摘要:

1S6 THE A-NALYST. AUGUST, 1880. SOCIETY O F PUBLIC ANALYSTS. THE NEXT &ETING of this Society will be held a t Swansea during the week of the British Association Meeting, probably on Friday the 27th inst., but the usual circular notice will be sent to the Members. ON PHOSPHORIC ACID I N POTABLE WATERS. BY 0. HEHNER. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 2nd June, 1880. IN January, 1879, I had the honour to describe before the Society a method for the determination of Phosphoric Acid as Phospho-moIybdate, * and which in the main consisted in the precipitation at a low temperature of the phosphoric acid by molybdic solution, dissolvilrg the precipitate, after washing with the least possible quantity of water, to neutrality, in dilute ammonia, evaporating the solution thus obtained with repeated addition of small quantities of water, and weighing the resulting residue.This, divided by 28.6, as I showed by numerous test experiments, very accurately indicates the amount of phosphorio acid. The method is evidently better adapted for the estimation of very small quantities of P,O, than of more tangible amounts, since the compound ultimately weighed contains but a small fraction of phosphoric acid, a minute quantity of that acid furnishing a highly multiplied amount of residue, and also because we are already in possession of very excellent methods for the determination of P,O,, when occurring in moderately large quantity. The method, in fact, allows us to deal with quantities so small as to be quite unassailable by the usual magnesia process.One of the chief objects I had in working out the method referred to, was to be in possession of reliable means to determine the proportion of phosphoric acid occurring in potable waters. All unbiassed chemists are in the habit of basing their opinion as to the quality of given samples of water upon the figures resulting from a considerable number of different deter- minations, embracing chiefly the amounts of organic matter or some data measuring the same, their products of oxidation, and of some of the mineral aubstancea invariably met with in sewage, namely, chlorides and sulphates, but the determination of that most im- portant of the constituents of animal exoreta-phosphoric acid-has been sadly neglected, although, to quote Mr. Wanklyn, 6 ‘ much nonsense has been talked about phosphates in drinking water.” The fact is, that, as far as I am aware, the whole literature of water analysis does not include 8 single quanthtive determination of phosphoric acid in drinking water, although in some caaes the precipitate thrown down by ammonia has been put down as ‘ 6 iron, alumina, and phosphates ” (Graham, Miller, and Hoffmann.) In mineral waters that acid has been again and again determined, but its edimation with a view to * THE ANALYBT, vol.h*., p. 23.186 THE ANALYST. .. a . 366 32.6 27-3 36.7 27-2 51.9 53.1 35.3 40.3 aid in the formation of a correct opinion on samples of drinking water has not, so far as I tan ascertain, been systematically undertaken. The present paper is intended to form 8 first step in this direction, but it is put forward only tentatively and suggestively.Wanklyn states, that (‘ the fact has been overlooked that, except as infinitesimal traces, phosphates cannot exist along with carbonate of lime in a clear water.” Now we may amume, that in presence of carbonate of lime phosphoric acid would be present only as tricalcic phosphate. One part of this, according to Voelker, is soluble in 12,500 parts of pure water, or 100,000 parts of water might contain no less than 3.66 of P,O,, whilst the solubility is far greater still in the presence of ammonium salts, chloride of sodium, &c. It is dso much increased by carbonic acid, never wanting in natural waters. R. Warington (Chem. SOC. Journ. [2], ix., 80) gives the solubility of tricalcic phosphate, taken in the form of bone ash, in water saturated with carbonic acid, as 1 part in 6,788, or 6.76 P,O, in 100,000 parts of water.Hence the quantity of P,O,, which may possibly occur in polluted drinking water, is by no means (‘ infinitesimal.” I t will be seen that I have not met with any water contain- ing anything like the quantity theoretically possible, but yet amounts were found which were not only quite appreciable, but quite as large as those of many other mineral consti- tuents which we are in the habit of measuring. In all cases the water analysed was perfectly clear, and had, when necessary, been freed from flocculent matter by filtration. A litre was employed whenever practicable, evaporated with the addition of nitric aoid, first over the naked flame, then to dryness on the water-bath, to separate the silica, the residue taken up with a little nitric acid, the eolution filtered through the smallest practicable filter, evaporated until but a few drops were Ieft, and precipitated with molybdic solution. In such waters as contained much chlorine, this was as nearly as possible removed by repeated evaporation with nitric acid.In the case of samplee highly charged with sulphate of lime the volume of liquid precipitated by molybdic solution was necessarily larger, to prevent the separation of the sulphate. The whole of the samples contained carbonate of lime. In the following tables the samples are roughly classified under three heads. Class I., good and fairly good water ; II., waters of low quality; and III., waters plainly polluted. All figures me parts per 100,000.None 0.008 01020 Om021 0.023 None 0.035 0.034 On020 0-018 0.059 0.074 I c1. Uxbridge Water Supply (deep chalk springs). ............. New River Water ............ Lambeth Water Company’s Supply .................. Chalk ...................... ........................ ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .. .. 1:;5 1.60 1.69 2.00 3-39 5-00 11-30 1.40 6.12 I. .. .. 645 0.38 3.50 0.74 2.61 6-78 6.87 0.51 1.27 .. .. i4i 1.84 0.33 3.15 3-29 3.26 3-18 2.95 1.69 Free NH, .. .. o i i 2 0.001 none 0.001 0.002 none none 0.006 0,005 Album. NH* .. .. o i b 2 0.001 0-003 0.005 0.010 0 002 0.004 0.010 0.001THE ANALYST....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... Water from Thames at Nine Ditto, EWf Flood .............. ...................... Elm6 Station, Hdf Ebb 137 1.72 5.43 7-83 5.90 12.19 . . . . . . el. ?ree NH, Album. NH* 'otal801 3.43 3.11 1.78 24.83 2.80 .. .. 2.68 2-38 5-12 6.70 5-36 .. .. 0.016 0.014 0004 0-006 0013 .. .. 53.4 39.4 52.9 107.9 674 .. .. Om1O8 0.045 0.022 0.033 0.028 0.078 0.043 none 0.007 0001 0003 none .. .. III. c1. 'ree NH, Album. NH8 !otal Sol, not determ. 3.47 21.03 3.75 004 3.24 19-89 2051 16-97 From Thamee at Crossness .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 306.7 11.8 24.95 3-34 7.60 3.20 11.06 12.36 10-70 37.2 17.69 36.14 4.27 21.77 4-29 19.60 17.38 2-81 0,112 0022 0.032 0029 0.073 0.049 0.288 0005 0~001 0.616 0014 0.065 0.013 0904 0011 0013 0.021 0033 648.8 907 2346 28-9 74.3 66.8 117.8 116.6 120.0 Om24O None 0'484 0.025 0-025 0.070 0100 0-039 0*553 On examining these figures, it will be seen that in really good waters the amount8 of phosphoric acid are very small, the numbers being in all casee, with the exception of two, I ~ S S than 0-4 per million.The two exceptions were waters which were not, abgolubly free from suspicion of pollution. Some of the waters of Class II., although high in nitrafes, contain but little P,O,, but the majority of the undoubtedly polluted samples mntain more than one unit per million ; in one case, that of a highly polluted well, as much as 5.6, In several of these samples the phosphoric aeid is, however, very low, and from one even entirely absent.This may be due to one or both of two circumstances. Either the pollution is due to vegetable matter, or the phosphoric acid has been removed byvsgetatioa or precipitation. One sample, however, which is not inoluded in the table, although known to be sewage polluted and giving a thick brown precipitate with Nessler's re-agent, and abounding in chlorides and sulphates, contained but 0.89 parts per million. On the whole, therefore, the figures go to show that the presQnce of phosphorio acid in larger qmntity than 0-5 per million parts of water should be regarded with suspicion. On the other hand, the absence of phosphates affords no positive proof of the freedom h m pollution. The determination of phosphoric acid by means of the prome whioh I have empIoyed being 80 simple a matter, requiring so little water, and being eapable of furnishing the analyst with a valuable help in forming an opinion as to the quality of drinking water, but I hope thi8 communication may be the means of directing the attention of ohemhte to thia but too much neglected constituent of potable water.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500135

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

198 THE ANALYST. OX THE CONPARISON OF THE SCALE OF BAUUE’S HYDROMETER FOR LIQUIDS HEAVIER THAN WATER WITH THE SPECIFIC GRAVI‘IY. By G. W. WIGNER, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Andysts on 2nd June, 1880. BAUME’S hydrometer is probably in more general use in chemical manufactories, and especially in sugar refineries in this country, than any other of the numerous arbitrary scales that have been from time to time proposed for determining the density of liquids. From a scientific poinbof view there is of course an objection to any arbitrary scale, based simply on the fact of its lacking a scientific basis, but a worse objection than this almost invariably ariees from these arbitrary scales being from time to time altered or amended (which amendment in fact is only alteration under another name), so that it is difficult to secure instruments which shall correspond to the original or any other definite empirical standard. This is especially the case in reference to BaumB’s hydrometer, for, at the present time, it is possible to procure instruments which are guaranteed by the makers to be accurate, and which certainly are so far accurate that they correspond to the tables according to which the instruments have been constructed, and j e t these instruments when purchased at diEerent places show at the medium points of tho scale differences corresponding to nearly so, while in the case of heavy liquids, such for instance as concentrated sulphuric acid, the indications vary more than 4O.The English text-books contain but little information either as to the derivation of the original scale or the reasons for the different alterations that have been made in it.This is perhaps owing to the fact that mientific chemists in this country have shown less favour to such arbitrary scales than has been the case on the Continent. In America Casamajor has written and published several excellent papers on the subject, some of which have been reproduced in a monthly journal published here called the Sugar Cans. In France, Vacher, an instrument maker, has written two or three short papers on the subject, and on the allied subject of the effects of changes of temperature on the hydrometer read- ings. These publications, although good of their kind, are of comparatively little value to us in this country, because we have to face at the outset of the enquiry the plain fact that the so-called BaumB scales in uee in this country, in France, and in the United States, differ very greatly from each other.Our national standards render no assistance in the matter, because if a Banme hydrometer is sent to Kew for examination the report is simply + or - so many degrees, ‘‘ according to Dr. Ure,” thus falling back on an old, and I might say also, an obsolete table. The cause of these discrepancies and this lack of a standard, arises no doubt from the wholly empirical manner in which the scale was originally formed by BaumB. A solution of salt was made, containing 15 parts by weight of salt in 100 parts by weight of liquid, and the hydrometer being floated first in pure water and then in this solution the space between the two points at which the level of the liquid stood was divided into 15 equal parts, and the scale continued both upwards and downwards.When this scale was continued upwards it waa found that with a liquid having a sg. gr. of 1.520 the hydrometer marked 62O, and sdphuric acid of sp. gr. 1.845 marked 69&. ehort time this mode of adjusting the starting-point of the seale was found to AfterTHE ANALYST. 139 be inconvenient in practice, and concentrated sulphuric acid was adopted instead by Gay Lussac. The sulphuric acid, which was taken for the comparison, was assumed to have a sp. gr. of 1.845 at a temperature cf 60” F., and to mark Go on the Baum6 scale instead of 69+. The difference between the level at which this hydrometer floated in the acid and in water was divided into 66 equal parts, and hence another scale arose, according to which a liquid having a sp.gr. of 1-440 will mark 44O on the Baumd hydrometer. Here, therefore, we have the two extremes, one in which 52O corresponds to 1.520, the other in which 44O corresponds to 1.440-the former the original scale, and the latter the scale at present in use in France, and to some extent in America, andalso animperfect, but I think quite accurate, account of ham the different scales arose. Now both of these scales were empirical, and instrument makers in adjusting the instruments used more or less pure salt, i.e., chloride of sodium, or common commercial salt, and more or less concentrated sulphuric aaid, and so got scales differing within rather wide instrumental errors from these.Many years ago-how many I cannot say, but probably not less than 15-an ingenious Londm hydrometer maker endeavoured to solve this difficulty by halving the difference, i.s., he graduated his spindles so that 4S0 corresponded to 1.480, or just half way between the two extremes already referred to, and thus another entirely different scale was originated, according to which a liquid of sp. gr. 1.845 marks nearly 68O BaumB. This compromise scale, as I may call it, is strange to say the one which has for the last ten years or more been in almost exclusivo use in England, and certainly as far as the sugar industry is concerned it has entirely superseded the use of the two older scales, namely; BaumB’s original and Gay Lussac’s.It naturally follows from thie that out of some 24 different tables showing the comparison between Baumd degrees and specific gravity which have been published in this country, 12 or 14 different scales have been adopted, which naturally range themselvee into three different groups. First.-A group of which Ure’s Dictionary is the type, and which adopted very closely BaumB’s original figures-Ure, Fownes and Cooley in fact differing only in the second and third places of decimals. Second.-A group in which the amended scale of Gay Lusgac, ag adopted by the French, has been taken as the starting point, and of which an illustration is given in another table published in Cooley ; in a table published in Griffin’s Catalogue ; and in Squire’s Companion to the Pharmacopmia.In these tables again the differences are mostly confined to the second and third places of decimals. Third.-A group which finds fewer representatives among the published tablee, but is nevertheless the scale, according to which, with slight variations, nearly all the instrument makers in London and other parts of England have for many years past constructed their instruments, and which holds the intermediate place between the last two groups. I have recently compared a number of hydrometers graduated on Baumd’s scale, and in practical use by manufacturers in England, and I find that, excluding slight instrumental errors, they are all graduated according to thie scale, and it is therefore a matter of im- portance to be able to translate the degrees of this directly into specific gravity.This can be readily done by the following formula :- 148 sp. gr. = ~ 140 - d . Where d equal0 the number of degrees on the ncale of the instrument, the formula in in140 THE ANALYST . reality another way of expressing the fact that 48O Baum6 corresponds to a specific gravity of 1.480 at the temperature of 60° F . This table is in fact the one which. by universal consent of makers of instruments and chemical manufacturers. is now recognised as the English Baum6 scale . All that I have done to it has been simply to re-calculate the figures on a true basis. which in some cases alters the scale by a small decimal from that according to which sorns of the instruments are graduated. but in the best instruments these figures will be found to be perfectly correct .1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 1.0069 .. 1.0137 . . 1.0207 .. 1.0278 .. 1.0348 . . 1-0422 . . 1.0496 . . 1.0571 . . 1. 0647 . . 1.0725 .. 1.0802 . . 1.0882 .. 1. 0963 .. 1.1044 . . 1.1128 .. 1.1212 . . 1. 1297 . . 1.1385 . . 1.1472 .. 1.1562 .. 1.1653 . . 1.1746 .. 1.1840 . . 1.1935 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 . . . . 1.2032 . . . . 1.2131 . . . . 1-2231 . . . . 1.3333 . . . . 1.2437 . . . . 1.2542 . . . . 1.2650 . . . . 1.2758 . . . . 1.2869 . . . . 1.2982 . . . . 1.3097 . . . . 1.3214 . . . . 1.3333 . . . . 1.3454 . . . . 1.3578 . . . . 1.3703 . . . . 1.3831 . . . . 1.3962 . . . . 1.4095 . . . . 1.4230 . . . . 1.4369 . . . . 1.4519 . . . . 1.4654 . . . . 1.4800 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.4949 . . 1.5102 .. 1.5257 . . 1.5416 .. 1.5579 . . 1.5744 .. 1-5914 .. 1.6087 .. 1.6263 .. 1.6444 .. 1.6629 .. 1.6818 . . 1.7011 . . 1. 7209 . . 1.7412 .. 1.7629 .. 1.7831 . . 1.8049 .. 1.8271 .. 1.8500

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500138

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

140 THE ANALYST. NOTE ON A SAMPLE OF ADULTERATED ASSAFaTIDA. BY JOHN MUTER, PH.D., F.C.S. AT the last meeting of the Society of Public Analysts I exhibited and made Home short remarks upon a specimen of adulterated assafaetida, which had been forwarded to me by a member of the Pharmaceutical Society, as having been sold to the firm with which he is connected. The article, outwsrdly, possessed a very excellent resemblance to the drug as met with in tears, having the usual odour and other physical properties, except that the tears were, perhaps, rather too perfectly rounded. When each tear was opened there was to be seen a piece of stone snugly ensconced in the centre of it. Taking the average of three tears I found by weight- Assafoetida ...................... 21-23 Stone ............................78-77 100*00 The stone employed was a species of magnesian lime stone, as shown by the following analysis of it made by one of my advanced students, Mr. Oreates Pisani, M.P.S., after igniting off the assafoetida :- Calcium carbonate ................ 51.50 Magne&un carbonate .............. 39.90 Siliceous matter .................. 7.00 Iron and alumina ................ 1.60 100.00THE ANALYST. 141 There appears to be very little doubt but that the fabrication of the article has been most deliberately carried out, as the stones were all of nearly the same size, and oarefdy chipped to a suitable shape for resembling tears after receiving a coating of the gum-resin. That the stones had been covered by melting the assafaetida, and then dropping them into the liquid until they had taken up a sufficient coating, was rendered probable by the fact that, although the coating smelt fairly, it yet contained far too little of the volatile oil of the drug.In conclusion, it would seem advisable that pharmacists, having tear assafaetida in atock, should examine the same by cutting open a few of the more rounded fiagmenta, as I have heard of the discovery of this adulterated article from more than one source lately, and anyone, innocently selling it, might be placed in an awkward position. DETECTION OF WATER IN ALCOHOL AND ETHER. ON evaporating a mixture of solutions of two parts of citri : and one of molybdio acida, heating the resulting mass to incipient fusion, dissolving in from 30 to 40 parts of water, saturating strips of filter paper with the solution, and drying the same at looo, a blue paper is obtained, which is bleached by water, and which may be employed as an indicator of the same in alcohol, ether, &c. (Chemiker Zeitung, 1880, p . 30T.)-O.H.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500140

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

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THE ANALYST. 141 ON THE SAPONIFICATION OF FATS. FOR the saponification of fats there are frequently employed, instead of soda or potash, a number of basic oxydes, and it is commonly eupposed that the result in such cases L practically the same, a soap or plaster resulting with the separation of glycerin. Very frequently oxyde of lead is the saponifying agent, the fat to be examined being thoroughly well mixed with its double weight of oxyde of lead and water, the ma88 heated to 90-100°C, with frequent agitation, the saponified product well washed with hot water, which, after filtration and evaporation, leaves the glycerin, which may be purified by treatment with alcohol. The insoluble lead soaps are dried, agitated with ether for the solution of the oleate of lead, whilst the stearate and palmitate remain undissolved, Ton der Becke, in making a comparative examination of the processes of saponification by oxyde of lead, by potash in alcoholic solution, and by lime, arrived at the following remarkable results :- Cocoa butter and tallow gave only traces of glycerin on saponification by oxyde of lead (0.23 and 0.13 per cent.respectively) ; with lime they yielded 2.19 and 2.43 per cent., and with potass 5-99 and 7-84, Butter fat gave, with PbO 7.98, with CaO 7-99, and with KHO 10.59. Lard, by the same agents, in a similar order, 6-60, 8'27, and 9.27 per cent. ; olive oil, with PbO 3.76, with KHO 6.41 ; rapeseed oil, 4-20 and 4-58 ; linseed oil, 4-40 and 6.20. The various oxydes exhibited therefore a widely different behaviour with the several fatty matters. A mixture of cocoa butter and tallow was likewise hardly attacked by PbO, w m t , ourionsly, a mixture of butter and cocoa butter gave, with the same oxyde, the full propop tion of glycerin, 8-05; per cent. Previous treatment with very dilute sulphuric acid at 150° C. renders both tallow and cocoa fat more readily amenable to decomposition with PbO.142 THE ANALYST. If further investigation should prove the statements of Von der Becke to be correct, they might possibly furnish the means for solution of one of the most difficult and urgent of analytical problems, viz., the discrimination of the various fatty oils from, and detection of admixture with, each other. (Zeitschy.df. Anal. Chent., 1880, p . 292).-O.H.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500141

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

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142 THE ANALYST. ON THE ESTIMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID, BY ALFRED SMETHAM, F.C.S., &c. A Reply by E. F. TESOHEMACHER AND J. DENHAM SMITH. BY the courtesy of Mr. Smetham we are in possession of his paper bearing the above-named title, and by the permission of the Editor of THE ANALYST, we take leave to remark upon some of the statements made therein. The only difficulty of dealing with this pamphlet is that of knowing where to begin, as it bristles with misdescriptions, misdirections, misstatements, and mistakes. However, to follow the good rule of beginning at the beginning, the very title is a misdescription. When Mr. Square spoke of the Christian religion he was careful to define what he meant by the term. Mr. Smetham, when addressing his listeners upon one of the most widely extended subjects in analysis, omits to define what he means by 6 L Estima- tion of Phosphoric Acid,” which (from the paper) proves to be a very few experiments on two points only of a very limited division of his subject, together with a single experiment which has nothing to do with it.Whether this absence of, as it seems to us, requisite words in Mr. Smetham’s paper is due to an absolute dislike of them, like M. Gambetta’s dislike of the Jesuits, to a love of brevity, forgetful that brevity may lead to obscurity as well as to wit, or a failure to discern that, in print, at any rate, words, and also properly chosen words, are essential to an author who has a meaning to convey, and who would take pains to make that meaning clear, we cannot judge; but we fear the last must be the true reason for this failure, from his carelessness at times in their use, as we shall presently show.Our eye had not travelled down more than three or four lines of this thesis before it fell on one of these instances of carelessness and misdescription, wherein this author states that, “ we issued, during the past year, a pamphlet on ‘ The Estimation of Phosphoric Acid.’ ” Now as our memory told us that this was a mistake, we looked up a copy, and there we find the title of our pamphlet to be, ‘I On the Estimation of Phosphoric Acid, by LVagnesia, for Commercial Purposes,” dc. We had limited our researches, and had, of set purpose, been careful to describe our limits in the two clauses we have italicized, of Estimating Phosphoric Acid by 6 ‘ Magnesia,” and f o r Commercial Pwposes.” In this our object is made manifest, and we deny the competence of anyone so to dock our title as to convey to a reader or hearer a meaning of the widest kind, when we had described in so many words the exact limits to which we had confined ourselves.In his very next sentence we find it stated, 4 6 By these experiments they came to the conclusion, which had been previously arrived at by other chemists, that this salt -ammonia-mag- nesic phosphate-is totally insoluble in water containing one-eighth of its bulk of a880 ammonia.” The italics are ours. We came to no such conclusion : indeed we stated that ( I eight filtrates yielded 0.25 grain of pyrophosphate, an average of 0.03 g r a b dissolved in wash- This is too bad.THE ANALYST.143 waters ;” and further, “ when we maintain its insolubility, we mean its practical insolu- bility,” not one word of total insohbility when discussing the absurdity of adding some 2 per cent. to the weight of pyrophosphate, which we characterized, and still characterize, as ‘‘ 6 vamping up by ridiculous allowances,” despite this author’s recommendation to revert to this silly practice, As to the (‘ other chemists, who had previously arrived at the total insolubility of this salt in ammonia-water,” Mr. Smetham does not cite any one of the gentlemen who found this mare’s nest, and who, if they exist in the flesh, have been wisely reticent oftheir discovery. He then notices the (‘ high solubility ” of this salt which wa8 found by Fresenius, a strange and surely unfit term to apply to a salt of very slight solubility, but serving to illustrate this gentleman’s vocabulary, and assures us of his belief that Dr.Fresenius ‘I has since found occasion to modify this opinion,” a belief which may or may not be well founded, as we are as little acquainted with the conclusions of Dr. Fresenius as this chemist is with ours. Nevertheless, be tells US that our L‘concIusions seemed to him to be at variance with what he should expect,” when he could have made sure that there is no seeming nor guessing about our state- ments, and proceeds to say that our (‘experiments were conducted in a very crude manner.” We have referred to our pamphlet, and finding them to be numerous, direct, and to the point, are curious to know wherein these experiments are ‘( very crude.” Mr.Smetham can employ terms in depreciation, but he cannot quote fairly. He then tells us: “ I started the following set of experiments in the hope of setting the matter at rest.” This ‘‘ set of experiments,” we find, amounts to three. The first yields incorrect results, Viz., ‘‘ .0064 gramrnes of pyrophosphate in excess of the theoretical quantity, due, probably, to the fact that the phosphate had effloresced. This, however, is immaterial.” So ‘( probably,” “ immaterial,” and the like, are fitting epithets for an experiment which is to “ set the matter at rest.” Would not (‘ crude ” in the sense of raw, rude, incomplete, apply here, especially as in describing these experiments, made to determine the solubility of the salt in question, this chemist nowhere states the quantities of the wash-water used ? The chemist is now rewarded for his pains; he finds the filtrates yield him -0020, -0060 and *0160 grm., or, as it pleases him to write, ‘ I grammes,” respectively, of pyrophosphate of magnesia, and sagely remarks, ( ( From these experiments it is evident that ammonio-magnesic phosphate is perceptibly soluble in ammonia water.” Indeed ! But then, who ever doubted i t ? Not Dr.Fresenius; not Teschemacher and Smith, as our critic calls us. So far as our memory serves us, we have heard of none, excepting the band of ‘‘ chemists who had previously arrived at the conclusion that this salt is totally insoluble in water containing one-eighth of its bulk of *880 ammonia,’’ known to and vouched for by Mr.Smetham; who then instructs us that should we rely on-we think he means Dr. Fresenius-we must add one milligramme of pyrophosphate for every 54 C.C. of solution ; but should we prefer Mr. Smetham, then, for 54 c.c., we must substitute 100 c.c., 84 c.c., or 62 c.c., respectively, thus allowing us the privilege of choice as our wishes or inclinations may prompt between 62 and 100 in respect to these three experiments, which are to In the next paragraph we find ‘‘ Teschemacher and Smith’s statement, that no allowance should be made for the solubility is far from conclusive.” May we be permitted to inform this Why ‘‘ very crude ?” set the matter at rest,” when vamping up an analysis in the modern style,144 THE ANALYST. writer that misrepresentation is not criticism.What we did say, and what we say again, is, ‘‘ That we should reject as worthless any process which permits of an error of 2 per cent.” In six more experiments Mr. Smetham disposes of the influences of citric acid, iron, and alumina on the solubility of the ammonia-magnesian phosphate, which may be investi- gated by the curious ; then passes to the correction he thinks fit for the solubility of this salt, which he fixes at 0.18 per cent. of phosphoric acid; and, finally, ‘‘ sketches the method he pursues,” which he has I L always found to give excellent results.” If by c6excellent ” he means accurate, and he further means-which to us seems the only inference-that he is speaking of commercial samples of rock phosphate, we can but own to a disappointment somewhat akin to humiliation that a work of ours, which we maintain bears intrinsic evidence of much thoughtfulness and care, could, even in the case of single reader, prove so utterly futile. His method is the method we published, but so altered by the omission of well-nigh every precaution we insisted on as requisite to ensure success, that it needs a parent to recognize the changeling.In page after page did we insist on the prime necessity of the most careful attention to moisture, showing by repeated instances the necessary fallacy of all results unless the moisture of a sample was carefully determined ; and closing our reiterated caution on this point by saying that ‘‘ our pains would be wasted and our chief aim thwarted unless we could set this matter of moisture to rights.” Mr. Smetham must have had our monograph in his hand-probably he has read it, but most certainly not with the understanding ; for the moisture is never once mentioned in the details of the method, of which he says ‘‘ I have always found it give excellent results ;” a statement which carries with it its own contradiction, as the neglect of this question of moisture necessarily vitiates the results of every analysis made by Mr. Smetham. We said nothing of the kind.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500142

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

144 THE ANALYST. ON THE ACTION OF WATER UPON MERCURIC SULPHATE. BY CHARLES A. CAMERON, M.D., F.R.C.S.I. IN Berselius’ Treatiss on Chemistry-and in all its editions in German and French-it is stated that the action of water upon mercuric sulphate resolves it into an insoluble nubsalt, and an acid soluble salt. The latter, it is stated, may be obtained by evaporatingTHE ANALYST. 145 ite solution until crystals begin to form. These crystals are described as white needles, which attract moisture from the air, and are precipitated out of solution on the addition of concentrated acid. These statements in reference to the action of water upon neutral mercuric gulphate appear to have been copied into most works on chemistry of later date. In Fownes’ Manual of Chemistry, 12th Ed., 1877, page 424, it is stated that water decomposes the (mercuric) sulphate, dissolving out an acid salt and leaving an insoluble yellow basic compound, formerly called turpith, or turbeth mineral, containing, according to E-uw’s analysis, HgSO,, 2Hg0, or 3Hg0, SO,.In Brande and Taylor’s, Tidy’s, and other modern works on chemistry, reference is made to a soluble acid-mercuric sulphate. In Watts’ Dictionary of Chemistry the formula HgO, 350,, is assigned to this salt. This statement assumes that the action of water upon neutral mercuric sulphate is to resolve it into trimercnric sulphate and mercuric trisulphate :- 4 HgS04 = HgSO, = (Hg’), + HgSO, (SO,),. The formula assigned to the acid mercuric sulphate is a very unusual one. The salt is stated in Watts’ Dictionary to be procurable by evaporating the liquid which remains when the basic salt produced by the action of water upon mercuric sulphate is separated.The results of my experiments show that an acid salt cannot be obtained in this manner. Expsriments.-Neutral mercuric sulphate was treated with water. The basic salt thereby formed was separated from the liquid by filtration and the liquid evaporated until a pellicle made its appearance upon its surface. A mass of crystals was obtained in this way, which were freed from adhering liquid and dried at looo Cent. These crystals should, according to Watts’ Dictionary, have the formula HgSO,(SO,),. On treating them with water they changed from a white to a yellow colour, and produced the basic salt. On being analysed the crystals proved to be wholly composed of the neutral sulphate HgSO,.A further quantity of neutral sulphate was decomposed by water, the proportion of water used being in the ratio of two molecules to four molecules of the sulphate. The basic salt having been separated from the liquid, the latter was allowed to evaporate spontaneously in vucuo over sulphuric acid. The crystals obtained in this way were placed upon a tile and allowed to drain during two days. They were pressed between sheets of bibulous paper, washed with bisulphide of carbon, dried, and analysed. They proved to be crystals of the neutral sulphate. Neutral mercuric sulphat e was dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, and the mixture allowed to evaporate spontaneously in vucuo. The crystals which formed consisted of simply neutral mercuric sulphate.The action of water upon mercuric sulphate produces a basic salt and frse sulphuric a~id-3HgS0, + 2H,O = HgSO, (HgO), + 2H,SO,. The free acid dissolves some mercuric sulphate, but no acid salt appears to exist-at least, it cannot be got out of solution. The last crystals that form spontaneously out of the most acid solution are simply composed of the neutral sulphate. When a large quantity of water is employed in decomposing mercuric sulphate, no mercury, or a mere trace, is to be found in the liquid when separated from the basic salt. On the other hand, more mercury remains in solution when three molecules of water are used in decomposing the neutral salt than when two- the theoretical amount-are employed.The neutral sulphate is more soluble in slightly diluted edphuric acid than in the atrong acid; but it is not sensibly soluble in very dilute aoid.146 THE ANALYST. It may be worth noting here that when basic mercuric sulphate is dissolved in selenic acid, and the mixture allowed to evaporate spontaneously, neutral mercuric sulphate makes its appearance ; but when, on the contrary, basic mercuric selenate HgSeO, (HgO), is dissolved in sulphuric acid, and the solution allowed to evaporate spontaneously in vacuo, neutral mercuric sulphate crystallizes out. I t is stated in the books that the crystals formed by evaporating an acid solution of mercuric sulphate attract moisture from the air. This statement is incorrect. The crystals, when freed from excess of acid, are permanent in the air. It is stated that one part of basic mercuric sulphate dissolves in 3,000 parts of cold water.I find that a litre of water at 1 6 O Cent. (60.8 Fahr.) dissolves 0.023 mille- grammes of the salt, and at looo C. ; that is, 2-3 parts of the salt are soluble in 100,000 parts of water. The freshly precipitated salt, free from excess of acid, dissolves in time its weight of water at 16O C. The only acid mercury salt described in the books are the salt which I have shown not to be really an acid one, and an acid selenite of mercury, which I have some reason to conclude has no real existence. The tendency of neutral mercury salts is to combine with alkaline bodies, and not with acids. Basic mercuric sulphate dried at 100 C. dissolves to the extent of 09023 gramme in a litre of water at 1 6 O C. = 1 part of the salt in 43,478 parts of water. The salt, when freshly precipitated, dissolves to the extent of 0.031 gramme per litre of water = 1 part in 32,258 parts of water. The much greater solubility ascribed to this salt is evidently an error due to the determination of the solubility of a specimen containing free acid.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050144b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

146 THE ANALYST. EXAMINATION OF DEPOSIT IN COMMERCIAL DILUTED PHOSPHORIC ACID. BY P. C. JENSEN, PH.C. DURING the last six months I have been particularly interested in regard to a peculiar organized deposit, existing in a number of specimens of acid. phosph. dil. of commercial grades which have come under my observation. If this diluted acid is made, either by burning phosphorus in air or oxygen, resulting first in the production of phosphoric anhydride (P,O,), which is afterwards dissolved in water, or by the process of the Pharmacopeia-namely, the action of nitric acid upon phosphorus-the resulting product is not likely to be contaminated with foreign substances or the germs of organic matter. On the other hand, if this acid is made by dissolving glacial phosphoric acid in water, as prescribed or directed by some formulas yet in use among certain manufacturers on Continental Europe, or by the alternative process in the present U.S.Pharm., there is reason for the introduction of such matters. Glacial phosphoric acid is made from bones, by a roundabout process, which is very apt to result in an impure product. It is to these conditions in its manufacture that I attribute the cause of the organized deposit in the diluted acid, This deposit, like all fungous deposits, will increase by exposure to the atmosphere, with but very slight increase when air is completely excluded. Chemical Behaviour of the Deposit.-1st. To a small portion of the deposit I added concentrated sulphurio acid ; the substanse turned black (charred), evidence of organic matter.THE ANALYST.147 2nd. To a small portion of the deposit I added hydrochloric acid and potassic chlorate until the organic matter was oxidized, or broken up, as shown by the change of the solution from green to yellowish, constantly keeping up the measure by addition of water with constant stirring on a water bath at a temperature of 60° C., until sufficiently concentrated, and until chlorine was expelled. I then added ammonic carbonate, which produced a white precipitate. Another portion I treated with a solution of ammonic oxalate, producing calcic oxalate, insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric acid-evidence of calcium. I was unable to obtain any magnesium salt in the deposit, but I found a trace of hydrochlorio acid ; no silicate was present.3rd. The clear supernatant liquid of acid. phosph. dil., by addition of ammonic hydrate and ammonic carbonate, formed a white precipitate, which redissolved in acetic acid with effervescence. Then, on addition of ammonic oxalate, white calcic oxalate formed, insoluble in acetic, but soluble in hydrochloric acid. This furnishes conclusive evidence of lime both in the supernatant liquid and in the deposit. MicrescopicaZ Emamination of the Deposit.-For mieroscopical examination I employed a magnifying power of 75 diameters, being unable to use the high power with equal accuracy. The minutest quantity under the low power represents a fibrous network very analagous in appearance to the Tela Contexts, as found in the mosses, anastomosing and exhibiting very well-defined oblong muriform cells placed end to end. In the interstices of its central ramifications are seen small bodies resembling nuclei. These nuclei are nearly double the size of the diverging fibres constituting the mass of the deposit. The colour of the deposit is of a greyish white, with diffusive and elastic properties.-New Remedies.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500146

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 147 THE MANUFACTURE OF ALUMINIUM, SODIUM, AND SIMILAR. METALS. A PATENT has been obtained by Mr. W. P. Thompson, of Tranmere, for a novel process of manufacture of aluminium, sodium, and similar metals, which, if successful, would very greatly reduce the present high price of these metals. Liquid iron, either alone or in conjunction with hydrogen or carbon is to be the reducing agent, and the operation is to be conducted in an apparatus similar to the well-known Bessemer converter. This apparatus is made up of two characters. After the iron has been fused in the one it is transferred into the second by turning the converter. Through a tube opening into this second chamber, hydrogen, or carburetted hydrogen is allowed to enter, and through another one chloride or fluoride of aluminium in a state of fusion or as gas.Hydrogen and ferric chloride escape, and in the converter remains iron alloyed with aluminium and carbon. This mixture is then again transferred to No. 1 chamber, where the carbon is to be burnt by a current nf air. After retransferring to No. 2 the process of reduction is to be con- tinued, until the iron is almost wholly consumed, when hydrogen alone is to be used as reducing agent. For the preparation of sodium, hydrogen is not requisite. Iron, mixed with much carbon, is to be heated with caustic soda in the converter, and the sodium, said to be formed under these circumstances, is simply distilled off. When all carbon is coneumed the iron may be worked into Bessemer steel or may be again re-carbonised.Iron and potassium not forming an alloy the method is not well applicable for the preparation of potassium. Thus an iron-aluminium alloy results.148 THE ANALYST. For the manufacture of pure aluminium, sodium is to be preferred in the manner described, and then in the chamber containing the metal, chloride or fluoride of aluminium is to be allowed to enter, air being excluded. The chamber is provided with stirring gear, and is lined with alumina, or a mixture of lime, magnesia and alumina. The inventor will likewise apply his process to the preparation of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. (Patent 2101, March 27, 1879). ~ ADULTERATED DRUGS. AT the recent meeting of the Grand Jury of the County of Monaghan, Dr, C. A. Cameron, County Analyst, reported that amongst the articles analysed by him nine were drugs sup- plied to one of the Unions, and not one of which was pure. Sulphate of quinine, so called, did not contain a particle of that drug, but was composed wholly of sulphate of cinchonine. The " tincture " of perchloride of iron contained no spirit ; aromatic sulphuric acid con- tained no bark ; compound tincture of bark was deficient in extract, and did net contain all the ingredients which the Pharmacopceia directs. All the tinctures were deficient in spirit of wine. Etherial tincture of lobelia was made with methylated ether.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500147

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

148 THE ANALYST. CORRESPONDENCE. [The Editors are not responsible for the opinions of their Correspondents.] RUGBY NILK. To THE EDITOR OF <‘ THE ANALYST.” SIR,-I had this meek a sample of milk to analyse, which was supplied to one of the boarding houees. It contained- Total solids . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.921 Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nil. Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.258 ~ S.G.1006THE ANALYBT. 149 The milk was very sour, and quite curdled. On standing, the curd settled down, leaving a clear I am unable to say if the acidity of the milk is accidental (from dirty a n , &c.) or not. I ~m happy to say that all the Rugby Milks are not as bad as the above, but they seem to be The following analyaw I made about a year ago :- supernatant liquid. Under the microscope, B W ~ S of bacteria were detected.sophisticated. Weight of Total solids 100 0.a. solids. Fat. not fat. Ash. m a . 2 .. 102.3 .. 10.1025:.. 4345 .. 9.457 .. - Same source. 1 .. 101.5 .. 10038 .. 0.935 .. 9.103 .. *49 3 .. 102.3 .. 9.579 .. 484 .. 8.995 .. ,557 4 .. 102.2 .. 12,778 .. 1.780 .. 10998 .. - ]same source 5 .. 102.5 .. 13,317 ,. 3.263 .. 10.067 .. a673 6 .. 102.6 .. 10,809 .. 1.676 .. 9,133 .. *528 7 .. 102.2 .. 10176 .. 1.497 .. 8,679 .. *322 8 .. 102.2 .. 11.252 ,. 1.604 .. 9.648 .. *596 9 . . 101.9 . . 10.098 , . 2.031 .. 8.067 . . -529 11 . . 101.8 .. 14.74 . . 3.57 . , 10.17 . . ,658 1 10 .. 102.9 .. 14.868 .. 1.749 .. 13.119 .. - No. 5 I got from the can as the milkman was taking it home from the farm. No. 4 is the same milk when sold in the town. No. 10 is acknowledged skimmed milk from a farmer, and is better than some sold as fresh. No. 11 is the milk supplied me by the vendor of Nos. 4 and 5. I am, &c., A. PERCY SMITH.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050148b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYBT. 149 LAW REPORTS. Analyst’e Certi$cate as to Milk must state that no change has take?& place in the Sample to interfere ~ULTERATED &x.-Robert Jackson was summoned by the police for selling milk adulterated with water at Old Sleaford. Mr. Jessopp appeared for defendant. Supt. Stevenitt depoaed that on the 27th of May he purchased a quart of milk of defendant’s wife, for which he paid 4d., and conveyed the same the next day to Dr. Graham, of London, whose certificate he then produced, which showed that the milk consisted of one-tenth of water. Mr. Jessopp for the defence, observed that he should before proceeding to answer the charge, raise a technical objection with reference to the words used by the Superintendent when purchasing the milk. According to the Act any person purchasing an article for analysis, must notify to the seller or his agent his intention of having the same analysed by the Public Analyst. The Inspector must, according to the Act, make use of the words ‘‘ Public Analyst.” Mr.Jessopp quoted an appeal case in the Exchequer Division, Barnes v. Clipps,” which was dismissed owing to the omission of the words I‘ Public Analyst,” by theinspector who purchased the article. Supt. Stevenitt recalled, stated that when he &st bought the milk he told Mrs. Jackson it was for analysis; he asked her to divide it, and upon meeting with a refusal he said he should take it to the County Analyst who would divide it ; he said County not Publio. This objection was over-ruled, the Bench considering that County Analyst was sufficient.Mr Jessopp remarked that he had a further technical objection to raise with reference to the wording of the certificate. According to Stone’s Justice’s Manual, in the case of milk it must be specially stated by the :analyst whether any change has taken place to interfere with analyeis, and unless such statement were made the certificate didnot conform with the Act. I t was also shown that the analyst’s wrtificate must be taken as prima jacie evidence to save the expense and trouble of the analyst being present to prove the case. The Chairman observed that having taken their Clerk’s opinion and duly oonsidered the circumstances, it appeared that the analyst’s Certificate was not made out in conformity with the Act and they should therefore dismiss the case.with the Analysis :- Sweet Spirits of Nitre :- At the Stockport Borough Court Houde, on 17th July, Henry Charles Bennett was charged with selling, to the prejudioe of Jacob Marehall, on the 3rd inst., a certain quantity of sweet spirits of nitre, the same not being of the nature, substance, and quality demanded by the purchaser. The Town Clezk promuted on behalf of the Sanitary Committee of Stockport ; Mr. Glaisyer, of Birmingham, appsuinq for the d a f w . Jamb M a , inspeatar of nnimncea, said that on the 3rd July, he went150 TKE ANALYST. to the defendant's shop and asked him for 4 oz. of sweet spirits of nitre. He paid 1s. 4d. for it, and then told the defendant that it was to be analysed by the Public Analyst, and divided it into three parts.One bottle was sent to the analyst, and afterwards his certificate was received and was to the following effect :-That instead of containing three per cent. of nitrous sether, the sample only contained 1.15 per cent., and that the specific gravity was ,844 instead of ,855. Mr. Oswald Wilkinson, Borough Analyst, was then called. He said he received a sample of sweet spirits of nitre similar to the one which had been produced in court, marked B. No. 2, from Inspector Marshall. He analysed it, and afterwards delivered a certificate to the inspector personally. He said the sample only contained 1.15 of nitrous sether. The British Pharmacopceia gave three per cent. as a fair standard of the quality of the article. He did not consider that a person asking for sweet spirits of nitre received what he desired when he only got an article containing 1.15 of nitrous sether.Sweet spirits of nitre was the same article that was mentioned in the British Pharmacopceia. Dr. Downs : What name had this formerly ? Witness said that its far as he could remember, it had been known as sweet spirits of nitre or spirits of nitrous ether. He tested it by specific gravity. He did not use the tests recommended by the British Pharmacopoeia, but those of DuprB. He tested it for the colour to the extent of five minutes. He had never made an experiment on an article containing pure nitrous sether. Here, at the request of the solicitor for the defence, witness described minutely the tests ordered by Duprh. He said he believed the nitrous sether to be the active medicinal principle. At once he would say the purchaser was prejudiced in receiving the article which the defendant had sold.To the best of his ability it r a s the nitrous sther that did 'the good for which the medicine was taken. He should think there was something present besides nitrous rather. Sweet spirits of nitre was the common name for spiritus stheris nitrosi. Dr. Edwin Rayner, medical officer of health for the borough of Stockport, said that the article ought to contain more than two per cent. of nitrous sther. He had himself analysed specimens some years ago. It was a very common medicine, and was used very extensiveIy by the people. It possessed certain properties which rendered it good for certain diseases. These properties were known, and the medicine was used by the public accordingly.The absence of nitrous ether would decrease the medicinal value of the drug. Cross-examined : The sample in question was not a good one, because it contained less than two per cent. Mr. Glaisyer having opened the case for the defence, Henry Charles Bennett said he was the defendant, and was a chemist and druggist in business in this town. He recollected the inspector coming on the 3rd June and asking for four ounces of sweet spirits of nitre, and paid 1s. 4d. He served him with the article commonly sold as sweet spirits of nitre. That article was in constant request by the public. He had supplied the British Ph:trmacopceia preparation, and he constantly had it brought back. He had complaints in every case about it, about its unpleasant smell, burning their throats, and thecolour.He purchased the article he sold from Messrs. Evans, Son, and Go., Liverpool, in May. He supplied it to the inspector in the same condition as he received it. He kept both preparations in his shop. He had been in Stockport about three years. The difference in price was 4d. per pound between the two. The wholesale prices were 3s. and 3s. 4d. One was sweeter than the other, and that was why they took it. H( did not think that the sweet spirits of nitre was an inferior quality to the British Pharmacopceia. By Mr. Glaisyer : The reJson for selling a850 was that the customers would not have the other. He had not recently attempted to supply it. Professor Attfield said there were two distinct varieties of sweet spirits of nitre in this country ; some other varieties were imported.There were varieties in all countries on the continent, and that was perfectly well known. The materials used in these two varieties were quite distinct. Thevariety of the British Pharmacopeia is made from spirits of wine, nitric acid, copper, and sulphuric acid. The latter variety is made with the materials men- tioned in the Pharmacopceia of 1809, 1836, and 1851. In the 1863 Pharmacopceia the ingredients are the game. The processes were practically the same. In this particular case he received a sealed sample on the 5th July. He analysed the contents of the bottle, and compared it with samples of perfect purity, made by himself, and it was quite as good as them. It was, in his opinion, a good sample of sweet spirit of nitre.It was as good in appearance and odour, and answered as well to the testa and specific gravity. The specilic gravity is ,850. He considered that the analyst had obtained figures which were too low, and that he did so because the temperature that he observed was too high. The temperature he should have observed is 60 degrees, whereas he stated that he worked at 64&* Fahrenheit. In the Pharmacopceia these ingredients were ordered to be taken at 60 degreee, and that would partly account for the difference. He considered that he worked on too small a quantity. By Mr. Glaisyer : As regards the percentage of nitrous ather, no one knew what that per- centage should be. The :malyst found 1.15 of nitrous rather.He placed not the slightest reliance on say point by which the analyst got at 1.15 per cent. There might have been more or less. The proaess wan wholly nntru~tworthy. He said that medical authoritien could not agree as to the exret mbiknee,THE ANALYST. 161 The benefit as a medicine might be due to nitrous Ether or to aeldhyde ; it may be due to other ethereal bodies. It might be due to union of those substances. On this point medical authorities are not agreed. Michael Conroy said he was manager for Messrs. Evans, Son & Co., Liverpool. They were manufacturers of drugs and other medicines. They supplied the defendant with the sweet spirits of nitre in May last. The new variety was dearer than the old, therefore it would be to their advantage to push the sale of the new.They sold about 3 gallons per week, whereas of the old they regulrtrly sold from 120 to 150 gallons per week. The magistrates then retired, and after a brief consultation returned into court, when they said that they thought the evidence was in favour of the defendant, and therefore the case would be dismissed. Mr. Glaisyer then asked the bench for costs. They replied that they must consider the other side as well, but they had been thinking of that a while ago, and $10 would be allowed, but this was not to be taken as a precedent in any future cases. The specific gravity was -850. Sunday Samples.-Salt in Milk :- At Woolmich several points of public interest arose during the investigation of certain adulteration caeee consequent on a Sunday collection of milk aamples by the Woolvich Local Board of Health.I n the case of John Chard and Joseph Brandon, the samples were found to be adulterated with 26 per cent. of added water and 100 grains of salt per gallon, and the blame was in both instances attributed to a man in the employ of the wholesale dealer, who was said to have admitted his guilt. The magistrate,, M i . Maraham, asked for what purpose the salt was introduced, and Mr. Hughes, the Local Board solicitor, aaid it might be to preserve the milk, but it was probably to increase the specific gravity and prevent the presence of water being detected iu the lactometer. The Board’s inspector said he had beon informed by cowkeepers that tha salt would give a ‘‘ body ” to weak milk and prevent the water from being discovered. Mr.Hamilton, the farmer by whom the milk was originally supplied, expressed a desire to take criminal proceedings against his agent for adulterating the milk and thereb? damaging the trade, adding that he had such an abundance of milk that he hxdly knew what to do with it. Mr. Mersham said it was common complaint among milk sellers that they could not get a warranty from the wholasale dealers, and Mr. Hamilton replied that he was alway8 ready to give a warranty if required. Mr. Hughea ex- pressed a desire to have the agent present to answer the allegations made a:ninst him, and the cases were accordingly adjourned. The analyst’s certificate in the case of James W. Headman, another milk- man, showed an adulteration of 10 per cent. of added water, but the defendant declared that the milk only passed through the hands of himself and son, and was as pure as it could possibly be.All milk, he said, contained some water, that fxom cows in the shed more than from cows at grass. Mr. Hughes informed the magistrate that the analyst allowed 10 per cent. of water as a proper constituent of milk. The defendant repeated that his milk was pure, aud requested that the analyst or his inspeator would come to his shed, milk a cow himself, and then examine the sample and experiment, for which he offered to pay the expenses. Mr. Hughes said it was a fair challenge, and it was arranged that the inspectom ehould take a sample direct from the cow and send it for analysis in the usual way, the defendant to pay one guinea expenses.For thig purpose the case was adjourned for a fortnight.-Times. Employer Fined for Addition of Water to Milk by his Servant :- At Marylebone Police Court, Mr. Herbert Dodwell, farmer, of Lob Farm, Tetsworth, Oxfordshire, was summoned for selling milk found on analysis to be adulterated. The defendant has recently entered into a contract to supply the Royal Shorthorn Dairy Company, of Bridge Terrace, Paddington, with milk, and had formerly supplied the Express Milk Company for eight years. In consequence of an application made by the manager of the former company to thehspector, he attended at Paddington Station on the arrival of three churns from the defedant, put seals on them, and gave notice of his in- tention to defendant to take samples. He did so in the presence of defendant, and had them analysed by the Ptiblic Analyst, whose certificates showed them to be adulterated with 18, 13, and 12 per cent.of added water respectively. M i . Poland said the defendant was, by agreement with the Royal Shorthorn Dairy Company, under a forfeit of S20 on every occasion on which he should not supply pure milk to them, After careful inquiry they had found that a man employed by the defendant to cool the milk over the refrigerator, had added water to the milk, and on his being told that he would be called as a witnes~, he had admitted the offence. The defendant was exceedingly sorry, for the act of his man had made him liable to the law. The Rev. John Armstrong Coghlan, vicar of Tetsworth, and the Hon. Francis Parker, son of the defendant’s landlord, both gave him a very excelient character ; and Mr.George Barham, manager of the Express Dairy Company, said that during the eight years the defendant had aupplied them with milk it had been invariably good. The magistrate neid he w&i very glad i n d d152 THE ANALYST. that these steps had been taken. So far as the defendant was concerned, he was willing to believe the defence was a genuine one, but the evidence showed that the defendant did not attend personally to his business, but left it a great deal to his servants. Fined ~ O S . , and S3 3s. costs. No Adultevation, if Substance added ir not Injurious to Health, and doer not Interfere with Weight or Measure of Article Sold :- At the Bolton Borough Court, Peter Featherstone, farmer, Turton, was charged with selling milk not of the substance or quality demanded.Nr. Hick, of the Town’s Clerk department, applied for a remand. Mr. Fielding objected to this. His client had been summoned to answer the chmge that morning, and was ready to do so. The Mayor agreed with Mr. Fielding, but granted a remand for half- an-hour. On the case being again brought forward Mr. Hick stated that the offence was rather an aggravated one, for defendant had been previously convicted. The Mayor thought those remarks ought not to have been made at that stage in the case. William James, Inspector of Nuisances, said he purchased a pint of milk from defendant in Ashburner Street. He asked for it out of a particular kit in defendant’s cart, but defendant refused to allow this.On asking the price he was told it was 24d. per quart, so he paid l i d . for the pint, and then told defendant he should have it snalyaed. I t was then divided into three parts, of which defendant kept one, and another portion was taken to Dr. Sergeant. He was aware that the ordinary price of new milk was 34d. per quart, and on telling defendant for what purpose the milk was obtained, was informed that it was night’s and morning’s milk, but defendant did not explain definitely what he meant by that remark. Richard Bullough, shopkeeper, Ashburner Street, said that defendant supplied him with milk, and he had been in danger of being convicted on account of the quality which defendant supplied. Witness did not confine his purchases to defendant, for there were two other milk dealers of whom he bought.The price paid to defendant was 3d. per quart. Dr. Sergeant proved receiving the sample of milk from the witness James, which, when analysed, was found to contain 20 per cent. of water and was further weakened by the abstraction of the cream. Nr. Hicks applied for the full penalty of S20, under section six of the Food and Drugs Act, for it was quite evident from Dr. Sergeant’s report that the milk was not only ekimmed milk but was largely adulterated with water. The Mayor said that when James, the Inspector, demanded milk of a particular kit, and then learned that it was night’s and morning’smilk he would understand that it was mixed milk. Nr. Hick did not think 80. Eten if it were so, it would only apply to the mixing of different aorts of milk. The oharge was for mixing water with the milk. The Mayor said the Act did not regard it as adulteration if any substance was mixed with an article, which was not of itself injurious to health,and which did not interfere with the weight or measure of the article sold. If the Act had mentioned the quality of the article there might be a case, but in the present instance he thought there was none. The prose- cution had failed to make it perfectly clear that the measure had been increased, or that the water added to the milk was iujurious to health. Addressing Dr. Sergeant, his Worship asked if this was 80, and receiving for answer that it could not be proved that it was, the Mayor asked if water could be said to be injurious to health ? Dr. Sergeant said it depended on the circumstances. The Mayor: I did not aBk that. Dr. Sergeant said that he could not say that it was. The Mayor resuming, said the Bench had decided to dismiss the case, as they thought the charge had not been established. Nr. Hick then applied for leave to state E fresh case, which was granted. If water was taken where milk was wanted then it was. I asked if water ordinarily was injurious.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500149

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC