statement of accounts were adopted. The following officers and committee were elected:- Chairman Mr. C. M. W. Grieb; Hon. Secretary Dr.A. G. Ramsay; Committee Messrs. J. W. Adye E. Anderson E. E. Ayling P. F. Ellis Dr. L. E. Hinkel and Mr. C. A. Seyler. Messrs. U.Hartshorne and E. A. Tyler were elected honorary auditors. Mr.C. M. W. Grieb was nominated for election as District Member of Council. The Hon. Secretary was instructed to enquire if the Council had considered the resolutions passed at the ordinary meeting of 29th April referring to the election of Associates to Council and further if replies had been received from any other sections which had considered the matter. 302 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). The fifth annual general meeting of the Students’ Association (London) was held on Thursday 13th October 1927 at the Instit Ute. The annual report and accounts were received and adopted. Prof. Arthur Smithells C.M.G. F.R.S. the retiring President of the Association welcomed his successor Mr.E. Richards Bolton F.I.C. The Committee for the Session 1927-1928 was duly elected and the retiring officers and committee heartily thanked for their services to the Association. After the formal business an enjoyable social evening was spent. The Officers and Committee 1927-28 :-President E. Richards Bolton F.I.C.; Vice-president F. E. Joselin BSc. A.I.C. (Birkbeck College) ; Hon. Treasurer Richard B. Pilcher O.R.E. ; Hon. Secretary N. Stuart (Imperial College) ; Hon. Secretary for Works Visits D. C. Beese (Sir John Cass Technicat Institute) ; Members of Committee King’s College L. A. Warren ; East London College F. S. Hawkins; Battersea Polytechnic Y. A. Farmer; University College E. B. Robertson; Sir John Cass Technical Institute D.C. Beese; Northern Polytechnic G . W. Packman; Imperial College N. Stuart ; Chelsea Polytechnic €3. L. Fielder; Birkbeck College G. W. Ferguson; The Poly- technic Regent Street J. H. Hamence. 303 Notes. Seventh Congressof Industrial Chemistry.-Mr. Arthur R. Smith who kindly represented the Institute at the Seventh Congress of Industrial Chemistry held in Paris from 16th-zznd October has forwarded a report of the proceedings. On the 16th the foreign delegates were received by the President of the Socikth de Chimie Industrielle,-M. Donat Agache and the Vice-president delegate M. Jean Gkrard the reception being followed by a very enjoyable entertainment. On the morning of the 17th the Congress met under the presidency of hL Tardieu the Minister of Public Works.The Mkdaille d’Honneur of the Society was presented to M. Georges Claude. The Society having been established for exactly ten years a speech was delivered by M. Agache outlining its history from its foundation by M. Paul Kestner and M. Jean Gbrard. M. Agache also dealt with the progress of chemistry as applied to the use of combustibles and to agriculture the two subjects in which the Congress was especially interested. Other lectures given during the Congress included the following:- M. Lebeau on “ The gaseous products of carbonisation ” ; Prof. Fierz David on “The problems of Organic Industries”; &I. Ch. E. H. Boissevain on “Nitrogenous Manures in Holland”; and M. 11. S. Wino- gradsky on “Le Pouvoir Fixateur des Terres.” The closing ceremony on the 20th was presided over by M.Roux representing M. Queille Minister of Agriculture and a resume of the work of the Congress was read by M. Maurice Deschiens. Delegates were received at the Hotel de Ville by M. Delsol President of the Municipal Council and the Prbfet of the Seine. On the Igth they were very cordially entertained to dinner by M. and Mme. Donat Agache at the Cercle Interallid. The banquet at Claridge’s Hotel on the zoth was presided over by M. Bokanowski Minister of Commerce and Industry and was followed by a dance. A visit was paid to the Etablissements Kullmann at Villers- St. Paul manufacturers of colouring matters on which occasion 304 the visitors were entertained to luncheon at the Grand Condk Hotel Chantilly.M. Duchemin a director welcomed the guests and in his speech ernphasised the need of international co-operation especially in view of the present day tariffs. Sir Alfred Mond replied for the foreign delegates. A visit was also paid to Messrs. Houbigant toilet-soap and perfume manufacturers whose directors took special pains to show their manufacture in detail and to explain the working of modern plant; and M. Bienaimk Chairman of the Company gave an instructive explanation why Perfumery was essentially a French industry. The affability of the President M. Donat Agache and the organisation of M. Jean Gkrard rendered the International Congress in every way successful and enjoyable. M arcel i n Berth e I ot Ce n ten ary.-Professor Jocelyn F.Thorpe Vice-president represented the Institute at the celebra- tions in connection with the centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot which were held in Paris from z3rd-qth October and presented an address from the Institute. The proceedings opened on 23rd October with a soirke at the Sorbonne to which some 1200 guests and delegates had been invited. On 24th October a visit was paid to the Laboratories of the Ecole de Pharniacie and of the Coll6ge de France. The former contained an exhibit of some of the apparatus used by Berthelot as well as of many of the organic substances which he had prepared. In the Collkge de France many of the appliances employed by Berthelot were set out in surroundings very similar to those in which he had actually used them forming an interesting and instructive demonstration of the work of this great chemist.A t the same time various pupils and research students of Professor Ch. Moureu the present holder of the Chair were engaged in carrying out modern research work in the smaller rooms into which the building is divided. Speeches of welcome were delivered in the quadrangle of the College Professor Bogert of Columbia University replying on behalf of the Anglo- Saxon races. During the afternoon of the 24th a concert was given at the Hbtel de Ville by invitation of the Mayor and this was followed in the evening by a “Seance Solonelle” at the Sorbonne. This last-named function was the most important of the meeting and was attended by all the delegates in full academic costume.The Chair was occupied by M. Painled 305 Minister of War and Chairman of the Centenary Committee who was supported by a large number of members of the Academie des Sciences. On this occasion each delegate per- sonally delivered an address to the Chairman. On 25th October the morning was occupied by a service at the Pantheon which contains the tomb of Berthelot; after which the delegates were driven to Versailles where a “banquet ” was served in the large picture gallery. Over 1000 guests attended this function which was presided over by M. H&rior who subsequently gave an address. The day closed with a gala performance at the opera at which two ballets and the first act of Herodias were given On 26th October the foundation stone of the new “Maison de Chemie” was laid on the site selected in the Rue de St.Honor& In the afternoon delegates and guests were driven by motor-coaches to the Chatbau de Chantilly where a reception was held by the members of the Academie des Sciences and a light luncheon was served. Finally in the evening the delegates were received by the President of the Republic hf. Doumergue at the Elyske where a concert and ballet were given. Birds in Mines.-A prize of LIOO has been offered by the Royal Society €or the Protection of Birds through the generosity of Lady Cory for the invention of a testing apparatus for the detection of carbon monoxide which could be used in the place of canaries and small wild birds which are now used as part of the equipment of Rescue Brigades and are taken down the pits immediately after any disaster.The instrument must be simple and easy to be handled by an inexpert user. I t must give immediate warning of the presence of very small quantities of carbon monoxide recording as low a percentage as .OI or .oz. The test must be continuous and infallible. The invention must be approved by the Board of Trade. Descriptions and particulars should be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society €or the Protection of Birds 82 Victoria Street London S.W.1 on or before the 31st March 1928 but working models should not be forwarded in the first instance. Institution of Civil Engineers.-In response to an invitation received from the Institution of Civil Engineers the President of the Institute has been appointed a delegate to attend the Ccntenary Celebrations of the Institution which are to be held in June 1928.306 S.E.3. The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 18th November and 16th December I new Fellow was elected 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 39 new Associates were elected and 28 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost I Fellow and I. Student by death. New Fellow. Smith Henry 83 Brownlow Rod Horwich nr. Bolton. Associates elected to the Fellomship Kelly Charles Ignatius M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.) 41 Thorold Road Ilford. Maplethorpe Cyril Wheatley 83 Grasmere Road Muswell Hill London N. 10. Mernagh Laurence Reginald B.Sc. (Lond.) A.C.G.F.C. 12 Albert Road Wolverhampton. Mott Reginald Arthur M.Sc. (Leeds) Ennerdale Bushey Wood Road Totley Rise Shefield. Reynard Herbert Corner B.Sc. (London.) 37 Hervey Road London Sanders Alexander M.I.Chem.E. Langholm St. Andrew’s Road Avon- mouth Bristol. Stanhope Percy Edward 26 Kings Road Cheadle Hulme Manchester. New Associates Allen Kenneth Alfred M.Sc. (N.Z.) Chemistry Department Otago University Dunedin Now Zealand. Bailey Frank William College of Technology Manchester. Barr Miss Mollie B.Sc. (Lond.) Langton Erith Road Belvedero Kent. Bayne William James B.Sc. (Edin.) 135 Craiglea Drive Edinburgh. Belton Joseph Watkin BSc. (Liv.) 34 Thistleton Avenue Birkenhead. Christy Ronald Kington B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Crieff Road London S.W.18.Coppock Philip Dalton B.Sc. h1.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 50 Albany Road Currie John M.A. (St. Andrews) 67 Grange Road Allos Scotland. Darlaston Arthur John Halstead B.A. (Oxon.) 32 Coolhurst Road Davies Ronald Glyn B.Sc. (Wales) Gltmllynfi Maesteg Glam. Dester John M.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.) 1 Cambridge Road Lee Victoria Park Manchester. Crouch End London N.8. London S.E. 12. Diamond Willirtm Edward de Boutllier B.A. (Cantab.) Agricultural Department Moor Plantation Ibadan Nigeria. 307 Dudman Walter Henry 1839 Maryhill Road Maryhill GZasgow N.W. Eaton James Caithness B.Sc. (Glas.) 90 Merrylee Road Newlands Glasgow. Evans Eric Bertram M.Sc. (Lond.) 704 Southchurch Road Southend-on- Sea. Fonseka Eric Lawrence B.Sc. (Lond.) Nemoni Bagatelle Place Colombo Ceylon.Gardner Harry B.Sc. (Lond.) 39 Kingsland Road Plaktow London Gell Miss Gwenyth Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) 123 Upper Tollington Park London N.4. Gell Miss Mavis Ada BSc. (Lond.) Broken Hill Northern Rhodesia. E.13. Good William A.R.T.C. Bent Cottage Mill Road Hamilton Lanarkshire. Hayward William Aldred M.Sc. (N.Z.) 34 Pine Hill Road Dunedin Hewson John Lester Frank B.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Red Post Hill Dulwich Jones Philip Laurence B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. 77 Maidstone Road New Zealand. London S.E.21. London N. 1 1. Kennedy Alan Richmond M.Sc. (Lond.) Gloy Mfg. Co. Ltd. 16-17 Devonshire Square London E.C.2. Lea Colin Henry B.Sc. (Liv.) 24 Barnes Street Everton Liverpool. Levi Alfred Aaron M.Sc. (N.Z.) Club House Moray Place Dunedin New Zealand.hiackay John George B.Sc. (Edin.) 43 Viewforth Edinburgh. McGregor Thomas BSc. (Glaa.) Teraparn Maidens Ayrshire. Miller Brian Edward Merriman B.Sc. (Lond.) Dilston Christchurch Crescent RadIett Herts. Nave George Marshall B.Sc. (Dun.) 94 Park Road Wallsend-on-Tyne. Palmer Frederick Grove 15 Onslow Gardens Muswell Hill London N. 10. Read Norman John A.C.G.I. 30 Uckfield Road Enfield Wash Middlesex. Reynolds Cedric Victor BSc. (Lond.) 10 Park Avenue Wood Green London N.22. Sosson Charles Edwin Ph.D. (Edin.) 27 Spring Valley Terrace Edin- burgh. Staddon Lenzil Sydney B.Sc. (Bris.) 3 Brook Street Bmpton Devon. Turner Ernest B.Sc. (Dun.) 83 Ashley Road South Shields. Wadsworth Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) 47 Somerford Grove Park Lane Tottenham London N.17.Wilkin George Angus Cameron A.R.C.Sc.I. 17 Foyle Road Fairview Dublin. Willis Gervase Hewitson M.Sc. Ph.D. (Sheff .) St. Leonard8 Grange Ridge Road Rotherham. New Students. Bell James Alfred 50 Hulton Street Salford. Blankinsop. John Clifford 14 Heathfield Terrace Far Hedingby Leeds. Boxer Stanley Edward 24 Brigstock Rod Belvedore Kent. Buchanan Alistair Phillips 3 Broadlands Road Highgate London N.6. Cash Wilfrid Ernest 3 Havelock Road Belvedere Kent. Cosh Frederick William James 332 Wickham Lane PIumsteacl London S.E 18. Dembrey Ivor 142 East Street Bedminster Bristol. Eaglesfield Philip 14 Clarkehouse Rod Sheffield. Fitton Charles Forsyth Inglo Nook Mossley nr. Manchester. Gornm Albert Stanley 16 Durham Street Swindon.308 Goodwin Harold Walter British India Corporation Ltd. Cawnpore India Gray James John 21 Park Place Kinghorn Fife. Gullick Norman George Redcliffe Lodge Marine Drive Paignton. Haffner Albert Edward 16 Yorkshire Street Burnley Lancs. Hall Douglas Alfred 6 Essery Road Eastville Bristol. Hooper Minard Gilbert 57 King Street Neath Glam. Jeffree Edward Percival 181 Hainault Road Leytonstone London E. 11 Kimbell John Harvey Tavistock Residential Club 37 Tavistock Square London W.C.1. Matthews Thomas Quirk 2 Grasville Road Higher Tranmere Birken- head. Rodriguez Gabriel 43 Murray Street Port of Spain Trinidad B.W.I. Rush Arthur William 1 Catherine Villas Wellington Road Belvedere Kent. Sawyer Edward William 16 The Brittox Devizes Wilts.Silcox Arthur Leonard Eastbourne Langland Bay Mumbles Swansea. Statham Francis Sydney 12 Fulney Road Nether Green Sheffield. Stewart Francis 1553 Cumbemaulde Road Millerston Glasgow. Trotter John Frederick Felix 83 Mildred Avenue Watford Herts. Wells Edward Robert 67 Macoma Road Plumstead London S.E. 18. Wood Joseph Herbert James Grasmere Ashfield Road Davenport nr. Stockport. DEATHS Fellow. Thomas Featherstone Harvey. Student. Stanley Ernest Pusey. Obituary. THOMAS FEATHERSTONE HARVEY died at Heme1 Hempstead on the 22nd October in his 57th year. Born a t Sleaford. he was educated a t Woodhouse Grove School Apperley Bridge Leeds and a t Kingswood School Bath. Having passed the Major Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society in 189-1 he joined the laboratory of Messrs.Boots Pure Drug Co. for whom he established and managed t.he analyt,ical laboratory a t Notting- ham which was devoted to the control of drugs chemicals and other products and to technical research in connection with manufnctore. He held this position until the end of 1915 and shortly afterwards joined Messrs. Thomas Morson & Son Ltd in a similar capacity remaining with them until 1926. He published a considerable number of papers mainly on pharmaceutical chemistry in The Chemist and Druggist and in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918 309 General Notices. Examinations in 1 928.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1928 are as follows:- Entries close.Monday 14th November 1927. Monday 13th February rg28. Monday 16th July 1928. A p po i n t m en t s R egi st e r.-A Dates of Exams. 2nd to 7th January. or 9th to 14th January. 16th to zrst April. or 23rd to 28th April. 17th to zznd September. or 24th to 29th September. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Ins ti tu tions . Notice t o Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to October 1924 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for 310 appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their application for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their position are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows 4ssociates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 31 1 Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.z.to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s. gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration.Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Chemistry A Guide to the Literature of.” E. J. Crane and A. $1. Patterson. Pp. 438. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 25s. Books; periodicals ; patents ; other sources ; indexes; libraries ; procedure. “ Coal-Tar Hydrocarbons The Higher.” A. E. Everest. Pp. xiii.+334. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.). 18s. Introduction; acenaphthene group ; flouorene group; phenanthrene group ; miscellaneous; indexes. “Phase Rule and its Applications The.” A. Findlay. Sixth edition. 165 figures. Revised and largely re-written. Pp. xv,+326. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd,).10s. 6d. Mr 0. C de C. Ellis has forwarded a copy of his lecture on Flame given before the Royal Photographic Society reprinted from the Photographic Journal for August 1927 the substance of which was read before the Leeds Area Section of the Institute on the 31st October. 31 2 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES MARCH TO 1 6 ~ ~ DECEMBER 1927. 26 Council Council in Committees Committee 36 0 A. Smithelk,* Pres. London . . 8 E. R. Bolton V.P. London . . 7 25 8 18 16 H G. Colman V.P. London E. M. Hawkins V.P. Canterbury 29 8 4 4 23 2 - 8 22 R. H. Picknrd V.P. Manihester 0 7 0 8 5 7 3 5 26 31 5 14 28 1 0 2 21 21 0 0 . . 4 . . 4 9 I 0 7 0 8 0 5 I 0 7 20 5 0 7 0 0 0 0 17 0 1 1 13 5 19 5 6 0 I9 20 7 J. F. Thorpe V.P. London . . .- 0 . . 4 8 G G. Henderson V.P.Glasgow . . 3 P. E. Rowles . . London 8 Oxford P H. Kirkaldy Tpeas. London . . 7 F. W. F. Arnaud . . Mulaidstone . . 4 T.L Bailey H.C.L Bloxam . . Newcastle-on-Tyne 2 . . Kewcastlc-on-Tyne 6 A J.Chapman . . London 8 F. D. Chattaway G.C.Clayton . . Chester W. Clayton Liverpool . . * . 5 J W.Cobh Lceds W.H.Coleman London 4 TV. M. Cumming . . Glasgow . . 2 J. C. Drummond London . . 2 F. Dent . . London 8 B. Dyer . . . . London . . 8 A.V.Elsden L. Eynon . . London . . 8 A.G.Francis 5 20 25 5 5 1 0 1 2 0 3 1 2 10 2 14 0 0 1 13 20 0 3 0 1 7 3 4 8 8 0 2 9 8 I 0 1 6 6 19 7 1 12 14 0 19 13 0 5 12 3 1 12 6 0 0 0 T. Gray A. RPe E K. Rideii 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 8 12 12 12 13 12 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 . . 1 . . London . . 5 London 7 . . Glasgow . . 1 C. M W. Grieb . . Smansea . . 5 I. M. Heilbron . . Liverpool . . 2 E.Hinks London . . 7 H.H Hodgson . . Huddersfield €3. F. Howard C. K.IngoId Loeds A.TV.Knapp Birmingham A G. G. Leonard . . Dublin T. Macara W. Marsha11 B. G. McLellan . . York L. G. Radcliffe . . Manchester . . Manchester . . Cambridge W. Rintoul . . Ardrossan F. Scholefield . . Manchestor F.Southerden . . Exetcr R. Thomas J.H.Totton D. F. Twiss J . A. Watson * Ex-officio a member of all Committees. 3 5 . . 3 . . 4 . . London . . 8 f . * . 3 . . Birkenhead . . 1 Birmingham 5 6 4 ,. 4 4 0 . . London . . 7 . . Stockport . . 3 2 5 . . Belfmt . . Edinburgh 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9275100257

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

313 Index. Accounts (1926), 22 et aeq., 76 Address, President’s, 83 Agricultural Analysts, OfIicial, 16, 104, 222, 259. Air Ministry, 17 Air Pollution, 116 Ammunition, Sporting, 43 Annual General Meeting, 75 Applied Chemistry in the Trainingof Chemists, 81 Appointments Register, 19, 67,309 Attendances at Bleetings of the Council and Committees, 312 Auditors (1927-1928), 21, 74, 80 Australia, Primitive, 100 Beet Sugar Factories, Chemists in, 26 1 Beilhy Memorial Awards, 130, 309 Belfast and District Section, 35, 98, 145, 224, 262 Benevolent Fund, 10, 25, 68, 143 261 Berthelot, Marcelin, 58, 143, 304 Biochemical Aspects of the Nature of Life, 180 Birds in Mines, 305 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 36, 100, 197, 263 Books and their Contents, 63, 122, 164, 211, 243, 311 British Engineering Standards Association, 5, 142, 162 Bristol and South Western Coun- ties Section, 36, 105, 145, 224, 264 Cape Section, 38, 145, 224 Cellulose, 161 Censors (1927- 1928).72, S9 Chemical Society Library, 143 ChemicaI Standards. British, 64 Chemicals, Pure, 117 Chemist, The Title. 18, 86, 141 “Chemistry as a Factor in Educa-tion,” 38‘‘Chemists and Dividends,” 227 Chemists, Reminiscences of, 224 Coal and its Purification, 111 Coal Dust, 119 Committees (1927-1928), 72 Council (1927-1928), 71 Council, Committees and Representatives, 4 Council. Constitution of, 50, 113, 144, 156 Council, Nominations of tho (1927-1928).27 Council, Report of, 3, 79 Deaths, 66, 128, 186, 214, 247, 308 Derby Technical ColIege, 97 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 40, 106, 147, 227, 265 Education in Industry, Committee on, 6 Election of Council, 252 Election of District Members of Council. 252 Examinations, 54, 165, 230 Examiners, Board of(1927-1928), 74 Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, (1926), 16, 259 Finance and House Committee, 9 Finsbirry Technical College Chemi- cal Library, 15 “Fire Risks in Indiwhy,’’ 147, 195 Food Industry, The Chemist in, 108 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 33, 129, 222 Fruit, Trees, Nutrition of, 37 Fuel Chemist, Training of, 47 Gifts, 196 Glwgow and West of Scotland Section, 41, 106, 148, 273 Health, Ministry of, 135 Honorary Corresponding Secretar- ies, 19, 143 Huddersfield Section, 42, 106, 274 Income Tas, 161 India Ofice.17 Industrial Chemistry, Seventh Coil -gress of, 303 Institute, Roll of, 90 Institutions, 97 Irish FreeState Section, 43,107.25T IN-propyl Alcohol, 206 Journal and Proceedings, 16 ,Jubilee Celebration, 193, 221, 257 Lantern Slides, 16, 68, 196, 311 Leeds Area Section, 44, 108,280 Legal and Parliamentary Corn-rnittee, 11 Legislation affecting Chernist,s, 151 Libraries and Information Bureau, Association of Special, 206 Library, The, 15, 67, 123, 310 Liverpool and North -\Vestern Section, 110, 148, 285 Local Sections, 18, 35, 98, 145, 197 221, 262 London and South Eastern Coun- ties Section, 50, 112, 151, 227,292 Malaya, 154, 198 Management Research Groups, 228 Rfanchester and District Section, 52, 116, 152, 227, 293 Meldola Library, 15 Meldola Medal, 14, 76, 130 Microscope in Qualitative Analysis, 147 Ministry of Health, 135 National Cortificates in Chemistry, 8, 18, 199 Newcastle-on-Tyne and North -East Section, 155, 298 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 11 Notes, 58, 119, 159, 206, 228, 303 Notices, General, 67, 129, 187, 215, 248, 309 Obituary, 60, 120, 180, 208, 241, 308 Officers and Council, List of, 71 Official Chemical AppointmentsOverseas, 169 Official Chemical Appointments,6th Edition (1927), 196 Part-time Students, 202 Pharmacopoeia, Making of, 197 Photographic Industry, Chemist in,222, 258 Plant Chemistry, I52 Plants, Hydrogen Ion Concentra- tion in, 99 Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, 141 President’s Address, 83 President, The Retiring, 20 ProfcsS.im.of Cherni8try. The, 16,195, 223, 258 Profession of Chemistry, Growth of,96 Public Appointments Committee, 16 Publications Committee, 15 Publications, 223, 258 Public Analysts, 96, 136, 194, 222 Register, 65, 127, 181, 213, 244, 306 Registration, 18, 41, 43,87,98, 100,105, 148, 157 Regulations. 14, 27 et seq., 88 Roport of Council, 3, 79 Roll of Institute, The, 3, 90 Salary Statistics, 143, 193, 223 Science Museum Library, 119 Scrutineem, Report of, 79 SociBt.6 de Chimie Industride, 196 South Africa, Chemists in, 58 South Wales Section, 52, 117, 165, 298 Special Committees (1927-1928). 73 Strcatfeilci Memorial Lecturo, 222,248, 258 Students’ Association (London), 53, 158, 302 Univemitj College. London, 162 Vitamin B, 198 Vitamins, Oil Soluble, 106

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9275100313

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC