摘要:

175 T H E A N A L Y S T . OCTOBER, 1880. ON THE NANUFACTURE OF SUGAR FROM THE SUGAR CANE. BY R. H. HABLAND, F.C.S. THE art of manufacturing and refining sugar has now attained to the rank of the second industry in the world. The two sources from which the supply of sugar is derived are the beet root and sugar cane-the one growing in Europe, the other requiring the heat of a tropical climate to bring it to maturity. Many other plants also have the property of pro- ducing Crystallizable sugar, identical in chemical composition with that prepared from the beet or cane ; notably the sugar maple (Acer. saccharurn), from which a large quantity of sugar is manufactured in Canada, the United States, and Borneo, but the supply is now gradually falling off on account of the destruction of the maple forests.The sugar obtained by the natives of Bengal and Siam from the various species of palm is, on account of the crude way in which it is manufactured, of very inferior quality, and is mainly consumed in the countries where it is grown. The juice of the Nipah palm (Nipafrmticans) is almost equal in saccharine richness to that extracted from the cane, with the advantage that it is much cleaner, and contains no coloring matter or chlorophyll the vegetable matter being easily precipitated, giving a liquor as clear as spring water. This species of palm flourishes near the sea, or on the edges of brackish pools, and takes up a large quantity of salt, which makes its appearance in the juice in varying quantities ; sufficient, in some cases, to give the liquor a decidedly saline taste.Were it nor for this drawback, I have no doubt that a large quantity of excellent sugar would be obtained from this source. Since the time when the beet root was first experimentally cultivated for sugar, it has, by careful cultivation become the source of nearly half the total quantity of sugar which is produced at the present day. It is not, however, entirely due to the agriculturalist that beetroot sugar ia able to compete so successfully with cane, but a great deal of the success attending its production is due to the fact that the manufacturer called in the assistance of chemistry and chemists, to enable him to decide on the most scientific and profitable method of working ; and although the average quantity of crystallizable sugar contained in the beet- root juice is only half that which is contained in the juice of the sugar cane, and other impurities are likewise present which have to be removed previous to the evaporation of the liquor to form the best crystals, yet the quality of the product is superior to and com- mands a much higher price than the raw cane sugars which are imported to this country from the colonies, and which require to be refined previous to consumption.Of course, Demerara sugars, and also sugars from other countries where the vacuum pan is in use, compete favorably with the refined article, either on account of their peculiar color or some other distinguishing mark which renders them pleasing to the eye, and even, perhaps, from the fact of their containing a proportion of uncrystallizable sugar (molasses), they are more palatable to the public, who, for some purposes, prefer the impure article to the pure loaf sugar.176 THE ANALYST.The reason for the difference in quality between the colonial cane sugar and conti- nental beet sugars is easily found when we take into consideration the difference in the mode of manufacture, and also the fact that the extraction of sugar from the beet has been investigated scientifically by some of the leading continental chemists, and chemistry and proper chemical supervision rule all the operations from the manuring of the root to the time when the sugar is turned out of the factory in an almost chemically pure condition. That this is so, is proved by the fact that almost every chemical journal issued contains the results of some research or enquiry into one or other of the important operations connected with its manufacture or the products produced therefrom; and, further, every manu- facturer knows so well the great importance of chemical analysis, that hardly one beetroot sugar factory is without a chemist.Now, in the case of the sugar-cane planter : he begins by manuring his land with some compound which is very likely to be quite unsuitable for the variety of cane which he wishes to grow ; perhaps he does not consider it necessary to trash his canes or clean them so as to allow the rays of the sun to exert their action on the cane, and assist in producing the saccharine matter ; but leaves them to grow a8 beat they may until the time comes for cutting and extracting the sugar ; in many cases the boiling-house is unable to keep pace with the cutting, from bad weather or other causeB, and a sltock of canes are standing at the mill, and perhaps remain exposed to the atmos- phere for some days, but this is not of so much importance, as I shall afterwards show (except in the case of canes that have been grown on land that is poor in lime salts : in this instance the juice is generally very acid, and rapidly undergoes fermentation even before it is expressed from the canes), as a practice which I have frequently seen followed of leaving a portion of the juice to stand all night, or cleaning and evaporating the juice to a density of 1 8 O to 20Q B., and allowing it to stand-say for 8 to 12 hours-to settle, thus causing fermentation to set up, and consequent loss of crystallizable sugar and formation of molasses ; in fact, in many boiling-houses the operations are conducted entirely by rule of thumb, and the overseer in charge knows little or nothing about the composition or properties of tho substance which he is manufacturing.Of course these remarks do not apply with the same force to estates which work with the triple-effect and vacuum pan, but even in many of t.hese cases mistakes are made, and losses of sugar occur which would be prevented and remedied if a system of analysis were carried out. Occasionally, syrups are allowed to stand too long a time before re-boiling, under the supposition that on account of the density they will keep any length of time, but in hot climates the temperature is so favorable to fermentation, that in syrups of a, density of 38O to 40° B.crystallizable sugar is converted into glucose, although the appearance of the surfaoe of the liquor would not seem to indicate that any chemical change was taking place; indeed, it is not even necessary that the sugar should be in the form of syrup t3 allow of this change taking place, for low sugars will form molasses and drain rapidly when heaped in bulk or stowed in a ship’s hold, owing to rapid conversion of crystallized sugar into glucose by the action of fermentation. This is a well known fact, and the loss of weight in cargoes of raw sugar is constantly being determined ; but the actual loss of crystallizable sugar caused by drainage and deterioration, and formation of probably not less than from 2 to 4 per cent.more glucose in the raw sugar than it contained when shipped, is R faot that, up to the present time, has been lost sight of. In one instance, where a dry sugar, containing 88 per cent, crystallizable sugar, 3per oent. uncrystallizable, and *92 ash,THE ANALYST. 177 was stored for six months in a warehouse in Manila : at the end of that time the bag# were quite wet and sticky, and molasses was draining away in considerable quantities; the sugar then showed a loss of 6 per cent. in crystallized sugar, and formation of nearly 5 per cent. of glucose, besides being very acid to litmus paper. A sample of Taal sugar, kept in a well stoppered bottle in the laboratory for one year, showed a decrease of 14 per aent.in the crystallizable sugar, and a corresponding increase in the amount of glucose. Another very common mistake in sugar houses abroad consists in sending molasses to the distillery before the whole of the sugar has been obtained ; these molasses should be re-boiled to a jelly, and allowed to crystallize slowly in tanks, by which means a further supply of sugar is obtained which would otherwise have been converted into alcohol. It will be seen from what has already been said, and it is also a well-known fact, that a great waste of sugar goes on in the process of open-air boiling, and many mechanical contrivances have been invented in order to obtain the sugar in a solid form at as low a temperature as pogsible ; the best of these, and the one which is now adopted in all countries that send to England and elsewhere sugar suitable for direct consumption, is the vacuum pan ; but in many sugar-producing countries the vacuum pan has not been adopted, either from want of capital, or from a conservative tendency on the part of the planter, who prefer8 to go on spoiling his sugar by open-air boiling to adopting machinery which would in a very short time pay for itself in the quality and increased price of the article produced.In the colony of Queensland, which in point of time is one of the youngest of the sugar-producing countries but which han gone far ahead of older settlements, a high-class vacuum pan sugar is produced polarizing 97 to 98 per cent., from juice of which the following analyses are speeimens :- CANE JUICE EXPRESSED FROM CANES GROWN IN THE MARY DISTRICT, BUEENSLA?YD, AUSTRALIA.Gingham Cane. China Cane. various Mixed Elpecies Samples of from Bsaurnh at 16-50 C ................ 11P .. 10-5* .. 11.6" Cryatallizable Sugar .............. 19.50 "lo .. 16.40 "lo .. 18.30 Q/o Glucose.. ........................ -25 .. -41 .. -45 Ash (Soluble Salts) ................ -70 .. 1.11 .. -37 Other organic matters ............ 1.17 .. 2.51 .. 3.14 Total solid matter ............ 21.62 2043 22.26 These juices all yield very good sugar, giving on the average of one season's work 1-25 Ibs. of eugar per gallon of juice at lo* B., of which 65 to 70 per cent. is nearly white crystals, and compares very favorably with colonial refined sugar ; the remaining quantity is sugar of a lower grade, and obtains a ready sale as '' pieces." This result is obtained without the use of bone-black, and the only method of purification adopted is the plan of precipitating the vegetable '' feculences "with milk of lime, and removing them by skimming aH they rise to the surface of the liquor when heat is applied.The manner in which these juices behaved in the boiling-house was very different, great difficulty being experienced in the treatment of the China cane juice, the sugar produced being worm in quality and deficient in quantity when reduced to the standard of 100 €3. as oompared with the juice from the Gingham cane which was easily converted into sugar of excellent quality ; the reason of thia is apparent from the analyses, the China cane con- taining a larger quantity of ash or soluble salts which have the property of converting crystallizable sugar into glueose during the operation of boiling.It is curious to note the178 THE ANALYST. difference in quality between these two samples of juice, especially as the two species of cane were grown on one plantation under similar conditions, it is evident that the China cane has the property of abstracting from the soil a larger proportion of mineral salts, and these salts, when soluble, go greatly towards explaining low yield of sugar and large quantity of molasses ; these analyses show the necessity of studying the cornpositition of the juice from the various species of cane so as to determine the most suitable class of cane to grow, and also the kind and proportion of manure to employ so as not to increase more than is absolutely necessary the quantity of those salts which are so detrimental in the process of manufacture to the quality and quantity of the sugar produced.The Philippine Islands export large quantities of raw sugar. The production is said to amount to nearly 200,000 tons per annum, bnt none of the sugar exported is of good quality, as the following analyses of dry sugars will show :- Zambales Yloilo Sugars, No. I. No. 11. No* In. Imitation ~ l o i l o . Crystallizable Sugar .... 85.30 .. 81.60 .. 78-60 .. 82.10 Glucose. ............... 5.80 .. 8.30 . . 9.10 .. 7.70 Ash .................. .94 .. 1-02 .. 1.90 .. 2.00 Moisture .............. 5.06 . . 6-06 . . 5-56 .. 4.20 Unknown organic matter.2-90 .. 3.02 . . 4-84 .. 4-00 100~00 100*00 100~00 100~00 Cebu Sugar, Cebu Sugar, Pampane (new Sugar), Laguna Tad Crystallizable Sugar.. 81.20 . . 71-00 . . 78.40 .. 82.70 .. 70.6 Glucose ............ 7.80 .. 10.90 .. 1060 .. 5-70 .. 12.0 Ash ................ 2-15 .. 2.56 .. 1.80 .. 1-34 .. 3.5 superior. CUI rent. unclayed. Sugar. Sugar. The Zambales sugar is the same number by Dutch Standard as No. 1 Yloilo. The proportion in which these sugars are produced is $ of No. 1, to of No. 2, to Q of No. 3. The insoluble organic matter in these sugars is generally less than 02 per cent., and is of a very slimy nature; the remaining soluble unknown organic matter is the amount which it is necessary for the bone-black to absorb. Of course all these sugars are produced by a similar arrangement to the copper-wall, and in some districts the destruction of sugar by burning in the process of evaporation, is exceedingly large.The cane from the ripe canes is of fair quality, and will compare favorably with samples. A sample from the Taal district, which is extremely fertile and well plantations, showed to analysis :- Crystallizable Sugar .............................................. Glucose .......................................................... Ash .............................................................. Other organic matter .............................................. juice expressed the Queensland suited for sugar 18.30 -10 *30 3.25 21-95 With a vacuum pan and proper machinery a juice of this quality should yield excellent grocery sugar. It would hardly be of such good color as the Queensland sugar on account of the large proportion of green coloring matter (chlorophyll), a portion of which was not precipitated by neutralization with milk of lime, but the sugar would compare very favorably with crystallized Demerara.At the present time the quality of the sugar produced from this juice corresponds to the analysis of Taal sugar given above, the artide being fit for nothing but brewing black beer. In one district in Luzon, where the cane grows luxuriantly often to a heigbt of 12 feet, and one stool produces four or five canes, the crushing season lasts considerably longer than in other districts, and the sugar produoed is of superior quality. The soil beingTHE ANALYST.179 extremely fertile, a sample was analysed, and showed the following results on the dried sample :- CANE SOIL FROM CAMARINE SIN, LUZON. Silicious matter.. .................................................. 53.39 "lo Alumina. ......................................................... 13.16 Oxide of Iron .................................................... 4-80 Oxide of Manganese ................................................ -10 Oxide of Magnesia.. ................................................ -42 Potash and Soda, as Chlorides ...................................... 1.14 Carbonate of Lime ................................................ 1.60 Sulphuric Acid .................................................... -09 Phosphoric Acid ..................................................-25 Carbonic Acid ............................................. .Traces. Organic and Volatile Matters ........................................ 25.05 100*00 Moisture in Sample before drying .................................... 6.79 "ID Unripe canes invariably contain a large quantity of glucose, which is probably oon- The following analyses are of canes known to be in an unripe condition and juice verted in the process of ripening into crystallizable sugar. from them:- UNRIPE CANES. JUICE FROM UNRIPE CANES. Crystollizable Sugar. . 10.00 crystallizable Sugar ...... 8.60 7.76 7-24 Glucose ............ 2.80 Glucose ................ 3-10 2-30 2.50 Ash ................ -71 Ash .................... -21 -25 a34 Soluble Ash .... -32 Unknown Organic Matter.. 1.27 1.74 2.89 Woody Fibre ~~ Water.. ............ 74.20 Total Solid Matter.. ...... 13.18 12-05 12.97 ........ 12.26 ~~~ 100.00 In order to ascertain whether the juice of the cane underwent any decomposition when the canes were kept for some time previous to crushing, the following experiments on unripe canes were made. These canes were selected, as i t was thought probable that they would deterioriate more rapidly on account of their acidity, and the fact of their containing less saccharine matter. Two plants were selected, each having two healthy canes growing from the one stool ; the juice from one of these was expressed and analysed immediately, the other was put aside in the laboratory for eight days, a t the expiration of which time the juice wa8 expressed and submitted to analysis.FIRST EXPERIMENT. Weight of Cane.. .................................. 1 lb. lo$ oz. .. Loss of Weight in 8 days.. .......................... .. .. Equals per cent. .................................. .. .. Barn6 of Juice.. 5 P Crystallizable Sugar.. .............................. 5.99 per cent. .. Glucose .......................................... 1-70 .. Ash .............................................. -30 . . . . Unknown Organic Matter .......................... 2.27 . . . . Total Solid Matter ................................ 10.26 .. Reaction. ......................................... Slightly acid. .. Weight of Cane .................................... 2 Ibs. 12 oz. .. Loss of Weight in 8 days ............................ .. .. Equals .......................................... .. .. Baum ............................................. 5 P .. Crystallizable Sugar ................................ S.17 per cent. .. Glucose .......................................... 1.90 . . . . Ash .............................................. *26 . . . . Unknown Organic Matter .......................... -87 . . . . 11-20 .. Reaction .......................................... Slightly a&' .................................. .. SECOND EXPERIMENT. .. 2 lbs. 82 oz. 4.75 02. 11.8 per cent. 5 P 7.33 per cent. 1-50 -32 1.99 11.14 Slightly acid. 2 lbs. 62 02. 4.7 oz. 12 per cent. 57t0 6.54 per cent. 1.40 -24 2-34 1052 Slightly acid.180 THE ANALYST. These results show that no fermentation of the juice had taken plaee during the time the eanes had been exposed after cutting ; in fact, the singular result of the glucose being less in the exposed samples, would seem to indicate that s ripening action had been going on ; these results must be taken for what they are worth, but they would certainly seem to indioate that eanes could be kept and transported long distances without undergoing loss of crystallizable sugar ; but this, of course, only applies to sound canes, and the result dghk be quite different in ease6 where the rind of the cane was cracked or eaten into by rats.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500175

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

180 Total .......................... ....I THE ANALYST. 619 ADULTERATION OF FOOD I N CANADA. The following Annual Report of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue has just been issued. It forms the introduction to a volume of 83 pages containing the detailed reports of the four analysts-Messrs. Ellis, Edwards, La Rue, and Fraser. The reports, as usual, set out in full the name of each vendor convicted, with the details of the adulteration. It includes, also, the full analysis of every sample of milk submitted to the analysts. INSPECTION OF FOOD. To the Honourable The Minister of Inland Revenue. SIR,-I have the honour to submit my Fourth Report respecting the analysis of Food, together with the reporte of the analysts appointed under the Act, and tabulated statements prepared in this Depart- ment of the results of the analysis of the varioua samples submitted to them.1. The following statement is a summbry of the whole number of samples analyzed. Name of Sample. Allspice .................................. Baking Powder ............................ Bread .................................... Butter.. .................................. Cassia .................................. Cloves .................................... Cinnemon ................................ Ginger.. .................................. Guano .................................. Honey .................................... Maoe .................................... Milk .................................... Nutmegs.. ................................ Pepper .................................. Potted Meate and Fish., ....................Self Raieing Flour ........................ Sugar .................................... Tea ...................................... Water .................................... Genuine. 6 19 93 146 7 3 5 2 5 167 3 22 37 16 81 52 26 .. .. Adulterated. ~ Doubtful. 10 5 1 67 1 9 16 6 5 1 76 21 1 9 6 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 1 .. .. *. .. .. .. 8 1 1 11 6 .. .. .. 235 1 42 Total. 16 24 24 227 1 17 19 11 6 2 6 251 3 44 38 17 101 64 26 896 2. From the above it will be seen that eight hundred and ninety-eix samples have been analyred, two hundred and thirtg-five, or a little more then twenty-six per cent., were adulterated, and fortg-two are returned as doubtful. 3. By the following table it will be seen that a perceptible improvement has taken place.In 1876 the percent&@ of edulteration we@ 51.66 ; in 1879 it har fallen to 26.22 per cent.THE ANALYST. 181 Genuine. Year. Adulterated. Doubtful. Number Of Analyzed. Adulteration. 1876 ................ 1877.. .............. 1878.. .............. 1879.. .............. 87 241 523 619 93 247 271 235 180 488 813 896 .. 51.66 50.61 33.33 26-22 .. 19 42 Gcnuine. Adulterated. Doubtful. Percentage Of Analysed. Adulteration. 4. The analysis of twenty-four samples of baking-powder shows that injurious chemicals have not been used to any great degree, as only five samples out of the twenty-four were found to be adulterated. 5. The important article of bread appears to be fairly free from adulteration, for out of twenty-four samples analyzed but one was adulterated.6. Two hundred and twenty-seven samples of butter were analyzed during the year. Of these seven were adulterated and fourteen were classed as doubtful. The adulterations being principally salt and water ; but in a number of cases the butter was rancid, probably owing to carelessness in packing. 7. Of one hundred and seventeen samplcs of condiments analyzed, sixty-four were adulterated and two mere of doubtful chaarcter. The adulteration of this class of food is still very large, but there has been a gradual improvement, as the following table will show :- 1876 ................ 1877.. .............. 1878 ................ 1879 ................ Year. 5 24 26 51 39 83 108 64 .. .. .. 2 44 107 134 117 88.63 77.57 80.59 54.70 8. Two hundred and fifty-one samples of milk were analyzed. Of these seventy-six, a little more This shows an than thirty per cent., were adulterated, and eight samples were returned as doubtful. improvement of ten per cent. upon last year’s analysis. 9. Of one hundred and one samples of sugar snalyzed nine were adulterated and eleven doubtful. 10. Of sixty-four samples of tea analyzed six were reported as adulterated and six doubtful. 11. Of twenty-six samples of water analyzed only one is returned as bad. Respectfully submitted, A. BRUNEL, Commissioner of Inland Revenue. DEPARTMENT OF INLAND REVENUE, December, 22nd 1879.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500180

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 181 AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MODE OF ESTIMATING NITRATES BY CRUM’S METHOD. BY ALFRED H. ALLEN. I HAVE, of late, been in the habit of employing a nitrometer for the estimation of the nitrates and nitrites in water. Ralf a litre or 250 C.C. of the sample is evaporated almost to dryness and transferred to the tapped limb of a nitrometer filled with mercury, the total volume of liquid, pZus the rinsings, being restricted to 2 C.C. Concentrated sulphuric acid is then run in till the total bulk of the liquid is 5 c.c., when the tube is agitated as usual, the open end of the nitrometer remaining firmly clamped in the support. In the ordinary course of working, it would now be necessary to allow the whole of the mercurial froth to subside, adjust the level of the mercury in the two limbs, read off the volume of gag, observe the temperature and barometric pressure, and calculate the observed measure of gas to the standard conditions.Instead of doing this, I employ a double nitrometer-stand, and182 THE ANALYST. make a test experiment, side by side with the sample. The standard solution I employ is one of nitrate of potassium, containing 5.055 grammes of the salt per litre. 20 C.C. of this solution contain -1011 of KNO,, and yield 23.58 C.C. of nitric oxide gas, measured at 15*5OC (not 0.C.) and 760 m.m. pressure. Care is taken to make the volume of liquid and acid in the standard tube identical with that in the experimental nitrometer. On the surface of the mercury in the open limb of each nitrometer, I pour 5 C.C. of a mixture of three volumes of concentrated sulphuric acid with two of water, so as to have a liquid of the same density and measure as that in the tapped limbs.After the completion of an experiment, the level of the aqueous liquids in each limb is made identical. By operating in this manner it becomes unnecessary to wait for the sub- sidence of the persistent mercurial froth which is often produced, and the reading may be taken as soon as the evolution of gas htts ceased. As the temperature, barometrical pressure, and tension of aqueous vapour in the two nitrometers are necessarily identical, it only remains to compare the volume of gas yielded by the sample with t’hat obtained from the 20 C.C. of standard nitre 6OlUtiOn, in order to ascertain the amount of nitrates, &c., in the water.20 C.C. of nitre golution equal *054 grammes of N,O,. 9 , t 9 9 9 9 ? 0062 ,, ,, NO,. 7 7 9 ) . 7 9 7 , 414 9 , Y ? N. In an actual experiment, I obtained from a quarter litre of drinking water 27.0 C.C. of nitric oxide, while the gas from 20 C.C. of the nitre solution measured, under similar conditions, 23.9 C.C. Hence 23.9 : 27.0 = 0.054 : 0.061 N,O,. 23.9 : 27.0 = 0.014 : 0.0116 N. These figures work out to 17.08 grains per gallon of N,O,, and 3.25 grains of N. In practice it is not necessary to make a test experiment every time. If the tap of the nitrometer be tight, the standard measure of gas obtained from the nitre solution may be kept for an indefinite period. Test experiments which I have made with solutions of nitrates have shown that the method is capable of very considerable accuracy, and might probably be found very con- venient for the assay of commercial nitre and nitrate of soda. Crum’s process is one which is well known to give good results, and the nitrometer has been applied to it independently by other chemists ; but the method of working above described adds so much to the rapidity and convenience of the process in actual practice, that it appeared desirable to call attention to it.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500181

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

182 THE ANALYST. ON A SUBSTITUTE FOR ALUM IN MAKING BREAD. BY C. ESTCOURT, F.I.C. ABOUT six months ago my attention was called to the use, by bakers, of a compound (in a liquid state) which, it was said, would replace alum completely. As is the case in connection with all trade secrets, there was a difficulty in obtaining any definite information which would enable one to form a judgment upon the matter. It happened, however, that about the time named I received from a baker a small bottle of this liquid, together with a loaf inTHE ANALYST. 183 - which I was informed it had been used. The loaf, upon analysis, gave alumina equal to 21 grains alum per 4 lb. loaf; so I drew the not unfair inference that some ingenious person had introduced to the baking trade some compound of alumina, not alum itself, and could therefore assert that no alum had been used in the compound.A qualitative analysis of the liquid showed A1-Ca in small quantity, Mg-NH,-Na in large quantity, whilst the acids present were found to be phosphoric, HCl. and H,SO,, but principally H,SO,, which it was assumed was used to keep the phosphates in solution. Upon the evidence of the A1 found in the loaf I gave the opinion that the use of the liquid would be improper and unsafe, Since then, upon various occasions, I have received samples of liquid said to be (in the principal constituents) like the one I had examined, but said to be so improved as to contain no alumina. All these samples, however, differed one from another so much, that I advised the persons consulting me it was unsafe to use them without guarantee that no fresh changes would be made in them by the vendor.During the past month I have again had submitted to me for examination, by a large baker here, a sample of the liquid, together with a loaf in which it is said to have been used. The sample is now declared by the inventor to be perfection, and certainly practically gives no alumina in bread in which it is used. I give below the result of quantitative analysis of the liquid :- Sp. gr. at 60 = 1174. In 100 parts by measure. 14-58 Free Phosphoric Acid, calculated as H,P,O,. .......... Magnes. Pyrophosphate ............................ 6.94 Ditto Sulphate .................................... 6-39 Sodium Chloride .................................. traces.The compound is therefore mainly magnesium phosphate kept in solution by phosphoric The bread sent was said to have been made from poor English flour, which would not, owing to deficiency in gluten, have made a presentable loaf without alum. It was found to be beautifully white, firm, and yet well srated. The air spaces of the loaf, shown when it was cut through, were very numerous and of a uniform size. The total amount of alumina found in it equalIed rather less than 10 grains of alum per 4 lb. loaf, which, as will be remembered, does not much exceed the quantity allowed for by some analysts as being naturally present. Whether or not such a compound can be safely used in bread is a question of vital importance, both to the general public and the baking trade. If the compound is declared by competent medical authorities to be innocent in its results in the small quantities used, there is no doubt it will be a great boon. Wet harvest times result in large quantities of wheat, which wheat, when ground, cannot by itself be made into presentable food for man without the use of the admittedly injurious drug-alum. Thus this quality of wheat is not available for use by bakers who prize a good name ; but if the use of this compound can be proved to be innocuous it would render possible the use of such flour to the mutual advantage of both the public and the agriculturists-the one obtaining cheaper bread, and the other being saved from that partial ruin which is so often the result of a bad harvest. I am making experiments as to quantities used, and will give the resdts in a future paper. acid.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500182

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

184 THE ANALYST. RESTORATION OF DISCOLOURED SYRUP OF IODIDE OF IRON. By T. B. Groves, F.C.S. THE author agrees with other writers that this syrup, if made according to the British Pharmacopceia, with pure sugar will keep fairly well, so that well-accustomed dispensingTHE ANALYST. 185 establishments fail to see any difficulty in the matter. But those who perhaps are not called upon to dispense the article once in a month often find on searching the cupboard that the syrup without some treatment is not presentable. The discoloration of syrup of iodide of iron is doubtless due mainly to the presence of free iodine ; when turbidity is present there is probably also a basic persalt of iron in suspension which adds to the effect. To get rid of both of these it is only necessary to dilute the syrup with say a third of its volume of water, to boil briskly for a few minutes, then filter through paper, and finally reduce by evaporation to its original bulk.The syrup will then have resumed its original appearance. The strength of the preparation will not have been materially altered by this treatment, for it takes a wonderfully small quantity of iodine in the free state to colour a large amount of liquid. (‘ I t had been suggested,” Mr. Groves said, by some writer whose name I have unhappily forgotten, but whose useful, though often unused, suggestion has not escaped me.” Mr. Groves had made some experiments with the object of avoiding the delay attendant on the process already mentioned. When a persalt of iron is brought in contact with a soluble iodide, the salt is reduced to the proto condition, and free iodine is eliminated.I t was at one time thought that under these circumstances a per-iodide was formed, but Mr. Squire, jun., some years since proved conclusively that such was not the case by showing that the colour could be removed from such a liquid by simply shaking it with an ordinary solvent for iodine, such as benzine or chloroform. However, if to such a liquid containing iodine in solution, caustic potash or soda be added, precipitation of ferric oxide will result, and the iodine will combine with the base of the precipitant. Applied to a discoloured syrup of iodide of iron the process does not answer, and that probably because the sugar exercises a solvent action on the precipitated oxides. Mr.Groves had formerly pointed out the effect produced by the presence in the syrup of a trace of phosphoric acid, which, by seizing at the moment of its formation the per-oxide of iron and rendering it insoluble, effectually prevented the reaction ending in the elimination of free iodide that would otherwise have resulted. Syrup, even dilute, would keep for years after being so treated, but of course one gets irstead of the discolouration the slight turbidity occasioned by the deposit of perphosphate of iron ; this, however, being colourless and easy of removal by deposit or filtration, is of but little moment. Addition of phosphoric acid to syrup already discoloured is of no avail ; the mischief has been done, and no persalt remains for it to act upon. If, however, previous to the addition of the acid, a few drops of liquor potassae be stirred into the syrup the colour disappears almost immediately, and, the acid being in slight excess, will not again return. Thus he found by experiment that when to half a fluid ounce of syrup discoloured by one drop of liquor ferri per-chloridi, he added enough liquor potassre (the amount would vary according to the acidity of the syrup) to produce a distinct greenish colouration, the further addition of two drops of dilute phosphoric acid restored the syrup to its original tint, Mr. Groves prefers this method to the well-known use of hyposulphite for this purpose, though he expected it would be regarded as hateful and unorthodox by some. This treatment by boiling was not new. In fact, it is after filtration more discoloured than ever.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050184b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

186 THE ANALYST RE VIEWS. Tables f o r the Analysis of a Simple Salt. For use in School Laboratories. By A. VINTER, M.A. London: Longmans, Green & Go. THIS little pamphlet gives in its first pages the more simple and characteristic tests for the metals and basic radicles, following which are a series of tables for the detection of bases and acids. Although this work might have been written with ease by any fairly good chemical student with a text-book of qualitative analysis before him, yet it certainly does contain errors that even a student would hardly have made. For instance, under ‘‘ Iron,” after heating the salt with Na,CO, and KCN upon charcoal, the following test is given :-‘( Dissolve the powder in HXO, + HC1. ; add to the solution a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium and observe the deep blue precipitate.” The presence of “ aqua regia,” together with ferro- cyanide of potassium is certainly calculated to give an unreliable result.Under ‘‘ examina- tion of solution for acid.” ‘‘ Calcium chloride precipitates.” “ Inneutral solution.” Car- bonio, white, soluble in aoetio aoid.” We do not know of any soluble oarbonate that gives %THE ANALYST. 187 neutral solution. Other instances might bo given that would certainly mislead the examiner of a “ simple salt.” We have already quite sufficient works upon qualitative analysis ; but should the subject be split up into a number of small branchee, and each of these have works especially devoted to their attention (even supposing them to be free from error) we fear that our bookshelf will become filled with a mass of useless material.‘‘ There have been many chemistries of late, For nom-a-days each chemist arites a book ; Some have a lucky, some a luckless fate.” Contributions to the Chelltistry of Bast Fibres. By E. J. BEVAN and C. F. CROSS. Manchester : Palmer & Howe, Princess Street. THIS work is printed from a paper read before the Omen’s College Chemical Society and gives the results of a carefully conducted research, more especially upon jute. The preparation and estimation of pure cellulose in the fibre occupies a great portion of the paper, Several methods were employed : Schulz’s, with dilute HNO, and KClO, ; Muller’s, by treating the fibre with brominewater; and a process devised by the authors, which seems to have been the simplest and best.The jute was boiled in weak alkali and exposed in the moist state to the action of chlorine ; the chlorinated fibre plunged into a boiling solution of sodium sulphite, and then into a boiling solution -1 per cent.-of NaHO. Pure cellulose was thus obtained with a single chlorination, giving a higher yield by about 3 per cent. than the other methods, and the fibres were less broken. Chlorine forms a yellow compound, soluble in alcohol, and glacial acetic acid, from which it is preci- pitated by water. It is coloured violet by ammonia ; with sodium sulphite ‘‘ the orange yellow slowly gives place to a magnificent magenta of great purity.” I t dissolves in con- centrated sulphuric acid, and has the following formula : CI9H,,C1,O,, A body giving the same reactions was prepared from Esparto. Other products were obtained and analysed a carbohydrate reducing Fehling’s solution, &c. This is a very interesting paper, and it may become of much value when the authors have finished their research, and applied their methods to the numerous other vegetable fibres now in general use.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050186b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 187 LAW REPORTS. Milk Certificate should state whether any Change has taken place i n constitution of Sample :- At Lambeth, a milk dealer named Martial, carrying on business in Waterloo Street, Camberwell, appeared to a summons taken out by the Vestry of Camberwell for selling adulterated milk, Mr. Massey, 316, Camberwell New Road, for the defendant, said he had to make an objection which he thought his Worship would agree was fatal to the case being proceeded with. According to the 18th section of the Act a certain form of certificate was to be given by the analyst, and his Worship in the schedule of the Act would find the following words appended : “ I n the case of a certificate regarding milk, butter, or any article liable to decomposition, the analyst shall specially report whether any change has taken place in the constitution of the article, that would intefeie with the analysis.” The certificate of Dr. Bernays produced merely stated the milk was adulterated to the extent of 8 per cent.of added water but did not report as required, and he (Xr. RIassey) contended that the certificate wa8 not sufficient, and the summons must be dismissed. Inspector Mackay, on the part of the prosecution, said such an objection had not before been raised. Mr. Saunders said that might be so. He was of Mr. Massey’s188 THE ANA.LYST. opinion, and therefore dismissed the summons. Mr. Massey asked €or costs, but Mr. Saunders declined to grant any, on the ground that the case had not been heard on its merits. Mr. Mackay declined the risk of an adjournment.Skimmed Nilk.-Lal.ge ProJits and Small Fines. Richard Wright, milkseller, of Handsworth, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Horder, Inspector under the Food and Drugs Act, for selling adulterated milk. The defendant said he sold the milk for Mrs. Bullock, but it was proved that he bought the milk, which was skimmecl, from Mrs. Bullock’s bailiff at 34d. per gallon, and sold it to Mr. Horder’s assistant at 4d. per quart. The analyst’s certificate stated the milk to contain 17 per cent. of added water. The defendant was fined 5s. and $3 16s. costs, with the alternative of one month’s imprisonment. A Milkman Eight Times Fined : - At the Nanchester City Police Court, on the 25th ult., Richard Melling, farmer, Crowcroft Farm, Levenshulme, was summoned for selling inilk vhich had been adulterated with water.Mr. Rook, Superintendent of the Corporation Nuisance Department, prosecuted, and Mr. Cobbett appeared for the defence. Inspcctor Sherwin deposed that he purchased a quart of defendant’s milk on Sunday, the 1st August, for annlysis. Mr. Estcourt, thc City Analyst, stated that the milk contained 14 per cent. of added miitcr. A h . Cobbctt said the defence was that just before the inspector asked for the milk the defendant’s supply had run short. In order to furnish the rest of his customers with milk, a quantity was purchased from another milk dealer, who was unknown, and it was from that milk the inspector obtained his quart. Mr. Rook said that the defendant had already becn convicted seven times, and had paid an aggregate of g110 in fines.In February, 1875, the defendant was fined $15 and costs for selling adulterated milk; in July, 1876, 5220 and costs by the county magistrates; in November, 1877, Margaret Melling, defendant’s daughter, refused to supply milk to an Inspector, and a fine of 310 and costs was imposed; in September, 1878, Eliea Mclling, defendant’s wife, declined to serve an Inspector, and the Bench inflicted a penalty of S l O and costs ; in December, 1879, defendant was fined 310 and costs for selling adultcrated milk, and during the present month his wife refused to supply milk, and a fine of S5 and costs was imposed. The Bench remarked that it seemed to pay the defendant better to incur heavy fines than to sell pure milk. He would be fined $20 and costs.At the Northern Divisional Police Court, Dublin, Maria M’Gowan, dairykeeper, of 1, Vavasour Place, was summoned for selling milk adulterated with 13 per cent. of water. The Magistrate remarked that on a former occasion, when a question was raised about milk adulterated to the extent of 13 per cent., which was certified by Professor Tichborne to bc pure after it was condemned by Dr. Cameron, the sample was sent over to Somerset House, and a certificate came back agreeing with Professor Tichborne’s analysis, that the milk was pure. After that, he did not known what course to adopt in future, but he supposed he would have to make that allowance in the analysis. However, in the present instance, he would allow the case to stand for the return of Dr.Cameron, who was at present on leave. Refusal to Serve Inspector by Milkman Delivering nlilk at I€ouses. I n the Southern Divisional Police Court, Dublin, before Mr. O’Donel, a number of summons come on for hearing, in which several milk vendors in the Pembroke Township were charged with having refused to sell samples of milk to the Sanitary Inspector of the Commissioners. I n the case of Patrick M’Donnell, the inspector deposed that on the 19th inst. he saw the defendant selling milk at various houses, but when he demanded a sample of milk, and tendered a penny for it, the defendant refused to sell. Mr. Curran, for the defence, eontended that the law requires that the exposure for sale should be in a public place, in order that the refusal to sell might become an offence.There was no exposure for sale in a public place in this instance, and the fact of the demand of the inspector having been made on the road would not bring the case within the section. Mr. Fitzgerald, for the Commissioners, contended that the facts of the case were sufficient to warrant the Court holding that the sale was in a public place. His Worship held that the summons could not be sustained. I t appeared that if the milk had becn sold to purchasers in pursuance of a contract, the inspector would be entitled to demand the sample, whether the delivery wns made in a public place or not. No evidence was tendered that in any of the cases immediately before the Court any such contract existed. Rlr. Fitzgerald asked to have a case stated for the superior Court.The Magistrate suggested that, before doing that, he should in future bring the householders into Court to see if a contract existed. Summons Dismissed :-THE ANALYST. 189 Percentage of Adulteration should be Stated :- At the Wolverhampton Police Court last month, before Mr, W. F. F. Boughey, stipendiary, Mr. Charles A. Hickman, grocer, Sedgley, was summoned by Mr. J. G. Horder, Inspector under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, for selling coffee not of the nature and substance demanded by the purchaser. An assistant to Mr. Horder went to defendant’s shop, on July 23rd, for a quarter of a pound of coffee, which was served in a canister supplied by Cassell, Smith & Go., on which were the words “Mixture of Chicory and Coffee.” A certificate from Mr.Jones, the County Analyst, was put in, stating that the article ‘‘ was practically all chicory.” Mr. Willcock, for the defendant, said that the Act of Parliament required that the percentage of adulteration should be stated, and that there was no case. The Stipendiary concurred, and the case was dismissed. Sate of Paregoric containing 7u) Opium : - At the Town Hall, Sheffield, before T. W. Rodgers, Esq., and David Ward, Esq., Mr. Stephen Middleton, grocer, 61, Harvest Lane, was summoned under Section 6 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, for selling 4 oz. of paregoric, which was not of the nature and substance demanded by the purchaser, being destitute of opium. The Town Clerk (Mr. Yeomans) prosecuted, and Mr. Parker Rhodes, of Rotherham, defended. On June 25th Inspectors Brammer and Rummings, of the Health Department, went to the defendant’s shop, and asked for 4 02.of paregoric. They were not aware that the defendant sold paregoric ; but, being in the neighbourhood, went in for the purpose. The defendant took down a bottle from a shelf behind him, and remarked that he was not obliged t o sell any of it to them. He was told that if he refused to sell he was liable to a penalty of S10 under the Act, and the defendant thereupon sold 4 oz. of what purported to be paregoric. He previously told the officers to look at the labels upon the bottles, which said ‘‘ Paregoric substitute, without opium. This article is guaranteed to contain no opium, or any other ingredient prescribed by the new Pharmacy Act, 1868.” The defendant, in giving the officers 4 oz.of the contents of the bottle, remarked, “ I give it you for what it is worth.” The officers then paid Is., and divided what they received into three portions, one of which was left with the defendant, one was reserved for themselves, and the remaining portion was at once forwarded to Mr. A. H. Allen, the Borough Analyst, to be analysed. Mr. Allen said he found at3 the result of his (analysis that the sample was destitute of opium, which was the most important ingredient in the medicine known as paregoric or paregoric elixir. The material being destitute of opium, he was of opinion that it was not paregoric. Cross-examined by Mr. Parker Rhodes, Mr. Allen a i d in what was popularly known as paregoric, opium was a constituent part.The word “ paregoric ” signzed soothing. Opium was not the only sedative known to medical science. Dr. Hime, Medical Officer of Health, said opium was an essential part in the composition of paregoric. In its popular sense, paregoric was a medicine containing opium, and included other ingredients. Cross-examined by Mr. Parker Rhodes : In Dr. Pereira’s Muteria Medica it was stated that there could be paregoric without the presence of opium, but that was not the common belief. Mr. Parker Rhodes, for the defendant, said he was instructed to appear, not by the defendant, but by the firm who manufactured the compound. The reason it contained no opium was this : The law prohibited grocers selling any poisonous ingredient, such as opium, and in order that the paregoric might be sold by them, another and weaker article was:substituted by the manufacturers, which did equally well.The defendant was well aware of the purpose for which the officers entered his shop, and until he was threatened with a penalty of €10 he did not wish to sell them that for which they asked. He then told them frankly that he sold it for what it was worth, and showed them the label on the bottle, which said ‘‘ Paregoric substitute.” The officers were determined to get it, whatever it was, and they obtained that for which they asked. Several persons who were in the shop at the time strongly bore out Mr. Parker Nodes’ statement ; and the maker of the compound, Mr. William Parkinson, wholesale chemist and druggist, of Burnley, spoke as to the nature of the drug. The Bench retired to consider their decieion, and, upon their return into court, Mr.Rodgers said that in their opinion the defendant had done every- thing to show the oficere that the drug they insisted upon having was not paregoric, but only a substitute for paregoric, which did not contain opium. The real question in the case was whether he sold it to them as and for paregoric, intending to deceive, or whether he sold it for what it was. Inspectors Brammer and Rummings had not given their evidence to the satisfaction of the Bench, and on behalf of the defendant there had been an overwhelming amount of testimony that could not be aast aside, that the defendant did not pass the drug off as paregoric, but only for what it claimed to be. Alderman Ward said he cordially agreed with Mr.Rodgers’ remarks, and he thought the defendant had conduoted hie business in 8 very proper way. The case was then dismissed, and the Town Clerk mke&190 THE ANALYST. permission to withdraw two similar cases which he had intended to have brought forward. The Bench consented to this course being pursued. Mr. Parker Rhodes asked for costs for his witnesses. The magistrates declined to grant them, as they believed it would have saved much trouble, and in every way been more straightforward, if the defendant had at once told the officers, when they asked for paregoric, “ I don’t keep the article.” He had not done so, and therefore they could not allow costs. Adulterated Milk :- Mr. Harding, clerk of the Kensington Vestry, supported the following summonses :-Arthur Ayres, of 34, Dartmoor Street, Notting Hill, was fined 21 and costs for selling milk adulterated with 10 per cent.of added water.-William Gardener, of Dalling Road, Hammersmith, was summoned, but the case was dismissed. James Johnson, of Chesson Road, Fulham, was summoned for selling milk to Inspector Francis, of the Board of Works, adulterated with 20 per cent. of added water. Mr. Jones, clerk of the Fulham Board of Works, attended to support the summons and other cases. The defendant saidhe sold themilk in the same condition as he purchased it. Alfred Roughton, a general dealer, of Greyhound Road, Fulham, was next summoned for selling milk adulterated with 40 per cent. of added water. In this case the inspector purchased the milk of the defendant’s wife in the shop.The defendant said he purchased milk of Mr. Johnson, the defendant in the first case, giving 1s. 10d. per gallon for it. Therefore he thought he had a superior article, and he sold it as he he purchased it. Mr. Paget said it was the worst case of adulteration he had ever heard, the water in the milk being nearly one-half, and it was sold to be given to children and sick people. He fined the defendant 325 with 12s. 6d. costs. The defendant said he was not able to pay the money, Mr. Paget then made an order for the defendant to be imprisoned for one month in default of sufticient distress. John Hanson, of Fulham Fields, was summoned in respect of milk adulterated with 16 per cent. of added water. Mr. Claydon, who defended, said the milk was supplied to defendant by a respectable firm, and he sold it in the same state as he received it. He (Mr.Claydon) asked the magistrate to bear in mind that cows did not give milk of the same quality at all times. Mr. Paget said it was so, but in this case the certificate of the analyst stated the milk contained added water. Mr. Claydon said he did not know how the analyst was able to come to that conclusion, but he was not prepared to advise his client to incur the expense of the attendance of the analyst to give his reasons. Mr. Paget fined the defendant ~OS., with 12s. Gd. costs. Mr. Jones, clerk of the Fulham Board of Works, supported summonses against persons for selling adulterated milk. The first case was against Hastings Wigmore, of 37, Moore Park Road, Fulham, for selling milk adulterated with 12 per cent.of added water. Mr. Paget inflicted a penalty of 20s. and 12s. Gd. costs.-The summons against John Harrison, of Salisbury Terrace, Fulham Fields, for selling milk adulterated with 16 per cent. of added water, was adjourned for the production of additional evidence.-George Connell, of the Royal Dairy Farm, Wellesley Road, Gunnersbury, was summoned for selling milk adulterated with 18 per cent. of added water. The defendant said the milk was purchased in the street, and he told the inspector that he could not guarantee it as it came from the country. Mr. Gregg declared that the milk was purchased in the shop. The Chairman explained that it did not matter whether the milk mas bought in the shop or in the street.The defendant was liable, and would have to pay $1 and costs. Mr. Paget inflicted a penalty of ~ O S . , with 12s. 6d. costs. Refusing to Serve. At the Northern Divisional Police Court, Dublin, Michael Condraw, a milk-boy in the employment of Mr. T. M. Donnall, dairyman, Mountpleasant Place, was summoned before Mr. O’Donel for having refused to give a sample of milk for the purpose of analysis to Mr. J. Madden, inspector of nuisances under the Pembroke Township Commissioners. Mr. Madden stated that on Aug. 19th he met the defendant serving milk on the Shelbourne Road, when he asked for a pennyworth, telling the boy who he was, and that it was required for purposes of analysis. The lad said he should wait untilhe came down from the next house and ran on.When he came down from the house he refused to give the milk ; some time after he ran up to witness with the milk-can, and offered to give milk out of a different can, but witness refused to take it. Mr. Currnn submitted that this disclosed no offence, as the 17th section of the Act under which the prosecution was brought required that the milk should be sold by retail or exposed for sale. In the present instance the milk was not exposed for sale, as the defendant was merely engaged in delivering milk at houses. The magistrate (Mr. O’Donel) held the point raised a good one, and dismissed the summons, but at the request of Mr. Fitzgerald, said he would state a cage for the purpose of baving the point argued.-William Doyle, dairyman, of Sandymount, was summoned for a similar offence, and a like rule wag made,-Mdary Smith, 14; South Lotts Road, dairykeeper, was Cases Dismissed :-THE ANALYST. 191 summoned for refusing to sell milk exposed for sale in her shop to a sanitary inspector, for the purpose of being analysed.Defendant denied that she owned the shop, alleging that she was only left in charge of it by Mrs. Redmond, the owner. As the inspector swore, however, that he had seen her behind the counter on three different occasions previously, she was fined $2. Adulteyated Milk.-Samples taken at Railway Station. :- At Southwark, Mr. J. M. Sawyer, a farmer, residing at Chadhurst Farm, Dorking, appeared in answer to a summons issued against him by Mr. C. Puttock, a dairyman, living in Sayers Street, New Kent Road, for a breach of agreement in not nupplying him with pure and fresh milk as contracted for from March 25th, 1880, to March 25th, 1881.Mr. W. P. Ricketts, solicitor, appeared for the prosecution. Mr. A. Parish, inspector for the Metropolitan Dairy Society, was also in attendance. I t appeared from the evidence of Mr. C. Puttock, the plaintiff, that having received numerous complaints from his customers of the indifferent quality of the milk dispensed by him he felt rather annoyed, and having procured the services of Inspector Parish they went to London Bridge Station, to which the cans or churns full of milk were sent. On the 27th of June last, having had the cans sealed by the inspector, a telegrim was sent to Mr. Sawyer to meet them at London Bridge Station on the following day, the 28th June, when the milk cans would be opened and three divisions would be made, one of which Sawyer could have, one would be kept by the dairy inspector, and the third would be sent to the Public Analyst.This had been done, and the latter had certified that it was adulterated with water to the extent of 18 per cent. The contract between complainant and defendant was then read by Mr. Ricketts, which ran aubstantially as follows :-“ Chadhurst Farm, Dorking, April 6th, 1880. A contract entered into between Mr. C. Puttock, 4, Sayers Street, New Kent Road, and Mr. J. M. Sawyer ; the latter to sell all the milk produced by his COWB from March 25th, 1880, to March 26th, 1881, the milk to be delivered, carriage paid, to London Bridge, pure and fresh daily.” The Magistrate said in his opinion the case should not have been brought before him ; it was a county court case, and he considered that the defendant’s contract begun and ended, as regarded the purity of the milk, at Dorking. Mr.Ricketts disagreed with his Worship. The contract to deliver the milk pure and fresh in London was very distinct indeed. His Worship said there was a very similar milk case pending just now, and perhaps an adjournment might be advisable. Mr. Ricketts said : Very well. I suppose your Worship will grant a case, and let this be adjourned sine die till a decision is arrived at in the other. Mr. Puttock said all he wished to prove to his customers was that he endeavoured to sell pure milk from the cow, and the laches on the part of the defendant in not sending him milk as contracted for and guaranteed by him to the public as unadulterated had done him a serious trade injury.Prosecution by Metropolitan Dairymen’s Association. $20 Fine. Appeal :- Isaac Peart, a farmer, of Irvingbury Farm, Welwyn, Hertfordshire, appeared to a summons which charged him with having sold a quantity of milk adulterated with water. Mr. Moore, for Mr. Ricketts, conducted the prosecution, and Mr. Besley, barrister, defended. The evidence went to show that the defendant had an agreement with Thomas Edwards, dairyman, of Fonthill Road, Finsbury Park, to supply him with 18 or 20 barn gallons of pure milk daily. This arrived in two consignments in the defendant’s churns at Finsbury Park Station of the Great Northern Railway.In consequence of complaints, Mr. Edwards on the 6th of July awaited the arrival of the morning delivery, and then in the presence of the station-master and a witness named Parish, sealed up one of the churns and sent a telegram to the defendant, requesting his attendance at an examination of the contents for analysis. The defendant sent his son, in whose presence the churn was opened and samples of the milk taken. The certificate of Dr. Tidy, to whom the same was submitted for analysis, showed that the milk wa8 adulterated to the extent of 19 per cent. Mr. Besley, in cross-examination of the witnesses, elicited that the prosecution was taken up and the expenses paid by the “ Metropolitan Dairymen’s Association.” Parish was ‘‘ an inspector ’’ appointed to act for them.Parish was subjected to a long cross-examination, and admitted that he had gone a fortnight after the examination of the milk to the defendant’s farm and been treated there by him, but denied that there was any suggestion that a $5 note to him and a subscription to the Association would prevent a prosecution. Mr. Besley, in his address for the defence, said that he had to raise a legal point which he thought was of vital importance in these prosecutions. It had been held to be necessary that there should be a purchase before there could be a prosecution. In this case there was no purchase, no agreement beyond a verbal understanding being proved. Before purchase it was also necessary that there should be a request embracing the nature, quality, and substance of the article required. In support of this Mr.Besley quoted Sandys v. Small, 3 Q. B., and Hutchinson’s case, 4 Q. B. Reports. Dismissing the point which the Courts of Session in Scotland had held to be law, that a person purchasing for analysis could not be said to be prejudiced, a point overru ed by the High Court here, Mr. Besley submitted that the other points were clear. Further he submiited Some other ordinary clauses followed.192 THE ANALYST. that by the amending Act of 1879 only a medical officer, constable, or other public officer could prosecute in these cases. Mr. Besley read the third section of the Act to that effect. The Act, he said, did not exist to allow the Association mentioned to find a raison d’e*tTe. The Association was admitted to be the prosecutors in.this case, and they could not be. Noreover, they had tried by their witness Parish to force the defendant to join the Association and give his subscription under fear of prosecution. The defendant was examined, and his son, and other witnesses were called to prove that the milk was not adulterated at the farm, and railway servants, to prove that it mas not tampered with on the journey. The defendant gave a desoription of the visit of witness Pariah, and ended by saying that the Association had since made him an hon. member. The magistrate, Mr. Barstow, decided against Mr. Besley, on all his legal points, and finding the case proved, ordered the defendant to pay a penalty of $25, ;E5 of the amount to be costs. Notice of appeal was given.Overstocking a Cow:- At the Northern Divisional Police Court, Dublin, Patrick Keen, of Newton, County Dublin, wag charged with having I ‘ over-stocked a cow mith milk, thereby causing it pain and suffering.” Mr. Keely, a veterinary surgeon, deposed to having examined the cow, when he found that two of the teats had been plugged up artificially, so that milk could not flow through them. The greatest pain was caused to the animal in consequence of this. The Magistrate observed that this was a new mothod of procedure. The object was to keep the udder of the cow distended, so that it would fetch a higher price in the market, but the animal would be permanently injured. The defendant denied that he had used any instrument or adopted any means to plug the teats.He wished to have the case adjourned to afford him an opportunity of employing another veterinary surgeon to inspect the animal. The cow was in the police courtyard, and the Magistrate suggested that it should be milked in the presence of Mr. Keely to settle the question. The operation was accordingly performed in the presence of a large number of those who had been attending at the Court. Xr. Eeely was examined, and deposed that milk had flowed through the teats, but only in the exercise of great pressure. He still remained of opinion that the animal had been tampered with in the way he had previously described. The defendant made repeated requests to give him an opportunity of procuring LI veterinary surgeon, but the Magistrate considered that he had had sufficient time t o procure a surgeon during the afternoon, and fined him 30s. Cofee and Chacory :- Several grocers were summoned before the magistrates at Barnsley, recently, for selling adulterated coffee. The first case heard was that of Mi-. Matthew Dickinson, grocer, of Birdwell, who was charged under the Food and Drugs Act with selling coffee which was not of the nature and substance it ought to be. Superintendent Sykes visited defendant’s shop at Birdwell on the 21st inst., when he purchased four ounces of coffee, for which he paid 5d., at the same time telling defendant that it would be sent to the analyst. He left defendant a portion of it, and sent a third of that purchased to Mr. Allen, the Borough Bnalyst, at Sheffield, keeping the remaining portion himself. The analyst reported that the sample contained 40 per cent. of chicory, a mixture of which with coffee was objectionable. Defen- dant said he sold the coffee as he purchased it. The Bench said they hoped it would be a warning to other shopkeepers, who mere getting immense profits by selling adulterated articles. Defendant was fined 52 and costs, in all 2 2 15s. l l d . Mr. William Heaton, also a grocer, of Birdwell, was charged with a similar offence. The same day Superintendent Sykes purchased four ounces of coffee for 3d. at defendant’s shop, telling him for what purpose he required it. The analyst reported that the sample contained 50 per cent. of chicory. Defendant said he did not sell the coffee as being genrine, but as common, by which he meant that it was mixed. The Bench said genuine coffee could not be bought for the price, and fined defendant €2 and costs.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500187

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

192 THE ANALYST. NOTES OF THE MONTH. A quarterly meeting of the Birmingham and Midland Counties Grocers’ Protection and Benevolent Association, repc;rted in the Grocer, is charaoterized by a speech from the chair- man protesting against the prosecution of persons for selling coffee mixed with chicory. In his remarks he brings up the case of a man who was actually fined for selling a mixture of 86 per cent. chicory and 15 per cent. coffee, and argues that because chicory is ad., and ooffee 1s. 8d. per pound, there was no fraud in selling this at lOd., especially as, in his opinion, good chicory is a better beverage than inferior coffee. We quite agree that it is no fraud to sell any mixture provided it is properly labelled as such, and the purchaserTHE ANALYST. 193 honestly informed before buying what he is getting ; but then, some grocers would like to be able to mix, and yet not declare so.The next proposition-made by the same gentleman-was, that the Association should pay the fine of a member who had been mulct in 810 for selling butterine. This, he considered, a L L most shameful fine,” and urged that butterine was a good and wholesome article. So it may be ; but was it sold in reply to a request for butter ? We should like to hear this gentleman’s opinion of a tailor who sold him cheap cloth trousera all wool, and then gave him a shoddy article which was innocent of coming direct from the sheep, although still wool being worked up from other materials as an imitation. Would he declare that such a wretch ought to be proseouted, or would he sit down quietly and say, g L I t was my own fault.I should have known the market price of spun wool, and that I could not get real cloth at the money ?” The public cannot be expected to know the real value of every- thing, and the only way to protect them is to see that traders, who pretend to sell a particular article at a low price t o attract custom, shall honestly sell the commodity they seem to do. In making these remarks, we must not be held to insinuate that grocers, ra a body, really desire to fall in with the views of such gentlemen ; because, at the very same meeting we find three British tradesmen, to their honour and credit, speaking out in the cause of abso- lutely fair dealing as follows :- Mr. BATT thought t h a t butterine should he sold for what it really was-butterine, and not butter.Mr. COLE t h o q h t it unfortuncrte that grocers should holster up a 1 0 d . article, which many were doing a t the present time. Mr. JEPHOOTT did not like to see an article passed of us a lzcsury which contained 90 per c m t . of chicory. Bravo Messrs. Batt, Cole, and Jephcott ! We hail your remarks as specimens of real blunt truth, and if we lived in your county we should say these are the sort of men to deal with. We hope that the Birmingham public and newspapers will notice such open dealing, and that the reward which ought to follow will come apace. T h e y had better sell the article as chicory flavoured with coflae. Under the new Beer Duty Act the strengths of worts are to be expressed in terms of their specific gravities, and not in The Brewers’ Guardian points out that no change need be made in the instruments used provided the ‘ 6 lbs.per barrel ” indicated is multiplied by 2.777 and 1,000 added, which will give specific gravity. So far as analysts are concerned, the doing away of an antiquated standard, and the substituting of a definite one actually oapable of absolute verification by the balance is certainly a step in the right direction, and one reflecting credit on the chemical authorities of the Inland Revenue. lbs. per barrel.” Co~~EsPoNDENcx.-~e have received another letter from 1%. Edge on the subject of Milk halysis, ADULTERATION OF DRuos.-At a recent meeting of the Board of Guardians of Gorey Union, a resolution was adopted that, in future, all medicines supplied to the Union should be analysed by Dr.Cameron of Dublin. A similar resolution has been passed by the Newcastle Guardians, who have determined to have the contractor prosecuted if the drugs, on analysis, are found to be adulterated. but we have no space to print it.-Ens. Our Smyma correspondent informs us that the Ohio islanders ask exorbitant prices for their turpentine this year, they having discovered that a special medical demand has sprung up.194 THE ANALYST . SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS . The following gentlemen have been elected Members of this Society .-Dr . S . A . GOLDSCHMIDT, F.C,S., of New York ; Dr . J . BLAKE WHITE. of New York . RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS . The following specifications have the Great Seal Office. 1880 Name of Patentee .No . 250 J . W . Swan . . . . . . 268 A . M . Clark . . . . . . 315 W . R-Lake . . . . . . 338 G . W . Von Naurocki . . 350 J . P . C . De Puydt & J . Cougnli 366 A . L . Bruce. G . Stenhouse. W . McCowan. and A . Haddon 385 397 441 445 317 455 460 478 479 512 516 521 529 536 608 938 5 72 578 599 GO2 619 620 62 1 622 627 630 636 655 837 838 839 840 923 553 623 708 730 738 742 748 778 789 796 T . F . Scott G . A . Harvey C . Eisseler . . . . E . Posselt and R . Peters H . White . . . . T . H . Blamires . . . . P . Corcoran . . . . T . Morgan . . . . T . J . Smith McGaan . . . . . . A . Vanderghote . . . . D . Hulett . . . . W . R . Lake . . . . J . A . Dixon . . . . Carey, Gaskell and Hurter F . C . Glaser H . J . Allison T . A . Edison .. . . W . R . Lake T . A.Edison . . . . J . F . G . Kromscroder .. R . Cromlet . . . . W . R . Lake . . . . H . Bright . . . . H . Palin . . . . . . R . T . D . Broguham . . A . M . Clark Collingridge & Lecerf . . E . Solvay . . . . E . Solvay . . . . E . Solvay . . . . E . Solvay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W . E . Gedge . . . . G . W . Wigner . . . . H . Elmore . . . . A . M . Clark W.R.Lake . . . . J . C . Blomfield . . . . J.W. Tongue . . . . J . Duke . . . . . . W . K . Lake . . . . C . Harrison . . . . J . W . Zambra . . . . . . . . 815 W . Morgan Brown . . . . 1902 J . H . Radcliffe . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. been recently published. and can be obtained from Cursitor Street. Chancery Lane. London . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Obtaining Glucose and Alcohol . . . . . . . . 8d . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Machinery for Treating Dextrine. &c . . . . . . . Manufacture and Preparation of Starch . . . . . . 4d . Removing and Destroying Sewer Gases . . . . . . 2d . Dyeing Cotton Aniline Black . . . . . . . . 6d . Apparatus for Straining Paper Pulp . . . . . . 6d . Lamps for Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Liquid for Scouring. &c . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Electro and Dynamo Electric Machines . . . . . . 4d . Apparatus for Extracting Juices from Beetroot. Sugar Cane. &c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Spirits .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Apparatus for Saccharification . . . . . . . . 2d . Apparatus for Purifying Gas., . . . . . . . . 8d . Red Colouring Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Colouring Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Purification of Alkaline Solutioncl . . . . . . . . 4d . Bleaching Straw . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Apparatus for Treating Beetroot . . . . . . . . 4d . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 8d . Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Utilization of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . 8d . Coal Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Purifying Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Refrigerating Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Softening Water . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Extracting Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Electric Lighting .. . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Electric Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Brewing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4a . Hydrochloric A& . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Hydrochloric Acid and ChloEi'ne . . . . . . . . 6d . Animal and Vegetable'Extracts . . . . . . . . 4d . Title of Patent . Price . Apparatus for Generating and Utilizing Electricity . . 1/0 Treatment of Woven Fabrics . . . . . . . . 4d . 8d . Obtaining Ammonia in the Carbonisation of Bones . . 6d . Chloride of Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 8d . Brewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Cereals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8d . White Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . White Cement . . . . . . . . 2d Manures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Thermometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Moulding Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Fire Extinguisher . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . . . . . . Cleansing Sugar Polluted Wiier . . . . . . . . 6d . Inflamm'able G i i . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . BOOKS. &c., RECEIVED . Alum-Its Effects when introduced into Pastry. by J . West Knights. F.C.S. ; The Chemist and Drug- gist ; The Brewers'Guardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journalof Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors' Record ; New York Public Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New York ; The Cowkeeper and Dairyman's Journal ; The Chemists' Journal ; Alcohol Tables. by Stevenson .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500192

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC