摘要:

155 THE A N A L Y S T . SEPTEMBER, 1880. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. A GENERAL MEETING was appointed to take place at Swansea, on the 27th Aug., but has been adjourned till November next, in London. We print some of the papers announced for the meeting. ON THE ESTIMATION OF THE INSOLUBLE FATTY ACIDS IN BUTTER FAT. By J. WEST-ENIGHTS, F.C.S., F.I.C. ALTHOUGH much has been written within the last few years on this subject, the estimation of the insoluble fatty acids is still a very tedious prccew, and liable to serious error, chiefly on account of the difficulty of effectually washing a fatty substance with water, without incurring loss, and of the difficulty of transferring the fatty acids, when washed, to a veaael suitable for drying and weighing them in. In the modification of the process about to be described, it is hoped that these difficulties have been removed, and the estimation rendered less tedious, more expeditious, and above all more accurate than the usual method of washing either in a flask or on a paper filter.It is based on the insolubility of the oleate, stearate and palmitste of barium or calcium, and on the ready solubility of the butyrate, &c., of those metals. Weighing the precipitate obtained by carefully neutrttliziiig the Rttponified butter fat with acetic acid, and adding solution of barium or calcium chloride, and washing with boiling water, was first tried, but in practice it was so difficult to exactly neutralize the soap solution, and either fatty acids were precipitated or carbonate formed from the alight alkalinity, and the precipitate was with difficulty dried for weighing, and the results were unsatisfactory, probably partly owing to inconstancy in the composition of the precipitate ; and it will also be evident that the weight of the precipitate 610 obtained would not be directly comparable with the weight of insoluble fatty acids in different fats on amount of the different combining proportions of the oleic, stearic and palmatic radicles.It was therefore found necessary to weigh the fatty acids in a frea state. To ac- complish this, the acids mere liberated, after washing the salt containing them, in contact with ether and a portion of the ethereal soIution 60 obtained, evaporated to dryness. I n practice the process is conducted as follows :-A portion, 1-3 grammes, of clarified butter-fat is saponified by heating on the water-bath with about twice its volume of alcoholio potash, and the occasional addition of a few drops of boiling water, the combins- tion is completed in about twenty minutes ; the solution is then diluted to about 300 0.0.156 THE ANALYST.with cold distilled water, and solution of BaCl, added until a curdy precipitate separates, and the liquid is no longer rendered milky by a fresh addition, the precipitated salt is collected on a filter and washed with warm water, then transferred to one of the tubes described by Dr. Muter in his paper on the “Estimation of Oleine in Fats ” (THE ANALYST, Vol. II., p. 74), which is a long graduated tube of 250 c.c., graduated from the bottom upwards, and furnished with a well ground stopper and a Stopcock, which is placed at 50 C.C.from the bottom. As the mouths of these tubes are rather narrow, and con- sequently inconvenient for the introduction of the precipitate, the author uses one that has been cut off just below the shoulder and having a large stopper ground to fit accurately in the tube itself, which is one inch in diameter. Hydrochloric acid is added to the tube, which already contains the precipitate and the water used in washing it into it, when the fatty acids are liberated ether is added ; if the watery liquid reaches above the stopcock, as it probably will if much water was required to transfer the precipitate, about 60 c.a. only of ether should be added at this stage. The tube, well shaken, is allowed to stand until the liquids have separated perfectly; now if the stopper be removed and the tube inclined forward, it is easy to draw off the bottom liquid from the cock until the level of it falls considerably below the cock when the tube is upright, without any loss of ethereal solution The rest of the ether is now added (a total quantity of 100 C.C.is sufficient) and the tube once more shaken and allowed to stand ; the volume of the ethereal solution is now read off from the graduations of the tube and noted, It is only required now to remove an accurately noted quantity of the ethereal solution to a tared flask; distil off the ether and weigh the fatty acids that remain; before measuring the required quantity for evaporation, about 1 C.C. should be drawn off in order that the delivery tube of the stop-cock may be filled and no correction needed for the quantity it would retain if the measurement had been commenced with the tube empty. This method has been used in the author’s laboratory for over six months, and has been found very satisfactory, as the whole operation can be concluded in a very short time, and very concordant results can be obtained in two analyses of the same fat, as the following extracts from the laboratory note-book will show :- Quantity Insoluble taken.fatty acids. Per No. 1. Butter fat ..................... .3.097 mm. = 2.728 = 88.08 v No. 2. Butter fat ..................... .1*180 .. = 1,038 = 88.00 No. 3. Lard ......................... .1*016 .. = .9769 = 96.16 No. 4. Almond Oil ................... .1*179 .. =1*1321 = 96.02 95.70 (Same as No. 1) - Theory for pure Oleine.. .......... - Either barium or calcium chloride may be used for the precipitation, but barium is preferred, especially for fats or oils containing much oleine, as the salt produced is less apt to stick to the sides of the beaker, and it is more easily washed with hot water, not being 80 liable to run into a plastic mass.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500155

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

156 THE ANALYST. ON A NEW METHOD FOR THE ESTINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON I N POTABLE WATERS. PRELIMINARY NOTICE. By ALFRED SMETHAII, F.C.S. It will, I think, be allowed that the estimation of the organic matters actually exietin in potable waters is uf tho utmost importance in deciding their adaptability to domestiTHE ANALYST. 157 purposes. Unfortunately, the quantities to be dealt with are so exceedingly small, that any attempt to arrive at an intimate knowledge of their constitution is at present, practically impossible, and we are, therefore, compelled to have recourse either to comparative methods or to determine but part of their constituents. The mothods by which these ends are attained are well known to all chemists. The old “ignition process,” has long been abandoned as untrustworthy ; and this, as far as my memory serves me, is the only method which attempts to determine the total amount of organic matters present. The processes which have found most general acceptation, are-lst, the Combustion Process, devised by Drs.Frankland and Armstrong; 2nd, the Albuminoid Ammonia Process, by Prof. Wwnklyn ; and, 3rd, the Permanganate Process, which has been enlarged upon of late by Dr. Tidy. The first of these met,hods may be designated for convenience an absolute method, whereas the other two must be considered as comparative. But although it is true that the last two processes give but comparative results, they possess a redeeming feature in the fact that they are applied to the water without previous treatment, whereas it is necessary in applying the first process to evaporate the water to complete dryness. The relative value of the different processes have, however, been so completely discussed that any criticism of mine would be presumptious.Before leaving this part of my subject, however, I must make mention of the process of Messrs. Wanklyn and Cooper, by evaporation with alkaline permanganate, which seeks to attain the same object as the process I am about to describe, but as I have seen no detailed account of accurate experiments I am unable to comment npon it. The belief that greater reliance could be placed in the results if an accukate method oould be devised for the estimation of the carbon and nitrogen without evaporation to dryness, induced me at the beginning of last year to start the experiments the result of which I propose to bring before your notice. I may, however, observe that all my attempts to obtain accurate results for the nitrogen have utterly failed.The experiments which I made at the commencement were numerous, and resulted for the most part in failure, due either to the unsuitability of the apparatus used, or ignorance of the requisite precautions. It is needless, however, to state my failures and disappointments, but I will as briefly as possible describe the process and apparatus which I at present use. The process is essentially an oxydation of the organic matter by means of bi- chromate and permanganate of potash in a sulphuric acid solution. One litre of water under examination is acidified with phosphoric3 acid and evaporated in a water-bath with due precautions to about 50 C.C.It is then transferred to a small retort connected with an absorption tube, containing perfectly clear baryta water, to which in turn are attached two more washing tubes, The first bulb tube must be aufficiently large to allow about 100 c.c., to be contained in it ; the second tube is intended as a teu- tale,” and the third to prevent the absorption of carbonic acid from the atmosphere. Before use the parts are thoroughly cleansed, and baryta water, or caustic potash, is then placed in the last bulb-tube, and the other parts connected. An aspirator is then attached to the tubule of the retort and a current of washed air drawn through the apparatus, About 20 C.C. of a perfectly bright and clear solution of caustic baryta are then placed in the large bulb-tube, and a suitable quantity in the ‘‘ tell-tale,” and the whole apparatus attached again as quickly as possible. Tho water which has been evaporated with phosphoric acid, is then gently boiled until158 THE ANALYST.the steam enters the absorption tube. The baryta water should remain perfectly clear, but if not the distillation must be continued until the last traces of CO, are expelled and the baryta water renewed. The apparatus is then allowed to cool, and 1 gram cf bichromate of potash, and 1 gram of permanganate of potash, together with 20 C.C. of sulphuric of 1.4 sp. gr. are thm introduced. It is needless to state that special precautions must be observed in order to ensure the purity of the chemicals used, and that one or more blank experiments must be made.A small gas flame is then placed under the retort and the liquid distilled very slowly. The steam is condensed in the U tube, and the carbonic acid, which accompanies it, is absorbed by the baryta water. No precipitation should take place in the second tube. Tho distillation is continued until about 20 C.C. remain in the retort. When the operation is complete the precipitate in the tube A is filtered and washed first with water saturated with carbonate Gf barium, and finally with a little boiling water. The apparatus which I have used up to the present to prevent the absorption of' carbonic acid from the atmosphere during the washing, has consisted of a cap of india-rubber, which is affixed to the funnel containing the filter, and through which tho contents of the U tube could be thrown upon the filter and washed without fear of absorption of CO, from the air.The method of Drs. Dupr6 and Hake, as given in the Journal of the Chemical Society (March 1879), will, however, I believe be found more convenient, but I regret to say that, up to the present, I have been prevented by stress of work from trying it. I have, however, to express my tbanks to Dr. Dupr6 for the information he has given me upon this point, The washed precipitate is then dissolved in a little dilute hydrochloric acid and con- verted into sulphate of barium, in precisely the same way as suggested by Dr. DuprB. From the weight of the precipitate, the amount of carbon is readily calculated.Owing to the high molecular weight of BaSO, a very small quantity of carbon ,vill produce a tangible precipi- tate, the weight of the resulting BaSO, being nearly twenty times as great as the original carbon. The precautions to be observed are chiefly the following :-Perfect expulsion of CO, from the water, perfect purity of chemicals, sufficient time during the distillation, complete washing of the resulting BaCO, without loss or absorption of CO, from atmosphere. The sulphuric acid will, of course, decompose the nitrates and chlorides in the water, and the corresponding acids will distil, but as these form soluble salts they do not interfere with the operation. I have not found that more than traces of sulphuric acid are carried over, but even should there be a small quantity, the resulting BaSO, is retained on the filter and does not interfere with the accuracy of the determination. The heat must be so regulated that the steam carried over will all condense in the fore- part of the U tube.I n practice 1 have found the apparatus to answer well, there being no chance of loss of CO, by any unnecessary apparatus. The oxydation would appear to be complete in nearly all cases- the mbstance, as far as my experiments have extended, which has proved most refractory, being urea, but this even yields about 80 per cent., and in one case, by the subsequent addition of 10 C.C. of strong sulphuric acid and a little permanganate of potash, I obtained results slightly above the theoretical. This leads leads me to hope that, by continuing the diatillation a little longer, better results may be obtained.THE ANALYST.169 I do not propose to give a statement of the experiments I have made, as I intend reserving these until I have completed the series which I have sketched out, but I will give the actual figures which I obtained from five subgtances, which I think may be considered as typical. 1st. *0500 of sugar (Tate’s crystal9 which on polarization and analysis proved to be quite pure) were treated as stated above. Carbon found ................................ -02147 gram. Carbon found ................................ -02042 gram. Carbon present ................................ *02065 ,, Carbon found ................................ -02857 gram. Carbon found ................................ -03432 gram.Carbon fonnd ................................ *00932 gram. Carbon present ................................ .01180 ,, Carbon present ................................ -02105 l , 2nd. Bsnzoic Acid. Quantity taken, -0300 gram. 3rd. Isinglass. Quantity taken, -0580 gram. (Schorlemmcr states percentsge of carbon as 43.3.) Carbon present ................................ *02859 ), 4th. Pic& Acid. Quantity taken, .lo80 gram. 5th. Urea. Quantity taken, -0590 gram. In another experiment by the subsequent addition of 10 C.C. of strong sulphuric acid and a small quantity of permanganate of potash, figures slightly above tho theoretical were obtained. Carbon present ............................. -03395 ,, Urea. Quantity taken, 01015 gram. Carbon found ................................-02092 gram. Carbon present ................................ *02030 l , The quantities operated upon are about 10 times as great as in the London waters and consequently the errors would be proportionately diminished. The process requires accuracy of manipulation and the strictest attention to the pre- cautions before mentioned, but the same must be said of any process having to deal with the small quantitiea of organic matters present in drinking waters. It is, I am aware, a serious objection to the process that no account is taken of the organic nitrogen, but the carbon alone is useful, and in conjunction with the other constituents will throw a considerable amount of light on the purity. I may here be allowed to say a few words on the necessity of making a complete, or tolerably complete, analysis of every sample of water before reporting.To trust merely to two or three determinations I believe to be an error into which many chemists fall ; and although I allow that in many instances a water may be condemned even on R single test, still no true opinion can be formed without a much more complete analysis than is some. times made. In doubtful cases especially, no pains should be fipared to make the analysis as complete as possible. Were the noxious matters known with certainty we might be able to detect them in the water, but as we are as yet without definite knowledge on this point, it is the duty of the chemist to condemn any water which bears evidence of contamination with drainage or sewage matters to any considerable extent. The amount of contamination which we consider to be innocuous is a purely arbitrary quantity, and each chemist must be his own judge and base his opinion on a consideration of the whole of the constituents, and his knowledge of the history of the water. Taken, therefore, in conjunction with the other constituents, I believe the carbon to be very useful in determining the adaptabilitr of a water t o potable purpoaea.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500156

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

160 THE ANALYST. THE EFFECTS OF ALUMINA SALTS ON THE GASTRIC JUICE I N THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION. BY HENRY A. MOTT, JuN., PH.D. THIS paper gives a description of the experimeiitsmade by the author upon living dogs, to show the effects of alumina salts on the system, when alum is used in the preparation of baking powder. Two dogs, of 30 lbs. and 35 lbs. weight, were given eight biscuits each, containing about a teaspoonful of ‘‘ alum baking powder : ” in about four hours both were very sick and vomited, with trembling in the limbs, bowels at first very loose, afterwards constipated ; the next day appetite did not return and one of them vomited frequently. Three more dogs, weights vayying between 10 lbs. and 40 lbs., were fed with biscuits containing half as much of the alum baking powder as the above : the smallest dog was sick and vomited one and-a-half hours after, the second was very loose in the bowels, and the largest very constipated ; the next day all were extremely constipated, and the smallest dog would eat 110 more of the biscuits.Three more dogs were fed with biscuits made with “cream of tartar baking powder ” in the same proportion as in the case of the first two (vie. : 20 teaspoonfuls to a quart of flour) ; their weights were 15 lbs., 20 lbs. and 35 lbs. respectively : the two largest were fed entirely on the biscuits for two days, ate well, and were not in any way affected; the smallest dog was fed on the biscuits for four days and ate with the same appetite without showing the slightest sign of sickness. Four dogs were fed with precipitated hydrate of alumina mixed with meat : one weighing 18 lbs. was given 163 grains mixed with meat : after two hours he vomited for nearly three hours ; another of 20 lbs.weight was given 54 grains : in four and a half hours he was sick; the other two were similarly affected. The meat was vomited during the night undigested. One dog was fed with phosphate of alumina mixed with meat, and although he did not vomit he quickly lost his liveliness and brightness of eye and was evidently quite sick. Four more dogs were fed with meat mixed with burnt alum : all of them were taken with violent sickness, and vomiting, and trembling in the limbs, when so little as one-fourth or one-eighth of an ounce only had been taken. The author next describes experiments made with gastric juice.To 3 grms. of gastric juice obtained from healthy dogs was added -0403 grm. fibrine, and kept at a temperature of 95-100° F. for half-an-hour ; the fibrine was entirely dissolved. To 8 grms. more of the gastric juice was added 0.5 grm. hydrate of alumina and eO409 grm. fibrine : after two hours at a temperature, 85-100° F. and twenty three hours at ordinary temperature, only one-fourth of the fibrine wafi dissolved. To 3 grms. more was added 0.5 grm. alum and ~0403 fibrine : after two hours at g5-100° F., and twenty-three hours at ordinary temperature, three-fourths of the fibrine only was dissolved.THE ANALYST. 161 To 8 grms. of the juice was added 0-25 grm. of coagulated white of egg : after two hours’ digestion at 95-looo F., half was dissolved ; and on the addition of 8 grms. more, and a further digestion of two hours, it had completely disappeared. To 3 grms. of gastric juice and -25 white of egg, was added *031 grm. of hydrate of alumina : after two hours’ digestion at 95-100° F., and 15 hours’ contact at ordinary temperature, not a particle had dissolved. To 3 grms. of gastric juice and 025 grm. of white of egg, 0.25 grm. of alum was added : after digestion, as before, not a particle of albumen had dissolved. To 3 grms. of gastric juice and 0.1 gramme of white of egg, 0.1 grm. of phosphate of alumina was added : after digestion, as before, none of the white of egg had dissolved. The author further had dogs that had been fed with food containing hydrate and phosphate of alumina for four days, killed and examined: he found alumina in the blood, heart, liver, spleen and kidneys.-Journal of the Americun Chenz. SOC., Vol. II,, NO. I.-J.W.K.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500160

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 161 ANALYSES OF BLACK AND WHITE MUSTARD. By CHARLES H. PIESSE AND LIONEL STANSELL. THE seeds of black and white mustard, Sinapis nigra and S. alba, when crushed and sifted constitute the mustard farina of commerce ; both species are cultivated in this country, a considerable quantity, however, being imported from abroad. In the manufacture, the seeds of both variety in suitable proportions are crushed between rollers, then pounded and sifted. The residue in the sieve is called dressings ; what passes through is farina or flour of mustard. This is re-sifted, yieiding three qualities: (a) superfine, (b) fine, and ( c ) seconds. The seeds are tough and difficult to powder : the best method on a small scale is to pulverise them in an ordinary morter with a large cast iron pestle.The farina of black and white mustard differs but little in appearance, the brown being, however, slightly darker. In the nnground state the seeds of white mustard are of a yellowish straw colour, those of brown a dark brownish purple. A. €3. 1 ? ? ,, ,, Cambridge, ), 172 ), C. 1 ,, brown ,, Cambridge, ,, 944 ,, 1 gram white seeds, Yorkshire, contain 170 meds. 100 seeds ef A weigh 05882 grm., B *6814 grm., C 0*1059 gym. Methods of AnaEysis Employed.-The Sulphur was estimated by oxidation with oon- oentrated nitric acid, and subsequent precipitation with barium chloride. For tho determination of lVitrogsn the soda-lime method was employed, the evolved ammonia being passod into standard acid. Mustard contains so large a proportion of fat, that during the combustion the amount.of tar produced considerably interferes with the subsequent titration. It WRS therefore found necessary to exhaust a weighed quantity of the crushed mustard seeds (previously dried) with petroleum ether, to collect the exhausted mustard on a weighed filter and to dry it, then after re-weighing to calculate the ratio between the original mustard and that free from fat and moisture. A weighed quantity of162 THE ANALYST. this exhausted mustard was then used for the estimation of the nitrogen. By this expedient the production of tar during the combustion was almost entirely prevented. The amount of nitrogen, after subtracting that contained in the potassium myronate*, in the case of black mustard, is multiplied by 6.25 to obtain the albuminoid substances.Substances Soluble in Water (LMyrosin and Albumin).-The amount of myrosin and soluble albumin appears not to differ in either variety. About two grammes of substance well digested for twelve hours with cold water, the fluid then filtered into a quarter litre flask, and the seeds washe,d thoroughly with cold, warm, and finally boiling water. Of the filtrate, 50 C.C. were evaporated to obtain the total soluble matter ; 100 C.C. were boiled, and the coagulated albumin collected on a weighed filter. Fat and Gellulose. -(a) About 2 grams of finely pulverised seed well dried ; ( b ) extracted with petroleum ether, the insoluble matters collected on a weighed filter, dried and weighed ; ( c ) boiled successively with very dilute hydrochloric acid, caustic aoda, and hydrochloric acid, being washed with boiling water each time, finally with alcohol, dried, and weighed as cellulose.Estimatioiz of the VoEatiZe Oil.-The distinguishing characteristic of brown mustard is the occurrence in it of potassium myronate, which, in presence of water, is acted upon by a peculiar ferment-myrosin, contained in the seed, whereby it is decomposed, yielding potassium, hydrogen sulphate, glucose, and ally1 iso-thiocyanate, the pungent oil of mustard :-K, CIoHx8NS2010~KHS04+ C,H,,O,+ C,H,,CS, N. 100 parts potassium myronate yield 23.856 volatile oil. It is remarkable that the yield of volatile oil is greater when the brown mustard is mixed with some of the white. The results of many experiments have led to the following process :- About 25 grams of the crushed brown seeds are mixed with about a quarter of their weight of white seeds (also crushed), in a 500 C.C.flask, 300 C.C. cold water added and allowed to stand for five or six hours. The highest yield of oil is obtained by standing for this length of time, and sensibly diminishes after six hours, gradually decomposing in contact with the myrosin ; the yield after the lapse of 48 hours will reach only about two- thirds of that originally present, while after a week not one-third of the whole will be obtained. We have found after numerous trials that not less than three hours nor more than six should be allowed to elapse between the addition of the water to the mustard and its distillation, the rule finally adopted being to allow the mixture to stand for five hours. The flask is then to be connected with a small Liebig’a condenser, and the liquid distilled until no more oily drops are seen to come over.The distillate is received in a small flask (160 c.c.), containing 30 C.C. ammonia sp. gr. 0.88. When the distillation is judged complete, the flask is disconnected and, after removing from the flame, shaken. If the steam possesses the sharp pungent odour of mustard oil, the contents are further distilled. This test is very sensitive. When the boiling proceeds rapidly, after 60 C.C. have come over, it will almost invariably be found that the mustard is entirely deprived of volatile oil, The distillation finished, the condenser is well rinsed out with cold distilled water into the receiver (this is necessary), the flask corked and put aside until the oily drops have quite disappeared, being occasionally shaken for this purpose; at least 24 hours are usually requisite.When the change is complete the flask is covered with a porcelain crucible lid, * Potassium myronate contains 3.37 per cent. of nitrogen.THE ANALYST. 163 and boiled for a few minutes to expel the ammonia, transferred to a weighed platinum basin, and evaporated to dryness on the water-bath, subsequently dried in the water oven, and weighed. The amount of thio-sinamine thus obtained is multiplied by a86344 : the product is the quantity of ally1 iso-thiocyanate contained in the mustard operated upon. If the factor 3.5775 be used, the amount of potassium mjronate is ascertained.Thio-sinamine is formed by the union of one molecule of ammonia with one molecule mustard oil. (NH,C,H,. CS,N,C,H,+NH,= CS, INI3,. ANALYSES O F WHITE MUSTARD. Moisture ................................ Fat .................................... Cellulose. ............................... Sulphur ................................ Nitrogen.. .............................. Albnminoids ............................ Myrosin and Albumin .................... Soluble Matter .......................... Volatile Oil ............................ Ash .................................... ,, Soluble ............................ Mustard Whole Seeds. Y orkshire. 9.32 25.56 10.62 0.99 4-54 28.37 5-24 27-38 0.06 4.67 0.55 hmbridge. 8.00 27.51 8.87 0.93 4.49 28.OG 4.58 26.29 0.08 ‘4.70 0.75 Superfine.-30 37.18 3.90 1.33 5.05 31.56 7.32 36.31 0.03 4.22 0.44 ANALYSES OF BROWN MUSTARD. Mustard Whole Seeds. Moisture ...................................... Fat .......................................... Cellulose ...................................... Sulphur ...................................... Nitrogen ...................................... Albuminoids .................................. Myrosin and Albumin .......................... Soluble Matter ................................ Volatile Oil.. .................................. Potassium Myronate ............................ Ash .......................................... ,, Soluble .................................... 8.52 25.54 9.01 1.28 4-38 26.50 5.24 24.22 0,473 1.692 4.98 1-11 Mustard Farina.Fine. 5.78 35.74 4.15 1.22 4-89 30-56 6.67 36.60 0.04 4.31 0.55 Seconds. 6.06 32-55 9.34 1.26 4.25 26.56 6.11 33.90 0.03 4.30 0.33 Mustard Farina. Superfine. 4.35 36.96 3.09 1-50 4.94 29.81 6.46 31.64 1.437 5.141 5.04 1-01 Fine. 4.52 38.02 2.06 1.48 5.01 30.25 6.78 32.78 1.500 5.366 4.84 0.98 Seconds. 5-63 36-19 3.26 1.30 4.31 26-06 6-14 31-41 1.381 4.940 4.91 0.77 In the process of manufacture, the sifting chiefly removes the husk, and dries the farina, the other constituents being, as it mere, concentrated. This is well seen in the amount of volatile oil in brown mustard. Again, the fat, which averages about 25 per cent. in the seeds, reaches 37 per cent. in the farina ; the sulphur is increased nearly one-half of one per cent., and so on with the other constituents; while the cellulose falls about two- thirds and the moisture about one-half.The white seeds differ in composition from the brown, chiefly in not yielding volatile mustard oil, in the fact that ths sulphur is lower, and the soluble matters higher in the former than in the latter.164 THE ANALYST. The results of over 40 experiments upon the amount of volatile oil present in brown mustard are here shown, a few of the separate determinations being given :- Volatile Oil per cent. Whole Mustard Seeds . . . . . . . . . 0,486 0.465 0.468 ... Average 0.473 Brown Farina, Superfine . . . . . . 1.439 1.436 ... do. 1.437 Do. do. Fine . . . . . . 1.51 1.49 1.50 ... do. 1.500 Do. do. Seconds . . . . . . 1.558 1.418 1.367 ... do. 1.381 Charactsristic Tests.-I. The aqueous extract of white mustard yields with solution of ferrio chloride a deep blood-red colouration; this reaction is so slight as to be scarcely apparent with a similar extract of black mustard.11. The aqueous extract of white mustard acquires in a few hours a powerful odour of sulphuretted hydrogen: that of the black mustard smells only of the pungent mustard oil. ANALYSES OF ASH O F MUSTARD SEED. Potash ................................................ Soda .................................................. Lime ................................................ Magnesia .............................................. Iron Oxide ............................................ Chlorine .............................................. Phosphoric Acid.. ...................................... Silica ..................................................Sand .................................................. Charcoal .............................................. Sulphuric Acid ........................................ White Seeds. Yorkshire. 21-29 0.18 13.46 8.17 1.18 7.06 0.11 32.74 1.00 1.82 12.82 99.85 Cambridge. 18.88 0-21 9.34 10.49 1.03 7.16 0.12 35.00 1.12 1-95 15.14 100.48 3rown Seeds. Cambridge. 21.41 0.35 13.57 10.04 1-06 5.56 0.15 37.20 1-41 1-38 7-57 99.70 When the charcoal and sand are deducted, the following is the percentage com- position of the ash. An analysis made in 1850 by Way and Ogston of White Mustard is appended :- White Seeds. Yorkshire. Potash ............................ Sods ..............................Lime ............................ Magnesia .......................... Iron Oxide ........................ Sulphuric Acid .................... Chlorine .......................... Phosphoric Acid.. .................. Silica ............................ 2498 0.21 15.79 9-58 1.38 8.28 0.12 38-48 1.17 I 99.93 White Seeds. Cambridge. 22.64 0.25 11.19 12.58 1.23 8.58 0-14 41.97 1.34 99.92 25.78 0.33 19.10 5.90 0.39 2.19 trace. 44.97 1.31 23.59 0.38 14.95 11-06 1-18 6.12 0.16 40.99 1.55 I 99.97 I 99.96 The ash for analysis was obtained by careful incineration at a heat below visible redness.THE ANALYST. 165 I t will be noticed that the ash consists mainly of potaesium, calcium and magnesium phosphate, with a very minute proportion of chlorine ; and that no carbonates are present.Practically no difference exists between the ashes of the two varieties, so that no analytical indications can be obtained from the mere examination of that constituent. We append a few reactions of thio-sinamine likely to prove of interest :- I. Thio-sinamine dried at 1000 is an oily substance, which solidifies when cold after some time. It dissolves readily in hot water, and crystallises therefrom in beautiful tufts of orystals (monoclinic). Treated with nitric acid, it is partially oxidized, though even boiling with the concentrated acid for half-an-hour failed to effect complete decomposition, as evidenced by the percentage of sulphuric acid obtained by precipitating the liquid with barium chloride. Bilver nitrate added to an aqueous solution of thio-sinamine gives a white curdy precipitate, which redissolves less and less perfectly until the silver salt is in excesd, when the precipitate remains permanent. II. 111. IV. V. Platinic chloride gives an abundant curdy orange-yellow coloured precipitate, which does not redissolve in the excess of thio-sinamine, nor in cold water. In hot water it dissolves after first melting and floating to the surface, and on cooling separates as an opaque mass of the consistence of balsam tolu, in whioh condition it remains. This salt, as well as the two before mentioned, is readily soluble in alcohol. VI. Mayer’s reagent (HgI, +KI) yields a dirty white colonred precipitate, which coheres in a few hours to form a number of oily drops. This change occurs at once on heating. The precipitate is only slightly soluble in either hot or cold water. Mercuric chloride gives a reaction precisely similar to silver nitrate, VII. VIII. For kindly placing at our disposal the various samples of mustard Needs and farinas, we are indebted to Messrs. Keen, Robinson, Bellville & Go., to whom we return our best thanks. Nessler’s solution gives an insoluble yellow precipitate. Picric acid only affords a precipitate in strong solutions.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500161

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 165 COB R ES P ONDENCE . [The Editors are not responsible for the opinions of their Correspondents.] To THE EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIR,-^ your issue of this month there appears a criticism on my paper on the Estimation of Phosphoric Acid by Messrs. Teschemacher and Smith, in which the authors assert that my paper I ‘ bristles with misdescriptions, misdirections, misstatements and mistakes,” and then go on to justify this statement. The objections brought against it seems to consist chiefly of the following:-brevity of diction, the omission of part of a long title, a misquotation from their pamphlet, and the omission of any remarks on the estimation of moisture. 1st. With regmd to my brevity of diction I have nothing to say, except that it was a perfectly safe point of attack, since no one can accuse your correspondents of a like error. What Mr.Square and the Christian religion, hf. Gambetta and the Jesuits have to do with the point at issue I fail to see ! 2nd. More than half a page is occupied in a long tirade against the omission of the words ‘‘ by magnesia for commercial purposes.” If the writers had read carefully they would have noticed that I did not quote the title at all, but simply stated that the pamphlet was on the Estimation of Phosphoric Acid, a statement which I presume was strictly accurate. I t seeme, however, that the clause 6 ‘ for commercial purposes ” is quoted as an excuse for the neglect of the solubility. Those persons who only analyse for commercial purposes,” without regard to scientific accuracy, are166 THE ANALYST.not worthy of the name of chemists, and if in their pamphlet there is no pretence to scientific accuracy all argument is a t an end. 3rd. The misquotation of which I was guilty was that Messrs. Teschemacher and Smith had stated that nmmonio-magnesic phosphate is ‘‘ totally insoluble in water containing one-eighth of its bulk of -880 ammonia.” The experiments which I had in my mind when I made that statement were given at the end of their pamphlet. A certain quantity of ammonio-magnesic phosphate was taken, and dissolved and precipitated a great number of times, and, on finally weighing, the weight was actually found to have increased ! I t is therefore not merely totally, but even more than totally, insoluble ! It is evident that impurities from some source had been introduced, and who can say that they were not sufficiently great to counterbalance a perceptible solubility? I must, however, apologise for the use of the word “ crude,’’ and assure the authors that nothing was more foreign to my mind than to say anything which should give annoyance. 4th.I made no reference to the determination of water. I was, until lately, under the impression that the merest tyro in analytical chemistry knew that to obtain accurate results the quantity taken for analysis must represent, or bear a determinate ratio to, the sample as received, otherwise the analysis is worse than useless. I t would be an insult to the readers of THE ANALYST to describe in detail the method by which correction is made for moisture.Having now disposed of the principal objections, I may be allowed to say a few words on the general tenor of the criticism. The only accurate method of determining the solubility is by treating the filtrates ; the errors in weighing, &c., masking all attempts to obtain accurate results by treating the large precipitates. It will thus be seen that the precise quantity of phosphate solution taken is immaterial, the only precaution required being to remove the precipitate completely. Messrs. Teschemacher and Smith make the statement that they never doubted the solubility. Why then, I ask, object to the exact quantity being determined? If my experiments are correct, the allowance ought to be made, and if not they should accurately determine the amount of solubdity, and if they can refute my statements.There is, however, a considerable difference between ‘Lvamping up ” an analysis by the addition of two per cent. which is known not to be in solution, and an addition of 0.18 per cent. based on careful experiments. I n reply to the statement that the influence of citric acid, iron and alumina on the solubility are matters which ‘‘ may be investigated by the curious,” I would remark that these substances are usually present to a greater or less extent during the actual analysis, and will exert their influence on the solubility, and it is, therefore, more than a matter of curiosity. Finally, your correspondents practically accuse me of plagiarism, and state that the process as given by me is theirs shorn of all precautions.I t must be remembered, however, that I was talking to a body of well-trained chemists who understood their profession, and not to office-boys and clerks into whom I wished to instil sufficient knowledge to enable them to estimate phosphoric acid “for commercial purposes.’’ I would, moreover, remind the writers that four years or so ago they omitted two of the most important precautions which must be observed in applying this method, viz., the purification of the precipitate by resolution and reprecipitation, and the fact that small quantities of phosphoric acid are taken down with the oxalate of lime. At the time that Messrs. Teschemacher and Smith ignored these points, I had already made several thousand analyses, observing these precautions. Some twenty years ago Dr.Voelcker published in the Jozcmal of the Boyal Agricultural Society the method in all its important particulars, and although he had improved the method very considerably, he does not claim originality. When it is remembered the source whence Messrs. Teschemacher and Smith obtained their information on the points mentioned above, it is certainly too bad to even hint at plagiarism, and had they given the matter serious consideration they would, I doubt not, have refrained from making statements which are as ungenerous as they are unfair. I am, &c., August r t h , 1880. ALFRED SMETHAM. To T ~ E EDITOR OF “THE ANALYST.” SIR,-I thank you very much for the opportunity of saying a few words in reply to your remarks up3n my letter that appeared in the Cowkeeper’s and Daiyman’s Journal.I do think it would have been more advisable to have reserved some of your remarks until I had failed to prove what I had stated. But you seem to me to have a settled conviction that no milk dealer could either speak the truth or beTHE ANALYST. 167 honest ; but I tell you that it is only the exception when they fail to do either. I know there are good men in the milk trade, who make good husbands, good fathers, good citizens, and good Christians. You say the charges I have made are quite new to you. That may be, but they are an old standing grievance with us. For we endeavoured last year to introduce the following clause into the Sale of Food and Drugs Act :-‘‘ That the certificate of the Public Analyst shall in all cases contain the component parts as ascertained by quantitative analysis.If such certificate do not contain the component parts it shall not be received as evidence.” We have also decidecl some time ago that in all cases that we defend the analyst shall be asked for each separate item in his analysis. I n regard to the first point mentioned, that neither the standard or the result is given, my proof is tbat in every case that I have heard tried either in Manchester or Salford, I have never heard it mentioned once, unless in reply to some question asked. The usual programme is, ‘‘ Have you received a certain sample of milk? ” 6 ‘ Yes.” And the stereotyped reply is, “ So much added water ; but the standard we take is a very low one, with a fair average milk it would be so much.” By this system one standard is adopted, and we are often convicted by another.I appeal to you, sir, to say if this is either just or fair to us, and when such vague and indefinite assertions are taken as evidence I say it is impossible to put the slightest check upon any one, and a man might make five hundred blunders and never be found out. I think you will admit with me that this is a most unsatisfactory state of things when honest men’s reputation is at stake. My reply to the second charge is, that in all convic- tions here we are charged twenty-one shillings for the analyst’s fee, and I presume he will receive this sum the same as any other witness. I wish to say that neither directly or indirectly do we wish to say one word against the Public Analysts.All that we want is fair play, and that when we leave the court, whether convicted or not, we are satisfied that we have hail a fair trial. We would not have the Act removed if we could, and we neither give help or sympathy to those who would set it at defiance. Some months since a friend of mine in Salford was fined for milk showing 95 per cent. of cream, which in my opinion is good milk. The same day I had a sample taken at my own request; this showed 54 per cent. of cream. The next day the inspector took a sample of the farmer’s milk, and this showed 44 per cent. of cream : this milk was no better than what I usually sell for skim milk, yet the Liverpool Public Analyst, to whom the sample was sent by the local authority, said it mi~s very good milk for the time of the year.I was losing customers daily, the milk was so poor, yet could get no help, and my friend who was selling good milk was fined. Differences like this do shake our confidence in the work of the Public Analyst. In conclusion, we think, as milk dealers, we have just grounds for complaint. We have suffered more than all the rest that come under this Act. We are entirely in the hands of the Public Analyst ; only his word is taken, and to refer to Somerset House is useless, as the sample is decomposed when wanted. For years we have suffered for the sins of the farmers, and even yet it is the great source of adulteration, and little effort is made by those in authority to check it, even now they have the power. Only let these gentlemen do their duty and see that om milk supply is good to begin with, and there will be few milk dealers prosecuted. ‘‘ And what is your result? ” I am anxious to call your attention to the different results by different analysts. Apologising to you for wishing to occupy so much of gour space, I remain, yours, &c., ROBERT EDGE, To THE EDITOR OF &‘THE ANALYST.” DEAR SIR,-One of the Dublin Police Magistrates has just decided that the person in charge of a milk cart, delivering milk from house to house, is justified in refusing to serve an Inspector. Perhaps some of your readers might know of cases in which a contrary decision was arrived at. If so, I would feel greatly obliged by their communicating with Yours faithfully , CHARLES A. CAMERON, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, 24th August, 1880. Public Analyst for Dublin. [*,* Our Law Reports, in this number, contain a case of a inan being fined $5 for refusing to serve ab Inspector from a cart, and doubtless some of our readers could refer Dr. Cameroh to similar decisions.-E~~To~e.]

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500165

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

168 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Tinctwe of Quinine :- At the Greenwich Police Court, on Friday, July 30, Henry Morton, chemist, Broadway, Deptford, appeared to an adjourned summons at the instance of the Greenwich Board of Works, under section 4 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, for having mixed a drug, to wit, tincture of quinine, with ingredients or materials so as to affect injuriously the quality or potency of such drug, with intent that the same might be sold in that state, and did sell such drug so mixed as aforesaid to Inspector Corden. Mr. J. Spencer, solicitor to the Greenwich Board of Works, appeared to prosecute ; Mr. J. C. Scard, solicitor, defended. Thomas Corden, inspector of nuisanoes under the Greenwich Board of Works, said on June 16th he went into the defendant's shop in Deptford Broadway and asked for 3 oz.of tincture of quinine. The defendant served him, and witness paid Is, 8d. He then divided the drug into three parts, and told the defendant he had purchased it for the Greenwich Board of Works for the purpose of being analysed by the Public Analyst. Whilst witness was engaged in gettingsome sealing-wax out of his pocket for the purpose of sealing up the bottles, the defendant seized two of the bottles containing the tincture of quinine, and went out of the shop into a room. When he returned he said, '' I intend toTHE ANALYST. 169 keep those two ”-meaning the two bottles he had taken away-but afterwards said, ‘‘ The fact is, I have thrown them away.” The defendant said he would mix witness some more, as “ he had made a mistake in the grains, having put six grains instead of eight grains to the ounce ; ” but witness refused this offer, took the remaining sample, and told defendant he should report the case to the Greenwich Board of Works. The certificate of the Public Analyst (Mr.Wigner) was then handed in : it set forth that the sample “ contained quinine sulphate -67 per cent. ; other alkaloids and sulphates, *66 per cent. Tincture of quinine, according to the British Pharmacopceia, should contain 1.83 per cent. of sulphate of quinine. This sample is, therefore, more than 60 per cent. deficient, and some other comparatively worthless alkaloids have been added to partially make up the deficiency.” Mr. Wigner, the analyst, said the market prioe of sulphate of quinine was about 12s.per oz., and the other alkaloids 3s. The sample would have little value or effect as a medicine. The alkaloids would undoubtedly injuriously affect the potency and quality of the tincture of quinine. The certificate from Somerset House was produced by Mr. Spencer. It specified that the sulphate of quinine in the sample was not more than one-fifth of the proper quantity. Dr. B. Browning, M.R.C.S., was called for the defence, and said it was by no means uncommon to find other alkaloids in a sample of quinine. Sulphate of cinchonine was a common substitute for quinine, and was used to his knowledge in both University College and Guy’s Hospitals. If he were prescribing for a patient, and prescribed quinine, cinchonine mould be used, unless the word ‘( Vera ” wtts written after quinine.Mr. Browning gave some further technical evidence, and said there were three other alkaloids used in quinine equal in quality and potency though not in market price. The defendant was then sworn, and said he sold the sample of quinine in a fair and honest way, to the best of his knowledge ; but, as he told the inspector, he put six grains instead of eight to the ounce. Mr. Spencer : But was it sulphate of quinine you put in ? Defendant (hesitating) : I decline to answer the question. Mr. Scsrd objected technically to the summons being taken under the 4th section, which said, (( except for the purpose of compounding ; ” and he would submit that, the sample having been mixed or made up on the premises, was therefore sold as a compound.He would submit that the summons might have been taken out under the 6th or 7th section, but not under the 4th. Mr. Marsham, the magistrate, said he thought the case came within the 4th section, for the evidence of the defendant himself only went to show that it came under the 4th section. Perhaps there was nothing in the sample deleterious, but he was convinced that the quality and potency of the drug had been affected by the addition of the alkaloids, whereby it would not have had the effect on the patient it should have had- It was a case he could not pass over lightly. As it was, the defendant had laid himself open to a penalty of $50 in this case, but he did not mean to inflict that penalty. He would fine the defendant $5 and 20s. costs. The defendant paid the money, and left the court.Refusing to Seme Inspector from a Cart, Heavy Fine :- At the Brentford Petty Sessions, John Nash, in the employ of Westlake and Co., dairymen, of 60, Norfolk Terrace, Westbourne Park, was charged with refusing to sell a pint of milk to Inspector Gregg. The inspector found him selling milk from a cart, and asked for a sample to inspect. The defendant skimmed his measure along the top, and offered the contents. The inspector asked him to put his measure into the can and take a fair sample. The inspector asked for a sample out of another can, and offered Is. as a fair price for the sample. He was again met with a refusal. The inspector also asked to look at the measures ; but the man said they had got the Government stamp on, and that was quite enough.This he refused to do. The defendant was fined S5. Another Refusal to Serve. Under New Act Defendant m y be called as 1Vitness;- At Lambeth Police Court on the 28th July, George Bayley, cowkeeper, Ivy Cottage, Wyndharn Road, Camberwell Road, was summoned at the instance of the vestry for refusing to supply Donald McKay, one of the sanitary inspectors, with two-pennyworth of milk for the purpose of being analysed. Mr. Marsden, the vestry clerk, appeared in support of the summons. McKay stated that he saw the defen- dant in the street before seven o’clock one morning, and, producing a jug, asked t o be supplied with two- pennyworth of milk from a can out of which he had supplied a customer. He took the mug and was serving him out of another can, which the witness refused, saying he was a sanitary inspector, and wanted the mdk for an analysis.He tendered the money, and pointed to one of the three cans. He saw no milk marked “ skimmed ” on the cans. A person named Smith, who said he was with the inspector, confirmed his evidence. On cross-examination he WQS asked if he frequently acted as a “ detective ” in such cases, and Mr. Chance, the presiding A point arose in this case under the new Act.170 THE ANALYST. magistrate, told him he need not answer such a question. Mr. Armstrong said he was instructed that the defendant denied the evidence given, but unfortunately he could not call him. Mr. Chance said, under the new Adulteration Act, defendants were competent witnesses. Mr. Armstrong said that as that was the case he should certainly call him, and also his friend who was with him.The defendant and his friend were called. They said that they had served a customer before McKay asked for milk, but refused to let him have milk out of one of the cans, as it was skimmed milk and so labelled. He (defendant) admitted that he knew McKay, and said milk dealers and cow-keepers ‘‘ trembled” when they saw him. Mr. Chance told him that no one need ‘‘ tremble ” if he was selling a pure article. The defendant said he had offered to sell him milk, but he refused to have it. He said he had been before convicted, not for refusing to sell, but for adulterated milk, and had been twice convicted for the offence. Mr. Armstrong urged that as the defendant had offered to sell milk he could not be convicted of “ refusing to sell milk ” to the inspector.Mr. Chance said it would make the law nugatory if when a man has refused to supply milk out of one can, he could defeat the Act by saying that he had offered to sell it out of another can. I n his opinion the case had been established, and he convicted the defendant, who had been before fined, in a penalty of $5 and costs. The money was paid. He trembled when he saw him. Prosecution of a Large Farmer. Heavy Fine :- Mr. Isaac Peart, of Jewin Farm, Welwyn, Herts, was summoned by the Metropolitan Dairymen’s Society for selling to Mr. T. Edwards, of 35, Fonthill Road, Finsbury Park, milk which was adulterated with 17 per cent. of water. Mr. Ricketts prosecuted on behalf of the Society, and Mr.Besley defended. Mr. Edwards said he had been for the past two years in the habit of receiving churns of milk from the defendant daily at the Finsbury Park Railway Station. Finding that some of it was not pure, he com- municated with the defendant, but without avail, and on July 6 a portion of one of the churns of milk was taken and, on analysis by Dr. Tidy, it was found to contain 17 per cent. of added water. Mr. Parish, the Society’s Inspector, gave evidence as to taking the samples, and forwarding one to Dr. Tidy for analysis. The defendant, who said he kept over 100 cows and farmed 600 acres, swore that when the milk in question left his farm it was in the same state as given by the cows. Mr. Barstow said he con- sidered the case fully proved, and as the defendant admitted that he was in a large way of business, he should inflict the full penalty of S20, and 25 costs.Sale of Adulterated &?ilk by Boys :- On the 11th August, a curious case of milk adulteration was before the magistrate a t Lambeth Police Court. Lewis Champion, of Cambridge Villa, Avondale Road, Peckham, was summoned by one of the Sanitary Inspectors of St. Giles, Camberwell, for selling adulterated milk. I n answer, a boy presented himself, and a female friend said he had sold her milk for which he wai summoned. The Inspector said it was a serious case, and complaints had been made that boys were sent about the streets with milk adulterated to the extent of thirty-six per cent of water. The boy told him that his father had sent him out, and he had taken out the summons against his father, and he had left, and now sent the boy.The Magistrate asked him whether he meant that he had a t his age (apparently about twelve years old) commenced business. The boy said he had, and it was explained by him that he had bought half a gallon of milk for eleven- pence. The Inspector had not paid elevenpence for four quarts of milk. It was stated that there were eight quarts to a barn gallon. The Magistrate remarked that the boy was a “ very young tradesman ” to begin business at his age. The Inspector asked the Magistrate to grant a warrant against the father of the boy, who was no doubt keeping out of the way. The Magistrate said he could not grant a warrant against a person who had not been served with a summons.The Inspector said the father had better then be summoned. In answer to a question how so young a “ tradesman ” as the boy could find money to buy milk, it was stated by his female friend who accompanied him to the Court that he bought the milk out of his pocket money. The Inspector again urged upon the Court that it was a very bad case. Boys were sent about with adulterated milk with thirty-six per cent. of water, and then, when summoned, declared, as this boy had done, that he had bought the milk himself. In answer to the Magistrate, the boy said he had sold the milk as he had bought it, and mentioned the name of a dairyman. The Inspector said the tradesman whose name he had mentioned was a respectable person, whose milk had been analysed and found to be good.The Clerk of the Court suggested that the summons had better be withdrawn, and the matter brought before the Vestry of Camberwell. The summons was accordingly withdrawii. The boy declared that he had ‘‘ started ” himself in business.THE ANALYST. 171 Prosecution of Farmers. Reasonable Notice should be given of Intention to take Samples at Railway Station :- AT Westminster Police Court, Alexander Frazer and Campbell Frazer, gentlemen farmers, of Faygate, Sussex, appeared to summonses taken out by George Barham, of 28, Museum Street, Blooms- bury, charging them with selling to him, as the purchaser, milk which contained 13 per cent. of added water. Mr. Ricketts appeared for the prosecution ; and Mr. Besley, barrister, for the defendants. The prosecutor was the managing director and almost absolute owner of an association called the Express Milk Company, and the defendants entered into a contract to supply milk to be delivered at Victoria Station.On June 28 two churns of milk from the defendants’ farm arrived at the station, and Mr. Maconoohie, the complainant’s manager, telegraphed to the defendants that a sample would be analysed, and invited their attendance. The churns were sealed up, and in the evening Parish, an officer of the Metropolitan Dairyman’s Society, took samples of each, which were submitted to Dr. Corfield the ma- lyst for the parish of St. George’s, Hanover Square, who certified that they were adulterated with 13 per cent. of added water. Mr. Ricketts put in the contract by which the defendants agreed to supply pure milk, and, with the view of showing that the milk had not been tampered with Bince it left the defendants’ farm, called a number of railway officials, who swore that it was safe and not touched while in their custody from Faygate Station to Victoria.Mr. Besley took several legal objections to the form of the summons, and denied that the defendants had watered the milk, or that it had been done on their farm. The defendants were the sona of General Frazer, and they had contracted with the plaintiff in the belief that he represented a bondyide company, whereas the fact was that he was a speculator who he (the learned counsel) stated, had taken these proceedings merely for the purpose of advertising his milk I t was practically an impossibility for the defendants to have been present at the analysis at the time stated.Mr. D‘Eyncourt decided that the summonraes must be dismissed, because reasonable notice did not reach the defendants to enable them to be present when the milk was sampled. Defendants may be called as Witnesses :- William Austin, cheesemonger, Atlantic Road, Brixton, was summoned by Inspector Baxter for selling as butter ‘‘ bosh.” A witness was called who said he asked for a pound of shilling butter, and was supplied with “ bosh,” or “ animal fat ” mixed with a little butter. The Inspector said he took the butter into the shop, and divided it into three parts, and told the defendant it was to be analysed, and he then said he told the person to whom he sold it that it was for cooking purposes, and not for eating.The witness denied the statement. The defendant called a witness, who said he heard iome of the statement. The defendant said he sold but a small quantity, and did not wish to ‘‘ push )’ the article in his trade. His butter was 1s. 4d. per pound, and he intimated that real butter couldnot be purchased at one shilling per pound. Botts, Baxter, and Box said they had purchased butter at the time for one shilling per pound. The defendant said he did very little in the article now complained of, and he denied that he had sold it as ‘‘ butter.” He imposed a penalty of 5s. and 12s. 6d. costs on the defendant. Such stuff had better not be sold. Under the new Act, defendants are competent witnesses, and the privilege does not seem to be known.Mr. Chance advised him to do less. Rum 31° under proof. Ingenious Defence :- Charles Roberts, landlord of the Sovereign public house, 61, Osnaburgh Street, Regent’s Park, was summoned by William Rouch, one of the sanitary inspectors for St. Pancras, for selling, to the prejudice of the purchaser, a pint of rum which had been adulterated by water so as to reduce the strength of the spirit more than twenty-five degrees under proof. Mr. Ricketts, solicitor, prosecuted on behalf of the St. Pancras Vestry, and said that under section 6 of the new Act it was a good defence if it was shown that the strength of the r u m had not been reduced more than twenty-five degrees ander proof. Here the rum was found to be 62 per cent. less than was allowed by the statute. The defendant said the oniy way in which he could account for the percentage of water was that his barmaid used a measure which she had previously been rinsing, and the moisture in the measure would reduce the strength. The inspector, in answer to the magistrate, said there had never been a complaint against the house before. Samples had been had from the house, but they had always been good. The defendant remarked that if he had intended to defraud he would have done it in a different manner, for he might have sold rum to answer the same purpose that would cost 3s. less. Mr, Ricketts, in answer to Mr. Sheil, said the Vestry did not press for a vindictive penalty. Defendant was fined 40s. and 2s. costs.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050168b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

172 THE ANALYST. NOTES O F THE MONTH. Mr. Kingzett should remember that the book was sent to 11s for review, and that we criticised its tendency, and not Mr. Kingzett’s personal ability as a chemist. The latter point we perfectly recognise, and only regret that he should have allowed himself to issue a work which while in its title purely scientific should yet introduce the mention of a special commercial article. We have no desire to detract one iota from the purely chemical merit of Mr. Kingxett’s experiments, and we hope that he will be satisfied that no personal slight in this direction was for a moment intended. We have received a second letter from the author of Nature’s Hygiene. In another column we print Mr. Edge’s reply to our remarks in the last number of this journal.Our readers will see that we are credited with thinking that “ no milk dealer could either speak the truth or be honest.” Such an idea is absurd, and we do not for a moment hold this opinion ; but what we say is that, through want of technical chemical knowledge, Mr. Edge has been led in ths utmost good faith to make perfectly erroneous statements, which are simply a repetition of similar charges urged from time to time by unscientific persons. If Mr. Edge were a chemist he would know that no opinion can be formed upon a milk without a quantitative analysis, and that the analyst, according to the schedule of the Act, ought to give his quantities. The words are quite plain “that it consists of parts as under ; ” then follows the analysis of the milk, and lastly come the 4 ‘ remarks,” in which the inference to be drawn from the figures ia stated.I t is therefore clear that the charge against analysts in general of not. giving quantitative results must fail. The second charge made, namely, that the analyst has a direct interest and monetary benefit from convictions, is now toned down by Mr. Edge to the fact that when called upon as a witness he has the usual fee. This is a very different atate of matters, because the fee as witness being payable whether the prosecution is successful or not, the charge formerly made was evidently untenable. We would, however, point out to Mr. Edge that the Act expressly provides that to save expense the analyst need not be called, and if the Association purposely incurs this expense they have only themselves to blame.I n London the attendance of an analyst in court i s a thing almost unheard of. If the certificate is disputed the duplicate sample is simply sent to Somerset House, when their certificate decides the case, and no costs of professional witnesses are incurred by either side. It is therefore clear that Mr. Edge’s charge against analysts of having any monetary interest in prosecutions is unjust and ought to be withdrawn unreservedly. In his letter Mr. Edge introduces a new charge, to wit, that a milk which has been slightly watered may pass an analyst. There can be no doubt that such is the case, but a t whose door does the fault lie? Unquestionahly it is at that of the trade societies. When the Act passed, the Society of Public Analysts, after most careful consideration, fixed a fair standard not to be complained of by any honest dealer, but forthwith all the ingenuity and legal acumen of defending counsel was put to work to prove that in certain extreme cases milk might fall below this standard, and by continual arguments, coupledTHE ANALYST.178 with the fact that Somerset House took for its standard an abnormally low one, it has come to this, that (‘ pure milk ” by the common limit of purity may and often does contain 10 per cent. of water if the original article were rich. All this suited the Societies very well until they in turn desired to use the Act against the farmers, and then, lo and behold, they object to the low standard which their own action has brought about. After all it is only human nature to wish a low standard of 8-5 solids not fat when they are defendants, then grumble when it passes as watered milk, when sold to them, and then abuse analysts if they do not always use the Society’s staudard of 9.0 per cent, Then, again, on the question of cream, mentioned by Mr.Edge, the milkmen have again themselves entirely to blame, The lowest honest natural fat was taken by us ag 2.5, but some excuse for skimming beyond that was necessary, and therefore the tbeory that milk served from a can might perfectly innocently lose its fat to the extent of at lead one-half, was started, and an eminent professor retained to prove it experimentally. The defence was successful, and, as an analyst has no means of knowing from whence a sample comes, it follows that milks have to be passed which on their very face bear evidence of loss of cream.This re-acts of course against the milkmen when they desire to prosecute the farmers, and then they blame the analysts instead of themselves. The Chemist and Druggist for once speaks out manfully on the tincture of quinine case, and objects to the defence evidence as ridiculous, but it cannot help giving the analysts a little kick although it practically admits that in this instance at least the Public Analyst had a raison. d’itre. would hardly pass unchallenged even in the Society of Public Analysts.” After all Dr. Browning’s statements are simply a reductio ad absurdam of a style of defence on the part of the chemists and druggists which we have often had occasion to challenge and which has before been found successful on grounds very little better.It says that statements like those of Dr. Browning Bristol possesses an analyst whose report of the results of 20 samples has been simply ordered to lie upon the table because his appointment has not yet been approved by the Local Government Board, Surely it is a pity that such a waste of energy and money should have taken place, and the authorities should not have first seen that they had their officer’s qualifications approved before sending in aamples to him. A correspondent in a contemporary says:-A poor ill-used dairyman of Ramsgate has been fined for only adding 63 per cent. of water to his milk. I presume he supplied the Cookney visitors. Last year the Margate magistrates, at the end of the season, fined a lot of milkmen for watering the skim, and it was really heart-rending to hear those men argue that if the system of persecution con- tinued, they would never be able to make out the quantity of sky blue demanded by the visitors.They considered the Margate water nourishing stuff, and quite worth 5d. a quart.174 THE ANALYST. Mr. F. W. Stoddart has been appointed Public Analyst for Salisbury, in the room of his late father. SOOTHING PowmRs.-At an inquest held on August 3rd, by Mr. Brian, Coroner for Plymouth, an infant, aged 10 weeks, was proved to have died of narcotic poisoning after the administration of part of a powder purchased from a local druggist, and described as a L L Steedman’s Soothing Powder.” A dealer, at Ballynaninch, Co.Down, has been fined S 2 for selling flour adulterated with oat flour, and containing fungi, as certified by Dr. C. A. Cameron, County Analyst. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following epecifications have been recently published, and can be obtained from the Great Sed Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1879 Name of Patentee. No. 4104 H. E. Newton . . . . 5102 H. R. Snelgrove.. .. 5310 H. A. Bonneville . . 5323 H. C. Bull . . . . la80 18 3. W. Swan . . . . 45 J. Mactear . . . . 53 W. R.Lake . . . . 70 R. Werdermann.. .. 91 W. R.Lake . . . . 158 L. J. Crossley . . . . 109 J. Kidd . . . . . . 147 F. Zimmermann .. 203 J. Clark . . . . . . 225 W. R. Lake . . . . 263 W. L. Wise . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. * . 569 H.Y. Attrill and W. Farmer . . 1563 C. D. Abel . . . . . . 2037 W. Clark.. .. .. .. Title of P s h t . Price. Apparatua for Concentrating Acids . . . . . . . . 6d. Manufacture of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Manufacture of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Manufacture of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Obtaining and Supplying Carbon . . . . . . . . 2d. Producing and Utilizing Electric Currents. . . . . . Microphonic and Telephonic Apparatus . . . . . . ad. Microphonic and Telephonic Apparatus . . . . . . 6d. Apparatus for Carburetting Illuminating Gas . . . . 6d. Tannic Acid.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Developing Electric Light . . . . . . . . . . 2d. Purifying and Refining Paraffin . . . . . . . . 6d. Producing Anhydrous Sulphuric Acid . . . . . . 4d. Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. ElectricLampB . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Production of PhoEtphoric Acid in Manufacture of Glass 4d. 6d. Manufacture of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . 10d. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. Spon’s Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures, Part 11.; Tables for Analysis of a Simple Salt by A. Vinter; Contributions to the Chemistry of Bast Fibres, by E. J. Bevan and C. F. Cross, The Chemist and Druggist; The Brewers’ Guardian; The British Medical Journal; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health ; The scientific Amencall; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New York; The Cowkeeper and Dairyman’s Journal.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500172

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC