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107 THE A N A L Y S T . JUNE, 1880. THE ESTIMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. By ALFRED SMETHAM, F.C.S., &c. Zed hfforc thc Society of Piddic AyLalysts, 012 17th Ma?-ch, 1880.':' THE experiments which I propose to bring before your notice this evening resulted from a statement made by Rlessrs. Teschemacher and Smith, in a pamphlet which they issued dwcing the past year on the Estimation of Phosphoric Acid, wherein they gave in detail the process which they at present m e in their laboratory, and also an account of some experiments which they l i d conducted on the solubility of ammonio-mngnesic phosphate in ammonia water. By these experiments they came to the conclusion, which had previously been arrived at by other chemists, that this salt is totally insoluble in water containing 4th of its bulk of ~880 ammonia.In striking contrast with this conclusion is the high solubility which was found l;y Fresenius ; which, however, I believe he has since found occasion to modify. As the conclusion of Teschemacher and Smith seemed to me at variance with what we should expect, and as, moreover, their experiments were conducted in a very crude manner, viz., by dissolving and reprecipitating ammonio-magnesic phosphate a great number of times, whereby they found that the resulting magnesic pyrophosphate weighed more than the precipitate obtained in the usual course from the same quantity of phosphate, I started the following set of experiments in the hope of setting the matter at rest. A solution of phosphate was prepared by dissolving 50 grammes of pure phosphate of soda in a litre of water, which solution was used throughout the experiments.Experiment 1.-40 C.C. phosphate solution were mixed with 95 C.C. water, 40 C.C. of a 8 8 0 ammonia were added, and the phosphoric acid precipitated with 25 C.C. magnesia mixture, which allowed a good excess of magnesia. The solution was allowed to stand for 66 hours in a covered beaker in the laboratory when the resulting precipitate was filtered through a close Swedish filter, washed clean with ammonia water (1 in 4), dried, ignited and weighed. The filtrate was evaporated to a small bulk in a water-bath, and the phosplioric acid contained in solution determined by precipitation with ammonia, care being taken to ascertain the purity of the precipitate. On ignition it yielded Mg2P20, .0020 grammes.The yield of pyrophosphate is 00064 grammes in excess of the theoretical quantity, due probably to the fact that the phosphate had effloresced. This, however, is immaterial. Experinzent II. was conducted in a precisely similar manner, but with the following quantities. This yielded -6385 grammes of Mg2P,0, 40 C.C. phosphate solution. 25 C.C. magnesia mixture. 114 G.C. a880 ammonia. 321 C.C. water. 500 c.c. * We regret that the publication of this interesting Paper should have been postponed so long.108 THE ANALYST. This yielded a precipitate of Mg,P,O, weighing -6350 grammes. The filtrate on evaporation gave Mg,P,O, -0060 grammes. Experiment III.-In this experiment the quantities taken were :- 40 C.C. phosphate solution.25 C.C. magnesia mixture. 120 C.C. -880 ammonia. 815 C.C. water. 1000 C.C. The pyrophosphate obtained from the experiment was 06250 grammes. And on evaporating the filtrate a further quantity weighing 00160 grammes was obtained. From these experiments it is evident that ammonio-magnesic phosphate is perceptibly soluble in ammonia water, but not to the extent originally stated by Fresenius. Instead of an addition of one millegramme of pyrophosphate for every 54 C.C. of solution it would be necessary to add only one millegramme for every 100 C.C. by the first experiment, and by the second one millegramme for every 84 C.C. for ammonia water 1 in 4, and by the third experiment 1 millegramme for every 62 C.C. of 1 in 8 ammonia water. I t is possible that the excess of magnesium may have slightly diminished the solubility, but as in practice the excess is always present, this is, as far as the present experiments are concerned, immaterial.But even supposing that the solubility of ammonio-magnesic phosphate in ammonia water was niZ, it by no means follows that the other substances which are present during the precipitation in the ordinary course by the citric mid process do not increase the solubility and, therefore, Teschemacher and Smith's statement that no allowance should be made for the solubility is far from conclusive. That this is so is proved by the following experiments. Esperimentt IV'.-To test the influence of citric acid the following quantities were taken and proceeded with as in Experiment I. 40 O.C. phosphate solution.95 C.C. water. 40 C.C. *880 ammonia. 25 C.C. magnesia mixture. 5 grammes of citric acid. 200 C.C. This yielded a precipitate which, when converted into pyrophosphate, weighed -6316 grammes. The filtrate from this was evaporated in a platinum dish, ignited, dissolved in HC1, the P,O, precipitated by addition of ammonia in a small bulk. This yielded 00065 grammes Mg,P,O, Experiment T.-This was conducted to ascertain the effect of iron in the presence of citric acid in preventing precipitation. The quantities of solution were the same as in Experiment I., but 935 grammes of ferrous sulphate and 2 grammes citric acid were dissolved in the water previous to precipitation. The precipitate formed was separated by filtration as before, and the filtrate evapo- rated, ignited, and the phosphoric acid determined by means of the molybdenum process.THE ANALYST.109 This yielded Mg,P,O, -0030. Experiment V1.-The same quantities of the solutions were used in this case, but The filtrate was treaked as in Experiment V., and yielded MgZP,O, *0065 grammes. Experinzen,t V1I.-This, and the following two experiments were conducted to cletermine the effect of alumina on the solubility. -5 grammes potash alum and 2 grammes citric acid were dissolved in 95 C.C. water, and the solution made up to the same strength as in Experiment I. The direct precipitate weighed -6425 grammes Xg,P,O, The filtrate wm evaporated, ignited, fused with a little sodic carbonate and the phosphoric acid estimated with molybdenum. the ferrous sulpliate was increased to .7 grammes, and the citric acid to 5 grammes.This gave Mg,P,O, ,0055 grammes. Experiment VIII.-A similar experiment to the last, but 1.5 gramrnes of alum and The direct precipitate weighed -6340 grammes. The filtrate treated as in Experiment VII. gave &IgpP,O, -0095, Experiment IX.-A similar experiment to VII. to VIII., but 5 grammes of alum The direct precipitate weighed a6300 grammes, and the filtrate yielded, when From these experiments it is evident :- I. That the presence of citric acid increases slightly the solubility. 11. The presence of iron makes no perceptible difference in this respect, the solu- bility being determined by the quantity of citric acid present. 111. Alumina increases slightly the solubility, but the quantity dissolved seems to be beyond a certain point determined by the citric acid rather than the alumina present.IV. That the influence of aluminais not so marked as is generally supposed. The widespread idea that alumina prevents the precipitation is doubtless due to the fact that in the presence of much alumina the precipitate forms very slowly, but the almost complete separation is merely a matter of time. By subtracting the solubility of ammonio-magnesic phosphate in ammmia water (1 in 4) from the increased solubility due to citric acid and alumina, and dividing by the quantity of citric acid in grammes, we arrive at the quantity of phosphoric acid expressed as MgzPzO,, held in solution by 1 gramme of citric acid. In making the correction for solubility, I therefore propose to add *001 grammes MgZP,O, for every 100 C.C.of solution, ancl in addition to allow -0015 for every gramme of citric acid used in the determination. This would, in a determination where 2 grammes of substance were taken, and the liquid amounted to 250 c.c., and where it was necessary to use 2 grammes of citric acid, amount to -18 per cent. P,O,. The allow- ance is not great, but it is perceptible, and should in all cases be made. I have had experience with the citric acid process for many years past, and as I have always found it give excellent results, I may, perhaps, be allowed to sketch the method which I pursue. About two grammes of the finely powdered substance are weighed accurately, transferred to a beaker and decomposed with HCl, and where Ti grammes citric acid were used.and 5 grammes citric acid were used. treated as before, *0100 grammes.110 THE ANALYST. necessary a drop or two of HNO,. The solution is then evaporated to dryness in a water-bath, taken up with HC1, and after digestion, the insoluble silicious matter is separated by filtration ; a weighed quantity of citric acid is added ; the solution heated up nearly to boiling point, and a weighed quantity of oxalate of ammonia added. The quantities used must vary with the substance under examination, the knowledge only being acquired by experience, but it is seldom necessary to add more than two grammes citric acid or 2.5 grammes oxalate of ammonia. The free acid is then just neutralised, with dilute ammonia, and acetic acid added, to decidedly acid reaction.The liquid is kept simmering for a few minutes with constant stirring, and after standing a short time the oxalate of lime filtered. Great care must be observed not to have too large an excess of oxalate of ammonia present, as oxalate of magnesia in an ammoniacal solution is somewhat easily precipitated. To the filtrate ammonia of a 8 8 0 sp. gr. is added to about one-fourth of the bulk, and to the liquid, wliich must remain clear, or only slowly throw down a small precipitate, due to the magnesia present, magnesia mixture is added in moderate excess. The liquid must be set aside with occasional stirring for the precipitate to form-the time required being principally determined by the quantity of alumina present. It is best, however, to allow it to stand overnight, although in cases where the alumina is absent, or small, the precipitation will be found to be complete in two hours.The precipitate is then separated from the liquid by filtration, dissolved in as little HC1 as possible, and reprecipitated with one-third of its bulk of ammonia. After allowing to stand for two hours with occasional stirring, it may be filtered, and after drying converted into Mg2P,0,. The oxalate of lime is converted to CaCO, by gentle ignition, weighed, dissolved in HC1, and tested for P,O,, which may be present’in small quantities, and which should be determined. From these data, and by correction for the slight solubility, the percentages may be calculated. Warrington has made the statement that oxalate of lime is soluble to a perceptible extent in citrate of ammonia, and in order to ascertain the truth of this statement the following experiment was made : One gramme of pure CaCO, was dissolved in HC1, five grammes citric acid added, then two grammes oxalate of ammonia, the liquid (about 100 c.c.) just neutralised with dilute ammonia, and acidified with acetic acid.The precipitation was conducted in a hot solution, and after allowing to stand for a few minutes the liquid was filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in a platinum dish, ignited, the residue dissolved in HC1, and the lime precipitated as oxalate in a very small bulk, This yielded CaCO, *0020 grammes. It must be remembered that the citric acid used (five grammes) is far in excess or that required in an analysis, and supposing the solubility to be entirely due to the citric acid, we should have only -0008 grammes of CaCO, dissolved where two grammes citric acid were used.This, with two grammes of substance taken, would only represent -02 per cent. CaO, a quantity so small as to be insignificant, and certainlynot exceeding the probable error where a large quantity of lime is present. In accuracy, the process as described-when all precautions are taken-is unsur- passed by any, and gives strictly reliable results.THE ANALYST. 111 When the quantity of phosphoric acid present is small, and the iron and alumina large, the molybdenum process must be used; but with zt large percentage of phosphoric acid, the citric acid process is ,211 that can be desired. Mr. Bernard Dyer said that the process described was one which he had used f\rr several Qears past, and the results were thoroughly reliable.With regltrd to the time during which the precipitate stands, he might say that in the case of guanos or bone ashcs where the proportion of iron and alumina was slight and the quantity of citric acid small, the precipitation was quite complete within one hour or one and a-half hours at the outside. Where much iron or alumina was present, it was certainly desirable to leave the precipitation for the first time standing overnight. I-le believed the errors which chemists fell into, and the impossibly high results too often obtained, were due to a grcnt extent to the formation of oxalate of magnesia. He always re-dissolved the precipitate -the trouble mas next to nothing, and it only extended the duration of the analysis by one and a-hdf hours.I t was quite possible to make six phosphoric acid determinatiot-; in a day by that method. Mr. Hehner said that the question of phosphoric acid determination wa? one at which he had worked a good deal, and in which he took much interest. He diJ not wish to insinuate that Mr. Smetham’s and Mr. Dyer’s results were incorrect, biit if correct they wei e so only by a fortunate balance of the diffment errors of the method. Thus tho great strength of the ammonin used for precipitating and washing (1 t o 3 of strong ammonia) caused a loss by imperfect precipitation and solubility, whilst the proper strength P‘RS 1 of strong ammonia to 9 of water, or 1 of ammonia of Fresenius’ strength (specific gv,tvity 0.96) to 3 of water.It had long been shown (by Kissel) that any correction for solubility of the ammonium magnesium phosphate in such dilute ammonia ought not to be made, the precipitate being practically insoluble in the dilute ammonia ; he thought the correction had been completely dropped. Another cause of error was that the magnesia mixture used by Mr. Smetham was sulphate of magnesia mixture. He thought that had !wen completely given up, and that it was well understood that from such sulphate mixture 1mic sulphates almost invariably entered into the phosphate precipitates. IIe did not see how Mr. Smetham’s results went at all to show the solubility of the precipitate in dilute ammonia, as in all of Mr. Smetham’s experiments magnesia mixture was iuvmiably present, and it ~ v a s known that in the presence of magnesia mixture the solubility was very different from that when dilute ammonia only was employed.He considered the molybdic method a far better one, and, after aI1, the easier a d cheaper of the two, no re-dissolving and re- precipitating of precipitates and objectionable corrections for solubilities being required. I t certainly allowed of the employment of smsll quantities of manure only, but if the work was done with Jut, regard to all circumstances there was no chanco of error. Most of Mr. Smetham’s results were too high, and he attributed this to the presence of sulphate of magnesia in the precipitate and to over-correction. Mr. Smethaun, in rdply, said that lie had many times workd the molybdate and citric acid processes together on samples of mineral phosphate, and only once had they differed more than 0.2 per cent.; in the majority of cases the difference being within -05 per cent. I n the only case in which they differed he found on repeating that the molgbdate process waa at fault, Many experiments He differed entirely from Mr. Hehner as to the solubility.112 THE ANALYST. had proved that where the quantity of ammonia was lessened, the solubility became greater. He took particular care to prove the purity of the precipitate; he thought it might safely be considered as having been due to the solubility only; the magnesia mixture he used was made with sulphate, but in his ordinary work he always tested the precipitates, and found that they were quite pure, and that was more than could always be said of the molybdate process, by which, when the precipitates were tested, there was a trace of iron carried down. There was more danger of oxalate of magnesia being precipitated than of the basic sdphate, and it was for that reason he put special stress on the necessity of weighing the oxalate of ammonia used. With due care his process gave quite as accurate results as the molybdzlte process, since it was possible to work with four times the quantity of substance, and errors in weighing, &c., were therefore ~onsidera~bly diminished, and as it was also more expeditious and less expensive, it was to be preferred where many analyses had to be performed.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500107

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

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112 THE ANALYST. NOTE ON THE ANALYSIS OF SOME SAMPLES OF CHIAN TURPENTINE. BY G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 2nd June, 1860. CHIAN turpentine has for many years past been almost unknown in this country, and its use in pharmacy had almost entirely ceased, but special interest has been directed to it of late by the statement of the success with which Professor Clay has been using it in the treatment of cases of cancer. Great difficulty was experienced in obtaining even a small supply of the genuine article, and Professor Clay stated that more than 95 per cent. of the samples which he had seen were spurious. 1: have examined some samples of undoubted genuineness in order to obtain a standard for future comparison. The description given in Fluckiger and Hanbury’s Pharmacographiu is as follows :- ‘ 6 A soft solid becoming brittle by exposure to the air ; viewed in mass it appears opaque, and of a dull brown hue.If pressed, while warm, between two slips of glass, it is seen to be transparent, of a yellowish brown, and much contaminated by various impurities in a state of fine division. As to its chemical composition, Pharmacogruphin says-that it consists of resin and essential oil ; the former, i.8. the resin, being probably identical with the alpha resin of mastich. The first sample which I examined (obtained from Messrs. Allen & Hanburys) was very probably a portion of thq sample referred to in Pharmacogmphia, and would, in all probability, be 10 or 15 years old. It was of an opaque yellow brown colour, rather too soft to make a good pill mass alone, very slightly sticky, and covered on the surface with a whitish powder, which appeared to consist of parts of the resin itself, acted on by the atmosphere.A small portion was melted and dropped into cold water so as to form tears, and the sp. gr. of these tears was found to be 1050 at 60° F. If one of these fragments is gradually heated in water to the boiling point, it melts and expands rapidly, becoming lighter than the water, and floating as a film on the surface. With the exception of a small amount of mineral impurities, consisting chiefly of sand, it dissolves readily in boiling alcohol 60 o.P., which becomes slightly milky when cold. The resin is precipitated as a white powder on dilution with water.Absolute alcohol dissolves it readily eveu in the cold; so also do ether, chloroform I t has an agreeable, mild terebinthinous odour and very little taste.”THE ANALYST. 113 and bisulphide of carbon. Petroleum spirit and turpentine dissolve it readily on warming, and wood naptha dissolves it slowly on warming, the solution becoming slightly milky on cooling. A portion was distilled with water for the volatile oil, which was found to amount to a little over 9 per cent. A 20 per cent. solution of the turpentine itself was examined in the polariscope, and gave a right-handed rotation of 9 O 12' in a tube 200 m.m. long for the sodium ray. The essential oil from the same solution gave a rotation of lo 54' for the sodium ray, leaving 7 O 18 as the rotation due to the resinous constituents.The sample contained two different resins, one of which saponifies readily with carbonate of soda, and the other saponifies with somewhat more difficulty, but forms a far less soluble soap. This latter is present in by far the larger quantity, and it appears likely from its appearance and character that it corresponds pretty closely with the alpha resin of mastich. Dividing these resins as far as possible by solubility, the sample appeared to contain as follows :- Volatile Oil . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 per cent. Alpha Resin . . . . . . . . . . 79.0 .. Gamma Resin . . . . . . . . 4.0 .. Benzoic Acid . . . . . . . . traces Impurities, chiefly sand . . . . . . 7.3 .. 99.6 ,, The second sample I examined was a portion of a new supply just received in this country, but coming through almost the same channel as the first one.It was, of course, newer, and probably from that cause somewhat softer ; the brittle characteristic of the original sample was, however, strongly marked, and the tears, which had been produced by letting a few drops fall into the water, were sufficiently brittle to break when allowed to fall on to the table. A 20 per cent. solution, examined in the polariscope with a sodium flame gave a rotation of 7 O 46', of which I* 5 4 ' was due to the volatile oil, and the difference 50 52' to the resin. Apparently, therefore, there was some slight difference in the optical rotatory power of the resin in this sample. Saponified and treated in the same way, it gave the following results :- Volatile Oil .. . . . . . . . . Alpha Resin . . . . . . . . 81.0 ,, Gamma Resin . . . . . . . . 6.0 .. Benzoic Acid . . . . . . . . traces 9.2 per cent. Impurities-ash . . . . . . . . 1.4 .. Woody fibre . . . . . . 2.0 .. 99.6 ,, The sp. gr. of this sample was 1052, or rather higher than the old one. A third sample of very similar appearance was procured in London from another This was probably old, although perhaps not so old as the first sample above The rotation in the polariscope wns practically identical with The analysis showed, however, a larger percentage of volatile oil, viz., source. referred to. the first sample. The sp. gr. was 1043.114 THE ANALYST. 12.1 per cent., and it contained a mere trace of ash and a smaller proportion of impurities.This, which was to all appearance a genuine sample, was evidently more carefully collected. A fourth sample, also purchased from a London wholesale house, was obviously a spurious one, and I record its characteristics here simply to enable such samples to be distinguished. In colour, appearance and smell it closely resembled Canada balsam ; it was softer and far more tenacious than genuine ChianTurpentine, so sticky, in fact, that it was with difficulty it could be removed from the fingers. When a portion was rubbed on the hand the smell was extremely pungent and persistent. The sp. gr. was 1000 or exactly identical with water at 60° I?. In connection mith this, it should be borne in mind that the sp. gr. of Canada balsam is less than water, some samples being as low as 970.Its rotatory power in the polariscope was 6"*15'for a 20 per cent. solution in a tube 200 m.m. long ; that is, it was only about two-thirds of the rotation of the genuine samples. I t yielded about 26 per cent. of volatile oil, or more than twice that contained in the genuine samples, and the rotation due to the volatile oil was 3 O 36', leaving only 2" 39' due to the rotation of the resin, or less than half that of the genuine samples. The solubility in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum spirit, naphtha, bisulphide of carbon, and turpentine showed no difference from the genuine samples which was capable of being used for discrimination. I t appeared to contain about 70 per cent. of a resin which corresponded in some respects to the alpha resin found in the genuine samples, but was of a darker colour, and formed a much harder and more brittle soap, while I could not detect the slightest trace of benzoic acid. My opinion is that this sample was mainly a mixture of Colophony and Canada balsam. I t appears most probable that the Chian turpentine, described as Cyprian or Syrian, or Chio, in Watts' Dictionary, p. 920, was a sample of this kind, for the description there states, among other things, that it was viscid, and had an twomatic taste like that of mastich, both of which statements correspond exactly with this spurious sample, but are incorrect as regards the genuine samples first referred to.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500112

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

114 THE ANALYST. NOTES ON CREAM OF TARTAR. BY ALFBED H. ALLEN. liead bejbrc the Society of Public Analysts, o n 14th April, 1880. CRUDE tartar or argol is well-known to be a crystalline crust deposited during the ferment- ation of grape juice. I t consists largely of acid potassium tartrate, but if plaster be used in the manufacture of the wine, the tartar contains a large proportion of calcium tartrate. Cream of tartar is generally admitted to be a preparation obtained by boiling crude tartar or argol with water, filtering, and crystallisingathe salt from the clear liquid. The term " cream " of tartar is derived from the fact that during the evaporation of the liquid the salt is deposited in white crystalline crusts on the surface of the solution. Cream of tartar thus obtained consists chiefly of potassium hydrogen tartrate, KHC,H,O,.All commercial samples contain more or less tartrate of calcium, which, though nearly insoluble in pure water, dissolves with moderate facility in a hot solution of acid tartrate of potassium. According to the BritiSJb Pharmacopia, cream of tartar is a synonym for the acid tartrate of potosh, but the solution in hydrochloric acid is admitted to be " rendered slightly turbid by oxah acid " after neutralization by ammonia.THE ANALYST. 115 According to Pereira, cream of tartar (‘ contains from two to fivo per cent.” of calcium tartrate. All the specimens which Thomson examined contained (‘ rather more than five per cent.” Still6 and Maisch say, ‘ I The amount of tartrate of calcium contained in crude tartar varies between 5 and 15 per cent.” According to R.Warington-a high authority on this subject-the proportion of tartaric acid existing as neutral tartrates in refined tartars varies from one and a-half to seven per cent. Taking these amounts as calcium tartrate, we may say that the proportion of that salt existing in cream of tartar is, according to Wariogton, from 2.0 to 8.8 per cent. In my capacity of Public Analyst, I have recently received from inspectors 14 samples of cream of tartar which have been considered genuine. These were obtained at various small towns and villages in Derbyshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire, and their purchase extended over some ten months. As one of the tests of purity, I am in the habit of igniting a known weight of the sample, boiling the residue with water, filtering, and again igniting the residue. This last product, when moistened with carbonate of ammonium, consists essentially of calcium carbonate.If the original cream of tartar was pure, it should dissolve completely in hydrochloric acid, or kave merely a faint trace of residue. Evidently its weight represents the calcium in the original sample, and if the amount be multiplied by the factor, 1-88, we obtain a very fair estimate of the proportion of calcium tartrate originally existing in the sample. In the fourteen samples referred to, the highest percentage of ‘( insoluble ash ’’ (= CaCO,) found was 6.46 per cent., the next being 6.36, and no other above 4.68. The lowest amount was 2.60, and the mean of the whole fourteen was exactly four per cent.Multiplying these numbers by 1.88 we find that the highest amount of tartrate of lime met with was 12.14 per cent., the lowest 4.89 per cent., and the average 7.52 per cent. In the case of the two samples yielding 6.46 and 6-36 per cent., of insoluble ash, I ascertained the amount of matter left on boiling the original sample with water, and found 3.15 and 3.35 per cent. respectively. These residues, insoluble in water, wore soluble in hydrochloric acid, and, as far as my notes go, appear to have consisted of calcium tartrate. Hence, if 3.15 be substracted from 12.14 per cent., we have a remanet of nine per cent. legitimately present as a soluble constituent of the cream of tartar. The following table shows the proportions of calcium tartrate present in cream of tartar, according to different observers :- Keutral Calcium Tartrate. = CnC,H,O,.l’creira . . . . . . . . . . 2 to 5 per cent. Thomson . . . . . . . . 5 to 6 ,, Warington . . . . . . . . 2 to 8.8 ,, Vauquelin . . . . . . . . 5 to 7 ,, Paul . . . . . . . . . . 1 to 10 or 12 per cent. Allen . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 to 9 per cent. In contradistinction to the above results, on September 24th, 1879, a t Chertsey Petty Sessions, Mr. William Hodgkinson, of Aldersgate Btreet, when under examination as a witness for the defence of a druggist who had been prosecuted for selling cream of tartar obtained from Messrs. Hodgkinson & Co., is reported to have stated that- 1. ‘‘ Cream of tartar was sent to this country from Spain and France, and came in a state that was known as argol.”116 THE ANALYST.2. ‘‘ The article sent to Mr. Boyce (the defendant) was the very finest that could be obtained. ’ ”;’ 3. “Argol, or cream of tartar, mas the natural product of the fermentation of the juice of the grape.” 4. (‘ It was impossible to have cream of tartar without tartrate of lime, and he was informed from the best authority that it was generally found in quantities from 10 to 20 per cent., and the lowest he had ever heard of was 7 per cent.”‘:: 5. ‘‘ He could not account for the very small amount of baryta being with the drug, but had seen it with cream of tartar before.” In the course of a correspondence in the Pliawnaceutical Journal, which arose out of the above evidence, Dr. Redwood wrote:--“The cream of tartar alluded to by Mr.Hodgkinson, was rspresented by the grinder as having been obtained by the delivery order for ‘cream of tartar in its crude state,’ which, of wurse, means the usual roughly crystallised cream of tartar, a very different thing from crude tartar or argol.” Here then we have a general consensus of opinion that cream of tartar contains a maximum amount of nine or ten per cent. of calcium tartrate, and is distinct from argol; while, on the other side, Mr. Hodgkinson stands alone with his evidence that cream of tartar and argol are identical, and that the former contains a very considerable proportion of calcium tartrate. With a view of ascertaining by direct experiment how far calcium tartrate could exist normally in cream of tartar, I have instituted the following experiments :- Pure calcium tartrate was prepared by precipitating calcium chloride by neutral sodium tartrate prepared from pure tartaric acid and car5onate of sodium. The analysis of the salt showed that it was strictly neutral in composition. Pure potassium hydrogen tartrate was prepared by dividing a solution of pure tartaric acid into two equal portions, neutralising one with potassium carbonate, and adding the other.Weighed quantities of the last product were dissolved in known measures of boiling water, an excess of moist tartrate of calcium added, the liquid boiled for a short time, filtered boiling hot, and the crystals of cream of tartar deposited on the cooling of the filtrate were analysed. In this manner, products were obtained which contained as much calcium tartrate as would dissolve in the measure of boiling solution of tartrate of potassium employed.It was not found practicable to dissolve the acid tartrate of potassium in fifteen times its weight of boiling water. The following are the percentages of insoluble ash and anhydrous neutral tartrate of calcium contained in the different products :- The only variable condition was the proportion of water used. Hence 1 in 25 was the strongest solution employed. Proportion of water used. Insoluble Ash x 1.88 = CaC,F40,. 1. 25 parts . . . . . . . . 3.10 per cent. . . . . 0.82 per cent. 1A. 25 ,, . . . . . . . . 3.28 ,, . . . . 6.16 ,, 2. 50 ,, . . . . . . . . 3.40 ,, . . . . 6.39 ,, 2A. 50 ,, . . . . . . . . 3.30 ,, . . . .6.20 ,, 3. 75 ,, . . . . . . . . 4.40 ,, . . . . 8.27 ,, 3-4. 75 ,, . . . . . . . . 4.50 ,, . . . . 9.02 ,, * Notwitlistaiding Mr. Hodgkinson’s evidence, it is satisfactory to know that before the above case (sclling cream of tartar containing 11.7 per cent. of tartrate of lime, ancl 0.6 per cent. of BaSO,) was heard, his firm snpplieil to a Slieffield plisrmacist a highly satisfactory article, containing barely seven per cent. of tartrate of calciiim, and no trace of barium snlphate,THE ANALYST. 117 From these results, obtained in my laboratory by Mr, W. F,. Cocker, it appears that the proportion of calcium tartrate contained in cream of tartar is greater the larger the proportion of water used for solution. The proportions of calcium tartrate are not always strictly constant even under apparently similar conditions.An additional experiment waa made by evaporating, at a boiling temperature, a solution in 50 parts of water, and skimming off the crystals from the surface as fast as they formed. The product so obtained contained 6.8 per cent, of calcium tartrate. The above experiments clearly show that, with such a proportion of water as is likely to be used in practice, the product will not contain more than nine or ten per cent. of calcium tartrate, and this conclusion is fully confirmed by the general experience as to the composition of cream of tartar. One or two per cent. in excess of ten may be allowed as a margin, but it may be safely concluded that any sensibly greater proportion of calcium tartrate is not a normal constituent of the sample.The higher amounts of calcium tartrate occasionally found in cream of tartar are, doubtless, due to adulteration by compounds of calcium. Sophistication by chloride of calcium is said to have occurred, and there are authentic cases of adulteration by chalk and marble, I n a cream of tartar sold near Pontefract, I recently found 20 per cent. of sulphate of calcium* (anhydrous), probably added as plaster of Paris, and in a recent instance in America, as much as 75 per cent. of term alba is reported to have been present. I believe that in many cases in which a high percentage of calcium tartrate has been found, sulphates were also present, and hence the calcium tartrate did not exist wholly in that form in the sample, but was the result of a double decomposition on treating the cream of tartar with water.In the sample in which I found 20 per cent. of calcium sulphate, there was also 2.3 per cent. of sulphate of barium. In a case at Huddersfield, Mr. Jarmain found the same impurity in the form of .crystalline heavy-spar, and in many other cases small proportions of barium aulphate have been met with. Dr. Redwood suggests that the sulphste of barium may arise from the yeso, or Spanish earth, used for plastering wine. He appears to ignore the fact that barium sulphate is an insoluble body. Other apologists for its presence have suggested that it has its origin in the stones employed for grinding the drug. On this point I feel I cannot do better than quote an editorial which appeared in the Pharmaceutical Journal for November 22nd, 1879 :- ‘6 The weight of cream of tartar ground by one pair of stones will sometimes amount to 15 or 20 tons in a month, and if only one per cent.of sulphate of baryta was introduced into the powder by the abrasion of the atones, they would very soon cease to exist as stones, rJince they do not weigh more than five or six hundredweight each.+ On the contrary, the fact is, that these stones wear down very little, and last a very long time. But there is another point of evidence especially conclusive as to the origin of the sulphate of baryta in cream of tartar, and this is the fact that by shaking a cask of cream of tartar crystals in such a manner as to make all the dust settle down to the bottom, almost all the sulphate of baryta will be found in this dust ; in one instance that lately came within our knowledge * This was calculated from the sulphates. ponding to the above amount of calcium sulphate. t And how much silica would the cream of tartar contain ? The calcium was considerably in excess of that corres-118 THE ANALYST. the amount was no less than 45 per cent. There is, therefore, reason to believe that the adulteration of cream of tartar with heavy spar is systematically practised, and that it is probably carried out by throwing a handful of the coarse powder here and there intc the casks while they are being packed.” A very probable origin of the sulphate of barium in ground cream of tartar is the objectionable trade practice of requiring the grinder to return ground material of the full weight of the article sent to him for reduction, thus compelling him to make up the inevitable loss of weight in some way.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500114

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 THE ANALYST. LAWS OF WISCONSIN. The following is an Act passed b y the State of Wisconsin. AN ACT to prevent the adulteration of food and medicine, and provide for analysing the same, The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows :- Section 1. The governor of tho state shall appoint one of the professors of the state university of sufficient competence, knowledge, skill and experience, as state analyst, whose duty it shall be to analyse all articles of food or drink, and all drugs and liquors manufactured, sold or used within this state, when submitted to him as hereinafter provided. The term of office of such analyst shall be three years from his appointment, unless sooner removed by the appointing power, and his compensation shall not exceed two hundred dollars in addition to his annual salary as professor, and shall be paid by the board of regents of the state university, from the university fund.The state board of health and vital statistics, medical officers of health, inspectors of weights and measures, boards of supervisors of any town, boards of trustees of any village, alderman or common council of any city in this state, or a majority of said corrorate bodies, may, at the cost of their respective corporations, purchase a sample of any food, drugs or liquors offered for sale in any town, village or city in this state, in violation of scctions numbers one, two and four of chapter two hundred and forty-eight of laws of A. D. 1879, or if they have good reasons to suspect the same to have been sold or put up for sale contrary to the provisions of said chapter two hundred and forty-eight, may submit the same to the state analyst as hereinafter provided, and the said analyst shall, upon receiving such article duly submitted to him, forthwith analyse the same, and give a certified certificate to such person or officers submitting the same, wherein he shall fully specify the result of the analysis.Section 3. Any person purchasing any article with the intention of submitting it to an analysis, shall, after the purchase shall have been made and completed, forthwith notify the seller or his agent selling the same, of his or their intention to have the same analysed by the state analyst, and shall offer to accompany the seller or his agent a i t h the article purchased to the tonm, village or city clerk of the place in which the article was bought, and shall forthwith remove the article purchased to the office of said clerk, and in the presence of the seller or his agent, if present, divide said article into two parts, each to be marked, fastened and sealed up in such a manner as its nature d l permit.The said clerk shall forthwith forward one part to the state analyst by mail, express or othernise, as he shall elect, and shall retain the other part or package subject to the order of any court, in which proceedings shall thereafter be taken. The certificate of the state analyst shall be held in all the courts of this state as prima facie evidwce of the properties of the article analysed by him.Section 4. If any person applying to purchase any article of food, drug or liquor exposed for sale or on sale by retail on any premises in any town, village, or city in this stntc, and shall tender the prier of the quantity which he shall want for the purpose of analysing, not boing more than shall be reasonably required, and the person exposing the same for sale shall refuse to sell the same, such peison so refusing to sell shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding fifty dollars. The state analyst shall report to the state board of health and vital statistics the number of all the articles analysed, and shall specify the results thereof to said board annually, with full statement of all the articles analysed aud by whom submitted. The state board of health and vital statistics may submit to the state analyst any samples of food, drugs, or drink for analysis as hereinbefore provided. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage and publication. Section 2. Section 5 . Section 6. Section 7. Approved Maroh 15, 1880. (Published March 26, 1880.)

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500118

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 119 ANALYSTS’ REPORTS. Dr. Alfred Hill, Public Analyst for Birmingham, in his quarterly report states that he examined 43 samples during the first quarter of the year, comprising 26 milks, six beers, six teas, four flours, one butter ; and that no fewer than 23, or 89 per cent., of the milks had been more or less adulterated, or deprived of some of their cream. Dr. Hodges, Public Analyst for Belfast, reports that during the past quarter he examined 61 samples, and of these 12 milks were adulterated by the addition of water, and two samples of quinine wine contained merely traces of quinine. Eight parties were fined in the sum of 622 5s. for selling adulterated milk. Mr. James Baynes has been appointed Public Analyst for the Borough of Beverley, vice Dr. Procter, deceased.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050119b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

120 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. When Sample not divided by Inspector, the portion not used b y Analyst should be sealed up in At Belfast, David McGown, farmer, Ballygowan, was summoned for having sold adulterated buttermilk on the20th February. Mr. M‘Lean, who conducted the prosecution, said the Town Council were very much interested in cases of this kind, as a decision had been given the previous week in that court which was entirely at variance with the decisioiis given during the past six years. In fact, if the decision referred to stood good, there would be no use whatever in the sanitary officers buying milk and getting it analysed. So strongly did the Council feel on the point, that they intended to have the case tricd in a superior court should a similar decision be now given.He then read the different sections of the Act bearing on the case. One of the sections provided that, at the time the milk was purchased, the purchaser should divide the milk into three parts if asked by the seller to do so. One of these parts was to be handed to the seller, another to the analyst, and the third to be kept by the sanitary officer. Shonlcl the seller require this not to be done, another section provided that the local analyst was to take one part of the sample for the purposes of analysis, and to seal the remainder 11p in order that it might be sent to Somerset House for analysis if required. Sanitary Officer Anderson deposed that he purchased a pint of buttermilk from the defendant on the 20th February last. He informed him for what purpose he wanted it, and asked him if he wished to keep part of it.The defendant replied that he did not. Witness then sealed the sample up in a bottle, and afterwards brought it to Dr. Hodges, who took out of the bottle what he required for analysis. He then sealed up the remainder in witness’s presence, and handed it back to him when he gave the certificate. The certificate stated that the milk contained 51 per cent. of added water. Mr. O’Donnell (magistrate) said that when the decision was given on the previous occasion, he was not satisfied that the analyst had sealed up a portion of the sample for further analysis by the officers at Somerset House if required. Mr. M‘Lean said the defendant was a poor man, who held six acres of land, and so heavy a penalty might ruin him. The Bench, however, declined to mitigate the penalty.Agnes Steed was summoned for a similar offence. Mr. M‘Lean, sen., prosecuted, and Mr. Harper appeared for the defence. It was proved that the defendant had sold sweetmilk containing 31 per cent. of added water, and their Worships imposed n fine of $5. Mary Ann Jamison and ,James Hughes for similar offences, were each mulcted in a like amount. Inspector’s presence :- Defendant was fined 33. Inspectors may Purchase Samples by Deputy.-Queen’s Bonch.-Judpncnt :- The case of Horder v. Scott was heard in the Queen’s Bench Division, before Justices Lush and Field, on the 4th May. It was an appeal from the decision of the justices in petty sessions at Bushbury, in the county of Staffordshire. The appellant was represented by Mr.Jelf, Q.C., and the respondent was not represented by counsel. Agnes Scott, the respondent, was charged before the magistrates upon a summons taken out by John George Horder, of Lichfield, inspector of weights and measures, and inspector under the Food and Drugs Act for one of the districts in South Staffordshire-that she, in the parish of Bushbury, did sell to one Samuel Toy, coffee that was not in nature, substance, and quality the article demanded by such purchaser. The magistrates dismissed the summons, and in the case stated by them for the opinion of the Queen’s Bench they recited the facts to be the following:-Samuel Toy testifies that he is assistant to Mr. J. G. Horder, and on his behalf he went on December 27th last to the shop of the respondent about 10 a.m., ilnd purchased two ounces of coffee.She charged him 24d. for the commodity. He thereupon told her that he had bought it for the purpose of having it analysed, and she then told him that it was a mixture of coffee and chicory. Mr. Horder was not present, but he delivered the article to him at Wolverhampton, and he had it analysed. The substantial question, said Mr. Jelf, was whether an inspector can act by a deputy ; and there was also a question whether, on the information in the form in which it was laid, there could be a conviction. Mr. Justice Field: What do you mean by an assistant ? Is it shown what the terms of his employment were? Mr. Jelf : No ; we know nothing of that except that he was his assistant. Of course, I am to argue that the inspector may act by an assistant.Mr. Justice Field : You explain. We know what an inspector is, but we do not know what an assistant is. Is it anything more than-‘‘ I went by order of Horder to buy ” ? Mr. Jelf : If he did that, there would be an acting by deputy under this statute. That is a point of very great importance, because the Act in many districts would be unworkable, from the fact that an inspector cannot be every- where. Thcre is the question whether the form of the information ought to have been taken out by Toy himself, treating him as the purchaser ; or whether, if the matter was taken up by the inspector, he ought not to have been named as the purchaser. Mr. Justice Field: If I send my servant to purchase a pound of sugar, do I purchase or my servant ? Mr.Jelf : I t may be considered as a purchase by either. I have some difficulty in being quite certain about that. Mr. Justice Field : Then a seller is liable to two people? Mr. Justice Field: Is that so ? If I send half a dozen servants, is the seller answerable for each? Or the servant of ten people,-are all the ten people purchasers within the meaning of the Act? Mr. Jelf thought that the persons who are masters would be within the meaning. Mr. Justice Field: Relative to the seller the servant is the purchaser. Mr. Jelf contended that an official purchaser may act under the statute, by the provisions of Section 13. Section 12 provides that any purchaser of an article of food should be entitled on payment to a Public Analyst of 10s.Bd., or to any other analyst of such sum as may be agreed upon, to have the article purchased analysed, and a certificate of analysis given. Therefore any ordinary individual might put the Act in motion ; and, by Section 13, the inspector comes upon the scene. I t provides that any inspector “ may procure ” (lie called the attention of their Lordships to this, as being larger than “ buy ” or ‘‘ purchase”) any sample of food or drugs, and if he suspect the same to have been sold to him Mrs. Scott asked him if he wanted the best, and he said (‘ Yes.” Mr. Jelf : He would not be liablc for two offences.THE ANALYST. 121 contrary to any provision in the Act, he could submit it for analysis to the analyst of the district. Mr. Justice Lush at this point remarked : I do not think we need trouble you any further, Mr.Jelf. I am of opinion that the magistrates are mistaken in the conclusion to which they have arrived. This question turns upon Sections 13 and 14. Section 13 says any inspector may procure any sample of food and shall submit the same for analysis. Their Lordships conferred a moment, and Mr. Justice Lush stopped delivering judgment, observing : My brother calls my attention to the form of the summons. I t is alleged to be a sale to the prejudice of Toy, the purchaser. Mr. Jelf : I said there were two questions, one of which was a question of fact. Mr. Justice Lush : If it had been alleged to be to the prejudice of the inspector I could not have had a moment's doubt. Mr. Jelf : I think I can satisfy your Lordships as to that.Mr. Justice Field : Then go on. Mr. Justice Lush : That is the only question in my mind ; but is not that amendable ? I n order to settle this legal difficulty the further argument was adjourned. In the afternoon Mr. Jelf resumed the discussion, contending that, under Jarvis's Act, the duty of the magistrates with reference to the form of the information and summons is that they are not to allow a variatiofi between the information and the evidence to affect the matter, unless they think that the parties will be in any way injured or prejudiced thereby, and that then they may grant an adjournment. Mr. Justice Lush interrupted the argument by asking when the case came on, and finding that it was at the close of last year he observed that it would come under the statute passed last year, and that that would get over the difficulty.He accordinglyproceeded to give judgment. The magistrates were wrong, and the case must go down to them again. I t was true that Toy was an agent of the inspector, and bought the coffee as an agent, and not for his own use, but for the purpose of analysis. Before the Act of last session there was a difference of opinion in this country and in Scotland about the meaning of that particular clause ; but then the Act of last session took away a11 the difficulty arising from that construction. It provided that if any prosecutor under the provisions of the principal Act shall obtain any article of food, and have it analysed, it shall be no defence to such prosecution to allege that he having bought it only for analysis is not prejudiced.Toy might be con- sidered therefore as an ordinary purchaser, as a man who went in and ordered the best coffee, and, it being supplied to him as best coffee, it turned out to be, one-half chicory. On the hearing it appeared that he had been sent by the inspector. He gave due notice to the seller. He delivered the coffee to the inspector, and the inspector sent it to the analyst, and the analyst reported upon it, and that was on the evidence in favour of the prosecution. The magistrates, however, considered that as the proceedings were initiated by the inspector in his official capacity, he having laid the information, and having regard to Sections 13, 14, and 17 of the Act, should personally have purchased the article. He thought they were entirely wrong in that.It did not signify whether the inspector purchased by his own hand or purchased by his agent. Then the magistrates held, secondly, that Samuel Toy, being the purchaser and not the inspector, should have submitted the article to the County Analyst. There, again, he thought the magistrates were wrong. He thought they mixed up the procedure under the Act with the substance of the offence itself. Section 13 of the Act says that any purchaser of an article of food may require or may have the services of an analyst to have the article analysed, and receive a certificate of the analysis. The next section says that any inspector who purchases is bound to take cognisance- it is a duty on his part ; the ordinary purchaser may or may not, if he pleases ; but that is only a mode of ascertaining the genuineness of the article.As between Toy and the seller, Toy was the purchaser. I t would have been equally good to have described the inspector as the purchaser. Toy delivered the coffee over to the inspector, and he lianded it to the analyst. That is what any person would have a right to do if he had no connexion with an inspector. If the thing was properly analysed, it does not signify through whose hands the article was bought, Therefore, when the magistrates held that Toy, being the purchaser, the information was bad because laid by the inspector, their decision was wrong. Then, thirdly, themagistrates said that the mode in which the article was bought was not in accordance with Sections 12 and 14. Now, Section 12 simply says that the purchaser may take it to the analyst ; but what did that matter ? It was merely a mode of ascertaining the quality of the article ; and Section 14 provides that the purchaser must give notice to the seller.That Toy did. After the article was bought, the seller said, " You have got chicory among it ; ') but that did not come within the protective clauses of the Act, because the Act says that a person selling an article shall not be guilty of any offence, &c., if he shall at the time of delivery of the article supply to the person receiving the same, notice by a label distinctly written on or printed with the article, to the effcct that it is a mixture. It was therefore clear the case must go back to the magistrates, with the intimation from the Bench that their objections were not tenable, and that the case must be decided on its merits.Mr. Justice Field was of the same opinion, and thought it would be inconvenient if the case were decided otherwise, because clearly inspectors cannot be everywhere in their districts, and must require assistance. Order made accordingly but without costs, as the respondent did not appear. Exact Words of Act must be used by Purchasers:- At the St. Columb Petty Sessions, E. Henwood, of the Cornish Arms Inn, was summoned for adulterating beer with salt. Mr. J. R. Collins, of Bodmirl, defended. It was proved upon the certificate of the County Analyst, Mr. J. H. Collins, of Truro (not related to defendant's solicitor), that the beer contained 74 grains of common salt per gallon, whereas no beer ought to contain more than 25 to 30 grains per gallon. Supt. Marshall, in his evidence, stated that when he asked the defendant's wife for the beer he told her he '' intended to have it analysed." Mr. Collins contended that as the superinten- dent did not say the analysis was to be made '' by the Public Analyst "-the words of the section-no conviction could take place. Mr. Collins held that the bench must take the evidence as it was given ; and the bench taking this view dismissed the case, The chairman, however, said that the decision was against the better judgment of the bench and refused the defendant's costs. Supt. Marshall replied that he did use those words.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500120

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

122 THE ANALYST. NOTES OF THE MONTH. The Lewisham Board of Works has been reckoning up the cost of the Adulteration Act, and it finds that since 1873 its expenses have been 6718 ; or, in other words, the enormous Sam of 6100 per annum spent to secure a pure food supply in the district. Naturally an immense outlay like this startled the board, and they thought it most unsatisfactory, especially because during all the seven years they had only caught 67 offenders, and they forthwith proceeded to propose the cutting down of the salary of their unfortunate analyst, because, apparently he could not make good things bad. We do not know whether the board ever dines at the expense of the rates, but if it does so, then 6100 a year would be nothing for that purpose, of course, although 6100 a year for the protection of the ratepayers is of course dreadful, and ought to be at once put down ! Had the board stopped here it would not have been much matter, but they proceeded to decide to trouble the other vesltries with their nonsense, and spend money in sending copies of this report to all the Metropolitan Boards, asking them each to count up their costs, and have a conference on the subject, so spending more money, although with what object is not clear.Surely no money is better spent than that expended by the sanitary committees of the various vestries, and even if it ends in comparatively few ‘‘ cases ” being obtained, that should be a matter of congratulation, because it shows the food purveyors of the parish to be honest men, desirous of selling an honest article, and that the nuisances and other sources of disease are reduced to a minimum.Money is spent by the vestries- not t o obtain the greatest number of convictions-but to act as a deterrent against fraud, and if that end be obtained, the happiest parish is that in which the fewest ‘( cases ” can be got, always supposing, of course, that the inspectors of nuisances really do their duty. A most important decision has been recorded in the High Court of Justice, which our readers will find fully printed elsewhere. We hope that the attention of inspectors, and sanitary committees, under whose direction they act, will be given to this case, because one great difficulty is that the inspector may be watched, and the milk watered while he is safe in another part of the parish.If, however, some temporary deputies be employed, taking care to change them each time, no adulterator could ever say he was safe, even for an hour, aud milk businesses would not be found to be so lucrative an investment as they are at present, according t o the t’rovisionei., which states that some have been lately fetching the enormous sum of 68,000. We have heard of one district in which an intelligent woman, nicely got up with a neat market basket to hold the bottles, and a jug on her finger, did wonders in one day with the inspector following her, taking the filled bottles and giving her three empty ones after each transaction. Here is an advertiser hoist on his own petard in an amusing manner : ‘‘ Sausages that will keep sweet for some days during the hottest weather can be made with the aid of ’s Food Preserver, at a cost of not less than a halfpenny a pound.” As will be seen from the reprint on another page, the State of Wisconsin has passed an Act to prevent adulteration, and it is very pleasing to find that it follows so closely the lines hid down by the English Act.BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. Water Analysis, by Dr. Frankland ; Supplement to a Handbook of Chemical Manipulation, by C. Greville Williams ; Manual for the Physiological Laboratory, by Harris and Power ; The Chemist and Druggist ; The Brewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal. Owing to the pressure on our space this month, we are obliged to omit several articles already in type, including one by Mr. Carter Bell, ‘‘ On the Manufacture of Citric Acid.”

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500122

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC