摘要:

76 THE A N A L Y S T . APRIL, 1880. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. A General Meeting of this Society was held on Wednesday, the 17th instant, at The Scrutineers having examined the voting papers reported that the following J. G. Tatters, Chemist to the Jarrow Chemical Works, South Shields. F. P. Perkins, Public Aiialyst for Exeter. Elwyn Waller, Ph.D., F.A.C.S., School of Mines, Columbia College, New York. H. A. Mott, Ph.D., F.A.C.S., 117, Wall Street, New York. H. Lancaster Hobbs, Analytical Chemist, Holborn Viaduct. The following gentlemen were proposed for election as Members, and will be F. A. Bond, M.B., &c., Brincklow, Coventry. J. Napier, Public Analyst for West Suffolk, &c. H. S. Carpenter, Analytical Chemist, Holborn Viaduct. The following papers were then read and discussed :- ‘( On a Peculiar Water,” by Dr.W. Wallace. ( ( On the Estimation of Phosphoric Acid in Phosphatic Materials,” by A. Srnethau, F.C.S., and Mr. Dyer, Mr. Hehner, Dr. Bartlett and others took part in the discussion which ensued, and Mr. Smetham replied. (‘ On the Work Done during 1879 under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts,’’ by G. W. Wigner, F.C.S., when Dr. Dupr4, &Ir. Hehner, and others made some important remarks on the recently issued Report of the Iiiland Revenue Commissioners, ((The Effect of Light upon some Reagents and Chemical Compounds,” by T. P. Blunt, F.C.S. The President called attention to an abstract in the JournaZ of i12e Chmical Society of a paper by Mr. Allen ‘‘ On the Analytical Examination of Tinctures,” which had been read before the Society of Public Analysts and published in THE ANALYST last year. This paper had been reprinted by the Phamacezctical Journal and of course acknowledged, but the abstractor of the Chemical Society described the paper as being from the Pharnznceutical JournaZ, thus ignoring both the Society of Public Analysts and THE ANALYST.The President thought the Committee of Publication of the Chemical Society’s Jozmal should have their attention directed to the matter, as this was said to be not the first time such a thing had occurred. Burlington House, Piccadilly, the President, Dr. Muter, in the chair. gentlemen had been duly elected as Members :- ballotei for at the nest Meeting :- Tlie next Meeting of the Society will take place on April the 14th, at Burlington House.76 THE ANALYST. ON TEE WORE DONE DURING 1879 UNDER THE SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. OWING to several of the returns from Public Analysts having been sent in within the past few days, we regret to state that we are compelled to hold over this interesting tabular statement, together with the paper written on the subject until next month; but we may mention that it comprises returns from as many as 200 districts, which is a much larger number than we have been able to include in any previous statement. We are also obliged to postpone until our next number the observations made by members of the Society on the recently issued Inland Revenue Commissioners’ Report.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500075

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

76 THE ANALYST. ON TEIE DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BUTTER FAT AND OTHER SOLIDS AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURES. BY A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S., &c. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 18th February, 1880. I CONSIDER it far more convenient to take the specific gravity of solid butter fat at 1 5 O than at higher temperatures. My procedure, which has no claim to originality, is as follows :-A short wide test tube is taken, and a little mercury is placed at the bottom, or, which is perhaps more convenient, a lead weight is attached by means of a little wire cage. This is now suspended to the scale-hook by a fine thread of glass and weighed in water, the height of the water in the beaker being noted and kept constant in any subsequent operation. The same tube is now filled with a weighed portion of the filtered butter fat under examination, and the whole weighed in water.From the data thus obtained the usual odculations axe made. Thus, as an example :- arms. Weighted test tube in water . . . . . . . . . . 18.224 Weight of butter fat in air . . . . . . . . . . 22.223 Loss of weight in water . . . . . . . . . . 1.722 then 22.223 1.722 x 22.223 = 9280 SP. gr. I find that the average specific gravity of Devon butters taken in this way is -9275, whilst butterine is 08467. This method is also excellent for the purpose of determining the speciiis gravity of a variety of organic solids, whether they be lighter or heavier than water. If, for example, it is necessary for the purpose of the pathologist to take the specific gravity of kidney or muscle, the tube with mercury is weighed as before, a section of the tissue cut by means of a cork-cutter so that it exactly fits, and, indeed moves rather tightly into the tube, and the surface of the section covered with the mercury and then weighed in water.Should a, solid be full of pores, as-for example-bread, it may be placed in a tube, stoppered with a caoutchouc doubly perforated cork, one perforation oarrying a thistle head funnel tube, the other a tube for connection with eprengel. In the throat of the funnel a solid rod is ground airtight, and the mercuryTHE ANALYST. 77 is poured into the funnel. On now completely exhausting the tube of air, the solid stopper is gently loosened and a thin stream of mercury allowed to pour in ; thus the solid is completely injected and all errors from air avoided.ON BLOWPIPE ASSAYS OF SILVER LEAD. BY F. MAXWELL LYTE, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 18th February, 1880. IN making blowpipe assays of lead ore, one considerable disadvantage and cause of inaccuracy has always been the extreme minuteness of the button of silver usually obtainable. By the following simple method the whole of the silver may be collected from a comparatively large quantity of ore, so as to be able to obtain a really ponderable button, even before the blowpipe. From one to five grammes of the lead ore to be examined are reduced to fine powder, and treated with strong HCl., and boiled till the whole of the lead has become converted into Pb.Cl,. This usually takes place rapidly.The solution, together with the gangue, is evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, and for each gramme of lead ore which has been employed 50 or 60 e.c. of saturated solution of chloride of sodium is to be added. This being heated to boiling, with the residue of the evaporation of the acid solution of the ore takes up all the Pb.Cl, and the Ag.Cl. The solution is filtered, as hot as possible, into a beaker, or capsule, and the precipitate washed on the filter with a little boiling brine, the washings being added to the rest of the filtrate. Meanwhile a little spongy lead is prepared by reducing a solution of lead acetate with a rod of metallic zinc, and four or five bits of this spongy lead, about the size of peas, are to be added to the hot brine solution and digested with it on B water-bath for a few hours.Such bits of spongy lead will not really weigh altogether more than -04 to *05 grammes, and these will collect all the silver from the solution, The spongy lead should not be compressed when put into the brine, and will float in it, and while they are digested together they should be frequently stirred and agitated with a glass rod. The lead, as soon as placed in the brine, will be seen to change from its blue grey tint to a dull silver grey, and this reaction also affords a delioate test to see when the extraction of the silver is complete. It is only necessary to drop into the solution a fresh morsel of spongy lead, and observe whether it changes colour or not. As soon as the reaction is complete, and all the silver has been withdrawn from solution the argentiferous lead may be collected and fused with Na,CO, on a charcoal support, and finally cupelled; and if properly manipulated, a lead button may be obtained containing all the silver from several grammes of ore, and yet able to be cupelled before the blowpipe.With a little practice the operator will Boon find out how to apportion the quantity of spongy lead he employs to the quantity of ore worked on, so as to obt& a button of treatable size, and yet containing ponderable quantities of silver. ON THE PERSISTENT OCCURRENCE OF STARCH. BY FRANK P. PERKINS, Public Analyst for Exeter. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 18th February, 1880. THINGS trivial in themselves occasionally assume a high degree of importance, and in the daily whirl we are too apt to overlook it.There is a substance used extensively by everyone, everywhere, constituting a great portion of our daily food, and yet its very78 THE ANALYST. oommonness makes us forget how widespread it is. This substance is starch. Until it is brought home to us in some direct manner we do not bestow a thought on the fact that it is always present with us, and that the dust of our houses, and the air we breathe must contain starch. My attention was first called to what may be named the Not many months since I was engaged on a case in which a woman was charged with the murder and mutilation of a child, a case horrible in all its details, the end of which was that the murderess paid the full penalty of her crime on the scaffold. Many articles were submitted to me for examination ; among them a chopper, on which was a stain that proved to be not blood, but starch discoloured by iron rust.Another thing was a razor, on which was found blood and starch. I spent some time in endeavouring to solve the problem, How did it come there? Supposing the child had been fed with farinaceous food, and this instrument used in severing the head from the body, would any starch have been likely to adhere to it, and was there any connection between the razor and the chopper ? A piece of floorcloth turned up. It had been taken from the mill-stream, and was said to have been the piece in which the child’s head was wrapped when it was thrown into the water, It was thoroughly soaked with water and rotten; it had evidently been in the water for a long while, water insects had taken up their abode on it, and were clinging to it.It was minutely examined, but-as might be expected-no blood stains were discovered, but starch again made its appearance-not a few grains here and there, but every part was crowded with granules. It was thickly coated in some places with a black incrustation ; this appeared to be nearly made up of starch. I began to open my eyes. This starch had evidently not come from the body. Could the floorcloth have formerly been placed beneath some table on which culinary operations were performed. Full of these thoughts I went to my own kitchen, and transferring a little of the inevitable dust from the matting placed under the table to a glass slide, I submitted it to micro- scopical inspection ; there were the granules of starch plain enough. I was now fully awake.I went to the lobby, and in the dust of the floor starch was present ; I went to the staim, starch was again found. Evidently then, the occurrence of starch in this investigation was but of little value, although that in the child’s food bottle afterwards examined was found to be similar in character, and although the woman stated in her confession that the chopper had been used in the way at first suggested, after which she washed it. But what these observations lead to is this, viz : the way in which starch granules are carried or wafted everywhere. I have since examined dust from the floor, and the ledgerj of the door of my laboratory ; freshly deposited dust from a aideboard ; dust from high up on papered walls ; dust that had settled on new wood- work in a room, dust from the mouldings of the street door, and in every iustance starch granules have been identified. The granules have in all cases been confirmed by means of the polariscope, much in the same way as suggested by Dr. Tripe, in his interesting paper in the December number of THE ANALYST ;* and probably starch may be frequently overlooked or species confounded without the aid of this beautiful and useful apparatus. I have thought it worth while to bring these thoughts before YOU, because I believe the consideration may be applied, and be helpful in discriminating between wilful and accidental adulteration of certain articles of food. * Vol. iv., p. 1321. Persistent Occurrence of Starch,’’ in rather a notable way.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500076

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 79 THE EFFECT OF LIGHT UPON SOME REAGENTS AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. By T. P. BLUNT, M.A. Oxon., F.C.S. Read befors the Society of Public Analysts, on 17th March, 1880. THE following remarks are for the most part of a practical character, and intended to point out the importance to the chemist of a consideration of the effects of exposure to light upon some of the ordinary reagents of the laboratory, which have not been usually regarded as subject to its influence. My attention was first drawn in this direction in the course of an investigation into the action of light on certain organisms, upon which Dr. A. H. Downes and I have been engaged for more than two years. Nearly all our results have been embodied in a series of papers read before the Royal Society, but it may not be considered impertinent to reproduce here such of them as have a bearing upon the practical question of the preservation of reagents.I do not pretend that all the faeb detailed below are new, but some of them have certainly not received the attention the3 deserve. Oxalic acid forms P most useful basis for a standard solution, owing to the ewe80 THE ANALYST. with which it is obtained in a pure state by crystallization, and subsequently weighed, but it has fallen into disrepute on account of the instability of the normal solutions prepared with i t ; now it has been clearly proved by us that this instability is solely due to the action of light, and bhat normal volumetric oxalic solution (6.3 per cent.) may be preserved unchanged for any period in the dark.The same remark applies even to the decinormal (0.63 per cent.) solution, if the precaution be taken of first boiling to destroy germs or organisms, otherwise it may become turbid and lose strength in the dark. In the light decinormal oxalic solution is rapidly destroyed by oxidation. In one of our experiments, made in test tubes, partially filled, and pluggod with cotton wool, six months’ insolation, between Jan. 21st and June 15th, sufficed to destroy both acid taste and reaction, ap- parently leaving nothing behind but pure water-the carbonic acid formed having of course escaped, I have already, in the columns of THE ANALYST, called attention to the fact that a weak permanganate solution, such as that used by Tidy in water analysis, is perfectly permanent for one month when kept in the dark.My experience extends now over a longer period, and I find that such a solution may be preserved unchanged in the dark for many months, in spite of variations of temperature. Potassium iodide and ferrous iodide are a pair of compounds whose conduct under light is mutually anomalous ; solid potassium iodide in presence of light and moisture soon becomes tinged with yellow through the liberation of iodine, while it is a fact well known to pharmacists that in order to preserve the syrup of iodide of iron (ferrous iodide) from discolouration it should be placed in white glass bottles in the strongest available light. We once half filled a test tube with the syrup and exposed it in a window, in the summer. Each morning a brown layer appeared on its surface, the accumulation of the past night.This gradually disappeared in the sunlight, so that before evening the contents of the tube had once more become completely colourless, and this phenomenon occurred as long as the experiment was under observation. It was satisfactorily proved that the only effect of the sugar was to render the solution more stable, for aqueous solutions of ferrous iodode were found to become discoloured much more rapidly in the dark than when exposed to sunlight. Solutions of potassium iodide behave in a n exactly opposite manner to those of ferrous iodide in all the respects men- tioned above ; they become discoloured under sunlight, but can be preserved indefinitely in the dark, and if a dilute solution which has turned yellow in the light be afterwards screened from it, the colour very gradually disappears. The cause of the discolouration of potassium iodide by light having been much dis- anssed of late years, it may perhaps be worth while to give a somewhat detailed account of our own attempts art the solution of the problem.Four tubes containing a weak solution of the salt, which filled them to about one-third of their capacity, were exhausted at the gprengel pump; air which had been freed from carbonic and all other acids by long contact and frequent agitation with caustic potash was then admitted by a special arrangement, and the tubes were sealed off; two were insolated and two encased. At the game time some more of the solution was placed in four ordinary test tubes, which were simply plugged with cotton wool, and exposed to sunlight and darkened respectively in a similar manner to the previous pairs.All the insolated tubes rapidly became coloured, no difference being noticeable between the rates of colouration in the tubes containing ordinary and purified air, those kept in the dark being perfectly preserved. A pair of tubes was now charged with solution, exhausted and sealed off. No change took place on insolation, and thus theTHE ANALYST. 81 somewhat improbable alternative of mere dissociation was disposed of, and the conclusion remained that the effect of light mas due to direct oxidation, without the intervention of any acid. There can be little doubt that solution of potassium iodide of any strength could be perfectly preserved in a well-stoppered bottle in the dark, and would be much more con- venient than the fragments of solid salt me are most of us in the habit of using.A similar reaction to that observed in the case of potassium iodide under light occurrs with dilute solutions of all the alkaline osalates, which are gradually oxidized, with the formation of carbonates, but much less rapidly than a solution of oxalic acid of corresponding strength. In operating on solutions containing the same proportion of acid radical it was found that the decomposition was nearly equal in the case of the oxalates of sodium, potassium, and lithium, but somewhat greater in that of the ammonium salt ; hence it would appear to be dosirablo to keep solutions of ammonium osalate in tho dark when they are required to be preserved of uniform strength-as for instance, where they are employed in the volumetric estimation of lime.In the course of one of our experiments two tubes were partially filled over mercury with a mixture of atmospheric air and ammoniacal gas, one mas then exposed to light and the other darkened. On examining the tubes after many months the mercury had riscn in the cncased tube. The surface of the metal Fas blackened and its convexity lost, thwo appearances being evidently due to oxidation. In the tube in the light, on the other band, the level of the mercury remained unchanged, and its surface mas clean, bright and convex. These results afford strong presumptive evidence against the formation of ozono in sunlight, and consequently against the views of those writera who have ascribed some of the phenomena of oxidation under light to its interrention, for it is well known that a trace of ozone in air is capable of destroying the convexity and Iustro of the mercurial surface.Dr. Dupr6 said he heard a similar paper read some time ago, and he went the next day and examined his decinormal oxalic acid which had been made about 14 months, and standing in a place never struck by sunlight. He had some of the exact acid with which it wag made and could certainly find no difference betweon the two. He thought it was probably through germs if any change took place. If no germs could get in it a solution might remain correct for a number of years. Mr. Hehner pointed out that some germs were not fond of light as they flourished much better in the dark. If fungus were exposed to the sunlight it would very quickly die. Dr. Bartlett said that he had some potassium iodide which had been for about 20 years in the dark in his laboratory, and it had become of a deep yellow colonr, Dr. Muter said that had it been in the light it might have been affected.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050079b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 81 ON THE PRESENCE OF ARSENIC I N THE ATMOSPHERE. BY H. C. BARTLETT, PH.D., &c. HAVING been very anxious to ascertain if arsenic in any form can be detected in the jtmospherc of a room papered with arsenical wall paper, I have made a series of preliminary experiments which appear to prove that this highly important object can be satisfactorily accomplished. I. I first took a, large glass jar, in which I placed three square yards of mall paper,82 THE ANALYST. known to be free from arsenic and antimony. I then passed a gentle stream of pure hydrogen, obtained from the gradual decomposition of sodium amalgam, through the jar, directing tlie jet of gas upon a filter paper moistened with very slightly acid silver nitrate. When this experiment was conducted in complete darkness, or with the assistance of completely non-actinic light, no reaction took place during an exposure of twelve hours.11. Repeated this experiment, after passing a small quantity of ammoniacal gas through the jar, with the same result as before. 111. This time I varied the experiment by producing the hydrogen by the decompo- sition of zinc in dilute sulphuric acid. After twelve hours a slight stain on the filter paper hduced me to continue, greatly increasing tlie quantity of hydrogen passing through the jar. This was very unsatisfactory, as both the zinc and the acid appeared to be free from arsenic and antimony when tested by Marsh's process. IV. My next attempt was to substitute a,luminium and pure potassic liyclrate for the acid, and afterwards magnesium for the zinc, a i d when 110 actinic light fell upon the nitrate of silver paper no cliscoloumtion took place.I therefore assume that my samples of zinc, or sulphuric acid, contained a trace of arsenic too minute to be detected by Marsh'a test, but sufficient to give a strong reaction with ammoniacal silver nitrate. V. Taking the same quantity of wall paper as in the previous experiments, but selecting one coloured with a large quantity of arsenical pigment, I moisteiied the back of the paper slightly, and then passed a little ammoiiiacal gas through the jar. The hydrogen from sodium amalgam being the purest and most easily available, I chose this, and I am happy to say that in each of the three experiments so carried out there has been a, characteristic reaction, proving to my mind conclusively that arsenic in a gaseous or pulverulent form, emanating from wall paper, can be detected.I am now about to try a long continuous experiment of passing pure hydrogen with a trace of ammonia over the surface of 20 square yards of paper in tlie hope of being able to collect the resulting arsenious compounds of silver salt (arsenite of silver). A deep brown mark then resulted. MILK OF Rvmsmrs.-In all probability there has not been sufficient attention, thinks Dr. Brush, drawn to the differences existing between the milk of animals who ruminate, as the cow, and those who do not chew the cud, as the ass and the horsc ; and he wonld divide milk into two classes-that which is the product of cud-chewing, aud that which is the product of non-cud-chewing animals.The milk of the cud-chewers contains a variety of caseine, which, under the action of the digestive process, coagulates into a hard mass. Contrary to the often-expressed belief, he declares that this coagulatioii takes place in the ordinary process of digestion in the calf. He had one tied up, out of the reach of any food, and had it fed with freshly-drawn corn's milk. Half an hour after its meal, he always found it busily chewing the cud. After many inquiries, he has ascertained that the same takes place with the sheep and the goat ; and from these facts, he is inclined to explain the difficulty often experienced by the human stomach in properly digesting the milk of ruminating animals. The other variety of milk, to which human, equine, and asses' milk belong, does not under the action of acids in the same Kay coagulate into the hard mass that is found in cows' milk, but coagulates rather into small granular or flocculent masses, which are easily diffusible. This would explain why Kumyss prepared froni corn' milk is found to agree better with children than corns' milk itself ; the Kumyss has been, so to speak, already chewed. In the milk of the cud-chewers there is but a small amount of sugar and I\ large amount of caseine, while exactly the reverse of this is the case with the milk of the non-cud-chewers ; and in illis fact there is again a reason why the milk of the latter, at least in the case of children who cannot get their natural supply, is to be preferred. I t mill be remembered that Kumyss is a beverage prepared By the people of Yakutz from mares' milk, and found to be highly nutritious, but that the beverage referred to by Dr. Brush is a product artificially prepared froni cows' milk.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500081

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. a3 REVIEWS. Awtals of Chemical Medicine. THIS first volume of a new periodical possesses very marked originality. Of chemistry, pure and simple, it contains but little ; but of that chemistry which forms the boundary line between that science and physiology, it is full. By J. L. W. THUDICHUx, M.D. London: Longmans, Green &- Co.81 THE ANALYST. To tnkc tlic most ~nfavonrable feature first, some parts of the volume are of a very personal character. Dr. Thudichiuin feels himself aggrieved by nnautliorised and unacknon-ledged use of his TT-orlr. We call hardly n-onder even if TVC regret that he takes the first really suitable opportunity to publish his grievances. He is by no means alone in this respect, feer every chemical reader knows how frequently personal matters are forced on his atteiition, because in 110 other way can the rightful claims of a discoverer or inrentor be brought to notice.Entirely apart from this v e have a large amount of interesting biographical information, put before the reader with a peculiar and marked style, and with little facts, of much interest which n-ould escape the notice of an ordinary witer. This is specially noticeable in some curious anecdotes of AIeyer‘s life, which we do not remember to have seen anywhere else. Infection and coiitagion are carefully and completely treated, i.e., as completely as the space allow, and in this cas3 certainly tlie author summarises the views of others so justly that he cannot be considered to give undue predominance to his o~vii. The chapters on the Organic Acids of the Brain, and on the Chemical Decomposi- tion of the Bile vill both be read mitli interest.~ l 0 l l ‘ p i p C A N L ~ ~ s ~ s . By J. LANDAUER. Translated by J. TAYLOR and W. E. KAY, 1879. London : Macmillan 6- Co. CXTIL recently chemical literature has been very deficient in works upon this subject; and generally tlie only information the student could obtain on blowpipe analysis was from tlie fev experiments given-in tables on qualitative analysis-for “ the preliminarl- examination.” We are sure this book vill be favourably received : not only does it give most of the latest foreign improvements, but also those that have been added by England to this important method of analysis. I n the first chapter is contaiiied a very good account of the L i apparatus and reagents” required, followed by one on the ‘. Operations of Blowpipe Analysis,” giving the reactions on the ‘( Alumiiiinm Plate ”- ROSS’S-‘~ Bunsen’s Flame Reactions,” &c. Chapters three and four are devoted to the reactions of the elements in combination, and the systematic examination for them. At the end of tho Tvork are a series of tables arranged as simply as it is possible : it is obvious that they cannot be so easily and systeniatically dramii up as tables for the examination of substances by the wet method. B s usual, this work is prefaced by a coloured diagram of the spectra of the elements. We begin to doubt the possibility of the publication of any work on chemistry without this pretty coloured preface.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050083b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

81 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. HOW Altk7lL is Nixed zaith Flour :- On February 21st, at the Retford County Police Court, Charles Loweth, miller, of Haughton Mills, was charged vith having in his possession a quantity of alum, to be used for the adulteration of flour or meal. This case excited a great amount of interest, many millers and farmers being present. Mr. A. Lane, inspector, prosecuted, and Mr. Bescoby defended. Mr. Lane stated that from information he received he obtained a search wwrant, and ment to Haughton. Defendant and he ment to the top of the stairs into an attic, vhere he found a bag full of alum (produced). He asked What’s this, Nr. Loweth ? ” and defendant replied l 6 It’s alum, which I use for the accomniodation of my customers.” He searched about in the other rooms but found nothing more.Defendant told him he used the alumTHE ANALYST. 86 for filling up the crevices in the stones. He had since weighed the alum and found there were 5st. 41bs. Albert Rinch (who had just preferred a charge against his master, and obtained an order for the cancelling of his indentures) said he had been an apprentice to Loweth. He had seen and used the alum by order of his master (the defendant) and the miller (foreman). He had put some into the stones to fU up the holes. He had also put it into the flour to strengthen it. By his master’s orders he had put two or three handfuls at a time into a sack of flour. By Mr. Bescoby: He had not mentioned about it to a soul. He did not give information. Joseph Johnson (a miller, who had been discharged by Loweth the week before) said by Loweth’s orders he had put three handfuls of the alum into every sack of flour.During the grinding process he put in a handful when the bags were ‘‘ a stone high.” That would have the effect of mixing it with the flour. By Mr. Bescoby : He knew it was wrong. He had never done it in the service of any other miller, but had seen it done, He had been four months with Mr. Loweth, who discharged him in a hurry last Saturday. Mr. Bescoby : Then you gave the information? Witness : Well, don’t be too sure. I did not give the information. Mr. Bescoby then addressed the Bench for thedefence, dwelling on the fact that alum, properly used, was an improve- ment, especially in such seasons as the last. He asked for the leniency of the Bench.This would be a serious thing for Mr. Loweth, and there were samples of flour before the County Analyst. This was not an offence committed only by Mr Loweth. Many millers were fond of using alum to strengthen unsound flour. Mr. Huntsman : But the object is also to make of bad flour what is called good flour. The Clerk remarked the lowest fine was 40s. and the highest 210. The Bench ordered the defendant to pay the full penalty of $10, including costs. Purchaser must inform Vendor that Sample i s to be Analysed by Public Analyst :- Recently, at the Jarrow Police Court, Andrew Scott, White Mare Pool, was charged with selling adulterated milk in Jarrow. The certificate of the County Analyst, Mr. Edger, was put in, which showed 14 per cent. of added water.After the witnesses had been heard, Mr. Bush showed that the inspector (Mr. Edward Baty) had omitted his duty. He had told the parties that he was going to have the sample analysed, but, according to the Act, he should have told them that he was going to send it to a “ Public Analyst.” The Bench dismissed the case on the point raised, Defendant had been fined several times before for selling adulterated milk. Milk Adulteration.-Severe Fin6s :- Mrs. B. Sheldrich, No. 114, Henry Street, St. John’s Wood, was summoned by the Vestry of Marylebone, for selling milk that was found on analysis to be adulterated with 36 per cent. of added water. Chapman & Go., of 108, High Street, Edward Blewin, of 54, Henry Street, William Jenkins, of 68, Bevington Road, George Nash and Jane Sangleir, of 4, Paradise Street, and John Sinfield, of 37, Hereford Street, appeared to answer like complaints.Mr. W. E. Greenwell, solicitor to the Marylebone Vestry, prosecuted ; and all the defendants said they sold the milk as they had bought it. Mr. De Rutzen said he was sorry there appeared to be such a prevalence of adulteration. The excuse set up that the people sold the milk as they bought it was no excuse at all. If they did not like to avail themselves of the protection given them by the Act of Parliament they rendered themselves liable. They could buy the milk with a warranty, and if they took the trouble to do that it would soon put a stop to adulteration. But no one cared to do it, and they were thus liable for selling adulterated articles.In these cases the degree of adulteration varied from 38 to 14 per cent. ; but to him the figures made little difference. The thing to be stopped was the fraud, and the fraud was the same in all the cases. He would make no difference in the cases at all, nor between the large and small dealers. There would be a fine of $ 5 , and 4s. costs in each case. Mr. Bush, of Newcastle, defended. Alum in Bread.-Public Analyst’s Certijicate conjirmed by Somerset House Chemists :- At the Eckington Petty Sessions, the adjourned hearing of the case reported in our last number was resumed. He said their Worships would recollect that in that case, at Mr. Barker’s request, the third portion of the sample obtained by Colonel Shortt at the defendant’s mill, was referred to the analysts at Somerset House for their analysis, and the following certificate had been received with reference to it :-‘‘ The sample of flour marked D 91, referred to in the annexed letter, was duly received on the 18th ult., and was securely sealed.We hereby certify that we have analysed the same, and declare it to contain not less than 18 grains of alum per 41bs. of flour. As witness our hands this 5th day of March, 1880, J. Bell, R. Bannister, H. J. Helm.” Mr. Binney (continuing) said it would be seen from the certificate that the analysis made at Somerset House fully bore out Mr. Allen’s results, 80 it was a case in which their Worships would have no difficulty in making a conviction. He (Mr. Binney) was sorry, however, to say that he had received an intimation from the solicitor for the defendant that the defendant had died a week ago, consequently Mr.Binney, instructed by Col. Shortt, prosecuted.86 THE ANALYST. the case could not be proceeded with. The Bench said they had fully determined on the last occasion to convict, but as the defendant had died the case was terminated. Mr. Binney said that informations had been laid against four other persons for selling adulterated flour and bread, and in each of the cases the flour had been purchased from Mr. Widdowson, and made into bread in the same state as it had been received from the mill. He pointed out, however, that the simple fact of their having purchased flour from Mr. Widdowson was not sufficient evidence to entitle them to an acqnittal, because the Act of Parliament required, in addition to the proof, that a written warranty as to the purity of the flour should be given at the same time.On the 29th November last Colonel Shortt, the inspector under the Adulteration Act, visited the defendants’ premises, and pur- chased a loaf of bread. I t was divided into three parts, one of which was submitted to Mr. A. H. Men, of Sheffield, for analysis. Mr. Allen’s certificate as to the result of the analysis showed that the sample was adulterated with alum in the proportion of 36 grains to 4 lbs. of bread. The defendants said that they had the assurance of Mr. Widdowson that the flour was pure, but they had not a written warranty. Oliver Ashmore, confectioner, Eckington, was the next defendant. A loaf of bread had been purchased by Colonel Shortt at the defendant’s shop, and on a third part being nnalysed by Mr.A. H. Allen it was found to be adulterated with alum to the extent of 50 grains to 4 lbs. Defendant produced an Ecking- ton newspaper, which contained an advertisement to the effect that the flour from which the bread was made was warranted perfectly pure. George Marsden, shopkeeper, Eckington, was summoned for a similar offence. A loaf of bread which was purchased at the defendant’s shop was found, on a portion being analysed by Mr. A. H. Allen, to be adulterated with alum in the proportion of 28 grains to 4 lbs. Defendant said he was under the impression that the flour was pure. Joseph Dolby, grocer, Eckington, was charged with selling flour not of the nature and quality demanded.A sample had been purchased by Colonel Shortt, and on its being subjected to analysis by Mr. Allen was found to contain alum in the proportion of 70 grains to 4 lbs of flour. Defendant said he had used the flour just as he had received it from Mr. Widdowson’s mill. He was not aware that it contained alum, but on the contrary believed it to be perfectly pure. The Bench said they had power to inflict a penalty of 220, but they did not wish to deal hardly with the defendants. It was nevertheless a serious offence for respectable men to be connected with cases of that description. The magistrates did not wish to look at the cases in any vindictive way, and under the circumstances they should only impose a fine of 5s. each and the costs, as they believed that the defendants had only made a mistake in buying the flour without obtaining a written warranty as to its purity, as required by the Act of Parliament. The first case was that of James and W.G. Pearson, grocers, Eckington. The flour was purchased from Mr. Widdowson. Adulterated Butter.-A Servant’s Mistake :- At the Bishop Auckland Police Court, John Armstrong, of the firm of Armstrong & Go., pleaded guilty to a charge preferred under the above Act by Supt. Banks. I t appeared that Mr. Banks went to defendant’s shop and asked for a pound of butter. He was supplied with a pound, for which he paid a shilling. He submitted it to the County Analyst, Mr. Edger, from whose certificate it appeared there was no butter in it, but it was simply fat other than butter. Mr.Armstrong said that the article sold was butterine and that he had bought it as such. He was not at home and an apprentice had broken into a cask of butterine and thought it was butter, as it was the first they had had in, or it would not have been sold as such. The Bench were of opinion that it had been purely a mistake and not done to defraud, the lad having charged the same price as the butter. As the costs were $1 9s. 6d. the Bench made the fine as low as possible, 6d. and costs. Sample not to be divided by purchaser unless desired by vendor :- At Portsmouth, Charles Arthur, grocer, of Commercial Road, was summoned for having sold as coffee an article not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded by the purchaser. Inspector Redward said he went to the defendant’s shop on November 28th, and asked what thepriceof coffee was.He was told that it was 1s. 4d., 1s. 6d., and Is. 8d. per lb., and he asked for half a pound of that at 1s. 4d. He was served, and on the parcel was a label to the effect that it was a mixture of chicory and coffee. The inspector told the defendant that he had asked for coffee, and said he should divide the sample into three parts, giving one to the defendant, keeping one himself, and forwarding the other to the Borough Analyst. The Clerk asked the inspector whether he said he should divide the sample, or whether he g8ve the vendor the option of having it divided, and he replied, that having been served with the article he told the defendant that he should divide it. The Clerk observed that the case therefore fell through.The Act said that the purchaser should give the vendor the opportunity of having the sample divided, and if he did not desire this, then the whole had to be forwarded to the analyst, who would himself divide it. The Act of Parliament in question was very stringent, and in one case where the purchaserTHE ANALYST. 87 said he should send the sample to the analyst, instead of saying the Borough Analyst, the case was dismissed. The magistrates also dismissed this case on account of the technicality in question. Adulterated Co$ee.-Another Mistake :- At the Southwark Police Court, Thomas Smith, grocer, 110, Russell-street, Bermondsey, was sum- moned for selling as pure coffee a mixture of 30 per cent. coffee and 70 per cent.chicory. Mr. Thomas said he caused to be purchased half a pound of coffee at the defendant’s shop. On the same day he sent a portion of it to Dr. Muter, and his certifioate showed that it contained 70 per cent. of chicory. Defen- dant said it was a mistake, as he was out of printed wrappers at the time, and should have written on the paper “ Mixture of coffee and chicory.” Mr. Slade fined him 40s. and 12s. 6d. costs.-Misses Milde and Sanger, 10, Snow’s Fields, were also charged with selling coffee mixed with 50 per cent. of chicory, and butter containing 77 per cent. of added fat. Mr. Thomas said that the defendants were females in a small way of business. Mr. Slade, after hearing the evidence, fined them 40s. and 12s. 6d. costs. He, however, had cautioned them before.Adulterated Co$ee.-Notice of Mixture after Sale :- At the Southampton Police Court, Charles Baker, grocer, 8, Upper East Street, was summoned for having sold coffee, adulterated 50 per cent. with chicory, to the prejudice of G. H. Collis, inspector, for whom the Town Clerk (Mr. R. S. Pearce) appeared. Mr. Bell appeared for the defendant. A lad named William Harvey stated that, acting under the directions of Mr. Collis, he went to the defendant’s shop and purchased a pound of sugar at 4d. and a quarter of a pound of coffee at 1s. 4d. per pound from the assistant in the shop. He paid for the goods and got change, and asked the assistant, “What did you sell this for ? ” The assistant said ‘‘ chicory and coffee.” Mr. Baker then remarked to Mr. Collis, “ Pure ooffee is 1s.6d.” The coffee was weighed up in witness’s presence. Cross-examined : He knew if there was anything wrong with the goods he purchased that it would be a case before the magistrates, but he did not read what was on the paper covering the coffee. The coffee was placed in paper folded in the shape of a funnel. Mr. Baker came in the shop after Mr. Collis had placed the coffee he had received on the counter, and, placing his hand on it, said, “ This is a mixture of chicory and coffee.” Witness did not hear Mr. Collis say, “ It is too late.” When he first went into the shop he asked for half a pound of coffee and one pound of sugar, and had not enough money to pay for it. He afterwards asked for a quarter of a pound of coffee for 4d. In reply to the Bench, witness could not say if the half-pound of pure coffee was in the same sort of paper as the coffee he afterwards received, nor could he say if both coffees were taken from the same canister.Mr. Bell said it was obvious if the boy had asked in the first place for 1s. 4d. coffee he had put down money enough. Mr. Collis deposed to sending the last witness into the defendant’s shop for some mgar and coffee, and to the latter being in a square and not funnel-shaped packet. He divided the packet into three parts, and gave one to Mr. Baker, the other to the Public Analyst, and the third portion he produced. The assistant said, in the presence of the defendant, that he charged 3id. for the sugar and 44d. for the coffee. Mr. Baker then said he always sold pure coffee for 1s.6d. Pure coffee is generally sold for 1s. 4d., 1s. 6d., and 1s. 8d., and chicory 5d., 6d., and 7d. In reply to Mr. Bell, the witness said he would not swear that he said to the assistant, “It is a good job we have not got you to deal with in this case to swear falsely.” Witness wished to explain that the assistant said something to him which induced him to give the answer. Mr. Bell : Then he does admit it. The Bench asked the witness if he did make use of the words, as he had denied his recollection of using them. Witness said he would not swear that he said them. Continuing, he said he was not aware there were three com- partments in the canister the assistant took the coffee from. He was paid by the Corporation. Mr. J. Brierly, the Borough Analyst, was called, and his analysis showed that the sample sent was 50 parts coffee and 50 chicory.In reply to the Bench, the witness said it was difficult to tell the precise amount of chicory in coffee beyond a certain point. On behalf of the defendant, Mr. Bell raised the question as to whether the sale was completed at the time the defendant said the contents of the packet were chicory and coffee. The Bench, desiring to hear the case further, Mr. Bell said it was obvious from the evidence of the first witness that the purest quality coffee was given at first, but that he, not having enough money to pay for it, was served with the mixture, and the paper covering showed what were the contents. Further, before the purchaser had the change, Mr. Baker put his hand down on the packet and said the contents were the mixture.Mr. Bell therefore contended that there was no fraud against the purchaser. He called the ‘defendant, who deposed that the canister that had been referred to had three compartments, containing two different priced mixtures and pure coffee. At the time he entered the shop the coffee was on the counter, and he put his hands on it and on the change while he said to his man, 4 ‘ What did you sell this for ? ” The man replied, “ Chicory and coffee, in printed paper.” Witness asked the boy whom the goods were for, and M i . CoZs shouted, ‘I It is mine.” He (witness),88 THE ANALYST. however, said, “ You have not the change ; the purchase is not complete.’’ Collis then said, ‘ 6 I t is too late.” Witness afterwards let the purchaser have the goods, as he had explained that it was mixture, and Mr.Collis began to divide the coffee. John James Brown, assistant to the defendant, corroborated his employer’s evidence. The Mayor stated that the Bench had given this case great consideration, and they thought that coffee very considerably adulterated with chicory was sold for pure coffee. He would be fined 40s. and costs, or, in default, fourteen days. Mr. Bell begged to give notice of appeal, and the Bench bound over the defendant in the sum of S100 and two securities of 230 each to prosecute the appeal at the sessions. Mr. Edward Thomas Wise, grocer and provision dealer, East Street, was summoned for selling coffee to G. H. Collis, which was not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded.The Town Clerk again prosecuted, and Mr. Bell defended. William Harvey said that on February 3rd he went to defendant’s shop, and purchased of the assistant one pound of sugar and a quarter of a pound of coffee, the former for 34d. and the latter for td. The sugar and coffee were ready in packets, and handed to witness, and he paid for them with Is., receiving 4&d. in change. Witness told the assistant the goods were for Mr. Collis, and then the latter said (alluding to the packet of coffee), I ‘ This is chicory and coffee,” and attempted to take it up, but witness forestalled him. Mr. Collis came in, and witness put the sugar and coffee on the counter for him to divide. The assistant neither called his attention to the paper covering the coffee, nor did he say that the contents were chicory and coffee.In answer to Mi-. Collis, the assistant said Mr. Wise was not on the premises. Cross-examined : I t was not until Mr. Collis had commenced to open tho packet of coffee to distribute it that the assistant called his attention to the words on the paper-covering, ‘‘ This is a mixture of chicory and coffee.” Mr. Collis proved receiving the articles purchased from the last witness. He was proceeding to divide the coffee, when the assistant said li I have sold it all right ; I have sold it as chicory and coffee,” and he called witness’s attention to the label, The analysis made by Mr. Brierly was put in, and showed that the sample analysed was sixty parts coffee and forty parts chicory. Mr. Bell submitted, for the defence, that the boy was the purohaser, and it was the actual purchaser who must make the statement to the seller, “I have bought this to be analysed.” He should submit evidence to prove that the assistant stated in distinct terms that the article he was selling was chicory and coffee, and that would be an oath against that of the boy Harvey. As the burden of proof was on the complainant, he therefore claimed that the case should be dismissed. Albert Kirby proved serving the boy Harvey with some sugar and coffee, felling him that the prices of the mixture were Is. and 1s. 4d. per pound, and the pure coffee 1s. Ed. The lad then asked for the fourpenny. After serving the lad, and before giving him the change, witness told him that if he wanted pure coffee he vould change it, but Harvey immediately picked the packet up. Cross-examined by the Town Clerk : The 1s. mixture consisted of 65 per cent. of chicory, and the Is. 4d. mixture contained more coffee-about 75 per cent. This concluded the evidence, and the Mayor said the case appeared similar to the last, and the defendant would be fined 40s. and costs, or fourteen days’ imprisonment in default. The money was afterwards paid.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500084

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

88 THE ANALYST. NOTES OF THE MONTH. In our last number appeared a report of a case of flour adulteration which was heard at Eckington, in North Derbyshire. In this case the certificate wa6 worded as follows : '' The sample was adulterated with alum. I estimate the proportion of alum added at about 24 grains to the four pounds of flour. This is a somewhat smaller pro- portion than that commonly employed. Alum is added to flour of inferior nutritive value to cause the bread made from it to simulate in whiteness and apparent quality that made from the best flour." It will be observed that while Mr. Allen certifies positively to the presence of alum, he clearly shows that the amount found is based on an (' estimate," which may not be strictly accurate. It will be in the memory of our readers that, in consequence of the evidence given by the chemist called by the defence, the third portion of the sample was sent to Somerset House. Thence a certificate has been received, signed by Messrs.Bell, Bannister & Helm, stating that " we have analysed the same, and declare it to contain not less than 18 grains of alum per four pounds of flour." This is a substantialTHE ANALYST. 89 confirmation of Mr. Allen’s certificate ; but we think it would have been more satisfactory if the Somerset House chemists had stated how much alum they believed to be present, instead of giving the absolute minimum amount, without mention of the maximum, Our versatile contemporary, the Grocer, having completed its review of the German reproduction of the researches of English Public Analysts on the Analysis of Tea has been treating its readers to their periodical dose of diluted science.That our con- temporaxy should take a special and fatherly interest in, aad do its best to circulate, productions remarkable for being largely diluted, is only natural; but the article entitled “ Ridiculous Adulteration,” which appears in the number for March 6th, is mapproached in absurdity even by the numerous attempts in that direction with which our contemporary’s pages have rendered us so familiar. In the article in question, the Grocer takes Mr. Allen to task for asserting that alum is used to improve the quality of flour, especially in bad seasons. “ When they tell us openly, deliberately, and under oath that the &th part of alum is added by millers or flour merchants for the purpose of improving inferior flour, and enabling them to palm it upon their customers as a superior article, what] must be the mental condition of analysts ? ” ‘( We should like to know how it operates on the buyer, in order to deceive him, when he examines the sample.” “ If Mr.Men had found 4 or 5 per cent., or anything like a commercial quantity, of alum or alumina in the flour, it would be mere hair-splitting and special pleading to talk about dust at all.” “We are bound to protest, in the name of common sense, against the assumption that vendors of flour defraud their customers by mixing with the genuine article such a quantity as h n d part of its bulk of alum crystals, the which crystals alter the quality, or apparent quality, of the flour, and deceive the purchaser by merely lying amidst the particles of flour, without undergoing any chemical change whatever.” ‘‘ In the name of common sense,” why did not the Grocer have a talk with a miller before publishing such a tissue of false arguments.Any miller would have told the writer that the addition of a quarter of a pound of alum to the sack of flour would raise the selling value of that flour by about Id. per stone, and hence there is ample induce- ment to adulterate. 4 lb. of alum to the sack is 28 grains to 4 fbs., &th part by weight, or &th part by measure. This quantity is therefore but slightly in excess of the amount found by Mr. Allen in the Eckington flour. In the Retford case, reported on another page, the miller was in the habit of using “ three handfuls of alum in every sack of flour.” Here we have a larger, but still very small, proportion of alum.Four or 5 per cent.-the 4 ‘ commercial quantity” suggested by the article in the Grocer-would be 10 or 12 lbs. to the sack ! Seeing, therefore, that the quantity found was stated in the certificate to be somewhat less than the proportion usually employed, and was clearly “ anything like a commercial quantity,” common justice ought to cause the insertion in the Grocer of an apology for having, in ignorance of the subject, created an erroneous impression. A somewhat amusing scene is reported in a paper which has been sent to us, m having occurred between Dr. Tidy (who, it will be remembered, was one of the defence *tnesses in the Alum in Baking Powder case) and the West Ham Local Board, The90 THE ANALYST. learned doctor, it seems, had received a number of samples, but had not thought proper to give certificates until too late to prosecute.In excuse for this, he alleged, inter uZiu, that there were many things a man in large practice had to do, and that he was not aware of the 28 days’ limitation in the Act, but at the same time he offered to resign. It is, we think, a great pity that he did not resign and have done with it, because a man in such large general practice as to forbid his even making himself master of the requirements of the Act, to work which he is appointed, is surely wrong in continuing to pretend to carry out the duties of his office.The retaining of the post of Public Analyst by anyone who does not give his immediate and careful attention to every sample he receives, and who neglects to report thereon ‘( with all reasonable speed” is a farce, which had better cease, both in the interests of the analyst himself and the public. During the discussion, Dr. Tidy is also reported to have said, ‘‘ It is not my wish to be troublesome; but there is one thing I shall set myself against, and that is, mere prosecutions for the sake of prosecution. I abominate the thing, and if ever I was thought to pass over samples, it was because I saw that action would be merely harassing to trade.” To this, Mr. Helmore, a member of the Board, very neatly and appro- priately replied that “the Board expected to receive a correct analysis from him, leaving it to the Board to judge as to whether it is a case to prosecute or not.” We commend Mr. Helmore’s advice to the learned doctor, and advise him in future to do what a good cobbler should, viz., stick to his last, and not invite articles in trade journals, discrediting the whole body of Public Analysts by arrogating functions which the Act does not give him.We have received letters complaining of the conduct of one of the members of our Society, who calls himself a ‘( Public Analyst,” although he holds at the moment no appointment. Such a course is clearly wrong, and the gentleman in question will doubtless see this, and substitute Member of the Society of Public Analysts” for the bare words ‘‘ Public Analyst” on his printed headings until he obtains office.Mr. W. Johnstone, F.C.S., has been appointed Public Analyst for King’s Lynn, vice Mr. W. M. Hamlet, resigned. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been recently published, and can be obtained from the Great Sed Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1879 Name of Patentee. Title of Patent. Price NO. 2809 2839 2939 2983 3003 3077 3125 3194 3195 3196 3200 J. Hargreaves . . W. E. Hartmann . . E. Carey and H. Gaskt F. Wirth . . . . W. L. Wise .. E. De Pass . . . . W.McDonnell .. W. Weldon . . . . W. L. Wise.. .. S. T. Thomas . . G. H. Ogston . . . . . . . . . . :ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphates of Soda and Potassa . . Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid . . . . . . . . Purification of Alkaline Solutions . . . . . . Manufacturing White Lead . . . . . . . . Treating Sugar Cane . . . . . . . . . . Application of Bisulphite of Lime for Manufacturing Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstracting Colour from hnatto or Arnatto . . . . Obtaining Sulphur from a Lye-product of the Manu- facture of Alkali . . . . . . . . . . Producing Caustic Alkalis and Preparations of Alumina Manufacture of Phosphates . . . . . . . . Softening Water and obtaining Fertilizing Compounds 6d. 6d. 61. 6d. 6d. 4d. 2a. 4d. 6d. 2d. 4a. BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist ; The Brewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Practioner ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health; PWelphia Printers’ Cireular ; The Scientific Amerioan ; The Americas Traveller ; Sooiety of Arb Journal.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500088

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC