摘要:

REMARKS ON THE ESTIMATION OF MILK SUGAR. BY JOHN MUTER, PH.D., M.A., F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 18th February, 1880. I HAVE been for some time studying the behaviour of milk sugar with Fehling’s solution, and now propose to lay a summary of my results before the Society, 80 a5 to give, if possible, an answer to the oft-repeated questions : (1) What is the best method for an analyst to follow ? and (2) Given such method, what is the true equivalent for calculation of results ? I do not propose to go at tedious length into all the numerous experiments on which I have based my conclusions ; suffice it to say, that I have definitely formed the following opinions : (u) that the best process for general use is the gravimetric; ( b ) that it should be carried out according to strict rules so as toTHE ANALYST.ensure a constant equivalent; (cj that the precipitate may be directly weighed as cuprous oxide (Cu20). I am aware that, at first sight, the propositions ( a ) and (c) will Le at once mentally disputed by persons prejudiced by former training, because they would naturally consider the volumetric method to be more rapid, and at once declare that cuprous oxide is not stable, and ought to be first converted into cupric oxide before weighing. In answer to tke first objection, I may say that when dealing with lactose, the volumetric method, in which the sugar must be brought into contact a little at a time with strong alkali, never gives really accurate results except by accident, and that a really constant equivalent cannot be ensured unless the whole can be diluted to such a point as will render the alkali harmless, while the Fehling’s solution i s a t once added in suficient quantity to instantaneously perform the whole reaction, and both the sugar solution and the Fehling are actually boiling when nuked, points only to be attained by the gravimetric process.In reply to the second prejudice, I say that cuprous oxide precipitated from boiling solutions, washed with boiling water so that it is never unduly exposed, and at once transferred to a good close drying chamber, in the air of which there is a little petroleum vapour, is really a more convenient and accurate article for weighing than the very hygroscopic cupric oxide. This I have proved again and again, and have definitely abandoned the conversion into CuO.With regard to the equivalent of milk sugar in copper, I have practically proved that the results of Herrn. Rodewald and Tollens (Deut. Chm. Ges. Ber. IT. 2076-84) are accurate as to the alterations obtainable under various circumstances, but I say in addition that an extreme point of dilution may be obtained at which the alkali ceases to affect the process, provided the 66 Fehling” be added boiling, and at once in very slight excess, and the precipitate be not allowed to stand in contact with the re-agent for any length of time. At this point we obtain a constant equivalent of 146.3 parts cuprous oxide for every 100 of lactose, (or in other words, 7.0 atoms of metallic copper for each molecule of anhydrous milk sugar) and so avoid dealing with fractions of atoms, which are on their very face most probably inaccurate, and the mere result of special accidental circumstances.The exact details of the process by which this equivalent can be attained within a very small fraction are as follows :- A 3B-inch Swedish filter is well dried at 212O, weighed rapidly between watch glasses, placed in a funnel, moistened, and the folded part well pressed to the funnel. The sugar solution is diluted with boiling water, until it does not contain more than 01 per cent., and brought to brisk ebullition in a large beaker. A very slight excess of boiling Fehling” is then added, and the whole kept boiling for three minutes and set to settle. In a very few minutes the precipitate will have subsided sufficiently to enable the slightly blue liquid to be poured off quite close into another beaker. 50 C.C.of boiling water are then poured on the precipitate, and it is kept warm over a low gas flame while the poured off liquid (which should also be kept nearly boiling) is passed through the filter if necessary, but generally this is not required, and always to be avoided if possible. As soon as this is done, the filter is washed with boiling water until all blue colour is washed out, and the main precipitate is then transferred to the filter, taking care that the latter is never more than half full, as the cuprous oxide creeps up very much. When all is on, it is rapidly washed with boiling water, until what passes through ceases to give a pink with a drop of spirituous solution of phenol-THE ANALYST. 37 phthalein, and when perfectly drained, two drops of petroleum spirit are dropped on to the precipitate, and the filter is removed from the funnel and placed in a close drying oven at 212O on several folds of hot and dry blotting paper. In about half an hour it will be dry, and the whole is then rapidly weighed in the same watch glasses as were originally used, put back into the bath for a short time longer, and again weighed. If the weight be no less, then deduct the filter tare and say, as 146.3 : 100 : : weight of precipitate, which gives the amount of milk sugar in the original solution. The proceaa can be completed in about two hours, and since I worked in this way I have rarely failed to get my equivalent. Departing even in the least, however, from these exact details, the equivalent may range from 145 to 150, and be quite a matter of accident. In fact, the whole estimation wants practice and rapidity, but that once attained, it is good.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN880050035b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 37 A PROCESS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE AMOUNT OF CANE SUGAR ADDED TO MILK, TOGETHER WITH THE WATER THEREBY CONCEALED. BY JOHN MUTER, PH.D., M.A., F.C.S. Read bej'ore the Society of Public Analysts, o n 18th February, 1880. THE very extensive use of " Milk Improvers," and other similar nostrums, nearly all of which have for their object the defeat of ordinary methods of milk analysis, as well as the constantly increasing practice of making up a short supply by using condensed milk and water, renders it imperative that Public Analysts should be on their guard as to the presence of cane sugar. Happily the qualitative test is very simple, being that of taste, and it is only necessary to practise for some days the tasting of pure and sugared milk to render oneself perfectly proficient in detecting as little as 10 per cent.of sugar water of 9.3 per cent. which has a gravity corresponding nearly to that of milk, and the addition of wliich will not reduce the '( solids not fat." The presence of sugar being thus suspected, the question of amount has to be settled, and I have thought it would be of general interest to our members that I should detail the process we have now for some time used at the South London Central Pnblic Laboratory for this purpose, by which, as will be seen, the total sugar is directly weighed, and the estimated milk sugar having been deducted the difference expresses added sugar. It is as follows :- Ten gramines of the milk are poured upon 4 grammes of hydrated calcium sulphate in a basin, and evaporated to perfect dryness, with frequent stirring, so that nothing sticks to the basin. The dry residue is powdered, macerated with ether, thrown on a dried filter over a tared beaker and percolated with ether till free from fat.The ether is then evaporated off, and the beaker p l u s fat is weighed, by which the percentage of fat is ascertained. Tlie contents of the filter are then transferred to a beaker, together with the filter itself, and 20 C.C. of hot (but not actually boiling) water are added, and the whole well stirred. 30 C.C. of rectified spirit (60" 0.p.) are then added, and the mixture is allowed to cool, stirring occasionally. When cool it is thrown on a filter placed over a long graduated measure, and washed with proof spirit (2 parts by volume of water, and 3 of 60 0.p.spirit) until the filtrate meaaures 120 c.c., at which point38 THE ANALYST. extraction is usually complete. The filtrate is then divided into two equal parts, and one portion is evaporated in a platinum dish and then placed in the drying oven at 212O till constant in weight. The weight is noted and the dish and contents are ignited for some time at a dull red heat and again weighed, when the total weight, less that of the dishpZw ash, gives total sugar, which is multiplied by 20 to get percentage. The other portion of the filtrate has meanwhile been evaporated on the water-bath until the smell of spirit has passed off, and it is then washed into a large beaker, diluted with boiling water to 200 c.c., treated with boiling ‘‘ Fehling,” and the milk sugar is estimated exactly as described in my previous paper on that subject.The weight of the cuprous oxide obtained is multiplied by 20, and the calculated from 146 to 100. (The fraction of 03 on the equivalent may be disregarded, as the process is not accurate within that amount.) The weight of milk sugar thus found is then deducted from the total sugar, and the difference (if over - 5 ) is put down as cane sugar. .If over - 5 and under 1.0, a rebate of *2 per cent., and if over 1 but under 1.5, an allowance of -1 is to be made; but if the sugar reaches over 2 per cent., it may be taken as it stands, for the following reasons. Dealing with pure milk in a series of trials we got the following differences, due to the presence of bodies &estimated by ‘( Fehling,” or to natural inherent error.Total sugar.. . . . . . . 5-02 Milk sugar 4.94 . . . . . . . . lowest. Difference . . . . . . -1 *08 Difference . . . . . . -1 -33 1 Total sugar.. . . . . . . 5.10 Milk sugar . . . . . . . . 4.77 higheet (probably loss in Cu . 0 and carbon left in ash). . . . . . . Milk augar . . . . . . . . 4-80 fair average milk. Total sugar.. 5.00 Difference . . . . . . -20 It is therefore evident that by allowing the extreme limit of -5 before condemning a milk, we guard entirely against risk of error. As the amount of cane sugar increases, and consequently also the water it conceah, the amount of natural error due to unestimable bodies sinks, as will be seen from the following experiments taken at random from our books, as being fair average ones to indicate the possible accuracy of the process.1. A Milk containing 10 per cent. sugar water of 9.3 per cent. strength- Total sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.56 Milk sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45 Cane sugar found . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 . . . . by theory . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 9 3 Difference . . . . . . . . . . -18 2. A Milk with 20 per cent. of sugar water- Total sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-77 Milk sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-80 Cane sugar found . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.97 . . . . by theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.86 Difference . . . . . . . . . . . 11THE ANALYST. 89 3. A Milk with 80 per cent, of sugar water- Total sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.18 Milk sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.35 Cane sugar found . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.83 . . . . by theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19 Difference . . . . . . . . . . *04 The process is therefore reliable within an extreme of *S per cent., which is really, I believe, due to the difficulty of getting a perfect ash without either on the one haad leaving some charcoal, or on the other volatilizing some chlorides. The analysis of the milk is completed by taking a total residue and ash in the usual way. As an example of how nearly the added water may be calculated, let UB take Milk No. 1, which showed- Total solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239 Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.90 And correct it Solids not fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.39 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -71 as follows :- Apparent aolids, not fat .. . . . . . . . . 9.39 Cane sugar found . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 then or True solids not fat . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.28 828 x 100 9 = 92 per cent. milk by the Society’s limit. 8.28 x 100 9.3 = 89 per cent. milk by Wanklyn’s standard. Whereas it was as we have seen, actually 90 per cent. of pure milk, and would have passed as unadulterated if not examined by this process. I have used the process several times in actual practice, and in every case the use of condensed milk has been afterwards admitted in court, so I consider that it is one which may be safely recommended for general use, always remembering that after proper training of the palate you cannot taste sugar in a sample, there is no use seeking f o r it, and, indeed, to do so is to invite chances of error.I may mention that I am now experimenting on an inversion process, having, I believe, substantiated the fact that lactose does not invert into galactose by the ordinary method used with the sugar polariscope, viz. :-heating 50 C.C. sugar solution to 68O C. with 6 C.C. of fuming HC1, but my results are not sufficiently advanced to warrant any change in our process, and I doubt if the double determination of sugar will prove any advantage over the evaporation method as detailed in this paper, seeing that we cannot use the Fehling volumetrically with any real degree of certainty. In the discussion which ensued, Mr. Wynter Blyth said he thought Dr. Muter wag the first to establish in a court of law that cane sugar really is used in milk, and pointedTHE ANALYST. out that analysts must look after that particular thing. As to extracting the sugar with solvents in the way indicated, he himself generally preferred to precipitate the caseine in the manner mentioned in his paper published last year in the Journal of the Chemical Society. By using that process fairly pure milk sugar crystals could be obtained, and sometimes he had got almost perfectly white crystals. He mentioned that the Tartars separated the sugar from milk by freezing the milk when a kind of white flour is formed on the ice. This flour they scrape off afid make into cakes, which they eat. Mr. Hehner said that one objection which had been urged against filtering the alkaline copper solution was that the solution acted very strongly upon some kinds of filter papers, and dissolved the cellulose in them, but Dr. Muter said that in nine cases out of ten the solution did not act on the filter.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500037

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

40 THE ANALYST. ON THE COMPOSITION OF UNFERMENTED WINES OF COMMERCE. BY J. CARTER BELL. Read befoye the Society of Public Analysts, o n 14th Jan., 1580. LATELY I have had some of these so-called wines to examine, which were alleged to be manufactured from the pure juice of the grape. My opinion is, and I think it will be shared by those who study the following analyses, that the juice of the grape is totally absent. These samples of wine have been made the subject of legal proceedings, and the defendants on cross-examination stated that they were made from sugar, crystallised tartaric acid, salycylic acid, and one-sixth of grape juice. No. 1 bottle was labelled: " Unfermented Port Wine, manufactured from the juice of the grape, for family and sacramental purposes." Specific gravity 1100.Volatile acid, calculated as acetic . . Tartaric acid . . . . . . . . Ash. . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble ash in water . . . . . . Soluble ash in water . . . . . . Residue, dried at 230" F. . . . . Salycylic acid . . . . . . . . Sugar (invert) . . . . . . . . 100 volumes contain . . -006 . . -502 . . 21.2 . . -0395 . . . . ,0210; or 53.1 ,, . . 24.50 .. -02 *0185 ; or 46.8 per cent. The ash contained traces of chlorine, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and potash. No. 2 bottle was labelled : " Unfermented Wine, Sherry, manufactured from the juice of the grape, for family and sacramental purposes." Specific gravity 1098. Volatile acids, calculated as acetic . . . . -006 Tartaric acid . . . . . . . . . . -581 Sugar (invert) . . . . . . . . . . 22.900 Ash.. .. . . . . . . . . . . -019 Insoluble ash in water . . . . . . . . Soluble ash in water . . . . . . . . -010 ; or 52.6 .. Residue, dried a t 230° F. . . . . . . 25.421 Salyoylic acid . . . . . . . . . . 0.100 *009 ; or 47.3 per cent.THE ANALYST. 41 This ash also contained traces of sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, potash and soda. No. 3 bottle was labelled: (‘ Unfermented Juice of the Vine, pure uncoloured virgin fruit of the vine, nutriment of the grape without the irritant, for sacramental and dietetic purposes, and in all cases where wine is generally used. This alone should be used where any wine is required.” Specific gravity 1120. Volatile acids, calculated as acetic Tartaric acid . . . . . . Ash.. . . . . . . . . Insoluble ash in water .. . . Soluble ash in water . . . . Residue, dried at 230° . . . . Salycylic acid . . . . . . Sugar(invert) . . . . . . . . . . *005 . . . . a616 . . . . *026 . . . . . . . . -014; or 53.8 .. . . . . 29.021 . . . . -123 . . . . 28.502 a012; or 46.1 per cent. The price charged for these liquors was 2s. 6d. a bottle. I reported that they were merely solutions of sugar and tartaric acid, flavoured and coloured, and kept from fermenting by the addition of a little salycylic acid. I have made a partial analysis of the juice from black and white grapes to compare with the above. Juice of Black English Grapes :- Specific gravity 10835. Residue at 212O F. . . . . . . . . 22.902 Residue at 230° F. . . . . . . . . 18-615 Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.210 Total free acid, calculated as tartaric .. . . -700 Ash.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0356 Insoluble in water . . . . . . . . *0336 ; or 9.43 per cent. Soluble in water . . . . . . . . . . -3224 ; or 9056 .. Juice of White Almeria Grapes:- Specific gravity 1071. Residue at 212” F. . . . . . . . . 20282 Residue at 230° F. . . . . . . . . 15.960 Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.60 Total free acid, calculated as tartaric . . . . *60 Ash.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0331 Insoluble ash in water . . . . . . . . *035 ; or 10.57 per cent. Soluble ash in water . . . . . . . . ~296 ; or 89.42 .. I think it is very evident that one-sixth of grape juice is not in the so-oalled wines, for it would have raised the percentage of ash, and also have increased the percentage of solubility. Mr. Heisch expressed his surprise that the case was taken into court.He could not understand what the nature and quality of an unfermented wine should be. In ancient time the juice of the grape was certainlylooked upon as wine, but its keeping qualitiee were doubtful. Mr. Allen thought it was clearly the purchaser’s duty to take the matter into court. There was always some confusion in the English language between wine and vine, but if they called it unfermented wine it certainly represented that it was made from the vine. Dr. Dupr6 regretted that such a case should have been brought into court. He himself was consulted by someone who wanted to institute a prosecution; he exmnined42 TEI% ANALYST. some wine, and substantially agreed with Mr. Bell’s analysis. His sample was almost free from potash, he could not detect any with the spectroscope, consequently it was not juice of the grape ; but then came the question-Was it manufactured from the juice of the grape? Was it cane sugar inverted by the use of tartaric acid? It was impossible to say whether invert sugar was cane sugar inverted, or whether it was grape. In the second place, the tartaric acid was undoubtedly derived from the grape. The chemist cannot say that it is not a sugar of the grape; he has to admit that tartaric acid comes from the grape, and for that reason he (Dr. DuprB) declined to have anything to do with the case. He could not possibly prove that it was not the juice of the grape, although it was obviously an imposture.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500040

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

42 THl3 ANALYST. ALCOHOL TABLES,* BY OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S. Every chemist who has to make alcohol determinations, muet have felt the want of compEete Alcohol Tables, such as would give for all possible specific gravities from pure water to absolute alcohol, the percentages of alcohol by weight, by volume, and of proof spirit. A great number of elaborate tables are in existence, and are to be found in every comprehensive work on chemistry, but there is none, as far as I am aware, which answers the requirements, giving at a, glance the data above mentioned, without entailing the trouble of a calculation. To meet that want, the following tables have been compiled and calculated. The excellent tables of Fownes-giving the percentages by weight, of Gay Lussac- giving volumina, and of Drinkwater, are all at present in use, but unfortunately they do not agree absolutely with each other : thus, for instance, absolute alcohol according to Fownes and Kopp has a specific gravity at 16-5O C.of 0.7938, and according to Gay Lussac of 0.7946. All later investigators having confirmed the general accuracy of Fownes’ table (which gives whole percentages only), this has been taken as the basis of calculation. But it became necessary to include in the table the specific gravity of proof spirit, which according to Drinkwater is 0.9198, corresponding to 49-24 per cent of alcohol by weight, in the tables, since all excise calculations are based upon proof spirit. According to Fownes, however, a specific gravity of 0.9198 does not correspond to 49-24 per cent. of alcohol, but to 49.37 per cent.This figure was consequently dove-tailed into the tables with as low gradients as possible. The following rules were followed in the calculations. To convert- Weight into volume = Specific gravity x per cent. weight, 0.7938 0.7938 x per cent. volume. Specific gravity. Volume into weight = Volume into proof spirit = per cent. volume x 1-7525. Weight into proof spirit = per cent. weight x specific gravity x 2.20771. Degrees under proof are obtained by subtracting percentages of proof spirit lower than 100 from that figure, and degrees over proof by the subtraction of 100 from percentages of proof spirit lying between proof and absolute alcohol. These Tables, of which we print four pages this month, will be comprised in four or five numbers of THE AIPAcY~T, and the paging has been so arranged that when the volume is bound the whole of the Tables may be placed together.THE ANALYST.43 All figures were calculated to the third decimal, and then abbreviated to the second. The greatest possible care has been taken to exclude mistakes, and although it can hardly be hoped that such be entirely absent-considering that the table includerJ thousands of figures-they will, it is hoped, in no case be found serious. No originality whatever is claimed for these tables, and if they be but found to save some trouble and calculation, the large amount of work which they embody will not have been expended in vain. Sp. Gravit; at 60° F. = 16'6O (1. 1~0000 *9999 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9989 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9979 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9989 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,bsolute Alcoho by weight ; per cent... 0.00 .. . . 0.05 . . .. 0.11 . . .. 0.16 .. . . 0.21 . . . . 0.26 .. . . 0.32 . . . . 0.37 .. .. 0-42 .. .. 047 .. . . 0.53 . . .. 0.58 .. . . 0.63 . , . . 0.68 .. .. 0-74 .. . . 0.79 .. . . 0.84 . . . . 0.89 . . .. 0.95 . . .. 1.00 .. . . 1.06 .. .. 1.12 .. *. 1.19 . . .. 1.25 . . . . 1.31 .. .. 1.37 .. .. 1.44 . . .. 1.50 , . ,. 1-56 .. ,. 1.62 .. ,. 1.69 . . ,. 1-75 .. , . 1.81 . . , . 1.87 . . ,. 1.94 .. ,. 2.00 .. ,. 2.06 .. ,. 2.11 .. I . 2.22 .. . a-17 . . ,. 2-20 .. Lbeolute Alcohol by volume; per cent. .. 0.00 I . . . 0.07 .. . . 0.13 .. .. 0.20 .. .. 0.26 .. . . 0.33 .. . . 0.40 .. . . 0.46 .. . . 0.53 .. . . 0.60 .. .. 066 .. .. 0.73 .. . . 0.79 .. . . 0.86 .. . . 0.93 .. . * 0.99 . . . . 1-06 . . . . 1-13 .. . . 1.19 . . . . 1.26 .. . . 1.34 . . .. 1.42 .. . . 1-49 .. . . 1.57 .. . . 1.65 .. . . 1.73 .. . . 1.81 .. . . 1.88 . . .. 1.96 .. . . 2.04 . . .. 2.12 .. .. 2.20 .. . . 2.27 .. . . 2.35 .. . . 2-43 .. .. 2.51 .. .. 2.58 .. .. 2-62 .. .. 2.72 .. .. 2.79 t. ,. 2-86 .. Proof Spirib ; per cent. .. 0.00 .. . . 0.12 . * . . 0.23 . . .. 0.35 .. . . 0.46 .. . . 0.58 .. . . 0.70 . . . . 0.81 . . . . 0.93 . . . . 1-04 .. .. 1-16 .. .. 1.28 .. . . 1.39 . . .. 1.51 .. .. 1.62 .. .. 1.74 .. . . 1.86 .. .. 1.97 . . .. 2.09 .. .. 2.20 .. .. 2.34 .. .. 2.48 .. .. 2.61 .. .. 2.75 .. . . 2.89 .. . . 3.03 . . .. . 3.16 .. .. 3.30 .. ,. 3.44 .. . . 3.58 .. , . 3.71 .. .. 3.85 .. I . 3.99 .. ,. 4.12 .. ). 4.26 .. I . 4-40 .. ).452 .. I . 464 .. ,. 4-76 .. ,. 4-89 .. ,. 5.01 .. ip. Uravitj ,t 60° F. = 16.5" C. '9959 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9949 8 7 6 5 4 3 a 1 0 '9939 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9929 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,bsolute Alcoho: by weight; per cent. .. 2.33 .. .. 2-39 .. .. 2.44 .. . . 2.50 .. .. 2.56 .. .. 2.61 .. .. 2.67 .. .. 2-72 .. .. 2.83 .. .. 2.89 .. .. 2.94 .. . . 3.00 .. . . 3-06 .. .. 3.12 .. .. 3.18 .. .. 3-24 .. .. 3.29 .. *. 3.35 . . .. 3.41 .. .. 3.47 .. . . 3-53 .. .. 3-69 .. .. 3.65 .. ,. 3.71 .. B . 3.76 . . ). 3.82 , . t . 3-88 .. >. 3-94 . . ,. 4.00 .. ,. 4.06 .. ,. 4-12 .. ,. 4-19 .. ,. 4.25 .. ,. 4.31 .. t . 437 .. 8 . 4.44 .. . 4.50 .. . 4.56 .. . 4.62 .. .. 2-78 .. ibsolute Ahho by volume; per sent. .. 2.93 .. .. 3.00 .. .. 3.07 .. . . 3.14 . . . . 3.21 .. .. 3.28 ... . 3.35 . . .. 3.42 .. .. 3.49 .. .. 3.6s .. .. 3-62 .. . . 3.69 . . .. 8-76 .. .. 3.83 .. . . 3.90 .. .. 3.90 .. .. 4-05 .. .. 4.12 .. .. 420 .. .. 4.27 .. .. 4.34 .. .. 4.42 .. .. 4-49 .. ,. 4.56 .. . . 4.63 .. b . 4.71 .. . . 4.70 .. .. 4.85 .. ,. 4.93 .. ,. 5.00 .. # . 5.08 .. , . 6-16 .. , . 5.24 .. , . 5.39 .. ) . 5.47 .. . 6-55 .. , . 5-63 .. ,. 5-71 .. ,. 5-70 .. ,. 5.82 .. proof spirit ; per oent. .. 5.13 .. .. 5.25 .. . . 5.37 .. .. 5.49 .. . . 6.61 . . .. 5.74 .. .. 5.88 .. .. 5-98 .. . . 6.10 .. .. wz .. .. 6-34 .. .. 6-47 .. .. 6.68 .. .. 6.84 . , .. 6-97 .. .. 7.10 .. . . 7.23 .. .. 7-36 .. . 7.49 .. .. 7.61 .. .. 7.74 .. .. 0.00 .. .. 0.13 .. .. 8-26 .. I . 0.61 .. , . 0.64 .. .. 6.m .. .. 7-81 .. .. 8-30 .. .. a w .. .. 8.90 .. I . 9.04 .. ,. 9.18 .., . 9.31 .. I . 9.45 .. ,. 9.58 .. , . 9.72 .. b . 9.99 .. ,. 10.13 .. I. 9.86 ..44 THE ANALYST. Sp. Onwit: st Ma F. = i ~ i s ~ a. *9919 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9909 8 7 6 6 4 3 2 1 0 *9899 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9889 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9879 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Lbsolute Alooho: by weight ; per o a t . .. 4.69 .. .. 4.75 .. .. 4.81 .. .. 4.87 .. .. 4.94 .. .. 5.00 . . .. 6.06 . . .. 5.12 . . .. 5.19 .. .. 5.25 .. .. 5.31 .. . . 5.37 . . .. 5-44 .. .. 5.50 .. .. 5.56 .. .. 5.62 .. .. 5.69 .. .. 5.75 .. .. 5.81 ,. .. 5-87 .. .. 5-94 .. .. 6.00 .. .. 6.07 .. .. 6-14 ,. . . 6.21 . . .. 6.36 .. .. 6.43 .. .. 6.50 .. .. 6.57 .. .. 6-64 .. . . 6.71 . . .. 6.78 .. . . 6.86 . . . . 6-93 . . .. 7.00 .. .. 7.07 .. .. 7.13 .. . . 7.20 . . .. 7.27 .. .. 733 .. .. 7.40 . . ..7-47 .. . . 7.53 .. . . 7.60 . . . . 7.67 . . . . 7.73 .. .. 7.80 .. . . 7.87 . . .. 7*93 .. .. 6.28 .. .. 5.86 .. .. 5-94 .. . . 6.02 * . .. 6.10 . . . , 6.17 .. .. 6.24 .. .. 6.32 .. . . 6.40 .. .. 6.48 .. .. 6.55 .. .. 6.63 .. . . 6.71 .. .. 6-78 .. . . 6.86 .. .. 6.94 .. . . 7-01 .. . . 7.09 . . .. 7.17 .. . . 7.25 .. . . 7.32 .. .. 7.40 .. .. 7.48 .. .. 7.57 .. . . 7.66 .. .. 7.74 .. * , 7.83 .. .. 7-92 . . I . 8.01 . . .. 8.10 .. . . 8.18 .. .. a m .. . . 8-36 . . . . 8.46 .. .. 8.54 .. .. 8.63 .. .. 8.72 .. .. 8-80 .. . . 8.88 . . . . 8.96 . . . . 9.04 . . .. 9.13 .. .. 9.21 .. . . 9.29 . . . , 9-37 . . .. 9.45 .. . . 9.54 . . .. 9.62 .. .. 9-70 .. .. 9.86 .. . . 9-78 . . Proo! Spirit ; per cent. . . 10.26 . . .. 10.40 .. .. 10.54 ,. .. 10.67 .. .. 10.81 .... 10.94 .. .. 11.08 .. .. 11.21 .. .. 11.35 .. .. 11.49 .. . . 11.62 . . .. 11-76 .. .. 11.89 .. .. 12.03 .. .. 12.16 .. .. 12.30 .. .. 12.43 .. .. 12.57 .. .. 12.70 .. .. 12.84 .. . . 12.97.. .. 13.11 .. .. 13.27 .. .. 13.42 .. .. 13-57 .. .. 13.73 .. .. 13-88 .. .. 14.04 .. .. 14.19 .. .. 14.35 .. . . 14.50 . . .. 14.66 .. .. 14.81 .. .. 14.96 .. .. 1512 .. .. 15.27 .. .. 15.42 .. .. 15-56 .. ,. 15.70 .. .. 15.85 .. .. 15.99 .. .. 16.14 .. .. 16.28 .. .. 16.42 .. .. 16.57 .. .. 16.71 .. .. 16-86 .. .. 17.00 .. .. 17.14 .. .. 17.29 .. p. GravitS 15’5O C- t 60° F. = *9869 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9859 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ~9849 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9839 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,9829 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,bsolute Alcohol by weight ; per cent. .. 8.00 .. . . 8.07 . . . . 8.14 .. ..8.21 .. . . 8.29 . . .. 8.36 .. . . 8.43 . . . . 8.50 . . . . 8.57 .. . . 8.64 .. .. 8-71 .. .. 8.79 .. . . 8.86 . . .. 8.93 . . . . 9.00 .. . . 9.07 .. . . 9.14 . . . 9.21 .. . . 9.29 .. . . 9.36 .. .. 9-43 .. . . 9.50 . . . . 9.57 .. . . 9.64 . . . . 9.71 . . . a 9-79 . * . . 9.86 . . . . 9.93 , , .. 1040 .. .. 10.08 .. . . 10.15 . . .. 10.23 .. .. 10.31 .. .. 10.38 .. .. 10.46 .. .. 10.54 .. .. 10.62 .. .. 10.69 .. .. 10.77 .. .. 10.85 .. . . 10.92 . . .. 11.00 ,. .. 11.08 .. .. 11.15 .. .. 11-23 .. .. 11.31 .. .. 11.38 .. .. 11.46 .. .. 11.64 .. .. 11-63 .. ibeolute Alcohol by volume; per oent. .. 9.95 *. .. 10.03 .. I . 10.12 .. * . 10.21 .. .. 10.30 .. .. 10-38 .. .. 10.47 .. .. 1056 .. .. 10.65 . . ,. 10.73 .. .. 10.82 .. .. 10.91 .. .. 11.00 .. .. 11-08 ,... 11.17 .. ,. 11-26 .. .. 11.35 .. ,. 11.44 .. .. 11.52 .. , . 11.61 .. ,. 11-70.. .. 11-79 .. .. 11.87 .. .. 11.96 .. ,. 12.05 .. .. 12.13 .. .. 12.22 .. .. 12.31 .. .. 12.40 .. .. 12-49 .. . . 12.58 . . .. 12.68 .. .. 12.77 .. .. 12.87 .. .. 12-96 .. .. 13.05 .. .. 13.15 .. .. 13-24 .. .. 13.34 .. .. 13.43 .. . . 13-52 . . .. 13.62 .. .. 13.71 .. .. 13.81 .. .. 13.90 .. .. 13.99 .. .. 1409 .. .. 14.18 .. .. 14-27 .. .. 14.37 .. Proof Spirit ; per oent. . . 11.43 . . .. 17.58 .. .. 17.74 .. .. 17.89 .. ,. 18-04 .. .. 18.20 .. .. 18.35 .. .. 18.65 .. .. 18.81 .. , . 18.96.. ,. 19.11 .. .. 19.27 .. ,. 19-42 .. .. 19.58 .. .. 19.73 .. .. 19.89 . . .. 20.04 . . ,. 20.19 .. .. 20.35 .. , .20*50 . . ,. 20.65 .. .. 2Q.81 .. .. 20.96 .. .. 21.11 .. .. 21.27 .. .. 21.42 .. ..21.57 .. .. 21.73 .. .. 21.89 .. . . 22.06.. .. 2242 .. .. 22.38 .. .. 22-55 .. .. 22.71 .. .. 22.88 .. .. 23.04 .. .. 23.21 .. .. 23.37 .. .. 23.54 .. . . 23-70.. .. 23.86 .. .. 24.03 .. .. 24.19 .. .. 2436 .. .. 24.52 .. .. 24.69 .. .. 24.85 .. .. 25.01 .. .. %*18 .. .. 18-50 ..THE ANALYST. Sp. Gravit: a t 60" F. = 15'5" C. -9819 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9809 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9799 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a -9789 & 7 E 4 FI e e c 1 ( -977s 6 t i 4 E 1 4 r C .bsolnte Alcohol 3y weight ; per cent. .. 11.69 .. .. 11.77 .. .. 11.85 .. .. 11.92 .. .. 12.00 .. .. 12-08 .. .. 12-15 .. .. 12.23 .. .. 12.31 .. .. 12-38 .. . .12.46 . . .. 12.54 .. .. 12.62 .. .. 12.69 .. .. 12.77 .. .. 12.85 .. .. 12.92 .. .. 13.00 .. .. 13.08 .. .. 13-15 .. . . 13.23.. .. 13.31 .... 13.38 .. .. 13-46 .. .. 13.54 .. .. 13.62 .. .. 13-69 .. . . 13.77 . , .. 13.85 .. .. 13.92 .. . . 14.00 . . .. 14.09 .. .. 14.18 .. .. 14.27 .. ,. 14.36 .. .. 14.45 .. .. 14.55 .. .. 14.64 .. .. 14.73 .. .. 14.82 ., .. 14.91 ., .. 15.00 .. .. 15-17 .( .. 15.25 .( . . 16.33 ., .. 15.42 . ( .. 15.50 . ( .. 15.67 . ( .. 15-08 ., .. 15-58 ., ,bsolute Alcoho oy volume; per cent. .. 14.46 .. .. 14.56 .. .. 14.65 .. .. 14.74 .. .. 14.84 .. .. 14-93 .. .. 15-02 .. .. 15.12 .. .. 15.21 .. .. 15.30 .. . . 15.40 . . .. 15.49 .. .. 15.58 .. .. 15.68 .. .. 15-77 .. .. 15.86 .. .. 15.96 .. .. 16-05 .. .. 16.15 .. .. 16.24 .. . . 16.33 . . .. 1643 .. .. 16-52 .. .. 16.61 .. .. 16-70 .. .. 16.80 .. .. 16.89 .. .. 16.98 .. .. 17.08 .. .. 17.17 .. . . 17.26 . . . . 17.37 .. ..17.48 .. .. 17.59 .. .. 17.70 ., .. 17.81 . # .. 17.92 . # .. 18.03 . , .. 18.14 ., .. 18.25 . , . . 18.36 . , . . 18.48 .( . , 18.58 ., . . 18.68 ., . . 18.78 . .. 18-88 ., . . 18.98 . , . . 19.08 . .. 19.18 ., .. 19.28 ., Proof Spirit ; per cent. . .25.34 . . .. 25.51 .. .. 25.67 .. .. 25.83 .. .. 26.00 .. .. 26-17 .. .. 26-33 .. .. 26.49 .. .. 26.66 .. .. 26.82 .. . .26.99 . . .. 27.15 .. .. 27.31 .. .. 27.48 .. .. 27.64 .. .. 27.81 .. .. 27.97 .. .. 28.13 .. .. 28.29 .. .. 28.46 .. . . 28.62 . . .. 28.78 .. .. 28.95 .. .. 29.11 .. .. 29.27 .. ,. 29.43 .. .. 29.60 .. .. 29.76 .. .. 29-92 .. .. 30.09 .. . .30.26 . I .. 30.45 .( . . 30.64 ., .. 30.83 ., .. 31-03 . ( ,. 31-22 . ( . . 31.41 ., .. 31.61 . , , . 31-80 . , .. 31-99 ., ,. 32.19, . . 32.38 . .. 32.56 ... 32.73 ., . . 32.91 . . . 33.08 . . . 33.26 . .. 33-44 . .. 33.61 . .. 33.79 . p. Gravitj t 601 F. = 15'5O C. -9769 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9759 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9749 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9739 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 -9729 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a Lbsolute Alcohl by weight ; poi cent. . . 15.75 . , .. 15.83 .( .. 15.92 ., .. 16.00 .( .. 16.08 . , . . 16.15 . ( . . 16.23 ., .. 16.31 ., .. 16.38 ., , , 1646 . . . 16.54 . .. 16.62 . .. 16-69 . . . 16.77 . .. 16.85 . . . 16.92 . .. 17.00 . . . 17.08 . . . 17-17 . . . 17.25 . . . 17.33 . . . 17.42 . .. 17.50 . . . 17.58 . .. 17.67 . .. 17-75 . .. 17.83 . .. 17.92 . .. 18.00 . . . 18.08 . .. 18.15 . . . 18-23 . . . 18.31 . .. 1846 . . . 18.54 . .. 18.62 . .. 18.69 . . . 18-77 . . . 18.85 . . . 18.92 . . . 19.00 . . . 19.08 . .. 19.17 ... 19.25 . .. 19.33 . . . 19-42 . .. 19.50 . . . 19.58 , . . 19.67 . . . 18.38 . ibsolute Alcoho by volume; per cent. . . 19.39 . . .. 19.49 .. .. 19.59 .. .. 19.68 ,. .. 19.78 .. .. 19.87 .. .. 19.96 .. .. 20.06 .. .. 20.15 .. .. 20.24 .. . . 20.33.. .. 20.43 .. .. 20.52 .. .. 20.61 .. .. 20.71 .. .. 20.80 .. .. 20.89 .. .. 20.99 .. .. 21.09 .. .. 21.19 .. . . 21.29 . . .. 21.39 .. .. 21.49 .. .. 21.59 .. .. '21.69 .. .. 21.79 .. .. 21.89 .. .. 21.99 .. .. 22.09 .. .. 22-18 . I . .22*27. .. 22.36 ., .. 22.46 .I . . 22-55 ., .. 22.64 .I .. 22.73 ., .. 22.92 . I .. 23.01 ., .. 23.10 ., . . 23*19., .. 23.28 . I .. 23.38 ., .. 23-48 ., .. 23.58 . .. 23-68 . .. 23.78 . .. 23.88 . .. 23.98 . .. 24-00 . .. 22.82 .( Proof Spirit ; per cent. . .33*96.. .. 34.14 .. ..34.32 .. .. 34.50 .. .. 34.66 .. .. 34.82 .. .. 34.98 .. .. 35.14 .. .. 35.31 .. .. 35.47 ,. . . 35.63.. .. 35.79 .. .. 35.95 .. ,. 36.12 .. .. 36.28 .. .. 36.44 .. .. 36.60 .. .. 36.78 .. .. 36.95 .. .. 37.13 .. . .37*30.. .. 37.48 .. .. 37.65 .. .. 37.83 .. .. 38-00 .. .. 38.18 .. .. 38.35 .. .. 38.53 .. .. 38.71 .. .. 38.87 .. . '39.03 . . .. 39.13 .. .. 39.35 .. .. 39.51 .. .. 39-68 .. .. 39.84 .. .. 40.00 .. .. 40.16 .. .. 40.32 .. .. 40.48 .. . .40*64 . . .. 40.80 .. .. 40.98 .. .. 41-15 ,. .. 41.33 .. .. 41.50 .. .. 41.68 .. .. 42.03 .. .. 41.85 .. .. 42-20 ..46 . .42.38.. .. 42.55 .. ,. 42-73 .. ,. 42.90 .. .. 43.07 .. .. 43.25 .. .. 43.42 .. .. 43.60 .. .. 43.77 .. .. 43.94 .. . . 44.12 . . .. 44.29 .. .. 44.47 .. .. 44.64 .. .. 44.81 .. .. 44.99 * ... 45.15 .. .. 45-31 .. .. 45.47 .. .. 45.63 .. . . 45.79.. .. 45.95 .. .. 46-11 .. .. 46.27 .. .. 46.43 .. .. 46-59 .. .. 46-75 .. .. 46.91 .. .. 47.07 .. .. 47-23 .. THE ANALYST. '9669 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9659 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9649 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Sp. Gravity at 60° F. = 15*6O C. a9719 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9709 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 *9699 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9689 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a *9679 8 7 f! 4 3 3 ( E ci C .bsolute Alcohol by weight ; per cent. . . 19.75.. .. 19.83 .. .. 19.92 .. .. 20.00 .. .. 20.08 .. .. 20.17 .. ,. 20.25 .. .. 20.33 .. .. 20.42 .. .. 20.50 .. . .20.58 . . .. 20.67 .. .. 20.75 .. .. 20.83 .. .. 20.92 .. .. 21.00 .. .. 21.08 .. .. 21.15 .. .. 21.23 .. .. 21.31 .. . . 21-38 . . .. 21-46 .. .. 21.54 .. .. 21.62 .. .. 21.69 .. .. 21.77 .. .. 21.85 .... 21.92 .. .. 22.00 .. .. 22.08 .. .. 22.15 .. .. 22.23 .. .. 22-31 .. .. 22.38 .. .. 22-46 .. .. 22-54 . a .. 22.62 ., .. 22.69 . I .. 22-77 .I ,. 22.85 .< . .22*92 . .. 23.00 . .. 23.08 . .. 23.15 . . . 23-23 . .. 23.31 . . . 23.38 . .. 23-46 . .. 23.54 . .. 23.62 . .bsolute Aloohol by volume ; per cent. , . 24-18 . . , . 24-26 .. ,. 24.38 .. # . 24.48 .. ,. 24.68 .. ,. 24.68 .. .. 24.78 .. ,. 24.88 .. .. 24.98 .. .. 25.07 .. . . 25-17 . . .. 25.27 .. .. 25-37 .. .. 2547 .. .. 25.57 .. .. 25-67 .. .. 25.76 .. .. 25.86 .. .. 25.96 .. .. 26-04 .. . . 26.13 . . .. 26.22 .. .. 26.31 .. .. 26.40 .. .. 26.49 .. .. 26.58 .. .. 26.67 .. .. 26.77 .. .. 26-86 .. .. 26.95 .. . . 27.04.. .. 27-13 .. .. 27.22 .. .. 27.31 .. .. 27-40 .. .. 27-49 .. .. 27.59 .. .. 27-68 .... 27.77 .. .. 27.86 .. . .27.95 . . .. 28.04 .. .. 28.13 .. .. 28.22 .. .. 28.31 .. .. 28.41 .. .. 28.50 .. .. 28.59 .. .. 28-68 . , .. 28.77 .. . . 47-39.. .. 47-55 .. .. 47.70 .. .. 47.86 .. .. 48.18 .. .. 48-34 .. .. 48.50 .. .. 48.66 .. .. 48.82 .. . . 48.98.. .. 49.14 .. .. 49.30 .. .. 49-46 .. .. 49.62 .. .. 49-78 .. .. 49.94 .. .. 5010 .. .. 50.25 ,. .. 50.41 .. .. 48.02 .. ~9639 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a ,9629 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 bsolute Alcohol 19 weight; per cent. . 23.69.. . 23.77 . . . 23.85 .. . 23.92 .. . 24.00 . . . 24.08 . . , 24.15 .. . 24.23 .. . 24.31 .. , 24.38 .. , . 24-46.. ,. 24.54 .. ,. 24.62 ,. ,. 24.69 .. I . 24.77 .. &. 24.85 .. t . 24.92 .. ,. 25.00 .. .. 25.07 . . .. 25-14 .. .. 25.21 .. .. 25.29 .. .. 25.36 .. .. 25.43 .. .. 23.50 .... 25.57 .. .. 25.64 .. .. 25.71 .. .. 25.79 .. .. 25.86 .. . . 25.93.. .. 26.00 .. .. 26.07 .. .. 26-13 .. .. 26.20 .. .. 26.27 .. .. 26-33 .. .. 26-40 .. .. 26.53 .. . . 26.60.. .. 26.67 .. .. 26.73 .. .. 26.80 .. .. 26.87 .. .. 26.93 .. .. 27.00 .. .. 27.07 .. .. 27.14 .. .. a m .. .. 27.21 .. .bsolute Alcohol by volume ; por cent. . 28.86.. . 28.95 .. . 29-04 . . . 29.13 . . . 29.22 .. . 29.31 .. . 29.40 .. ,. 29.49 .. ,. 29.58 .. ,. 29-67 .. , . 29.76.. ,. 29.86 .. .. 29.95 .. , . 30.04 .. ,. 3013 .. .. 30.22 .. .. 30.31 .. .. 30.40 .. ,. 30.48 .. ,. 30.57 .. . .30.65. .. 30.73 .. .. 30.82 .. .. 30.90 .. .. 30.98 .. .. 31.07 .. .. 31.15 .. .. 31.23 .. .. 31-32 .. .. 31.40 .. . . 31.48 - * .. 31.57 .. .. 31-66 .. .. 31.80 .. .. 31.88 .. .. 31.96 .. .. 32.03 * ... 32.11 .. .. 32.19 .. . .32*27.. .. 32.34 .. .. 32.42 .. .. 32.50 .. .. 32.58 .. .. 32.65 .. .. 32-73 .. .. 32.81 .. .. 32.90 .. .. 32.95 .. ,. 31.72 e . Proof Spirit j per cent. .50*57.. , 50.73 . . . 50.89 . . . 51.05 . . . 51.21 . . . 51.37 .. . 51.53 .. . 51-69 . . . 51.84 .. . 52.00 . . . 52.16.. . 52.32 . . . 5248 . . . 52.64 .. . 52-80 . . . 52.95 .. . 53.11 .. . 53.27 . . . 53-42 .. . 53.56 .. . 53.71 .. . 53.86 . . . 54.00 .. ,. 54-15 .. , . 54-30 . . I . 54-44 .. B . 54-59 .. .. 54.74 .. b . 54.80 .. .. 55.03 .. . . 55.18 . . .. 5532 .. ,. 65.46 ,. a . 55.59 .. .. 55.73 .. .. 55-87 .. .. 5640 .. .. 56-14 .. .. 56.27 .. .. 56-41 .. . . 56.55 . . .. 56.68 .. .. 66-95 .. .. 57-09 .. .. 5723 .. .. 57.36 .. .. 57.51 .. .. 57.65 .. .. 57.80 I. .. 56.82 ..THE ANALYGT.47 Sp. Gravit: at 60" F. = 15'5" C. -9619 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,9609 8 7 (i 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9599 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9589 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9579 8 7 ti 4 3 2 1 0 u .bsolnte Alcohol 3y weight ; per cent. . . 27.29 . . .. 27.36 .. .. 27.48 .. .. 27.50 .. .. 27.57 .. .. 27.64 .. .. 27.71 .. .. 27.79 .. .. 27-86 .. . * 27.93 .. . .28*00 . . .. 28.06 ., .. 28.12 .. .. 28.19 .. .. 28-25 .. ,. 28.31 .. .. 28.37 .. .. 28.44 .. .. 28.50 .. .. 28.56 .. . . 28.62 . . .. 28%9 .. .. 28.75 .. .. 28.81 .. .. 28.87 .. .. 28.94 .. .. 29.00 .. .. 29.07 .. .. 20.13 .. .. 29.20 .. . . 29.27,. .. 29.33 .. .. 29.40 .. .. 29.47 .. .. 29-53 .. .. 29.60 .. .. 29-67 .. ,. 29-73 .. .. 29.80 .. .. 29.87 .. . . 29.93.. .. 30.00 .. .. 30.06 .. .. 30.11 .. .. 30.17 .. .. 30.22 .... 30.28 .. .. 30.33 .. .. 30.39 .. .. 30.44 .. ,bsolute Alcohol oy volume; per cent. . . 33.06 . . .. 33.15 .. .. 33.23 .. .. 33.31 .. .. 33.39 .. .. 33.48 .. .. 33.56 .. .. 33.64 .. .. 33-73 .. .. 33.81 .. . . 33.89.. .. 33.97 .. .. 34.04 ,. .. 34.11 .. .. 34.18 .. .. 34.25 .. .. 34-33 .. .. 34.40 .. . . 34.47 * . .. 34.54 .. .. 34.61 .. .. 34.69 .. .. 34.76 .. .. 34-83 .. .. 34.90 .. .. 34.97 ,. .. 35.05 .. .. 35.13 .. .. 35.20 .. .. 35.28 .. . . 35.35 . . .. 35.43 .. .. 36.51 .. .. 35.5s .. .. 35*GG .. .. 35.74 .. .. 35.81 .. .. 35.89 .. .. 36.97 .. .. 36.04 .. . . 36.12 . . .. 36.20 .. .. 36-26 .. .. 36-32 .. .. 36.39 .. .. 36.45 .. .. 36.51 .. .. 36.57 .. .. 36.64 .. .. 36-70 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. . . 57.94 . . .. 58.09 .. .. 58.24 .. .. 58.38 .. ..58.53 .. .. 58.67 .. .. 58.82 .. .. 58-97 .. .. 59-11 .. .. 59.26 .. . .59-40.. .. 59.53 .. .. 59-66 .. * . 59.90 ,. .. 60.03 .. ., 60.16 .. .. 60.28 .. .. 60.41 .. .. 60.53 .. . .60-66 . . .. 60.79 .. .. 60.91 .. .. 61.04 .. .. 61.16 .. .. 61-29 .. .. 61.42 ,. .. 61*;5 .. .. 61-69 .. .. 61.82 ,. . . 61.95 . . .. 62.09 .. .. 62-22 .. .. 62.36 .. .. 62.49 .. .. 62.63 .. .. 62.76 .. .. 62.90 .. .. 63.03 .. .. 63.17 .. . . 63.30.. .. 63.43 .. .. 63-55 .. .. 63-66 .. 6 . 63-77 .. .. 63.S8 .. .. 63.99 .. .. 64.10 .. .. 64-21 .. .. 64.32 ,. .. 59-78 .. ip. Gravitj 15'5O C. it 601 F. = -9569 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9559 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9549 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9539 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9529 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ;bsolute Alcoho by weight ; por cent. . .30*50 . . .. 30.56 .. ..30.61 .. .. 30.67 .. .. 30.72 .. .. 30.78 .. .. 30.83 .. .. 30.89 .. .. 30.94 .. .. 31-00 ,. . . 31.06 . . .. 31.12 .. .. 31.19 .. .. 31.25 .. .. 31.31 .. .. 51.37 .. .. 31.44 .. .. 31.50 .. .. 31.56 .. .. 31.63 .. .. 31.69 .. .. 31.75 .. .. 31-81 .. .. 31.87 .. .. 31-04 .. .. 32.00 .. .. 32.06 .. .. 32.12 ,. .. 32.19 .. .. 32.25 .. . . 32.31 . . .. 32.37 .. .. 32.44 .. .. 32.50 .. .. 32-56 .. .. 32.62 .. .. 32.69 .. .. 32.75 .. .. 32.81 .. .. 32.87 .. . .32*94.. .. 33.00 .. .. 33.06 .. .. 33.12 .. .. 33-18 .. .. 33.24 .. .. 33.29 *. .. 33.35 .. .. 33-41 .. ,. 33.47 .. .bsolute Alcohol jy volume; per cent. . . 36.76.. .. 36-83 .. .. 36-89 .. ,. 36.95 .. .. 37.02 .. I . 37.08 . . &. 37-14 . . ,. 37.20 .. . 37.27 . . I. 37.34 .. . 37.41 .. . 37.48 .. 8 . 37.55 .. , . 37.62 .. , . 37.69 .' ). 37.76 . . I . 37.83 . . ,. 37.90 .. I . 37-97 .. I . 38.04 . . . . 38.11 . . .. 38.18 .. .. 38.35 .. .. 38-33 .. .. 38-40 .. . f 38.41 .. .. 38.53 .. .. 38.60 .. .. 38.68 .. .. 38.75 .. . . 38.82 . . ,. 38.89 .. .. 38-96 .. .. 39.04 .. .. 39.11 .. .. 39.18 .. .. 39.26 .. .. 39.32 .. .. 39-40 .. .. 39.47 .. . 39-54. * ,. 39-61 .. .. 39.68 .. .. 39.74 .. .. 39.81 .. .. 39.87 .. .. 39.94 .. .. 40.0J .. .. 40.07 .. .. 40.14 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. . .64.43.. .. 64.54 .. .. 64.65 .. .. 64.76 .. .. 64-87 .. ,. 64.98 .. ,. 65.10 .. -. 65.21 .. t . 65.32 .. I . 65.43 .. I . 65.55 . . ,. 65.68 .. #. 65.80 .. . 65.93 . . I . 66-05 . I . 66.18 . . !. 66.30 .. I . 66-43 . . .. 66.55 .. .. 66.68 .. . . 66.80.. .. 66.93 .. .. 67.05 .. .. 67.17 .... 67.30 .. .. 67.42 .. a . 67.56 .. .. 67.67 .. .. 67.80 .. .. 67.92 .. . .68.04.. .. 68.17 .. .. 68-29 .. .. 68.54 .. .. 68.67 .. .. 68.79 .. .. 68.92 .. .. 69-04 .. .. 69.16 .. . .69*29 . , .. 69.41 .. .. 69.53 .. .. 69.65 .. .. 69.76 .. .. 69.88 .. .. 69.99 .. .. 70.11 .. .. 70.23 .. .. 70.34 .. .. 68.42 ..48 THE ANALYST. Sp. Uravity at 60* F. = 1 5 P C. -9519 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9509 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9499 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9489 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,9479 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 solute Alcoho y weight; per cent. .33*53 . . . 33.59 .. . 33.65 .. . 33.71 . . . 33.76 . . . 33.82 . . . 33.88 .. . 33.94 . . . 34.60 .. . 34.05 . . . 34.10.. . 34.14 .. . 34.19 .. . 34.24 .. . 34.29 . . . 34.33 . . . 34.38 . . . 34.43 .. . 34.48 ,. . 34.52 .. .34.57 . . . 84-62 ... 34.67 .. . 34.71 .. . 34.76 .. . 34.81 .. . 34.86 .. . 34.90 .. 34.95 .. . 35.00 .. , . 35.05.. .. 35.10 .. ,. 35.15 .. I . 35.20 .. ,. 35.25 .. ). 35.30 .. I . 35-35 .. .. 35.40 .. .. 35.4; .. .. 35.50 .. . . 35.55.. .. 35.60 .. .. 35.65 .. .. 35.70 .. .. 35.75 ., .. 35.85 .. .. 35.90 ., .. 35.95 . a . . 36.00 . I .. 35-80 .. bsolute Alooho: y volume ; per cent. .40*20 . . . 40.27 .. , 40.34 * . . 40.40 . , . 40.47 .. . 40.53 .. . 40.60 . . . 40.67 .. . 40.74 .. . 40.79 . . . 40.84.. . 40.90 . . . 40.95 .. . 41.00 . . . 41.03 . . . 41.11 .. . 41.16 . . . 41.21 . . . 41.26 . . ,. 41.32 .. , . 41.37 , . 41.42 .. . 41.48 .. , . 41.53 .. I . 41.58 .. ,. 41.63 .. ,. 41.69 .. .. 41.74 .. .. 41.79 .. .. 41-84 .. . . 41.90.. .. 41.95 .. .. 42.01 .. .. 42.06 .. ..42.12 .. .. 42.17 .. .. 42-23 .. .. 42.29 .. .. 42.34 .. .. 42.40 .. . .42*45,. . . 42.51 .. . .. 42.56 .. .. 42.62 .. .. 42.67 .. .. 42.73 .. .. 42.84 ., .. 42-89 .. .. 42.95 . I .. 42-78 .. Proof Spirit; per cent. . 70.46.. . 70.57 .. . 70.69 .. . 70.81 . . . 70.92 . . . 71.04 . . . 71.15 . . . 71.27 . . . 71.39 .. , 71-48 .. . 71.58 .. . 71.67 .. . 71.76 , . . 71.85 . . . 71.94 . . . 72.04 .. . 72.13 .. * 72.22 .. . 72.31 . . , . 72-41 . . . 12.50.. ,. 72.59 .. , . 72.78 . . ). 72.87 .. ,. 72.96 .. b . 73.05 .. .. 73.14 .. .. 78.24 .. * . 73.33 .. . .73*43.. .. 73.62 .. .. 73.62 ,. .. 73.72 .. .. 73-81 .. .. 73.01 .. .. 74.01 .. .. 74.10 .. .. 74.20 .. . . 74-80 . I . . 74.39. a .. 74.49 . a .. 74.59 . a .. 74-68 . I *. 74.78 .< .. 74-88 . I .. 74.97 . I ..75.07 ., .. 76.17 . .. 75.26 . ). 72.68 .. 9469 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 9459 8 7 6 5 4 8 2 1 0 9449 8 7 G 6 4 3 2 1 0 ,9439 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,9429 8 7 6 5 1 3 2 1 c a 0 3fiolute Aloohol iy weight ; per cent. .36*06 . . . 36-11 .. . 36.17 . . . 36.22 .. . 36.28 , . . 36.33 .. . 36.39 .. . 36.44 .. . 36.50 .. . 36-56 .. . 36.61.. . 36.67 . . . 36.72 .. . 36.78 . . ,. 36.83 . . , . 36-04 .: ,. 37.00 .. , . 37-06 . . ,. 37-11 .. ?. 37.17 . . I . 37-22 .. I . 37.28 .. I . 37.33 .. .. 37.39 .. ,. 37.44 .. .. 37.50 .. ,. 37.56 .. .. 37.61 .. .. 37.67 .. . .37-72 . . .. 37.78 ,. .. 37.83 .. .. 3 . S O .. .. 37.94 .. * . 38.00 .. ,. 3S.OG .. .. 38-11 * . .. 38.17 ., .. 88-22 .. . . 38.28 . . .. 38.93 .. .. 38-39 .. .. 38.44 .. .. 38.50 .. .. 38.56 .. .. 38.61 .. .. 38.67 .. .. 33.72 .... 38.78 .. ,. 36.89 . . )solute Alcohol y volume ; per cent. . 43.01 . . . 43-07 .. . 43.13 .. . 43.19 .. . 43.26 .. . 43-32 .. . 43.38 .. . 43.44 . . . 43.50 . . . 43.66 .. .43*63.. . 43.69 .. . 43.75 . . . 43.81 .. . 43-87 .. . 43.93 .. . 44.00 . . . 44.06 , . . 44.12 .. , 44.18 .. .44.24.. . 44.30 . . . 44.36 . . . 44.43 .. ,. 44.49 .. ,. 44.55 .. , . 44.61 .. I. 44.67 .. v . 44.73 .. .. 44.79 * . b . 44.56 . . .. 44.92 * . .. 44.96 .. .. 45-04 .. .. 45.10 .. * . 45-16 .. .. 45.22 .. .. 45.28 .. .. 46.34 .. .. 45-41 .. . ,4547 . . .. 43.53 .. .. 45.59 ,. .. 45.65 .. .. 45.71 .. .. 45-77 .. .. 45-83 .. t. 45.s9 .. .. 4 5 9 5 .. .. 46.02 .. Proof Spirit; per cent. .75*37 . . ,. 75.48 .. . 75.5'3 .. . 75.70 . . . 75.80 .. . 75.91 .. . 76.02 . . . 76.13 .. . 76.24 .. . 76.34 .. . 76.45.. . 76-56 .. . 76.67 .. 8 . 76-73 .. I . 76.88 .. I . 76.99 .. ,. 77-10 .. ) . 77.21 .. ,. 77.32 .. ,. 7 - 7 4 .. , . 77.53 . . b . 77-64 ., .. 77.75 .. I . 77-85 .. .. 77.96 .. .. 78.07 .. .. 78.18 .. .. 78.28 .. .. 78.39 .. .. 78.50 .. .. 78.61 .. .. 78.71 .. .. 76-82 .. .. 78.93 .. .. 70.01 .. .. 79.14 .. .. 79.25 .. .. 79.36 .. .. 78-46 .. .. 70.57 .. . .79*68 . . .. 7'3.7'3 .. .. 79.89 .. .. 80.00 .. .. 80.11 .. .. 80.21 .. .. 80.32 ,. .. S0.48 .. .. S0.53 .. .. 80.64 ..THE ANALYST. . .80*75.. .. 80.86 .. .. 80.96 .. .. 81.07 .. .. 81-17 .. .. 81-26 ,. .. 81.36 .. .. 81.43 .. .. 81.55 .. .. 81-64 .. . . 81.74 . . .. S1.S:: .. .. 81.93 .. .. 82-03 .. .. 82.12 .. .. 82.21 .. .. 82-31 .. .. 82.40 .. * . s2.50 .. .. S3.69 .. .. 82.69,. .. 82.75 .. .. 82.68 .. .. 82-97 .. .. 83.07 .. ,. 83.16 .. .. 133.26 .. .. 83.35 .. .. 83.45 .. .. 83-54 .. . .83*64.. .. 83-73 .. .. S3.83 .. .. 53-92 .. .. 84.02 .. .. 84.11 .. .. 81-21 .. ,. 84.30 .. .. 84.39 .. .. 84.49 .. 49 -9369 8 7 6 0 4 3 2 1 0 -9359 8 7 6 5 4 0 2 1 0 ~9349 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,9339 8 7 6 u 4 3 2 1 0 3 Sp. Gravit: a t 60° F. = 155O C. -9419 8 7 G 4 3 2 1 0 -9409 8 7 G 6 4 3 2 1 0 a9399 8 7 G 4 3 2 1 0 -9389 8 7 6 4 3 s 1 0 9379 3 7 6 4 3 2 1 c 0 u 0 3 Lbsolnte Alcoho by weight ; per cent. . . 38.83 . . .. 33-83 .. .. 35.94 .. .. 39.00 .. .. 39.05 .. .. 39-10 .. .. 39.15 .. .. 39.20 .. .. 39.25 .. .. 39.30 .. . . 39.35.. .. 39.40 .. .. 39045 .. .. 39.50 .. .. 39.55 .. .. 39.60 .. .. 39.66 .. .. 39.70 .. .. 39.75 .. .. 39*80 .. .. 39.85 . . .. 39-90 .. .. 99-95 .. .. 40.00 .. .. 40.05 .. .. 40.10 .. .. 40.1G .. .. 40.20 ., .. 40.25 .. .. 40.30 .. . .40*35 . . . . 40.40 . . .. 40.45 .. .. 40.50 .. .. 40.55 .. .. 40.60 .. . . 40.66 . . .. 40.70 .. .. 40.75 .. .. 40.80 .. . .40.85.. .. 40.90 .. .. 40.95 .. .. 41.00 .. .. 41-05 .. . . 41.10 . . . 41.16 . .. 41-20 . . . 41.25 . . , 41.30 . .bsolute Alcoho' 3y volume; per cent. . .46*08 . . .. 46.14 .. .. 46.20 .. .. 46.26 .. .. 46.32 .. .. 46.37 .. .. 46.42 * . ,. 46.48 .. . . 46.63 . . .. 46.59 .. . . 46.64.. .. 46.70 .. .. 46.75 .. .. 46.80 .. .. 46*&G .. .. 46.91 .. .. 46.97 .. .. 47.02 .. .. 47.08 .. .. 47-13 .. . . 47.18 . . .. 47.24 .. .. 47-29 .. .. 47.35 .. . . 47.40 . . .. 47-45 .. .. 47.51 .. .. 47.56 .. .. 47.62 .. .. 47.67 ... . 47.72 . . .. 47-73 .. .. 47-83 .. .. 47.59 .. .. 47-94 .. .. 47.99 .. . . 48.05 .. .. 48.10 .. .. 45.16 .. .. 48.21 .. . . 48.26.. * . 48.32 .. .. 45.37 .. . . 48.48 . . . . 48.48 .. .. 45.54 . . .. 48.59 .. .. 48.64 .. .. 45.70 .. ,. 48.75 .. , , 84.58 . . .. 54.68 .. ,. 84.77 .. .. 84.87 .. .. 84.96 .. .. 95.06 . , . . 83.1; . < .. 85.24 ., .. 85.34 .. . . 85.43 . *9329 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 bsolute Alcohol 3y weight ; por cent. . . 41.35 . . .. 41-40 .. .. 41.46 .. .. 41-50 .. .. 41.55 .. .. 41-60 .. .. 41.65 .. .. 41.70 .. .. 41.73 .. ,. 41.80 .. . . 41.85 . . .. 41.90 .. .. 41.95 .. .. 42.00 .. .. 42.05 .. .. 42.10 .. .. 42-14 .. .. 42.19 .. .. 43.24 .. .. 42-21) .. . .42*33 . . .. 42.38 .. .. 42.43 .. .. 43-45 .. .. 42.52 .. .. 42-57 .. .. 42.62 .. .. 42.67 .... 42-71 .. .. 42.7G .. . . 42.81 . . .. 42.86 .. .. 42.90 .. .. 42.95 .. .. 43.00 .. .. 43.0% 1 . . . '43.10 . . .. 43.14 .. . . 43.19 . . .. 43.2L .. . .43*29 . . . * -3 <3a . . .. 43.39 .. .. 43.43 .. .. 43.48 .. .. 43.52 .. .. 43.57 .. 9.c .. * d ,8 .. .. 43.67 .. ,. 43.71 .. A9.5 '> bsolute Alcohol )y volume; per cent. . .48*80 . . .. 48.86 .. .. 48.91 .. .. 48-97 ,. .. 49.02 .. .. 49.07 .. .. 49.13 .. .. 49.18 .. .. 49.23 .. .. 49.29 .. . . 49.34.. .. 49.40 .. .. 49.45 .. .. 43.50 .. .. 49.55 .. .. 49.61 .. .. 49-66 .. .. 49.71 .. .. 49.76 .. .. 49.81 .. . . 49.86.. .. 49.91 .. .. 49.96 .. .. 50.01 .. .. 50.06 .. .. 50.11 .. .. 50.16 .. .. 50.21 * . .. 50.26 .. .. 50.31 .. . .50-37.. .. 50.42 .. .. 50.47 ., .. 50.52 .. .. 60.57 .. .. 50.62 .... 50.67 .. .. 50.72 .. .. 50.77 .. .. 50.82 .. . . 50.87.. . . 60-92 . , .. 50.97 .. .. 51.02 .. .. 51.07 .. .. 51.12 .. .. 51.17 .. .. 51.22 .. .. 51-27 .. .. 51.32 ,. Proof Spirit ; per cent. . . 85.53.. I . 85-62 .. , . 85.71 .. ,. 85-81 .. I . 85.90 . . . 86-00 . . I . 86.09 .. .. 86.16 .. .. 86.28 .. ,. 86-37 . . . . 86-47 . . ,. 86.56 .. .. SG.65 .. .. 813.73 .. , . 8G.84 .. .. 86.93 .. ,. 97-02 .. ,. 87.11 .. .. 87-20 .. ,. 87.29 .. . . 87.37.. -. 87.46 .. .. 87.55 .. I . 87.64 .. .. 87.73 .. .. 87.82 .. .. 87-91 .. .. 88.00 .. .. 88-01) .. .. 88.16 .. . 88.26 . . .. 88-35 .. .. 85.44 .. .. 83.53 .. .. 88-62 .. .. 88.71 ,. .. Eis.79 .. .. 86.85 .. .. 88.97 .. .. 89.06 . . . . 89.15 . . .. 89.24 ,. .. 89.33 .. .. s9.41 .. .. 89.50 .. .. 89.59 .. .. 89.68 .... 89.77 .. .. 89.8G .. .. 89.95 ..THE ANALYST. Sp. Gravit: at 60° F. = 155O C. -9319 8 7 (i 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9309 8 7 6 4 3 9 1 (1 *9299 e 7 c 6 4 3 I 1 c -9286 6 f r 1 I 4 C 1 ( *927< t ( ? , < i 6 1 ( Lbsolnte Alcoho by weight ; per cent. . .43*76 . . .. 43-81 .. .. 43.86 .. .. 43.90 .. .. 43.95 .. .. 44.00 .. .. 44-09 .. .. 44.14 .. .. 44-15 .. . .44.23. . .. 44.27 .. .. 44.32 .. .. 44.36 .. .. 44.41 .. ,. 44.4G .. .. 44.50 .. .. 44.55 .. .. 44.59 .. .. 44.64 .. . .44-68 . . . , 44.73 * . .. 44.77 .. .. 44.82 ,. .. 44-01 .. .. 44.96 .. .. 45.00 .. .. 45.05 .. .. 45.09 .. . . 45.14 . I .. 45.18 .. .. 45.23 .. .. 45.27 .. .. 45.32 . I .. 45.36 . a .. 45.41 . # .. 4546 .< .. 45.50 . I .. 45-55 .< . . 45-59., .. 45.64 . .. 45.68 .. 45.73 . I .. 45-77 ., .. 45*s2 , < .. 45-86 ., .. 45.91 .I .. 45-9G . ( .. 46.00 . ( .. 44.05 .. .. 44-86 .. ibsolute Alcoho by volume; per cent. . . 51.38 . . .. 51-43 .. .. 51.48 .. .. 51.53 .. . . 51*’G3 . . .. 51-68 .. ,. 51.72 .. .. 51.77 .. .. 51.82 .. . . 51.07 , . . . 391 . . .. 51-06 .. .. 52.01 .. .. 52.06 .. .. 52.10 .. .. 52.15 .. .. 52-30 .. .. 52.25 .. .. 52.29 .. . .52.34.. .. 62.39 .. .. 52.44 .. .. 53.48 .. .. 52-58 .. .. 52.58 .. .. 52.63 .. .. 52.68 .. .. 52.72 .. * . 52-77 . I .. 51.58 .. . .52.a2 . I .. 52.87 ., .. 52.91 . # .. 62-96 .< . . 53.01 ., .. 53-06 .I . . 53.10 ., .. 53-15 . .. 53.20 . .. 53.24 . . ,53.29 . . . 53-34 . .. 53.39 . . . 53-43 . . . 53.48 . .. 53.53 . .. 53.58 . .. 53-62 . .. 53.67 ., .. 53.72 ., Proof Spirit ; per cent. . . 90.03.... 90.12 .. .. 90.21 .. .. 90.30 .. .. 90.39 .. .. 90.48 .. .. 90.5G .. .. 90.64 .. .. 90.73 .. .. 90.51 .. . . 90.89.. .. 90.98 .. . , 91.06 . . .. 91.14 .. .. 01.23 .. .. 91.31 .. .. 01-39 .. .. 91-48 .. .. 91.56 .. .. 01-64 .. . . 91.73.. .. ‘31.81 .. .. 91.90 .. .. 91.98 .. .. 92.06 .. .. 92-16 .. .. 92.23 .. .. 92.31 .. .. 92.40 .. .. 92.48 .. . . 92-56.. .. 02-64 .. .. 92.73 .. .. 92.89 .. .. 92.98 .. .. 93.06 .. .. 93.14 .. .. 93.23 .. .. 93.31 .. . . 93.39.. .. 03.48 .. .. 93.66 .. .. 93.64 .. .. 93.73 .. .. 93.81 .. .. 93.89 .. . . 93.98 . . .. 94-06 . ( .. 94.14 . a .. o m 1 .. Ip. Gravitj ,t 601 F. = 15.5O C. *9269 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9259 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9249 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,9239 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 -9229 8 7 6 6 4 3 2 1 0 a ibsolute Alcoho by weight ; per cent.. . 46.05.. .. 46-00 .. .. 46.14 .. .. 46.18 .. .. 46.23 .. .. 46.27 .. .. 46.32 .. .. 46.36 .. .. 46-41 .. .. 46.46 .. . . 46.50.. .. 46-55 .. .. 46.59 .. .. 46.64 .. .. 46.68 .. .. 46.73 .. .. 46.77 .. .. 46.82 .. ,. 46.86 .. .. 46.91 .. . . 46.96.. .. 47.00 .. .. 47-05 .. .. 47.09 .. .. 47.14 .. .. 47-18 .. .. 47.23 .. .. 47.27 .. .. 47.32 .. .. 47.36 .. . , 47.41.. .. 47.46 .. .. 47.50 .. .. 47.55 .. .. 47.59 .. .. 47.64 .. .. 47.68 .. .. 47.73 .. *. 47.77 .. .. 47.82 .. . . 47-86.. .. 47-91 .. .. 47.96 .. .. 48.00 .. .. 48.05 .. .. 48-09 .. .. 48.14 .. .. 48.18 .. .. 48.23 .. .. 48.27 ., ibsolute Alcohol by volume; per cent. . . 53.77.. .. 53.81 .. .. 58.86 .. .. 53.91 .. .. 53.95 .. .. 54-00 .. .. 54.05 .. .. 64.10 .. .. 54-14 .. , . 64.1‘3 .. . . 54.24.. .. 54.29 .. .. 54.33 ,. .. 54-38 .. .. 54.43 .. .. 54.47 .. .. 54.52 .. .. 54.57 .. .. 54-62 .. .. 54-66 .. . . 54.71 . . .. 54.76 .. .. 54.80 .. .. 54.85 .. .. 54:90 .. ,. 64.95 .. .. 54.99 .. .. 55-04 .. .. 55.09 .. ,, 55.13 .. . . 55.18 . . .. 55.23 ,. .. 55.27 .. .. 56-32 .. .. 55.37 .. .. 55.41 .. .. 56.46 .. .. 55.51 * * .. 55.55 .. .. 56.60 .. . . 55.65 . . .. 55.69 .. .. 55.74 * . .. 55.79 ,. .. 55-83 .. .. 55.88 .. .. 55.93 .. .. 5597 .. .. 56.02 .. .. 56.07 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. . .94*22.. .. 94.31 .. .. 94.39 .. .. 94.47 .. .. 94-55 .. .. 94.64 .. .. 04-72 .. .. 94.80 .. .. 94.89 .. .. 94.97 .. . . 95.05.. .. 95.13 .. .. 95.22 .. .. 95.30 .. .. 95.38 .. .. 95.46 .. a . 95.55 .. .. 95.63 .. .. 96.71 .. .. 95.79 * . . . 95.88 . ... 95.96 .. .. 96.04 .. .. 96.12 .. .. 96-21 .. .. 96.29 .. * . 96.37 .. .. 96.45 .. .. 96.53 .. .. 96.62 .. . . 96.70.. .. 96-78 .. .. 96.86 .. .. 96-96 .. .. 97.03 .. .. 97.11 .. .. 97.19 .. .. 97.27 .. .. 97.36 .. .. 97.44 .. . . 97.52.. .. 97.60 .. .. 97.68 .. .. 97.77 .. .. 97-85 .. .. 97.93 .. .. 98.01 .. .. 98.09 .. .. 98.18 .. .. 98-26 ..THE ANALYST. Sp. Gtravitj at 60° F.= 15.P C. *9219 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9209 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9199 PROOF. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9189 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .9179 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Lbsolute Alcohc by weight ; per cent. . . 48.32 . . .. 48.36 .. .. 46.41 .. .. 48.46 .. .. 48-50 .. * . 48-55 * . .. 48-59 .. .. 48.64 .. .. 48.68 .. .. 48.73 .. . . 48-77 . . .. 48.82 .. .. 48.86 .. .. 48.91 .. .. 48-96 .. .. 49-00 .. .. 49.04 .... 49.08 .. ,. 49-12 .. .. 49.16 .. . .49*20.. . .49.24 . . .. 49.29 .. .. 49.34 .. .. 49.39 .. .. 49-44 .. .. 49.49 .. .. 49.54 .. .. 49.59 .. .. 49.64 .. . . 49.68.. .. 49.73 .. .. 49.77 .. .. 49.82 .. .. 49.86 .. .. 49-91 .. .. 49.95 .. .. 50.00 .. .. 50.04 .. .. 50-09 .. . . 50.13 . . .. 50.17 .. .. 50.22 .. .. 50.26 .. .. 50.30 .. .. 50.35 .. .. 50.39 .. .. 50.43 .. .. 50.48 .. .. 50.52 .. ibsolute Alcoho by volume; per cent. .. 56.11 .. .. 56.16 .. .. 56.21 .. .. 56.25 .. .. 56.30 .. .. 56.35 .. .. 564d .. .. 56.44 .. .. 56.49 .. .. 56.54 .. . . 56.58 . . .. 56.63 .. .. 56.68 ,. .. 56.72 .. .. 56.77 .. ,. 56.82 .. .. 56.86 .. .. 56.90 .. .. 56.94 .. .. 56.98 .. . .57*02.. . . 57-06 . . .. 57.10 .. .. 57.15 .. .. 57.20 .. .. 57.25 .. .. 57-30 .. .. 57.35 .... 57.40 .. .. 57.45 * . . .57-49 . . .. 57.54 .. .. 57.59 1. .. 57.64 .. .. 57-69 .. .. 57.74 .. .. 57.79 .. .. 57.84 .. .. 57.88 .. .. 58.92 .. . .57.97 . . .. 58.01 .. .. 58.06 .. .. 58.10 .. .. 58.14 .. .. 58.19 .. .. 58.23 .. .. 58.28 .. .. 58.32 .. .. 58-36 .. Proof Spirit; per cent. . . 98.34 . . .. 98.42 .. .. 98.50 .. .. 98.59 .. .. 98.67 .. .. 98.75 .. .. 98.83 .. .. 98-91 .. .. 99-00 .. .. 99.08 .. . . 99.16 . . .. 99.24 .. .. 99.32 .. .. 99.41 .. . . 99.49 .. .. 99-57 .. .. 99.64 .. .. 99.71 .. .. 99.78 .. .. 99-86 .. . .99*93.. . .100~00.. . . 100.08.. . . 100.17.. . . 100.25.. . . 100-34.. . . 100.42 . . . . 100.51.. . . 100.59,. .. 100.68 .. 100.76 .. . . 100.85 , . . . 100.93.. . . 101.02 . . . . 101.10.. .. 101.19 .. . . 101.27.. . . 101.36 . . .. 101.43.. . . 101-51 . . . .101*59. . . . 101.66 . . . . 101.74.. .. 101.82 .. . . 101.89.. . . 101.97 . . .. 102.05 .. , . 102.12 . , . . 102.20. * .I 102.28 .. p. Uravit: t GOo F. = 16'5O C. -9169 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9159 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9149 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9139 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *9129 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Lbsolute Alcohol by weight; per cent. . .50.57 . . .. 50.61 .. .. 50.65 .. .. 50.70 .. .. 50.74 .. .. 50.78 .. .. 50.83 .. .. 50.87 .. .. 50.91 .. .. 50.96 .. . . 51-00 . . .. 51.04 .. .. 51.08 .. .. 51.13 .. .. 51.17 .. .. 51.21 .. .. 51.25 .. .. 51.29 .. .. 51.33 ,. .. 51.38 .. . . 51.42 . . .. 51-46 .. .. 51.50 .. .. 51.54 .. .. 51.58 .. .. 51.63 .. .. 51-67 .. .. 51.71 .. .. 51.75 .. .. 51.79 .. . . 51.83 . . .. 51.88 .. .. 51.92 .. .. 51.96 .. .. 52.00 .... 52.05 .. .. 52.09 .. .. 52-14 .. .. 52.18 .. .. 52.23 .. . .52.27 . . .. 52.32 .. .. 52.36 .. .. 52.41 .. .. 52.45 .. .. 52.50 .. .. 52.55 .. .. 52.59 .. .. 52.64 .. .. 52.68 .. .baolute Alcohol iy volume; per cent. .. 58.41.. .. 58.45 .. .. 58.50 .. .. 58.54 .. .. 58.58 .. .. 58-63 .. .. 58.72 .. .. 58.76 .. .. 58.80 ,. . .58*85 . . .. 58.89 .. .. 58.93 .. .. 58.97 .. .. 59-01 .. .. 59.05 .. .. 59-09 .. .. 59.14 .. .. 59.18 .. .. 59-22 .. . . 59.26.. .. 59-30 .. .. 59.34 .. .. 59.39 .. .. 59.43 .. .. 59.47 .. .. 59-51 .. .. 59.55 .. .. 59-59 .. .. 59.63 .. . . 59.68.. .. 59.72 .. .. 59.76 .. .. 59.80 .. .. 59.84 .. .. 59.89 .. I . 59.93 .. .. 59-98 .. ,. 60.02 .. ,. 60.07 .. .. 60.12 .. ,. 60.16 .. ,. 60.21 .. ,. 60.25 .. .. 60.30 .. ,. 60.34 .. .. 60.39 .... 60.44 .. .. 6047 .. .. 60.52 .. .. 58.67 .. Proof Spirit; per cent. 102.35 .. . . 102.43,. . . 102.51.. . . 102.59.. . . 102.66.. . . 102.74 .. .. 102.82 .. .. 102.89 .. .. 102.97 .. . . 103.05:. . 103.12 .. . . 103.20.. . . 103-27.. . . 103.34.. . . 103.41.. . . 103.49.. .. 103.56 .. . . 103.63.. . . 103.71 .. . . 103.78,. 103.85.. . . 103.92 .. . . 104.00.. . . 104.07 .. . . 104.14 . . . . 104.21 .. . . 104.29.. . . 104.36.. . . 104.43.. . . 104950 . . 104.58.. . . 104.65.. . . 104.72 . . . . 104.80.. .. 104.87 .. . . 104.95.. . . 105.03.. .. 105.11 .. . . 105.19 .. .. 105.27 .. 105.35 . . . . 105.43.. .. 105.51 .. .. 105.59 .. .. 105.67 .. . . 105.76 . . . . 105.83 .. . . 105.91 . . . . 105.99.. .. 106.07 ..52 THE ANALYST . Sp . Gravit: at 60° F .= 16'5O C . -9119 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 * 9109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9099 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9089 5 4 3 2 1 0 '9 0 7s 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a . bsolute Alcoho' by weight ; per cent . . . 52.73 . . .. 52-77 .. .. 52.82 .. .. 52.86 .. .. 52.91 .. .. 52.95 .. .. 53.00 .. .. 53.04 .. .. 53.09 .. .. 53-13 .. . . 53.17 . . .. 53.22 .. .. 53.26 .. .. 53.30 .. .. 53.35 .. .. 53-39 .. .. 53.43 .. .. 53.48 .. .. 53.52 .. .. 53.57 .. . . 53.61 . . .. 53.65 .. .. 53.70 .. .. 63-74 .. .. 53.78 .. .. 53.83 .. .. 53.87 .. .. 53.91 .. .. 53.96 .. .. 54.00 .. . .54*05 .. .. 54.10 .. .. 54.14 .. .. 64-24 .. .. 54.29 .. .. 54.33 .. .. 54.38 .. .. 54.43 .. .. 54.48 .. . . 54.52 . . .. 54.57 .. .. 54.62 .. .. 54.67 .. .. 54.71 .. .. 54.76 .. .. 54.81 .. .. 54-86 .. .. 54.90 .. .. 54.95 .. . .59-19 . . ibsolute Alcoho by volume ; per cent . . . 60.56 . . .. 60.61 .. .. 60.65 .. .. 60-70 .. .. 60.74 .. .. 60.79 .. .. 60.85 .. .. 60.89 .. .. 60.93 .. .. 60.97 .. . . 61.02 .. .. 61.06 .. .. 61.10 .. .. 61.15 .. .. 61-19 .. .. 61.23 .. .. 61.28 .. .. 61.32 .. .. 61.36 .. .. 61-40 .. .. 61.45 .. .. 61.49 .. .. 61.53 .. .. 61.58 .. .. 61.62 .. .. 61.66 .. .. 61.71 .. .. 61.75 .. .. 61.79 .. .. 61.84 .. .. 61.88 .. .. 61.93 .. . . 61-98 . . .. 62-03 .. .. 62.07 .. .. 62.12 .. .. 62.17 .. .. 62.22 .. .. 62.26 .. .. 62.31 .. . . 62.36 .. .. 62-41 .. .. 62.45 .. .. 62.50 .. .. 62.55 . . .. 62-60 .. .. 62.65 .. .. 62.69 .. .. 62.74 . I .. 62.79 . ( Proof Spirit ; per cont . 106.15 . . .. 106.23 .. .. 106.31 .. .. 106.39 .. .. 106.47 .. .. 106.55 .. .. 106.63 .... 106.71 .. . . 106.78 .. .. 106.86 .. 106.93 .. .. 107.01 .. .. 107.08 .. .. 107.16 .. .. 107.23 .. .. 107.31 .. . . 107.38 .. .. 107.46 .. .. 107.54 .. .. 107.61 .. 107.69 .. . . 107.76 . . . . 107.84 . . .. 107.91 .. .. 107.99 .. .. 108.06 .. .. 108.14 .. .. 108.21 .. .. 108.29 . . . . 108.36 . . 108.45 .. .. 108.53 .. .. 108.62 .. . . 108.70 . . . . 108.78 .. .. 108.87 .. .. 108.95 .. .. 109.03 .. .. 109.12 .. . . 109.20 .. 109.28 .. . . 109.37 . . . . 109.45 . . .. 109.53 .. .. 109.62 .. .. 109.70 .. . . 109.78 .. . . 109.87 . . .. 109.95 .. . . 110.03 . . Ip . Gravity t 600F.= 15.5O C . -9069 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 *go59 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *go49 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9039 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *go29 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 . beolute Alcoho: by weight ; per cent . . .55.00 .... 55-05 .. .. 55.09 .. .. 55-14 .. .. 55.18 .. .. 55.23 .. .. 56.27 .. .. 55.32 .. .. 55.36 .. .. 55-41 .. . . 55.45 . . .. 55.50 .. .. 55.55 .. .. 55.59 .. .. 55.64 .. .. 55.68 .. .. 55.73 . . .. 55.77 .. .. 55.82 .. .. 55.86 .. .. 55.91 .. .. 55.9; .. .. 56.00 .. .. 56.05 .. .. 56.09 .. .. 56.14 .. .. 56.18 .. .. 56.23 .. .. 56.27 .. .. 56.32 .. . . 56.36 . . .. 56.41 .. .. 56.45 .. .. 56.50 .. .. 56.55 .. .. 56.59 .. .. 56-64 .. .. 56-68 .. .. 56.73 .. .. 56.77 .. . . 56.82 . . .. 56-86 .. .. 56.91 .. .. 56.95 .. .. 57-00 .. .. 57.04 .. .. 57.08 .. .. 57.13 .. .. 57-17 .. .. 57-21 .. ,bsolute Alcohol by volume j per cent . . . 6 2.84 . . .. 62.88 .. .. 62.93 .. .. 62.97 .. .. 63.02 .. .. 63.06 .. .. 63.11 .. .. 63.15 .. .. 63.20 .. .. 63.24 .. . . 63.28 . ... 63-33 .. .. 63.37 .. .. 63-42 .. .. 63.46 .. .. 63.51 .. .. 63-55 .. .. 63-60 .. .. 63-64 .. .. 63.69 .. . . 6 3.73 . . .. 63.78 .. .. 63.82 .. .. 63.87 .. .. 63.91 .. .. 63.96 .. .. 64.00 .. .. 64.05 .. .. 64.09 .. .. 64.14 .. .. 64.18 .. .. 64.22 .. .. 64.27 .. .. 64.31 .. .. 64-36 .. .. 64.40 .. .. 64.45 .. .. 64-49 .. .. 64.54 .. .. 64.58 .. . .64*63 .. .. 64.67 .. .. 64.71 .. .. 64.76 .. .. 64.80 .. .. 64.85 .. .. 64.89 .. .. 64-93 .. .. 64.97 .. .. 65.01 .. Proof Spirit j per cent . . . 110.12 . . . . 110.20 .. . . 110.28 .. . . 110.36 .. . . 110.44 .. . . 110.52 .. . . 110.60 .. . . 110.68 .. ... 110.76 .. . . 110.84 .. 110.92 .. . . 111.00 .. .. 111.08 .. . . 11€.16 .. .. 111.24 .. . . 111.32 .. . . 111.40 .. .. 111.48 .. . . 111.56 .. . . 111.64 .. .. 11 1.71 . . .. 111.79 .. . . 111.87 .. . . 111.95 . . .. 112.03 .. . . 112.10 .. . . 112.18 .. .. 112.26 .. . . 112.34 .. .. 112.41 .. 112.49 .. . . 112.57 .. . . 112.64 .. . . 112.72 . . . . 112.80 .. . . 112.87 .. . . 112.95 .. . . 113.03 . . .. 113.11 .. .. 113.18 .. 113.26 . . . . 113.34 . . .. 113.41 .. .. 113.49 .. . . 113.57 .. . . 113.64 .. . . 113.71 .. . . 113.78,. .. 113.85 .. . . 113.92 ..THE ANALYST . Sp . Gravit? at 60° F . = 155O C . *go19 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -9009 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 . 8999 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8989 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8979 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 bsolute Alcohol y meight; per cent . . 57-25 . . . 57.29 . . . 57-33 . . . 57.38 . . .. 57.42 . . . 57.46 .. . 57.50 .. .. 57.54 .. .. 57.58 .. . 57.63 .. *. 57.67 .. .. 57.71 .. .. 57.75 .... 57.79 .. .. 57.83 .. .. 57-88 .. .. 57-92 .. .. 57.96 .. .. 58.00 .. .. 58.05 .. . . 58.09 . . .. 58.14 .. .. 58.18 .. .. 58.23 .. .. 58.27 .. .. 58.32 .. .. 58-36 .. .. 58-41 . I .. 58.45 .. .. 58.50 .. . . 58.55 . . .. 58.59 .. .. 58.64 .. .. 58.68 .. .. 58.73 .. .. 58.77 .. .. 58-82 .. .. 58.86 .. .. 58.91 .. .. 58.95 .. . .59*00 .. .. 59.04 .. .. 59.09 .. .. 69.13 .. .. 59.17 .. .. 59.22 .. .. 59-26 .. .. 59.30 .. .. 59.35 .. .. 59-39 .. bsolute Alooho iy volume; per cent . . . 65-05 . . . . 65-09 .. .. 65.13 .. .. 65.17 .. .. 65.21 .. .. 65.25 .. .. 65.29 .. .. 65-33 .. .. 65.37 .. .. 6541 .. . . 65.45 .. .. 65.49 .. .. 65-53 .. .. 65.57 .. .. 65.61 .. .. 65.65 .. .. 65-69 .. .. 65-73 .. .. 65.77 .. .. 65.81 .. . . 65.85 . . .. 65.90 .. .. 66.94 .. .. 65.99 .... 66-03 .. .. 66.07 .. .. 66.12 .. .. 66.16 .. .. 66.21 .. . . 66.25 .. . .6 6.29 . . .. 66.34 .. .. 66.38 .. .. 66-43 .. .. 66.47 .. .. 66.51 .. .. 66.56 .. .. 66.60 .. .. 66.65 .. .. 66.69 .. . . 66.74 .. .. 66.82 .. .. 66.86 .. .. 66.90 .. .. 66-94 .. .. 66.99 .. .. 67.03 .. .. 67.07 .. .. 67.11 .. .. 66.78 .. Proof Spirit ; per ccnt . 113.99 .. . 114.06 .. . 114.13 .. . 114.20 .. . 114.27 .. . 114.34 .. . 114.41 .. . . 114.48 . . . 114.55 . . . 114.62 .. 114.69 .. . . 114.76 . . . . 114.93 .. . . 114.90 .. . . 114.97 .. I . 115.04 . . . . 115.11 .. . . 115.18 .. . . 115.26 .. .. 115.33 .. 115.41 .. . . 115.49 .. . . 115.57 . . . . 115.64 .. . . 115.72 .. . . 115.80 .. .. 115.87 .. . . 115.95 .. .. 116.03 .. . . 116.11 .. . .116.18 .. . . 116.26 .. . . 116.34 ... . 116.42,. . . 116.49 . . . . 116.57 .. . . 116.65 .. . . 116.72 . . . . 116.80 .. . . 116.88 . . . .116*96 .. . . 117.03 .. .. 117. 11 .. .. 117.17 .. . . 117.25 .. . . 117*32., .. 117.39 .. . . 117.47 .. . . 117.54 .. . . 117.61 .. p . Uravitj t GOn F . = E ' G O c . . 8969 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 -8959 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8949 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 . 8939 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ~8929 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 D bRolute Alcoho iy weight ; per cent . .. 59.43 .. # . 59.48 .. I . 59.52 .. .. 59.57 .. .. 59-61 .. .. 59-65 .. .. 59-70 .. .. 59.74 .. .. 59.78 .. .. 59.83 .. . . 59.87 . . .. 59.91 .. .. 59.96 .. .. 60.00 .. .. 60.04 .. .. 60.08 .. .. 60.13 .. .. 60.17 .. .. 60.21 .. .. 60.26 .. . .60.29 .. .. 60.33 .. .. 60.38 .. .. 60.42 .. .. 60.46 .. .. 60.50 .. .. 60.54 .. .. 60.58 .... 60.63 .. .. 60.67 .. . . 60.71 . . .. 60.76 .. .. 60.79 .. .. 60.83 .. .. 60.88 .. .. 60.92 .. .. 60.96 .. .. 61.00 .. .. 61.04 .. .. 61.08 .. .. 61.13 .. .. 61.17 .. .. 61.21 .. .. 61.25 .. .. 61.29 .. .. 61.33 .. .. 61.38 .. .. 61-42 .. .. 61.46 .. .. 61.50 .. bsolnte Alcohol )y volume; per cent . ~ .. 67.15 .. .. 67-19 .. .. 67.24 .. .. 67.28 .. .. 67.32 .. .. 67.36 .. .. 67.40 .. .. 67.44 .. .. 67-49 .. .. 67.53 .. . . 67.57 .. .. 67.61 .. .. 67.65 .. .. 67.69 .. .. 67.73 .. .. 67.77 .. .. 67.81 .. .. 67-85 .. .. 67.89 .. .. 67.93 .. . .67*97 .. .. 68.01 .. .. 68.05 .. .. 68.09 .. .. 68-13 .. .. 68-17 .. .. 68.21 .. .. 68.25 .. .. 68.29 .. .. 68.33 .. . .6 8.36 . . .. 68.40 .. .. 68.44 .. .. 68.48 .. .. 68.52 .. .. 68.56 .. .. 68.60 .. .. 68.64 .. ..68.68 .. .. 68.72 .. . . 68.76 .. .. 68.80 .. .. 68.83 .. .. 68.87 .. .. 68.91 .. .. 68.95 .. .. 68.99 .. .. 69-03 .. .. 69.07 .. .. 69.11 .. Proof Spirit; pep ccut . .117.68 .. . 117.76 .. . 117.83 .. . 117.90 .. . 117.98 .. . 118.05 .. . 118.12 .. . . 118.20 .. . 118.27 .. . 118.34 .. ,118.41 . . . 118.49 .. . 118.56,. . 118.63 .. . 118.70 .. . 118.77 .. . 118.84 .. . 118.91 .. . 118.98 .. . 119.05 .. .11 9.12 . . . 119.18 .. . 119.25 .. . 119.32 .. . . 119.39 . . . . 119.46 .. .. 119.53 . . .. 119.60 .. . . 119.67 . . . . 119*74., . + 119.80 .. . . 119.87 .. . . 119.94 . . . . 120-01 . . .. 120.08 .. .. 120.15 .. . . 120.22 . . .. 120.29 .. .. 120.35 .. . . 120.42 .. 120.49 .. I . 120.56 .. .. 120.63 .. . . 120.70 .. .. 120.77 .. . . 120.83 . . . . 120.90 .. . . 120.97 .. . . 121.04 .. .. 121.11 ..54 THE ANALYST. Sp. Gravit at 60° F. = 15.5O C. ,8919 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8909 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 -8899 8 7 6 5 4 f 3 ( -8889 t 7 t 4 2 : 5 3 ( .8a7~ F c 4 I- 1 t L C 3 ( ,bsolute Alcohl by weight ; pel cent. .. 61.54 ., .. 61.58 ., . . 61-63 .. .. 61-67 . , . . 61-71 ., .. 61-75 . I . . 61.79 . .. 61.83 . .. 61.88 ., . . 61.92 . . .61*96 . . . 62.00 . . . 62.05 . . . 62.09 . . . 62.14 . .. 52.18 . .. 62-23 . .. 62.27 . . . 62.32 . ,. 62-36 . .. 62.41. .. 62.45 . . . 62.50 . .. 62.55 . .. 62-59 . .. 62.64 . . . 62.68 . .. 62.73 . .. 62.77 . .. 62.82 . . .62*86 . .. 62-91 . .. 62.95 . . . 63.00 . . . 63.04 . . . 63.09 . .. 63.13 . .. 63.17 . .. 63.22 . . . 63.26 . . .63*30. .. 63.35 . .. 63.39 . .. 63.43 . , . 63.48 . ..63.52 . .. 63.57 . .. 63.61 . . . 63.65 . .. 63.70 . Lbbsolute Alcoho by volume ; per cent. . . 69.15 . . .. 69-19 .. .. 69.22 .. .. 69.26 .. .. 69.30 .. .. 69.34 .. .. 69.38 .. ,. 69.42 .. .. 69.46 .. .. 69.50 .. . .69*54 . . .. 69.58 .. .. 69-62 .. .. 69.66 .. .. 69.71 .. .. 69-75 .. .. 69.79 .. ,. 69.84 .. .. 69.88 .. .. 69-92 .. . .69.96.. .. 70.01 .. .. 70.05 .. .. 70.09 .. .. 70.14 .. .. 70.18 .. .. 70.22 . - .. 70.27 . , .. 70.31 ., .. 70.35 ., . .70*40. .. 70.44 . . . 70.48 .( .. 70.52 ., . . 70.57 . , ., 70.61 ., . . 70.65 . I .. 70.69 . , .. 70.73 ., .. 70.77 . , . . 70.81 . .. 70.85 . . . 70.89 . . . 70.93 . . . 70.97 . .. 71.01 ., . . 71.05 . .. 71.09 . , .. 71.13 ., .. 71.17 . , Proof Spirit ; per cent. . .121*18 . . . . 121.24.. . . 121.31 . . , .121.46 . . .. 121.52 .. . . 121.59 . . .. 121.66 .. .. 121-72 .. .. 121.79 .. . .121-86. , .. 121.93 .. ., 122.01 .. . . 122.08 , . . . 122.16 . . ,. 122.23 .. . . 122.31 . . .. 122.38 .. . . 122.46.. ,. 122.53 .. . .122*61. . . . 122.68.. . . 122.76 , . . . 122.84 . . .. 122.91 .. . . 122.99 . . . . 123.06 . . . . 123.14.. .. 123.21 .. .. 123.29 .. 123.36 .. .. 123.44 .. . . 123.52 . . . . 123.59 . . .. 123.66 .. . . 123.73 . . . . 123.80.. .. 123.88 .. .. 123.95 .. . . 124.02.. 124.09 . . . . 124.16 .. . . 124.23 . . . . 124.30 . . . . 124.37 . . . . 124.44 . . .. 124.52 ,. .. 124.59 .. . . 124433.. .. 124.73 .. .. 121.38 .. ip. Gravity 15.5O C. ,t 60° F. = -8869 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8859 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8849 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .8839 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8829 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 bsolute Alcohol by weight ; per cent.. . 63.74.. .. 63.78 .. .. 63.83 .. ,. 63.87 .. .. 63.91 .. .. 63.96 .. .. 64.00 .. .. 64.04 .. .. 64.09 .. .. 64.13 .. . . 64.17 . . .. 64.22 .. .. 64.26 .. .. 64-30 ,. .. 64.35 .. .. 64.39 .. .. 64.43 .. .. 64.48 .. .. 64.52 .. .. 64.57 .. . . 64.61 . . .. 64.65 .. . . 64.70 .. .. 64.74 .. .. 64.78 .. .. 64-83 .. .. 64.87 .. .. 64.91 .. .. 64-96 .. .. 65.00 .. . . 65.04.. .. 65.08 .. .. 65.13 .. .. 65-17 .. .. 65.21 .. .. 65.25 .. .. 65.29 .. .. 65-33 .. .. 65.42 .. . . 65.46.. .. 65.50 .. .. 65.54 .. .. 65.58 .. .. 65.63 .. ,. 65.67 .. .. 65.71 .. .. 65.75 .. .. 65.79 .. .. 65.83 .. .. 66.38 .. ,bsolute Alcohol by volume ; por cent. . . 71.22.. .. 71.26 ,. .. 71.30 .. .. 71.34 .. .. 71.38 .. .. 71.42 .. .. 71.46 .... 71.50 .. .. 71.54 .. .. 71.58 .. . . 71.62 . . .. 71.66 .. .. 71.70 .. .. 71.74 .. .. 71.78 .. .. 71-82 .. .. 71.86 .. .. 71.90 .. .. 71.94 .. .. 71.98 .. . . 72.02 . . .. 72.06 .. .. 72.10 .. . . 72.14 .. .. 72.18 .. .. 72.22 .. .. 72.26 .. .. 72.30 .. .. 72.34 .. ,. 72-38 .. . .72.42 .. .. 72-46 .. .. 72-60 .. . . 72.54 . . .. 72.61 .. .. 72.65 .. .. 72-69 - * .. 72.73 .. .. 72.77 .. . . 72.80.. .. 74.84 .. .. 72.88 .. .. 72.92 .. .. 72.96 .. .. 72-99 .. .. 73.03 .. .. 73.07 .. .. 73-11 .. .. 73.15 .. .. 72-58 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. 124.80 . . . . 124.87 .. . . 124.94.. . . 125.02.. . . 125.09.. . . 125.16 . . . . 125.23 .. . . 125-30.. . . 125.38 . . . . 125.44.. . .125*51. . . . 125.58.. . . 125-65.. . . 125.72 . . . . 125.79.. . . 125.86,. .. 125.93.. . . 126.01 , . . . 126.08 . . . . 126.15,. 126.22 .. . . 126.29.. . . 126.36.. . , 126.43.. . . 126.50.. . . 126.57.. . . 126.64.. . . 126.71.. . . 126.78.. . . 126.85.. 126.92 .. . . 126.99.. , . 127.05 .. . . 127.12 .. . . 127.19.. . . 127.25.. . . 127.32 . . . . 127.39 . . . . 12745.. .. 127.52 .. 127.59 . . . . 127.65.. . . 127.72 . . . . 127-79 , . . . 127.85 . . .. 127.92 .. . . 127.99.. . . 128.05.. . . 128.12 . . . . 128.19..THE ANALYST. ibsolute Alcohol cent. by volume; Per 55 Proof Spirit per cent. Sp. Gravitj at 60" F.= 15'5O C. . . 75.12 . . .. 75.16 .. .. 75-19 .. .. 75.23 .. .. 75-27 .. .. 75.30 .. .. 75.34 .. .. 75.38 .. .. 75-42 .. .. 75.45 .. . .75*49 . . .. 75.53 .. .. 75.57 .. .. 75.60 .. .. 75.64 .. .. 75-68 .. .. 75.72 .. ..75.75 .. .. 75.79 .. .. 75.83 .. . . 75.87.. .. 75.90 .. .. 75:94 .. ,. 75.98 .. .. 76.01 .. . . 76.05 .. .. 76.09 .. ,. 76.13 .. . . 76-16 . . .. 76.20 . . . . 76-24.. .. 76.27 .. . . 76.31 .. ,. 76.35 .. .. 76.39 . . ,. 76.42 .. , . 76-46 . . ,. 76.50 .. ,. 76.53 .. ,. 76.57 . . . 76.61 . . . 76.65 . . . 76-68 .. . 76.72 .. . 76.76 .. . 76.80 .. . 76-83 .. , . 76.87 . , , . 76.91 . . , . 76-94 .. -8819 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8809 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 .8799 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 . 8 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8779 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 3 131.64 . . .. 131.71 .. .. 131.77 .. .. 131.84 .. .. 131.90 .. .. 131.97 .. .. 132.04 .. .. 132.10 .. .. 132.17 .. .. 132.23 .. 132.30 . . .. 132.36 .. .. 132.43 .. .. 132.49 .. .. 132.56 ., .. 132.63 .. .. 132.69 .. .. 132.76 .. .. 132.82 .. .. 132.89 ..132.95.. .. 133.02 .. .. 133.08 .. .. 133.16 .. .. 133.21 .. . . 1.33.28 .. . . 133.34 .. .. 133.41 .. . . 133.47.. .. 133.54 .. 133.60,. .. 133.67 .. .. 133.73 .. .. 133.80 .. .. 133.86 .. .. 133.93 .. . . 133.99 .. .. 134.06 .. .. 134.12 .. .. 134.19 .. 134.25 . . . . 134.32.. .. 134.38 .. .. 134.45 . * .. 134.51 .. .. 134.58.. .. 134.64 .. .. 134.71 .. . . 134.77 .. .. 134.84 .. .bsolute Alcoho by weight ; per cent. . . 65.88.. .. 65.92 .. .. 65.96 .. .. 66.00 .. .. 66.04 .. . . 66.09 . . .. 66-13 .. .. 66.17 .. .. 66.22 .. , . 66-26 .. I . 66.30 , . ,. 66.35 .. .. 66.39 .. , . 66.43 .. , . 66.48 .. , . 66.52 .. ) . 66-57 .. ,. 66.61 .. , . 66.65 .. ,. 66.70 . . . 66.74.. . 66.78 .. . 66.83 . . . 66.87 . . . 66.91 . . . 66% . . . 67.00 . . . 67.04 . . .67-08 . . . 67.13 . . . 67.17.. . 67-21 . . . 67.25 .. . 67.29 . . . 67.33 . . . 67.38 , . . 67.42 . . , 67-46 . . . 67.50 . . . 67-54 , . . 67058 . . . 67-63 . . . 67.67 . . . 67.71 .. . 67.75 .. . 67-79 .. . 67-83 . . . 67-88 . . . 67-92 . . . 67.96 ,. ibsolute Alcoho: by volume; per cent. .. 73.19 .. .. 73.22 .. .. 73.26 .. .. 73-30 .. .. 73.34 .. .. 73.38 .. .. 73.42 .. .. 73.46 .. .. 73-50 .. .. 73.54 .. . . 73.57 . . .. 73.61 .. .. 73.65 .. .. 73.69 .. .. 73-73 .. .. 73.77 .. .. 73.81 .. .. 73.85 .. .. 73-89 .. .. 73.93 .. . . 73.97.. .. 74-01 .. .. 74.05 .. .. 74.09 .. .. 74.17 .. .. 74.22 .. .. 74.25 .. .. 74.29 .. I . 74.33 .. * . 74.37 . . -. 74.40 .. I . 74.44 .. ,. 74.48 .. -. 74-52 .. .. 74.55 ,. I . 74.59 .. ). 74.63 .. ,. 74.67 .. ,. 74-70 .. .74*74 .. . 74.78 .. . 74.82 . . . 74.86 .. . 74.89 .. . 74.93 .. . 74.97 .. . 75.01 . . . 75.04 . . . 75-03 .. . . 74.13 . . Proof Spirit ; per cent. 128.25.. .. 128.32 .. . . 128.39.. . . 128.45.. . . 128.52.. . . 128.59.. . . 128.66 . . .. 128.73.. . . 128.80,. . . 128.87 .. 128.94 .. . . 129.01.. . . 129.08 . . . . 129.15.. . . 129.22 .. .. 129.29 .. . . 129.36 .. . . 129.43 . . . . 129.50.. . . 129.57.. 129.64 . . .. 129.71 .. .. 129.78 .. , . 129.85.. * . 129.92.. , . 129.99.. I . 130.06 . . . 130.13.. , . 130.19.. ,. 130.26 . . 130.33 .. . 130.39.. . 130-46.. . 130.52 .. . 130.59.. . 130.66.. . 130.72.. . 130.79.. . 130.85.. a 130.92.. 130.98.. . 131.05 .. . 131.12 .. . 131.18.. . 131.25 .. . 131.51 .. . 131.38 . . . 131.45 .. . 131.51 .. . 131.58 .. p. Gravitj t 60° F.= 15.P C. -8769 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 '8759 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8749 8 7 G 6 i :I 2 1 0 8739 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8729 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ibsolute Alcolio by weight ; per cent. . .68.00.. .. 68-04 .. .. 68.08 .. .. 68.13 .. .. 68.17 .. .. 68.21 .. .. 68.25 .. .. 68.29 .. .. 68.33 .. .. 68.38 .. . . 68.42 . . .. 68.46 .. .. 68.50 .. .. 68.54 .. .. 68.58 .. .. 68.63 .. .. 68-67 .. .. 68.71 .. .. 68-75 .. .. 68.79 .. . . 68.83 . . .. 68.88 . . .. 68.92 .. I . 68.96 .. ,. 69-00 . . , . 69.04 . , , . 63.08 . . . 69.13 . . . 69-17 . . . 69-21 . . ,. 69.25 . . . 69-29 . . . 69.33 . . , . 69.38 . . . 69.42 . . , . 69.46 . . . 69.50 , . . 6954 . . . 69.68 . . . 69.63 . . . 69.67 . . . 69.71 . . . 69.76 . . . 69-79 . . . 69.83 . . . 69.88 . . . 69.92 . . . 69.96 . . , 70.00 .. . 70.04 ..56 THE ANALYST. Sp. Gravitg at 60Q F. = 155O C. *8719 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8709 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8699 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .8689 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 .8679 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .bsolnte Alcoho: by weight; per cent. . . 70.08 . . .. 70-12 .. .. 70.16 .. .. 70.20 .. .. 70.24 .. .. 70.28 .. .. 70.32 .. .. 70.36 .. .. 70-40 .. ,. 70.44 .. I . 70.48 . . .. 70.52 .. .. 70.56 .. .. 70.60 .. .. 70.64 .. .. 7068 .. .. 70.72 .. .. 70.76 .. . . 70.80 .. .. 70-84 .. . .70.88 . . ,, 70.92 .. .. 70.96 .. . . 71.00 .. . . 71.04 .. . . 71.08 . . .. 71-13 .. .. 71-17 .. .. 71.21 .. .. 71.25 .. . . 71.29 . . .. 71.33 .. .. 71.38 .. .. 71.42 .. .. 71.46 .. .. 71.50 .. .. 71-54 .. .. 71.58 .. .. 71.63 .. .. 71.67 .. .. 71.71 ,. .. 71.75 .. .. 71-79 .. .. 71.83 .. .. 71.88 .... 71.92 .. .. 71.96 .. .. 72.00 .. .. 72.04 .. .. 72.09 .. bsolute Alcoho by volume; per cent. , . 76.98 . . ,. 77.01 .. ,. 77.05 * . I . 77.08 . . , . 77-12 .. ,. 77.15 .. .. 77-19 . . ,. 77.22 .. I . 77.25 .. ,. 77.29 .. . 77.32.. !. 77-36 .. I . 77.39 .. 8 . 77.43 .. ,. 77.46 .. . 77.50 .. I . 77.53 ,. I . 77.57 .. . 77.60 . . , . 77.64 , . , . 77-67 . . , . 77.71 . . I . 77.74 .. ,. 77.78 .. .. 77.82 .. I . 77.85 .. .. 77.89 ,. I . 77.93 .. ,. 77.96 .. ,. 78.00 .. . . 78.04 . . .. 78.07 .. .. 78.11 .. .. 78.14 .. .. 78.18 .. .. 78-22 .. .. 78.25 .. .. 78.29 .. .. 78.33 .. .. 78.36 .. . . 78.40.. .. 78.44 .. .. 78.47 .. .. 78.51 .. .. 78.55 .. .. 78.58 .. .. 78.62 . . .. 78.66 .. .. 78-70 .. .. 78.73 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. 134.90 . . .. 134.96 ,.. . 135.02.. . . 135.08 .. . . 135.14 .. .. 135.21 .. . . 135.27 , . .. 135.33 .. .. 135.39 .. . . 135.45 . . 135.51 .. .. 135.57 .. . . 135.64 . . . . 135.70 . . .. 135.76 .. . . 135-82 . . .. 135.88 .. . . 135.94 .. . . 136.00.. .. 136.07 .. 136.13 . . . . 136.19 . . .. 136.25 .. . . 136.31 . . .. 136.37 .. .. 136.41 .. . . 136.50.. .. 136.56.. . . 136.63 . . . . 136.69 .. 136.76 .. .. 136.82 .. .. 136.88 .. . , 136.95 . . . . 137.01 , . .. 137.08 .. .. 137.14 ". . . 137.20.. .. 137-27 .. .. 137.33 .. 137.40 . . .. 137.46 .. .. 137.52 . . .. 137.59.. .. 137.65 .. .. 137.72 .. . . 137.78.. .. 137.85 .. .. 137.91 .. .. 137.98 .. p. Gravitj 15'5O C. t 601 F. = -8669 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 -8659 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8649 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8639 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8629 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 bsolute Alcoho 19 weight ; per cent.. 72.13 . . ,. 72.17 . . ,. 72.22 .. ,. 72.26 .. . 72.30 . . . 72.35 .. I . 72.39 .. . 72.43 . . I . 72.48 . . . 72.52 . . . 72.57.. , . 72.61 .. , . 72.65 .. , . 72.70 .. , . 72.74 .. . 72.78 . . ,. 72.83 . , . 72.87 .. . 72.91 . . . 72.96 . . . 73.00 . . . 73.04 . . . 73.08 . . . 73.13 . . , . 73.17 , . , . 73.21 .. I . 73.25 .. ,. 73.29 .. b . 73.33 .. ,. 73-38 ,. b . 73.42 . . , . 73.46 .. ,. 73.50 .. . . 73.54 .. ,. 73.58 .. .. 73.63 .. .. 73.67 .. .. 73-71 .. .. 73.75 .. .. 73.79 .. . . 73.83.. .. 73.88 .. .. 73.92 .. .. 73.96 .. .. 74.00 .. .. 74.05 .. .. 74.09 .. .. 74.14 .. .. 74-18 .. .. 74-23 .. bsolute Alcohol by volume; per cent. I . 78.77 * . .. 78.81 .. ,. 78.89 .. .. 78.93 .. .. 78.96 .. .. 79-00 .... 79.04 .. .. 79-08 .. .. 79.12 .. . . 79.16.. .. 79.19 .. .. 79.23 .. .. 79.27 .. .. 79.31 .. .. 79.35 .. .. 79.39 .. .. 79.42 .. .. 79.46 .. .. 79.50 .. I . '79.54 . . . . 79.57 .. . . 79.61 , , .. 79.65 .. .. 79.68 .. .. 79.72 .. .. 79.76 .. .. 79-79 .. .. 79.83 .. .. 79.86 .. . . 79*90., .. 79.94 .. .. 79.97 .. .. 80.01 .. .. 80.04 .. ., 80.08 .. .. 80.12 .. .. 80.1; .. .. 80.19 .. .. 80.22 .. . . 80.26.. .. 80.30 .. .. 80.33 .. .. 80.37 .. .. 80.40 .. .. 80.44 .. .. 80.48 .. .. 80.52 .. .. 80.56 .. .. 80.60 .. .. 78.85 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. . .138*05. . .. 138.11 .. . . 138.18.. . . 138.25.. . . 138.32.. . . 138.38.. . . 138.45.. . . 138.52,. . . 138.58.. .. 138.65 .. 138.72 . . .. 138.79.. .. 138.92 .. . . 138.99 .. . . 139.05. . .. 139.12 .. ., 139.19 . . . . 139-26 .. . . 139.32.. . .139*39 . . . . 139.45 .. . . 139.52.. . . 139.58.. . . 139.64.. . . 139.71 . . . , 139.77.. . . 139-83.. . . 139.90.. . . 139.96 .. . ,140.02. . . . 140.09.. . . 140.15.. . . 140.21 . . . . 140.27.. . . 140.34 . . . . 140.40.. . . 140.46 .. . . 140.53 . . .. 140.69.. . .140.65.. . . 140.72 . . .. 140.78 .. . . 140.84 . . . . 140.91.. . . 140.98.. . . 141.05.. .. 141.12 .. .. 141.19.. .. 141.26.. . . 138.85 . .THE ANALYST . 57 Sp . Gravity at 60° F . = 155O C . -8619 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8609 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 el3599 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8589 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8579 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 bsolnte Alcohol )y weight ; per cent . . . 74.27 . . .. 74.32 .. .. 74.36 .. .. 74-41 .. .. 74.45 .. .. 74.50 .. .. 74.55 .. .. 74.59 .. ..74.64 .. .. 74.68 .. . .74.73 .. .. 74.77 .. .. 74.82 .. .. 74.86 .. .. 74.91 .. .. 74.95 .. .. 75-00 .. .. 75.05 .. .. 75.09 .. .. 75.14 .. . . 75.18 .. .. 75.23 .. .. 75.27 .. .. 75.32 .. .. 75.36 .. .. 75.41 .. .. 75.45 .. .. 75-50 .. .. 75.55 .. .. 75.59 .. . . 75-64., .. 75.68 .. .. 75.73 .. .. 75.77 .. .. 75.82 .. .. 75.86 .. .. 75.91 .. .. 75.95 .. .. 76.00 .. .. 76.04 .. . . 76.08 .. .. 76.13 .. .. 76.17 .. .. 76-21 .. .. 76.25 .. .. 76.29 .. .. 76.33 .. .. 76.38 .. .. 76.42 .. .. 76.46 .. rbsolute Alcohol by volume; per cent . . . 80.64 . . .. 80.68 .. .. 80.72 .. .. 80.76 .. .. 80.80 .. .. 80.84 .. .. 80.88 .. .. 80.92 .. .. 80.96 .. .. 81.00 .. . . 81.04 . . .. 81.08 .. .. 81.12 .. .. 81.16 .. .. 81.20 .. .. 81.24 .. .. 81-28 .. .. 81.32 .. .. 81.36 .... 81.40 .. . . 81.44 . . .. 81.48 .. .. 81.52 .. .. 81.56 .. .. 81.60 .. .. 81.64 .. .. 81-68 .. .. 81.78 .. .. 81.76 .. .. 81-80 .. . . 81.84 . . .. 81.88 .. .. 81.92 .. .. 81.96 .. .. 82.00 .. .. 82.04 .. .. 82.08 .. .. 82.12 .. .. 82.16 .. .. 82.19 .. . . 82.23 .. .. 82.26 .. .. 82.30 .. .. 82.33 .. .. 82.37 .. .. 82.40 .. .. 82.44 .. .. 82.47 .. .. 82.51 .. .. 82.54 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent . 141.33 . . . . 141.40 . . . . 141.47 .. . . 141.54 .. . . 141.61 .. . . 141.66 .. . . 141.75 .. . . 141.82 .. . . 141.89 .. . . 141.96 .. 142.03 .. . . 142.10 .. . . 142.17 .. . . 142.24 .. . . 142.31 .. . . 142.38 . . . . 142.45 .. . . 142.52 .. . . 142.59 .. .. 142.66 . . 142.73 . . .. 142.79 .. . . 142.86 .. . . 142.93 . . . . 143.00 . . . . 143.07 .. . . 143.14 .. . . 143-21 . . . . 143.28 .. .. 143.35 .. 143.42 . . . . 143.49 .. . . 143.56 . . .. 143.63 .. . . 143.70 .. . . 143.77 .. . . 143.84,. .. 143.91,. . . 143.98,. . . 144.04 .. 144.10 . . . . 144.16 . . . . 144.23 . . .. 144.29 .. .. 144.35 .. . . 144.41 .. . . 144.47,. . . 144.54., . . 144.60 .. . . 144.66 .. p . Gravitj t60”F.= 15’5O C . *8569 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 . 8559 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a8549 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8539 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8529 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ibsolute Alcoho by weight ; per cent . . . 76.50 . . .. 76.54 .. .. 76.58 .. .. 76.63 .. .. 76-67 .. .. 76.71 .. .. 76.75 .. .. 76.79 .. .. 76.83 .. .. 76.88 .. . . 76.92 . . .. 76.96 .. .. 77.00 .. .. 77.04 .. .. 77.08 .. .. 77.13 .. .. 77.17 .. .. 77.21 .. .. 77.25 .. .. 77.29 .. . . 77.33.- .. 77.38 .. ..77.42 .. .. 7746 .. .. 77.50 .. .. 77.54 .. .. 77.58 .. .. 77.63 .. .. 77.67 .. .. 77.71 .. . . 77.75 . . .. 77.79 .. .. 77.83 .. .. 77.88 .. .. 77-92 .. .. 77.96 .. .. 78.00 .. .. 78.04 .. .. 78.08 .. .. 78.12 .. . . 78.16 . . .. 78.20 .. .. 78.24 .. .. 75.28 .. .. 78.32 .. .. 78.36 .. .. 78.40 .. .. 78.44 .. .. 78-48 .. .. 78.52 .. . bsolute Alcohol 3y volume; per cent . . . 82.58 .. .. 82.61 .. .. 82.63 .. .. 82.69 .. .. 82.72 .. .. 82.76 .. .. 82.79 .. .. 82.63 .. .. 82.86 .. .. 82.90 .. . . 82.93 .. .. 82.97 .. .. 83.00 .. .. 83.04 .. .. 83.07 .. .. 83.11 .. .. 83.14 .. .. 83.18 .. .. 83.21 .. .. 83.25 .. . . 83.28 . . .. 83.32 .. .. 83.36 .. .. 83.39 .. .. 83.43 .. .. 83.46 .. .. 83.50 .. .. 83.53 .. .. 53.57 .. .. 83060 .. . .83*64 .. .. 83-67 .. .. 83.71 .... 83.74 .. .. 83.78 .. .. 83.81 .. .. 83.85 .. .. 83.88 .. .. 83.91 .. .. 83.94 .. . .83.98 .. .. 84.01 .. .. 84.04 .. .. 84.08 .. .. 84.11 .. .. 84.14 .. .. 84.18 .. .. 84.21 .. .. 84.24 .. .. 84.27 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent . 144.72. . .. 144.78 .. . . 144.84 .. . . 144.91 . . . . 144.97 .. . . 145.03 .. . . 145.09 .. . . 145.15 .. . . 145.22 . . . . 145.28 . . 145.34 .. . . 145.40 .. . . 145.46 . . . . 145.52 .. .. 145.59 .. .. 145.65 .. .. 145.71 .. . . 145*77., .. 145.83 .. .. 145.89 .. 145.96 .. . . 146.02 .. . . 146.08,. . . 146.14 .. .. 146.20 .. . . 146.26 .. .. 146.32 .. . . 146.39 .. .. 146.45 .. .. 146.51 .. 146.57. . .. 146.63 .. .. 146.69 .. . . 146.75 .. . . 146.82 .. . . 146.88 .. . . 146.94 .. . . 147.00 . . . . 147.05 .. . . 147.11 .. 147.11 ... . 147.23 .. . . 147.29 .. . . 147.34 .. . . 147.40 .. .. 147.46 .. . . 147.52 .. .. 147.57 .. . . 147.63 .. . . 147.69 ..THE ANAIiY ST . Sp . Gravit: at 60° F . = 155O C . -8519 S 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 . 8509 8 7 6 4 s 3 P 0 -8499 8 7 ci 1 :3 9 1 0 . 8489 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8479 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 0 > a ,bsolnte Alcoho by weight; per cent . . . 78.56 . . .. 78.60 .. .. 78.64 .. .. 78.68 . . .. 78.72 .. .. 78.76 .. .. 78.80 .. .. 78-88 .. . . 78*!)2 . . . . 78.96 . . .. 79.00 . . .. 79.04 .. .. 79.08 .. .. 79.12 .. .. 79.16 .. .. 79.20 .. .. 79.24 .. .. 79.28 .. .. 79.32 .. . . 79.36 .. .. 79.40 .. .. 79-44 .. .. 79-48 .. .. 79.52 .. .. 79-56 .. .. 79-60 .. . . 79.6.4 . . .. 79.68 .. .. 79.73 .. . . 79.76 . . .. 79.80 .. .. 79-84 .. .. 79.88 .. .. 79-92 .. ..79.96 .. .. 80.00 .. . . 80.04 . . .. 80.08 .. .. 80.13 .. . . 80.17 . . .. 80.21 .. .. 80.25 .. .. 80.29 . . .. 80.33 .. .. 80.38 .. .. 80.42 .. .. 80.46 .. .. 80-50 .. .. 80.54 .. . . 78.84 . . ibsolute Alcoho by volume; per cent . .. 84.31 .. .. 84.34 .. .. 84-37 .. .. 84.41 .. .. 84-44 .. .. 84.47 .. .. 84.51 .. .. 84.54 .. .. 84.57 .. .. 84.60 .. . . 84.64 . . .. 84.67 .. .. 84.70 .. .. 84.74 .. .. 84.77 .. .. 84.80 .. . . 84.83 .. .. 84.87 .. .. 84.90 .. .. 84.93 .. . . 84.97 .. .. 85.00 .. .. 85.03 .. .. 85.06 .. .. 85.10 .. .. 85.13 .. .. 85.16 .. .. 85.19 .. . . 86-23 .. .. S5.26 .. . . 85.29 . . .. 55.33 .. . . 85.36 .. .. 85.39 .. .. 85.43 .. .. 85.46 .. . . 55.49 . . .. 85.53 .. .. 85.56 .. .. 85.59 .. . .8 5.63 . . .. 85.G6 .. .. 83-70 .. .. 85.73 .... 85.77 .. .. 85.80 .. .. 85.84 .. .. 85.87 .. .. 85.90 .. .. 85.94 .. Proof Spirit; per cent . . .147*7 5. . . . 147.86 . . . . 147.92 . . . . 147.98 . . . . 148.03 . . .. 14s.09 .. .. 148.15 .. . . 148.21 . . .. 148.27 .. . .148*32 .. . . 148.38 . . . . 148.44 . . . . 148.50 . . . . 148.66 . . . . 148.61 . . . . 148.67 . . . . 148.73 . . . . 148.79 .. . . 148.84 . . . .148*90 .. . . 148-96 . . . . 149.02 . . . . 149.07 . . . . 149.13 .. . . 110*10 . . .. 149.25 .. . . 149.27 . . . . 149.32 . . . . 149.38 . . 149.44 .. . . 1L9.50 . . . . 149.56 .. . . 149.61 . . .. 149.67 .. . . 149.73 . . . . 149.82 . . . . 149.88 . . . . 150.00 . . 150.06 .. . . 150.12 . . . . 150.19 . . . . 150.25 . . . . 150.31 . . . . 150.37 . . .. 15043 .. . . 150.49 . . .. 150.55 .. .. 150.61 . . . . 147.80 . . . . 140.94 . . Ip . Gravity , t 6O0 F . = 15'5O C . -8469 S 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 -84.59 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a s 4 3 9 8 7 G 4 3 2 1 0 -8429 8 7 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 bsolute Alcohol by weight ; per cent . . . 80.58 .. .. 80.63 .. .. 80.67 .. .. 80.71 .. .. 80.75 .. .. 80.79 .. .. 80.83 . . .. 80.88 .. .. 80.92 .. .. 80.96 .. . . 81.00 . . . . 81-0-4 . . .. 81.08 .. .. 81.12 .. .. 81.16 .. .. 81.20 .. .. 81.24 .. .. 81.28 .. .. 81.32 .. .. 81-36 .. . . 81.40 . . .. 81.44 .. .. 81.48 .. .. 81-52 .. .. 81.56 .. .. 81.60 .. .. 81.64 .. .. 81-68 .. .. 51-72 .. .. S1.76 . . . . 81.80 . . .. 81.84 .. .. 81-88 .. .. 81-92 .. .. 81.06 .. .. 82.00 .. .. 82.04 .. .. 82.08 .. .. 82-12 .. .. 82.15 .. . . 82.19 . . .. 82.23 .. .. 82.27 .... 82.31 .. .. 82.35 .. .. 82.38 .. .. 82.46 .. .. 82.50 .. .. 82.54 .. .. 82-42 .. Lbsolute Alcohol by volume; per cent . . . 85.97 .. .. 86.01 .. .. 86.04 .. .. 86.08 .. .. 86.11 .. .. 86.15 .. .. 86.18 .. .. 86.22 .. .. 86.25 .. .. 86.28 .. . . 86.32 . . .. 86.35 .. .. 86.38 .. .. 86.42 .. .. 86.45 .. .. 86.48 .. .. 86.51 .. .. 86.54 .. .. 86.58 .. .. 86.61 .. . . 86.64 . . .. 86-67 .. .. 86.71 .. .. 86-74 .. .. 86.77 .. .. 86.80 .. .. 86-83 .. .. 86.87 .. .. 86.90 .. . 86.93 . . . . 86.96 . . .. 86.99 .. .. 87.03 .. . . 87.06 . . .. 87-09 .. .. 87.12 .. .. 87.15 .. .. 87.18 * * .. 87.21 .. .. 87-24 .. . . 87.27,. .. 87-30 .. .. 87.34 .. .. 87.37 .. .. 87.40 .. .. 87.43 .. .. 87.46 .. .. 87.49 .. .. 87.52 .. .. 87-55 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent . 150.67 .. .. 150.73 .. .. 150.79 .. . . 150.85 .. . . 150.91 .. . . 150.97 .. . . 151.03 .. . . 151.09 .. . . 151.15 .. .. 151.21 * . . .151.27 .. . . 151.33 .. . . 151.38 .. . 151.44 .. . . 151.49 .. . . 151.55 .. . . 151.61 .. . . 151.66,. . . 151.72 .. . . 151.78 .. 151.83 .. . . 151.89 .. . . 151.95 .. . . 152.00 .. .. 152.06 .. .. 152.11 .. . . 158.17 .. . . 152.23 .. . . 152.28 .. . . 152.3'4 .. 152.40 .. . . 152.45 .. .. 152.51 .. . . 152.67 .. . . 152.63 .. . . 152.68 . . . . 152.73 .. . . 152.79 . . . . 152.94 . . . . 152.89 . . 152.95 .. . . 153.00 .. . . 153.05 .. . . 153.11 .. . . 153.16 .. . . 153*21., .. 153.27 .. .. 153.32 .. . . 153.37 . . . . 153.43 . .THE ANALYST. 59 Sp. Gravit: at 60° F. = 1 5 ’ 5 O C. *8419 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8409 8 7 6 5 4 8 2 1 0 *8399 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8389 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8379 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .bsolute Alcohc by weight j per cent.. . 82.58 . . .. 82.62 .. .. 82.65 .. .. 82.69 .. .. 82.73 .. .. 82.77 .. .. 82.81 .. .. 82.85 .. .. 82.88 .. .. 82-92 .. . . 82-96 . . .. 83.00 .. .. 83.04 .. .. 83.08 .. .. 83.12 .. .. 83-15 .. .. 83.19 .. .. 83.23 .. .. 83-27 ., .. 83.31 ., . . 83-35 . .. 88-38 .. .. 83.42 .. . . 83.46 .. .. 83.50 .. .. 83.54 . a .. 83.58 ., .. 83.62 . I , . 83.65 ., .. 83-69 ., . .83*73 . , .. 83.77 . I .. 83.81 .. .. 83.88 ., .. 83.92 ., .. 83.96 ., .. 84.00 . # .. 84.04 .. .. 84.08 .. . . 84.12 . , .. 84.16 .. .. 84.20 .. .. 84.24 .. .. 84.28 .. .. 84.32 .. .. 84.36 .. .. 84.40 .. .. 84.44 .. I . 84.48 .. .. 83-85 ., Lbsolute Alcohc by volume; pe cent. . . 87.58 .I .. 87-61 .. .. 87.64 .. .. 87.67 .. .. 87.70 .. .. 87.73 . a .. 87.76 .. .. 87.79 ., .. 87.82 .( .. 87.85 .I . . 87.88 . , .. 87.91 ./ .. 87.94 .< .. 87.97 . I .. 88.00 .( ,. 88-03 .I .. 88.06 . .. 88.09 , .. 88.13 ., .. 88.16 . .. 88.19. .. 88.22 . .. 88.25 . .. 88-28 . . . 88.31 . . . 88.34 . .. 88.37 . . . 88.40 . . . 88.43 . .. 88.46 , . .88.49 . .. 88.52 . .. 88.55 . .. 88.58 . . . 88.61 . .. 88.64 . .. 88.67 . .. 88.70 . .. 88.73 . .. 88.76 . ( . .88.79 . , .. 88.83 . # .. 88.86 . # . . 88.89 ., .. 88.92 .. .. 88.95 .. .. 88.98 .. .. 89.01 .. .. 89.05 .. .. 89.08 .. Proof Spirit j per cent. 153.48.. . . 153.53 . . . . 153.59 .. . . 153.64.. . . 153.69.. .. 153.75.. . . 153.80.. . . 153.85 . . . . 153-91 .. . . 153.96 . . 154.01 .. . . 154.07.. .. 154.12.. ..154.17 ., . . 154.23 . , . . 154.28.. .. 154-33 ., . . 154.38 . , . . 154.44 . , .. 154.49 .. 154.54 ., .. 154.60 ., .. 154.65 ., . . 154*70., .. 154.75 .( .. 154.81 . I .. 154.91 . $ . . 154.97 . , . . 155.02 . 155.07 .I . . 155.13. I .. 155918. . . 155.23 . , .. 155.28 ., . . 155.34, I .. 155.39 ., .. 155*44., .. 15650 .. . . 155.55 . . 155.61 .. .. 155.66 .. .. 155.72 .. .. 155.77 ., . . 155.83 .. . . 155.88 . . .. 155.94 .. .. 155.99 .. .. 156.05 .. .. 156.10 .. . . 154.86 . , 3p. Gravil I t 60° F. = 15’5O C. *8369 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8359 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8349 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8339 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8329 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 lbsolute Alcohi by weight j pel cent. . .84*52 . . .. 84-60 .. .. 84.64 .. .. 84-68 .. .. 84.72 .. .. 84.76 .. .. 84-80 .. .. 84.84 .... 84.88 .. . .84*92 . , .. 84.96 .. .. 85.00 .. .. 85.04 .. .. 85.08 .. .. 85.12 ., .. 85-15 ., .. 85.19 ., .. 85.23 ,, .. 85.27 ., .. 85.31 ., .. 85.35 . I .. 85.38 .( .. 85.42 . I .. 85.46 ., .. 85.50 ., .. 85.54 ., .. 85.58 ., .. 85.62 .. 85.65 ,, . .85*69 . .. 85.73 .I .. 85.77 .( .. 85.81 . I .. 85.85 ., .. 85.88 ., .. 85.92 ., .. 85-96 ., .. 86.00 .( .. 86.04 ., . .86*08 . , .. 86.12 .. .. 86-15 .. .. 86.19 .. .. 86-23 .. .. 86.27 .. .. 86.31 .. .. 86.35 .. .. 86.38 .. .. 06-42 .. .. 84.56 .. lbsolute Alcohc by volume ; pel cent. .. 89.11 .. .. 89.14 .. .. 89.17 .. .. 89.20 .. .. 89.24 .. .. 89.27 .. .. 89-30 .. .. 89.33 .. .. 89.36 .. .. 89.39 ,. . .89.42 . . .. 89.46 .. .. 89.49 .. .. 89.52 .. .. 89.55 .. .. 89.58 ,. .. 89-61 .. .. 89.64 .. .. 89.67 .... 89.70 ,. . . 89.72,. .. 89.75 .. .. 89.78 .. .. 89-81 .. .. 89.84 ,. .. 89-87 .. .. 89-90 .. .. 89.93 .. .. 89.96 .. .. 89.99 .. . .90*02.. .. 90.05 .. .. 90.08 .. .. 90.11 .. .. 90.14 .. .. 90.17 .. .. 90-20 .. .. 90.23 .. .. 90.26 .. .. 90-29 .. . .90.32 . . .. 9035 .. .. 90.38 .. .. 90.40 .. .. 90.43 .. .. 90.46 .. .. 90.49 .. ,. 9052 .. .. 90.55 .. .. 9058 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. 156.16 .. .. 156.21.. .. 156.27 .. .. 156.33 .. .. 156.38 .. .. 156.44 .. . . 156.49.. . . 156.55 . . . . 156.60.. .. 156.66 .. 156.11 .. . . 156.77.. . . 156.82 .. .. 156.87 .. . . 156.93 . I . . 156.98 . . . . 157.03 . . .. 157.08.. . . 157.13 .. . . 157.19 . . 157.24.. .. 157.29 .. .. 157.34 .. . . 157.39 . . .. 157.45 .. . . 157.50,. .. 157.55 .. . . 157.60.. . . 157.65.... 157.71 .. 15’7.76 .. . . 157.81.. . . 157.86 .. .. 157.91 .. . . 157.97 . . . . 158.02 . . . . 158.07 .. .. 158.12 .. .. 158.17.. . . 158.23 . . 158.28 .. .. 158.33 .. .. 158.38 .. .. 158.43 .. .. 158.48 .. . . 158.53.. . . 158.59 . . .. 158.64 .. .. 158.69 .. .. 158.74 ,.60 158.79 . . .. 158.84 .. .. 158.90 .. .. 158.95 .. .. 159.00 .. . . 159-05 . . .. 159.10 .. .. 159.15 .. .. 159.20 .. .. 159.26 .. 159.31 . . . . 159.36 . . .. 159.41 .. . . 159.46 .. .. 159.51 .. .. 159.57 .. .. 159.62 .. .. 159.67 .. .. 159.72 .. . . 159.77 . . 159.82 . . .. 159.87 .. .. 159.92 .. .. 159.97 .. . . 160.02 .. .. 160.08 .. . . 160-13 . . .. 160.18 .. . , 160.23 .. . . 160.28 . . THE ANALYST. *8269 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 08259 8 7 G 4 3 2 1 0 *8249 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a Sp.Gravity at 60° F. = 15'5O C. 160.84 . . 3 60.89 . . .. 160.95 .. * . 161.00 .. .. 161.05 .. .. 161.11 .. . . 161.16 . . .. 161.21 .. . . 161.27 . . .. 161.32 .. . . -8319 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8309 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8299 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8289 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 '8277s 8 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8229 I 7 G 5 4 3 2 1 0 Lbsolnte Alcoho by weight ; per cent. . . 86.46 . . .. 86.50 .. .. 86.54 .. .. 86.58 .. .. 86.62 .. .. 86.65 .. .. 86.69 .. .. 86.73 .. .. 86.77 .. .. 86.81 .. . .86-85 . . .. 86-88 .. .. 8G-92 .. .. 86.96 .. .. 87.00 .. .. 87.08 .. .. 87-12 .. .. 87.15 .. .. 87.19 .. ..87*23 .. .. 87.27 .. .. 87.31 .. .. 87.35 .. .. 87.38 .. .. 87-42 .. .. 87-46 .. .. 87.50 .. .. 87.54 .. .. 87.58 .. . .87*62 . . .. 87.65 .. .. 87.69 .. .. 87.73 .. .. 87.77 .. .. 87.81 .... 87.85 .( .. 87.88 . I . . 87.92 . .. 87.96 . . . 88.00. .. 88.04 ., . . 88.08 . .. 88.12 ., .. 88.16 . .. 88.20 . . . 88.24 . . . 88.28 . .. 88.32 . .. 88-36 . . . 87.04 . . bsolute Alcohol )y volume ; per cent. ..90*61 .. .. 90.64 .. .. 90.67 * . .. 90.70 .. ,. 90.73 .. .. 90.76 .. .. 90.79 .. .. 90.82 .. .. 90.85 .. .. 90.88 .. . . 90.90.. .. 90.93 .. .. 90.96 .. .. 90.99 .. .. 91.02 .. .. 91.05 .. .. 91.08 .. .. 91.11 .. .. 91.14 .. .. 91.17 .. . . 91.20 . . .. 91.23 .. ,. 91.25 .. .. 91.28 .. .. 91.31 .. .. 91.34 .. .. 91.37 .. .. 91.40 .. .. 91-43 .. .. 91.46 .. . . 91-49 . . .. 91.52 .. .. 91-55 .. .. 91.57 .. .. 91.60 .. .. 91.63 .. .. 91.66 .. .. 91.69 .. .. 91-72 .. .. 91.75 .. . . 91.78 . . .. 91.81 .. .. 91-87 .. .. 91-90 .. .. 91.93 .. .. 91-96 .... 91.99 ., .. 92.02 .. .. 92.05 .. .. 91.84 .. 160.33 .. .. 160.38 .. .. 160.43 .. . . 160.48 .. .. 160.53 .. .. 160.59 .. .. 1GO.64 *. . . 160.69 . . . . 160.74.. .. 160.79 .. ,8239 8 7 6 47 4 3 2 1 C bsolute Alcohol by weight ; per cent. . . 88.40.. .. 88.44 .. .. 88.48 .. .. 88.52 .. .. 88-56 .. .. 88.60 .. .. 88.64 .. .. 88.68 .. .. 88.72 .. .. 88.76 .. . . 88-80 . . .. 88-84 .. .. 58.88 * . .. 88.92 .. .. 88.96 .. .. 89.00 .. .. 59.04 .: .. 89.08 .. .. 89.12 .. .. 89.16 .. . . 89.19 .. .. 89.23 .. .. 89.27 .. .. 89.31 .. .. 89.35 .. .. 89.38 .. .. 89.42 .. .. 89.46 ,. .. 89.50 .. .. 89.54 .. . . 89.58 . . .. 89.62 .. .. 89-66 .. .. 89.69 .. .. 89-73 .. .. 89.77 .. .. 89-81 .. .. 89.85 .. .. 89.88 .. .. 89.92 .. . . 89.96.. .. 90.00 .. .. 90.04 .. .. 90.07 .... 90.11 .. .. 90.14 .. .. 90.18 .. .. 90.21 .. .. 90.25 .. .. 90.29 .. Lbsoluto Alcohol 39 volume ; per cent. . . 92.08.. .. 92.12 .. .. 92.15 .. .. 92.18 .. .. 92.21 .. .. 92.24 .. ,. 92.27 .. .. 92.30 .. .. 92.33 .. .. 92.36 .. . . 92.39.. .. 92.42 .. .. 93.45 .. .. 92.48 .. .. 02-51 .. .. 92.54 .. .. 92.57 .. .. 92-60 .. .. 92.63 .. .. 92.66 .. . .92*68 . . .. 92.71 .. .. 92-74 .. .. 92.77 .. .. 92.80 .. .. 92.83 .. .. 92.86 .. .. 92.89 .. .. 92.91 .. .. 92.94 .. . . 92.97.. .. 93.00 .. .. 93.03 .. .. 93.OG .. .. 93.09 ., .. 93.11 .. .. 93.14 .. .. 93.17 .. .. 93.20 .. .. 93.23 .. . . 93.26 . . .. 95-29 .. .. 93.31 .. .. 93.34 .. .. 93.36 .. .. 93.39 .. .. 93.41 .. .. 93.44 .. .. 93.47 .. .. 93.49 .. Proof Spirit ; per cent. . .161.37.. .. 161.43 .. .. 161.48 ... . 161.53 . . .. 161.59 .. . . 161.64.. . . 161-70 . . . . 161.75 . . . . 161.80.. .. 161.86 .. 161.91 .. .. 161.9G ,. . . 1G2.02 . . .. 162.07 .. .. 162.12.. .. 162.18 .. .. 162.23 .. .. 162.28 .. .. 162.33 .. .. 162.38 .. . ,162.43 . . .. 162.48 .. .. 162.53 .. . . 162.58 . . .. 162.63.. .. 162.68 .. .. 162.73 .. .. 162.78 .. . . 162.83.. . . 162.88.. . .162*93 . . .. 162.98 .. . . 163.03,. . . 163.08 . . . . 163.13 . . . . 163.18 . . . . 163.23.. . . 163.28.. . . 163.33.. . . 163.38.. . .163*43.. .. 163.48 .. .. 163.53.. . . 163.57 .. . . 163.62 .. . . 163.66.. . . 163.70.. .. 163.75.. . . 163.79 . . . . 163.84..THE ANALYST. 61 Rp. Gravif: at GOo F. = l35O C. -8219 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8209 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .8199 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 93189 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a N 7 9 8 1 6 5 4 3 2 3 C .bsolute Alcohol ~y weight ; per cant.. .90*32 . . .. 90.36 .. .. 90.39 .. .. 90.43 .. .. 90.46 .. .. 90.50 .. .. 90.54 .. .. 90.57 .. .. 90.61 .. .. 90.64 .. . .90.68.. .. 90.71 .. .. 90.75 .. .. 90.79 .. .. 90-82 .. .. 90.86 .. .. 90-89 .. .. 90.93 .. .. 90.96 .. .. 91.00 .. . . 91-04 . . .. 91.07 .. .. 91.11 .. .. 91.14 .. .. 91.18 .. .. 81.21 .. .. 91-25 .. .. 91.29 ., .. 91-32 ,. .. 91.36 .. . . 91.39 . . .. 91-43 .. .. 91.46 .. .. 91.50 .. .. 91.54 .. .. 91.57 ,. .. 91.61 .. .. 91-64 .. .. 91.68 .. .. 91.71 .. . . 91.75 . . .. 91.79 .. .. 91.82 .. .. 91.86 .. 6. 91.89 .. .. 91.93 .. .. 91.96 .. .. 92.00 .. ,. 92.04 .. .. 92.07 .. ,bsolute Alcoho. og volume; per cent. . .93*52 . . .. 93.54 .. .. 93.57 .. .. 93.59 .. .. 93.62 .... 93.64 .. .. 93%7 .. .. 93.70 .. .. 93-72 .. .. 93.75 .. . . 93.77.. .. 93.80 .. *. 93.82 .. .. 93.85 .. .. 93.87 .. .. 93.90 .. .. 93-95 .. .. 93.95 .. .. 93-98 .. .. 94.00 .. . * 94.03.. .. 94.05 .. .. 94.08 .. .. 94-10 .. .. 94.13 .. .. 94-15 .. .. 94.18 .. .. 94.21 .. .. 94.23 .. .. 94.26 .. . .94.28 . . .. 94.31 .. .. 94-33 .. .. 94.36 .. .. 94-38 .. .. 94.41 .. .. 94.43 .. .. 94.46 .. .. 94.48 .. .. 94-51 .. . * 94.53.. .. 94-56 .. .. 94.59 .. .. 94.61 .. .. 94.64 .. .. 94.66 .. .. 94.69 .. .. 94.71 .. a . 94.74 .. b e 94.76 Proof Spirit ; per cent. 163.88 .. .. 163.93.. . . 163.97 .. .. 164.02 . . . . 164.06 . . . . 164.11.. .. 164.15 .. . . 164.20 . . . . 164.24.- . . 164.29 . . 164.33 .. . . 164.35.. . . 16442 . . .. 164.47 .. . . 164.51.. .. 164.56.. .. 164.60.. .. 164.65 .. .. 164-69.. . . 164.74.. 164.78 .. . . 164.83 . . . . 164.87.. .. 164.91.. . . 164.96 . . . . 165.00.. . . 165.06 . , . . 165.09,. . . 165.14.. . . 165.18.. 165.23 . . . . 165.27.. . . 165-31 . . . . 165.36.. . . 165.40.. .. 165.45 .. . . 165.49.. . . 165.54.. .. 165.58.. . . 165.62.. 165.67 .. . . 165.71 .. .. 165.76 .. . . 165.80.. .. 165.85.. . . 165.89.. . . 165.94.. . . 165.98 . . . . 166.03,. . , 166.07 . , !p. Uravitg 15'5O 0. ,t 60° F. = *8169 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8159 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8149 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8139 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8129 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 bsolute Alcohol by weight; per cent. .. 92.11.. .. 92-15 .. .. 92.18 .. .. 92.22 .. .. 92.26 .. .. 92.30 .. .. 92.33 .. .. 92.37 .. .. '32.41 .. .. 92.44 .. . .92*48.. .. 92.52 .... 92.55 ,. .. 92.59 .. .. 92.63 .. .. 92-67 .. .. 92.70 .. .. 92.74 .. .. 92.78 .. .. 92.81 .. . .92*85 , . .. 92.89 .. .. 92-92 ,. .. 92.96 .. .. 93-00 .. .. 93.04 ,. .. 93-07 .. .. 93.11 .. .. 93.15 .. .. 93.18 .. . .93.22 . . .. 93.26 ,. .. 93.30 .. .. 93.33 .. .. 93-37 .. .. 93-41 .. .. 93.44 .. .. 93.48 .. .. 93.52 .. .. 93.55 .. . . 93.59,. .. 93.63 .. .. 93.67 .. .. 93.70 .. .. 93.74 .. .. 93.78 .. .. 93.81 .. .. 93.85 .. .. 93.89 .. b s 93-99 I. ibsolute Alcohol by volume; per cant. . 94.79, .. 94.82 ,. .. 94.84 .. .. 94.87 .. .. 94.90 .. .. 94.92 .. .. 94.95 .. .. 94.98 .. .. 95-00 .. .. 95.03 .. . .95*06.. .. 95-08 .. .. 95.11 .. .. 95.13 .. .. 95.16 .. .. 95.19 .. .. 95.21 .. .. 95-24 .. .. 95-27 .. .. 95.29 .. . .95*32 . . .. 95-35 .. .. 95.37 .... 95.40 ,. .. 95.42 .. .. 95.45 .. .. 95.48 .. .. 95.50 .. .. 95.63 .. .. 95.55 .. . .95.58 . . .. 95.61 .. .. 95.63 .. .. 95.66 .. .. 95.69 .. .. 95.71 .. .. 95.74 .. .. 95.76 .. .. 96.79 .. .. 9 5 m .. . .95*84.. .. 95.87 .. .. 95.90 .. .. 95.92 .. .. 95.95 .. .. 95.97 .. .. 96.00 .. .. 96-03 .. .. 56.05 .. 96.08 s o Proof spirit ; per oent. 166.12.. . . 166.17.. .. 166.21 .. . . 166.26 . . . . 166.30.. . . 166-35 . . , . 166-40 .. . . 166.44.. , . 166.49.. . . 166-53 . . 166.58 . . , . 166.63 . . ,. 166.67 . . ,. 166.72 .. , . 166.76 . . .. 166.81 .. . . 166.86 .. , . 166090. . . . 166.96,. . . 167*00,. 167.04.. . . 167.13.. . . 167.18.. .. 167023 .. , . 167032.. . . 167.36.. . . 167-41 . . . . 167.46.. 16750.. . . 167.65 . . . . 167.69 .. .. 167-64.. .. 167-69 .... 167.73 .. . . 167.78.. .. 167-82 .. . . 167.87 . . . . 167.92 . . 167.96 . . .. 168.01 .. . . 168.05 . . , 168.10.. . . 168.15 .. .. 168.19 .. . . 168.24 .. .. 168.20 .. . . 168.33 . . 167.09 . . ma 167'27 b e b . 16a.m bTHE ANALYST . Sp . Gravity a t 60° F . = 1PSo C . -8119 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8099 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a8089 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8079 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a .b solute Alooho by weight ; per cent . . . 93.96 . . .. 94.00 .. .. 94.03 .. .. 94.07 .. .. 94.10 .. .. 94-14 .. .. 94.17 .. .. 94.21 .. .. 94.24 .. .. 94.28 .. . . 94.31 . I .. 94.34 . a .. 94.38 .( .. 94.41 . .. 94.45 . . . 94.48 . . . 94.52 . . . 94.55 . . 94.59 . .. 94.62 . 94.66 * . . 94.69 . .. 94.73 . .. 94-76 . .. 94.80 . .. 94.83 . .. 94.90 . .. 94.93 ... 94.97 . . .95.0 0. .. 95.04 . .. 95.07 . .. 95.11 . .. 95.14 . .. 95.18 . .. 95.21 . .. 95.25 . .. 95.29 . .. 95-32 . . . 95.36. .. 95.39 . .. 95-43 . .. 95.46 . .. 95.50 . .. 95.54 . .. 95.57 . .. 95.61 . .. 96.64 . . 94.86 8 b a 96.66 6 Lbsolute Alcohol by volume; per cent . .. 96.11 .. .. 96.13 .. .. 96.16 .. .. 96.18 .. .. 96-20 .. .. 96.22 .. .. 96.25 .. .. 96.27 .. .. 96.29 .. .. 96.32 .. . . 96.34 . . .. 96.36 .. .. 96.39 .. .. 96.41 .. .. 96.43 .. .. 96.46 .. .. 96.48 .. .. 96.50 .. .. 96.53 .. .. 96.55 .. . . 96*57 . . .. 96.60 .. .. 96.62 .. .. 96.64 .. .. 96.67 .. .. 96.69 .. .. 96.71 .. .. 96-74 .. .. 96.76 .. .. 96.78 .. .. 96.80 .. .. 96.83 .. .. 96.85 .. .. 96.88 .. .. 96-90 .. .. 96-93 .. .. 96.95 .. .. 96.98 .. .. 97.00 .. .. 97.02 .. . .97.05 .... 97.07 .. .. 97.10 .. .. 97.12 .. .. 97.15 .. .. 97.17 .. .. 97.20 .. .. 97.22 .. .. 97-24 .. a * 97'27 b a Proof Spirit ; per oent . . .168.42 .. .. 168.47 .. . . 168.51 . . . . 168.55 . . . . 168.59 . . . . 168.63 . . .. 168.67 .. . . 168.71 . . .. 168.75 .. .. 168.79 .. . .168*84.. . . 168.88 .. . . 168.92 . . . . 168.96 . . . . 169.00 . . . . 169.04 . . . . 169-08 . . . . 169.12 . . . . 169.16 . . .. 169.20 .. . .169*24 . I .. 169.28 .. . . 169.32 . . . . 169.36 . . . . 169.40 . . . . 169.44 . . .. 169.48 .. . . 169.52 . . .. 169.57 .. . . 169.61 . . 169.65 .. . . 169.69 . . .. 169.73 .. . . 169.78 . . . . 189.82 . . . . 169.86 . . .. 169.90 .. . . 169.95 . . . . 169.99 . . . . 170.03,. 170*07 . . . . 170.12 . . . . 170.16 . . . . 170*20 . . .. 170-25 ... . 170-29 . . . . 170.33 . . . . 170.37 .. . . 170.42 . . 6 170.46 a a p . Gravitj 15%* C . t 60° F . = . 8069 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8059 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 08049 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -8039 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *8029 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 rbsolute Alooho by weight ; per cent . . . 95.71 .. .. 95.75 .. .. 95.79 .. .. 95.82 .. .. 95.86 .. .. 95.89 .. .. 95-93 .. .. 95-96 .. .. 96-00 .. .. 96.03 .. . . 96.07 . . .. 96.10 .. .. 96.13 .. .. 96.16 .. .. 96.20 .. .. 96.23 .. .. 96.26 .. .. 96.30 .. .. 96.33 .. .. 96.37 .. . . 96.40 . . .. 96.43 .. .. 96.46 .. .. 96.50 .. .. 96-53 .. .. 96.57 .. .. 96.60 .. .. 96.63 .. .. 96.66 .. .. 96.70 .. . . 96.73 .. .. 96.76 .. .. 96.80 .. .. 96-83 .. .. 96.87 .. .. 96-90 .. .. 96.93 .. .. 96.96 .. .. 97.00 .. .. 97.03 .. . . 97.07 .. .. 97.10 .... 97.13 .. .. 97.16 .. .. 97.20 .. .. 97-23 .. .. 97.26 .. .. 97.30 .. .. 97.33 t. . a 97.37 . a LbsoIute Alcohc by volume ; pel cent . .. 97.29 .. #. 97.32 .. .. 97.34 .. .. 97.37 .. .. 97.39 .. .. 97-41 .. .. 97.44 .. .. 97.46 .. .. 97.49 .. .. 97.51 .. . . 97.53 .. .. 97-55 .. .. 97.57 .. .. 97.60 .. .. 97.62 .. .. 97.64 .. .. 97.66 .. .. 97.68 .. .. 97.70 .. .. 97.73 .. . I 97-75 .. .. 97.77 .. .. 97.79 .. .. 97.81 .. .. 97.83 .. .. 97.86 .. .. 97.88 .. .. 97.90 .. .. 97.92 .. 97.94 .. . . 97.96 . . .. 97.98 .. .. 98.01 .. .. 98.03 .. .. 98.05 .. .. 98.07 .. .. 98.09 .. .. 98.11 * ' .. 98.14 .. .. 98.16 .. . . 98.18 . .. 98.20 .I .. 98-22 .. .. 98.24 .. .. 98.27 . I .. 98.29 .. . . 98.31 .. .. 98.33 .. .. 98.35 .. a . 98.37 * I Proof Spirit per cent . 170.50 ... 170.54 .. . 170.59 .. . 170.63 .. . 170.67 .. . 170.72 .. . . 170.76 .. . . 170.80 . . . . 170.84 .. p . 170.88 . . I .170.92 .. .. 170.96 .. . . 171.00 .. . . 171.03 .. . . 171.07 *. .. 171.11 .. . . 171.15 .. . . 171.19 . . .. 171.22 .. . . 171.26 .. 171.30 .. . . 171.34 .. . . 171.37 .. .. 171.41 .. .. 171.45 .. . . 171.49 .. . . 171.53 .. . . 171.56 .. . . 171.60,. .. 171.64 .. 171.68 .. . . 171.72 .. .. 171% .. . . 171.79 .. . . 171.83 .. . . 171.87 .. .. 171.91 .. . . 171.94 . . . . 171.98 . . .. 172.02 .. 172.05 .. .. 172.09 .. . . 172.13 .. .. 172.17 .. . . 172.20 .. . . 172.24 .. . . 172.28 .. . . 172.32 .. . 172.36,. * I 172.39 b STHE ANALYST. 63 Sp. Cfravitj at 60° F. = 15.50 c. *8019 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,8009 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -7999 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a7989 8 7 6 6 4 3 2 1 0 *7979 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a >solute Alcoho y weight ; per aent. .97*40.. . 97.43 .. . 97.46 . . . 97.50 . . . 97-53 .. . 97-57 .. ,. 97.60 .. . 97.63 .. ,. 97.66 .. ,. 97.70 .. . .97.73.. .. 97-76 .. .. 97.80 .. .. 97.83 .. .. 97.87 .. .. 97.90 .. .. 97.93 .. .. 97.96 .. .. 98.00 .. .. 98.03 .. . .98*06.. .. 98.09 ., .. 98.12 ., .. 98-16 .. .. 98.19 .. .. 98.22 ., .. 98.25 .. .. 98-28 ., ,. 98.31 .. .. 98.34 . I , . 98-37,, .. 98.41 ., .. 98-44 . # .. 98.47 ., .. 98.50 ., .. 98.53 .( .. 98.56 .( .. 98.59 ., .. 98.62 ., .. 98.66 ., . .98.69 . . . 98.72 . .. 98.75 ., . . 98.78 . .. 98.81 . .. 98.84 . .. 98.87 . .. 98.91 . .. 98.94 . e e 98.97 e s isolute Alcohol T volume; per cent. .98*39 . . . 98.42 .. . 98.44 . . . 98-46 .. . 98-48 .. . 98.50 . . . 98-52 .. , 98.54 .. . 98.56 . . . 98.59 .. . 98.61 .. . 98.63 .. ,. 98.65 . . ,. 98.67 .. ,. 98-69 . . ,. 98.71 .. ,. 98.74 .. ,. 98-76 .. ,. 98.78 .. ,. 98.80 .. . . 98-82 . . ,. 98.83 .. .. 98.85 .. .. 98.87 ,. .. 98.89 .. .. 98.91 .. ,. 98.93 .. .. 98.94 .. .. 98.96 .. .. 98.98 ., . .99*00.. .. 99.02 .. .. 99.04 .. .. 99.05 .. .. 99.07 .. .. 99.09 .. .. 99.11 .. .. 99.13 .. .. 99.15 .. .. 99.16 .. . . 99.18.. .. 99.20 ., .. 99.22 .. .. 99.24 .. .. 99.26 .. .. 99.27 . # .. 99.29 ., .. 99.31 ., .. 99.33 . I om 90.88 a 4 Proof Spirit ; per cent. 172.43 .. . 172-47 ,. . 172.50.. . 172.54 .. . 172.58.. ,. 172.62 .. ,. 172.65 .. ). 172.69 .. , . 172.73.. . . 172.77.. 172.80 .. . , 172.84,. , , 172.88 . . . . 172.92 . . . . 172.95.. . . 172.99.. . . 173.03 . . .. 173.07 .. . . 173.10.. . , 173.14.. 173.17 .. . 173.20.. . . 173.24.. . . 173.27.. , 173.30.. . . 173.34 .. , , 17337.. . . 173.40.. . , 17344.. . . 173.47,. 173.50.. , , 173.54.. . . 173.57.. . . 173.60.. . . 173.64 . . , . 173.67,. .. 173.71 .. . . 173.74.. . 173.77.. .. 173-81 .. 173.84 .. , . 173.87.. , , 173.91.. . . 173.94.. . . 173.97.. .. 174.01 .. . . 174.04,. . , 174-07 . . .. 174.11.. a a 1'74.14 a a ~ I. Grayit; L5'5O C. 60° F. = 7969 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7959 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7949 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ,7939 17938 )solute Alcoho. y weight ; per cent. .99*00.. . 99.03 . . . 99.06 .. . 99.10 .. . 99.13 .. . 99.16 .. . 99.19 .. . 99.23 .. . 99.26 . . . 99.29 .. .99*32.. . 99.36 .. . 99.39 .. . 90.42 . . . 99.45 .. . 99.48 . , . 99.52 .. . 99.55 .. . 99-58 .. , 99.61 . . .99.65.. . 99.68 .. ,. 99.71 . , . 99.74 .. . 99-78 .. . 99.81 .. . 99.84 . . . 99.87 .. I . 99.90 . . . 99-94 . . .99*97. I Absolute . iOO*OO.. 3solute Alcohol y volume; per cent. . 99.37 .. . 99.39 .. . 99.41 . . . 99.43 , * . 99.45 . . . 99.47 . . . 99.49 . . . 99.51 . . . 99-53 .. . 99.55 .. .99.57.. . 99.59 .. . 99.61 .. . 99.63 .. . 99.65 . , . 99.67 .. . 99.69 .. . 99-71 .. . 99-73 .. . 99.75 .. . 99.77 . . . 99.80 .. ,. 99.82 .. , . 99-84 .. ,. 99.86 .. ,. 99.88 .. ,. 99.90 .. ,. 99.92 .. I . 99.94 .. ,. 99.96 .. , . 99.98 . . Alcohol. .100~00. . ?roof Spirit ; per cent. 174.17.. . 174.21 .. . 174.24.. . 174.28 .. . 174.31 .. . 17435.. . 174.38 .. . 174.42 .. . 174.45 .. . 17449 .. 174.52 . . 174.53; .. . 174.59 .. . 174.62 .. . 174.66.. . 174.69 .. . 174.73 .. . 174.76.. . 174.80.. , 174.83.. 174.87,. . 174.90.. . 174.94.. . 174.97 .. . 175.01.. . 175.04.. . 176.08 .. . 176.11.. , 175.15 .. . 175.18 .. 1.75.22. . ,175.25. .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500042

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

64 THE ANALYST. MANUFACTURE OF CITRIC ACID. BY J. CARTER BELL, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 14th April, 1880. THE following paper is written, not from theoretical but practical knowledge. For some time I have been engaged with experiments upon citric acid, with the view of lessening the great loss which occurs during the process of manufacture-a manufacture which I have been obliged to abandon, owing to the great care which is required in the work, and not having had the time which is requisite for such a delicate chemical process. It is not often that authors record their failures in print; I do so now as a warning to those who may feel inclined to embark in similar enterprises. After finding my workmen had destroyed and wasted many gallons of liquor, I thought it was time to hand over the works to one who could give his sole attention to them.A novice in the trade may lose a large sum at starting by not knowing how to buy the juice, for it seems the custom is to buy the juice by the old English gallon, and three pipes which were sent to the works were described in the invoice as containing 130 gallons in each pipe, whereas, when they were measured the quantity was found to be only 108 imperial gallons. Some Liverpool merchants very much wished to sell me 10 pipes of juice, each gallon to contain 64 ounces of' crystallised citric acid. I agreed to take them if each pipe contained 130 English imperial gallons, and each gallon to contain 64 ounces of crystallised citric acid, English weight; they declined to execute the order, saying that the juice was sold according to the old English measure.The juice, which is generally concentrated before it arrives in this country, contains about four pounds of citric acid in each gallon ; I have had it as high as aix pounds to the gallon. The appearance of the juice is like thin black treacle, and on dilution with water a consider- able quantity of organic matter is precipitated. The following description is for working up two pipes of juice at the same time, for the labour is nearly the same as for one :- A cistern must be provided capable of holding twelve hundred gallons : into this two pipes of juice are put, diluted with eight pipes of water, the colder the water is for this purpose the better, because the flocculent matter, which separates on dilution, is partially redisaolved on warming.To allow this to settle, the solution must be allowed to stand for a day or two. Weak liquor should never be kept too long as it has a tendency to decompose. When the solution is clear it can be drawn off and allowed to flow through a sugar-bag or filter. These bags are made in Manchester, without seam, specially for the sugar makers ; they are about six feet long and one in diameter. When the liquor has all passed through the bag, the solution may now be boiled up by means of steam blown into it at about 10 pounds pressure ; when the liquor boils, fine whitening, which must be practically free from alumina, iron, and magnesia, is thrown in by small quantities at a time. Great care must be exercised that no lumps are introduced into the liquor, for they will fall to the bottom and thus a large excess of chalk may be used; it is advisable to mix the chalk with water, to the consistence of cream, or rather thicker, and pour the mixture in very gradually, taking great care that the contents of the vat do not overflow, The lime carbonate must be moat accurately weighed, as the quantity of sulphuric acid necessary to decompose the citrate of lime can then be caloulated.My practioe was to estimate the amount of citrio Buying tlte Lemon Juice.THE ANALYST. 65 acid in tho juioe, and then, after analyxing the chalk, calculate the amount which was required ; when all the chalk has been added, the mixture must be boiled for half an hour, agitating the whole time.The citrate of lime is now allowed to settle; the supernatant liquor, if found free from citric acid, is run off; and for this purpose two holes may be made in the vat, one just above the citrate of lime deposit, and another six inches above. Notice must be taken where the citrate of lime rises to, as this will be the same in all cases if the same quantity and strength of juice be used; these holes may have gun-metal taps in them, or tubes with india-rubber and a clip. If taps are not convenient, have a large syphon ; anything so that it will run the water off quickly. The object to be gained is to wash the citrate of lime as speedily as possible. Near this vat must be placed a citrate of lime washer, which consists of a frame made of wood, about six to eight inches deep, having a wooden bottom perforated with holes a quarter of an inch in diameter, and it is rather important that there should be no corners to this frame, therefore they must be curved off; if there are corners the citrate of lime is apt to lodge in them and decompose.The citrate of lime washer must be made large enough to hold the one charge of citrate of lime : the size necessary can easily be calculated by noticing the depth of citrate of lime in the washing vat. The depth of the citrate of lime upon this washer should not exceed four inches. A piece of unbleached calico, rather larger than the bed of the washer, must now be spread smoothly over the bottom, and just allowed to overhang the sides. The super- natant liquor of the citrate of lime is now run upon the calico filter, in order to arrest any particles of citrate of lime.About one hundred gallons of hot water is poured upon the citrate of lime, well agitated, then allowed to settle and run off as before, while hot, because the citrate of lime is more soluble in cold water than hot. Repeat this two or three times, then run the citrate of lime on to the washer with sufficient water to make it flow easily. When all the liquor has drained away, the surface of the citrate of lime must be beaten all over with a little wooden pallet to prevent any cracks forming. When this is done give the citrate of lime a final wash with cold water about an inch in depth. The time required for washing this citrate of lime may vary almost in every case, as it depends very much upon the state of the citrate of lime ; if it has a crystalline appearance, the easier it will be to wash ; thus the time may vary from one to three days.Three days is a very extreme case. I n summer it will require more time than winter, and also decomposes sooner. The citrate of lime in draining is very liable to form cracks upon the surface, and when water is poured, it would easily run through, without properly washing the citrate of lime, therefore the surface must be broken up. There is no doubt that the tediousness of this washing would be much shortened by using a filter press. When the citrate of lime has been well washed it must be taken out of the drainer and put into about one hundred and fifty gallons of cold water, this water must be in a tub with an agitator.When all the citrate of lime has been added, then put in brown oil of vitriol about 140" Twaddle, one per cent. in excess of the equivalent of carbonate of lime, but not more than one and a half per cent. Great care must be used in adding this acid; it must be weighed. The mixture will not require warming, as the heat generated by the addition of the sulphuric acid will be sufficient for the decomposition of the citrate of lime. When the agitation is finished, let the contents of the tub run on at once to the washer previously described. The washing of the suiphate of lime requires great care. You must continue washing till the filtrates are no longer acid to the taste, or only slightly so. No certain rule can be laid When all the sulphuric acid has been added, agitate for an hour.66 THE ANALYST.down, as the number of washings may vary in each case. The last two or three washes may be used for the dilution of the crude juice. At each wash let the surface be covered with one inch of water, and before the new waters go on the sulphate of lime must be well drained each time, and between each wash the surface of the sulphate of lime must be well agitated, or cracks may be formed in the partially dry mass, which will allow the water to run through without percolating the whole of it. The cake of sulphate of lime should not be thicker than from four to five inches, and a similar filter may be used as in the washing of the citrate of lime. The free sulphuric acid in the juice will very soon rot the calico filters; therefore, perhaps, it would be more advisable to use a flannel for filtering.In washing the sulphate of lime it is better to use a small quantity of water each time, and a greater number of washes. The weak solution of citric acid is now run into a leaden evaporator, This may consist of a wooden box lined with lead. Into this must be put square tiles, and the best to use for this purpose are the tiles used in kilns for malt drying : they are perforated with very small holes. These must be put into the leaden tray, so as to present a perfectly flat surface. These are to be covered with water, and then a leaden evaporator will rest upon these tiles, being about one inch higher all round than the water-bath, ae this will prevent the condensed water finding i-ts way into the citrie acid.On each side of the evaporator a steam pipe must be placed, capable of blowing steam into the water, and heating it to a certain temperature; also an overflow pipe, to carry away the condensed water. This evaporator should be nine inches deep, and it is better to make the sides square, and not sloping. The size of this evaporator must be in proportion to the quantity of liquor there is to evaporate down. When the Teak acid is in the evaporator it must be evaporated down as quickly as possible at a temperature of 150° F., but not exceeding 160° F* When the acid is evaporated down to between 50° and 60° Twaddle, most of the sulphate of lime will have been precipitated. At this point it is better to syphon it off into another evaporator which stands at a lower level, and complete the evaporation in the second vessel.The evaporation must be carried on till a very slight film is observed upon the surface. The liquor must now be syphoned off into the crystallising trays. These vessels should be about six feet long, two feet wide, and six inches deep; these must be lined with nine pound lead. These solutions should stand about two days, and be covered to prevent dust falling in. At the end of two days good brown crystals should be obtained, The mother liquors must be evaporated, and a distinct pellicle must be formed before the steam is turned off. This liquor can now be run into the crystallisers. It is very important that the mother liquors should never be mixed with original liquors, as the crystals from the mother liquors will be of a darker colour than from the original liquors.Take the brown crystals-say four to five pounds of crystals to one gallon of water, dissolve, and boil with animal charcoal, which has becn deprived of its lime salts by hydro- chloric acid (about one pound of charcoal to one hundredweight of crystals) in it leaden-lined tab with steam blowing i n ; stir with a paddle the whole time, and boil for about twenty minutes. This solution must be filtered into leadon perforated cones, the top being about 18 inches square ; calico is put into the leaden filters, and the filtrate is allowed to fall into a leaden vessel. This filtered solution must go into an evaporator kept solely for the purpose for white liquor, and evaporate at the same temperature as before. Now run off into the same crystallising vessels, and cover them with wooden covers. These crystallisers should not be in a, cold place, say about 60° F. The mother liquor might go back into the white evaporator. Let the market crystals drain; dig them out with a copper spud, and take them to a butterman’s table, break them up slightly, and water them with a watering can. Take them to a stove and dry at about SOo F., on shallow trays, one inch deep, and about two feet square. Let these stand from two to four days.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500064

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 67 ON THE ACTION OF ALUM I N BREAD-MAKING. BY J. WEST-KNIGHTS, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts, on 18th February, 1880. To satisfy myself of the injurious action of alum in bread-making, I undertook the following experiments, the objects of which were chiefly to compare the digestibility of gluten-with and without alum-in an artificially prepared gastric juice. The results of my experiments, I think, will not be altogether uninteresting to Public halysts at large. The object of the baker in using alum seems to be a question upon which there are many opinions. It is frequently stated that it enables the bread to hold a larger quantity of water ; this I undoubtedly consider a mistake, as I have estimated the moisture in all samples of bread that have passed through my hands, and have found on the average, no difference in moisture whatever, between pure and alumed bread ; but I am inclined to think that it may cause bread, when first drawn from the oven, to have more water, as it is well known amongst bakers that alumed bread can be drawn 10 or 12 minutes sooner than pure bread ; but this excess of moisture the bread does not retain.The supposition has, no doubt, arisen from the fact, that gluten prepared (by washing) from alumed flour, retains, after working up in the hand and squeezing, considerably more moisture than that from pure flour, which excess of water separates shortly afterwards on standing. Alum is also said to save labour in the kneading of the dough, and so be an inducement for the workman to use it against the knowledge and consent of his master ; how far this is correct I am unable to say.It seems certain, however, that the action of alum on flour that has become unsound, by fermentation that has been induced by dampness or heat, is to arrest the change, by destroying or arrest- ing the action of the ferment, so that an apparently sound loaf can be produced from unsound flour. But if alum arrests the fermentation, and there can be little doubt that it does so, will it not act in the same way with the ferments of the saliva and gastric juice ? To test this question, I prepared some gluten with pure wheat flour, and weighed four portions of two grammes each, which were treated as follows :- I. was boiled ten minutes in pure distilled water.II. was boiled ten minutes in a weak solution of alum. III. was boiled ten minutes in weak alum and carbonate of soda solutions, with the resulting precipitate of hydrate of alumina. IV. was boiled ten minutes in weak alum and phosphate of soda solutions, and the resulting precipitate of phosphate of alumina. Each sample, after washing with water, was digested in 50 C.C. of an artificial gastric juice (consisting of pepsin and 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid), at a temperature of from 90° to 9 6 O F. ; after five hours digestion, the residues that remained were removed, gently washed with distilled water, dried and weighed. I. had entirely dimppeared. 11. A tough spongy residue remained, which weighed 1-05 grammes.68 THE ANALYST. 111. A similar residue remained, which weighed 0.90 grammes.IV. A similar residue, weighing 0.80 grammes. These experiments have been repeated, using lactic acid instead of hydrochloric, with similar results. I think the inference can fairly be drawn from these results, that gluten, after treatment with alum, or insoluble salts of alumina, is less soluble than ordinary gluten, in the gastric juice, by about one-half. Whether the alumina is in a soluble or insoluble form seems to have no great influence on its effects upon the gluten. The samples employed were :- I next compared the digestibility of pure and alumed bread. V. Pure bread made with yeast. VI. Bread made with same flour as above, and 6‘Alum Baking Powder’’ (containing about 30 per cent. of alum), in the proportion of a teaspoonful of baking powder to a pound of flour.Two grammes of crumb in each case were taken, in its natural state of moisture. After six hours digestion in 50 C.C. of gastric juice at 90° to 9 6 O F,, the residues V. Residue weighed 0.40 grammes. VI. Residue weighed 0-66 grammes. If 40 be taken as the average percentage of moisture in bread, and that percentage deducted from the two grammes originally taken, it leaves 1.2 grammes of dry bread operated upon, of which, in the pure sample, 0.80 grammes, corresponding to 66 per cent. was dissolved; and in the alumed bread 0.54 grammes, or 45 per cent. only. Or, in other words, the pure bread was one-third more soluble in the gastric juice than the bread containing the 6 6 Alum Baking Powder.” I next tried the action of alum upon diastase.Two separate grammes of crushed malt were weighed, and to one was added 0.1 grammes of crystallized alum ; both samples were then digested with 20 C.C. of water at a temperature of 160° F., and maintained at that temperature half-an-hour, then filtered, and the residues washed with cold distilled water. The pure sample gave 0.70 grammes of extract. The sample containing alum gave 0.185 grammes only of extract, including the alum added, or that portion of it that was not retained in the residue. A conaiderable portion of the alum was in the extract, and no doubt a very much smaller quantity would have had the same effect. This experiment shows that alum exerts a very marked influence on the conversion of starch by diastase; as diastase is similar in its action to, and supposed to be identical with, ptyalin, the ferment of the saliva, I think this has 8 direct bearing upon the indigestibility of alumed bread ; for not only is the gluten of the bread but also the starch rendered much more indigestible by the presence of alnm.This powerful action of mere traces of alum or salts of alumina upon soluble gluten and diastase is, I think, sufficient foundation upon which to assert that alum, either in a soluble form or mixed with carbonate of soda, is injurious to health when introduced into bread : the extent of the injury may or may not be small. in each case were collected, washed, dried and weighed, with the following results :-THE ANALYST. 69 THE WORK DONE BY PUBLIC ANALYBTS DURING 1879 UNDER THE SALE O F FOOD AND DRGGS ACT. WE are now preparing our Annual Tabulated Statement, which has always been received with so much interest, not only by the profession, but by Members of Parliament and the public at large. In order to obtain the necessary particulars, we have prepared a short and concise form of Return, copies of mhich have been sent to nearly every Public Analyst in the kingdom. To any Public Analyst who has not received one we shall be pleased to send a copy on having a post card from him. As the tabulating the returns involves a considerable expenditure of time, and it is desired to publish the table in our April number, we should be glad to receive the forms filled up by the 17th inst.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500067

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 69 ANALYSTS’ REPORTS. Mr. W. W. Stoddart, Analyst for Somersetshire, in his report, states that he had during the quarter examined 177 samples of food, &c., of which 174 were brought by the police and three by the general public. Of these 13 were adulterated. During the past year he had made 802 analyses, many of them of great intricacy, and 54 of the samples were adulterated. Mr. J. Carter Bell, Public Analyst for Cheshire, reports that during the quarter ended December 31st, 1879, he had examined 232 samples. Of these 29 were adulterated-namely, six whiskies, five gins, one brandy, seven coffees, two paregoric, five milks, and t v o mustards. 38 samples came from Hyde, 34 from Middlewich, 29 Broxton, 19 Eddisbury, 17 Wirral, 15 Altrincham, 14 Rantwich, 13 Runcorn, 12 Stockport, and nine Macclesfield.Owin: to the energetic measures taken by Captain Arrowsmith, who had caused samples of milk to be taken from esery division of the county, the quality of the milk supply has been excellent. By dividing the milk into three classes they obtaincd a ready means of comparison. First- class includes all milks whose numbers range from 93 to 100, and which milk could only be procured from cows which are in health, and properly fed and cared for. Second-class includes milk from cows which are not so well fed, and therefore cannot be in such good condition as the first. Third-class includes all adulterated samples, and milk from half-starved cows. There were some farmcrs who prided themselves on the fine condition in ahich they kept their cows, for their stock was yell fed with the best food, and the shippons were kept in a clean state.The milk obtained from such a farm would rise above the first standard, and he proposed to call such milk extra first-class. There had been this quarter 48 milks extra first-class, 28 first-class, 10 second-class, and 13 third-class. The Analyst thought it mould be wise now that in each division a record is kept of the number of milk dealers, to register the class to which the dealer belongs, and any farmer could then know how his milk was classed, and it would be an incentive to him to try and improve the quality, which could easily be done by oidiiiary care and attention, He would again press upon the notice of the Court the urgent necessity of having all water used for domestic purposes carefully examined, for upon several occasions he had found such water to be nearly diluted sewage, and highly dangerous.This remark applied not only to the poorer classes, but also to the wealthier, as one of the worst samples he had received came from a Cheshire mansion. The total number of samples analjsed in the year 1879 had been 687; of these 134 had been adulterated. Mr. Carter Bell, Analyst for Salford, reports that during the quarter ended December 31st, 1879, 124 samples had been analysed. The total number analysed for the year 1879 mas 527. Of these 73 were adulterated, namely: 49 milks, eight breads, one port vine, four unfermented wines, two coffees, two sweet spirits of nitre, five butters, one whisky, and one cocoa.The greater number of the milks were adulterated with water from 10 to 20 per cent. One reached the high number of 35 per cent. I t will be interesting to show how the quality of the milk has improved since the appointment of a Public Analyst. I n the year 1874, 96 per cent. of the samples \Tere adulterated ; in 1875, 52 per cent ; in 1876, 45 per cent.; in 1877, 38 per cent. ; in 1878, 27 per cent. ; and in 1879, 16 per cent. The samples of unfermented wines call for some attention. These were bought supposing them to be pure juice of the grape. Two shillings and sixpence a bottle was charged. The analysis of these so-called wines proved them to consist of nothing else but sugar, water, tartaric acid, and a little flavouring and colouring matter; and, in his opinion, worth as many pence as shillings were paid for them. One of the samples of unfermented wine bought from another maker was really what it professed to be-pure juice of the grape, mixed with a small quantity of sugar.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500069

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

70 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. Potato Starch in Yeast held to be no Adulteration:- At York, W. Appleton was summoned for having sold half-a-pound of German yeast, not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded. Inspector Farrah deposed to visiting defendant’s shop and asking for half-a-pound of Dutch yeast. He was informed that there were only French and German yeasts in stock. He purchased half-a-pound of the latter, and declared that his purpose was to have it analgsed. Dividing it into three parts, he gave one part to the defendant, kept one part himself, and sent the third to Mr. Baynes, the East Riding Analyst, for examination. The certificate of the latter gentleman declared the yeant to be adulterated with 35 per cent. of potato starch. Defendant pleaded that he had bought the yeast for pure, and that he had neither the means nor the intention of adulterating it.Major Bower, chief constable, suggested that the defendant should get a warranty from the wholesale dealer, but Mr. Holtby (magistrates’ clerk) doubted the necessity of this. Between the magistrates and their clerk some discussion took place, the latter obrerving that the yeast was made from the refuse of gin, and so prepared that it could be imported into this country in bulk. One of the magistrates said that, to his mind, the potato starch had been added in order that the yeast might be brought over in a solid state. The Clerk thought it waa unfair to say that the yeast had been adulterated by the use of potato starch. If anything deleterious had been found in the yeast it would have been an offence.A magir- trate : It says “ adulterated.” The Clerk : I don’t think potaCo starch is an adulteration. The Bench considered that no adulteration had taken place, and dismissed the case. Unfermented Wine.-No standard of what Grape Juice it should contain ;- At the Salford Borough Police Court, before the stipendiary magistrate (Mr. J. Makinson), William PiIling, chemist and druggist, New Bailey Street, was summoned for having sold ‘ I to the prejudice of the purchaser, one bottle of unfermented port wine, which was not of the nature, substance, and quality of the article demanded.” Another summons charged the defendant with selling similarly a bottle of unfermented sherry. Mr. J. C. Walker, assistant town clerk, appeared on behalf of the prosecution, and Mr.W. S. Sebright Green, solicitor, of Liverpool, represented the manufacturers, Messrs. Bell and Company, Liverpool. It appeared that on the 22nd of November, the inspector obtained at the defendant’s nhop a bottle of liquid labelled “ unfermented port wine, manufactured from the juice of the grape, for sacramental and other purposes.’’ He also obtained a bottle labelled “ sherry,’’ together with the rest of the above description. For these bottles he paid half-a-crown each. He left ti sample of each bottle with the defendant, and submitted some of each to the Borough Analyst. Mr. J. Carter Bell, the analyst for the borough, was called, and stated that he received the samples in question on the 23rd November, and analysed them.He found in them no trace of the juice of the grape. The pure juice of the grape contained in a thousand parts three pctrts of ash, and that ash should consist mainly of potash, phosphoric acid, and other elements. With reference to the “ unfermented sherry wine” which he had analyaed, he only found -190 of ash, which was considerably less than one-tenth of what ought to be found in pure grape juice. This ash contained a trace of potash and a trace of phosphoric acid. I t consisted chiefly of sulphate of sodium, and calcium, with a few other mineral ingredients. 52 per cent. of it was only soluble in water. This was no more ash than could be got from ordinary drinking-water. In answer to the Bench, the witness said the sherry wine contained about 6-10th~ per cent.of tartaric acid and about 22 per cent. of sugar. He considered that this so-called sherry wine mas nothing more than a solution of sugar and tartaric acid, flavoured and coloured, and contained in a little salycylic acid. The port wine was very similar to the sherry. He was prepared to say that the wine was not manufactured as stated on the label from the pure juice of the grape. Cross-examined : He would not take his oath there waa not some percentage of the juice of the grape in the compound, but he should think there was not 10 per cent. of grape juice in it. For the defence it was contended that what ms sold to the inspector as unfermented wine was sold without the slightest deception. It was sold as manufactured from the pure juice of the grape. Pure juice of the grape would not keep without being mixed with other substances.The inspector did not ask for pure grape juice, and did not get it, but asked for unfermented wine manufactured from the juice of the grape, and got it. There were other materials used, but it was manufactured mainly from the juice of the grape. Mr. Green called attention to the fact that orange wine had not a particle of orange juice in it. He did not say this unfermented wine was proper for sacramental purposes, but he would show that it was produced from the juice of the grape. William Pilling, the defendant, was called. He said he had some customers for the wine, though not very many. His assistant, Jos. Littlewood, said he remembered aupplfing the innpeotor with the wine. He had sold About 90 per cent.of this ash should be soluble in water. He would not swear that. He could not distinguish any grape sugar in it. It was not sold as pure juice of the grape.THE ANALYST. 71 it to a number of persons. (3. B. Bell, one of the firm manufacturing the wine, stated that it was manufactured in large quantities. The principal ingredient waO grape juice. Cross-examined : They had dealt in the wine for about eight years, and they had had customers in Bradford for four or five years. Mr. J. Houston, manager for Messrs. Bell, said it was his business to manufacture the wine in question. With some reluctance, &he witness stated that the process of manufacture was to preserve the grape juice with salycylic acid. To six gallons of this liquid was added two pounds of sugar.Mr. Louis Siebold, F.C.S., &c., said he had examined one of the samples of the wine in question. The predominant constitueni of it was sugar, precisely the same as was contained in grapes. He also found tartaric acid exactly the same as was found in grapes. He found the constituents of grape juice present, but whether grapes or separate materials had been used he could not say, chemistry could not decide. His personal opinion was that something like ten per oent. of grape juice was used in the wine. Mr. Makinson, in dismissing the summons, said that there was no standard of what grape juice the wine should contain, and it could not be said that the manufacturers had fraudulently made this wine from water, for there was evidence that aome proportion of grape juice was used.The defendant was allowed costs. I t was made from grapes, both black and white. They had 3,284 wholesale customers at the present time. To five parts of water he generally put one part of grape juice. Decomposed Vinegar.-Vinegar Eels not Injurious :- At the Droxford (Hants) Petty Sessions, Mr. Benjamin Boghurst was summoned for selling adulterated vinegar. A constable went to the defendant’s shop and asked for a pint of vinegar. Mrs. Boghurst s?cid she did not think she could draw so much, but managed to do so, and the payment of 3d. concluded the purchase. Mr. Arthur Angell, the County Analyst, said the vinegar was found to contain 3.9 per cent. of acetic acid, dead insects, organic matter, and vinegar eels. I t was turbid and filthy, and swarmed with microscopic organisms.In his opinion it was not fit for food, In reply to Mr. Bullen, barrister-at-law, who defended, Mr. Angell said the liquid was of the substance of vinegar, but he could not swear that it was malt vinegar. There was no difference between the acetic acid of either malt vinegar or wood vinegar. He could not say that the vinegar eels were injurious to health. In defence, Mr. Bullen said his client had purchased the vinegar from a well-known firm at Winchester, who had received it from Messrs. Grimble & Co., of London. Both the defendant and Mr, Aylward, of Winchester, were called to give evidence, and both denied that the vinegar had been adulterated, and the head of the firm of Grimble & Co. said they occasionally obtained the assistance of Dr.Graham to analyse the vinegar. Professor Voelclier proved on oath that the vinegar contained 4.22 per cent. of acetic acid. He did not find it in any microscopic organisms, only vinegar eels. I t was of pleasant taste and odour, and was not decomposed. The vinegar eels were not injurious, as they were generated and nourished in brown vinegar. Although the sample was not so bright as he should like to use, it was free from adulteration. Professor Graham also proved that the vinegar was fit for food, and the bench dismissed the case. Alum in Bread.-Can Alum be detected by the Taste or the Microscope?- On February 16th, at Eckington Sessions, an important case was heard. George Widdowson, miller, Eckington, was summoned under the Act, for selling flour, not of the nature and substance and quality of the article demanded by the purchaser.Mr. Binney appeared for the prosecution, and Mr. Barker was for the defence. Mr. A. H. Allen, analyst for the Northern Division of Derbyshire, deposed to hav- ing malysed the flour, and finding it adulterated with alum in the proportion of twenty-four grains to four pounds of flour, or, roughly speaking, about a quarter of a pound of alum to a sack of flour. Alum was used, particularly in bad seasons, to improve inferior flour. Cross-examined by Mr. Barker : He found alum in the flour. There were two kinds of alum, one composed of sulphate of alumina and potash, and the other of sulphate of alumina and ammonia-hence the names potash and ammonia alum. He obtained alum in the form of crystals from the flour.The way in which he arrived at the re- sult was as follows :-He shook the flour with chloroform, which was a heavy liquid. The flour floated, and the alum sank to the bottom. It was from what sank that he obtained crystals in the characteristic form of alum. He tasted it, and it had the astringent taste of alum. It gave the logwood reaction such a6 alum gives. He placed about thirty grains of flour in the chloroform, and the precipitate was prob- ably about one-eighth of a grain. Alum crystallized in octahedra of the cubical system. The alum was in a fragmentary form until water was added to the deposit from the chloroform, and the liquid filtered and evaporated. Silica crystallized in hexagonal prisms and could not be mistaken for alum.He had made an analsfla for the purpose of estimating the quantity of alumina present, and he found it was in the proportion oorresponding to thirty grains of alum to four pounds of flour. He made an allowance of He let the chloroform evaporate and so obtained the crystals. Besides, it was insoluble in water.72 THE ANALYST. six grains, equal to the amount of silica found in the sample. The allowance was made in accordance with the researches of Mr. J. Carter Bell, who had analysed upwards of 100 samples of flour. Mr. Carter Bell found the alumina natural to flour, if calculated to alum, was on an average equal in amount to the silica of the flour. He based his opinion upon the quantity of alumina present, after the deduction of six grains, which he believed to be naturally present.Alum was present, because he saw it under the microscope and tasted it in the deposit from the chloroform. Thirty grains was a very small quantity to work on, and he should not have used so little had not the quantity received from Colonel Shortt been very small. The flour also imparted a blue colour to a solution of logwood. He was positive alum was present, but he would not say whether it was ammonia alum or potash alum. Re-examined by Mr. Binney : Clay and dirt might be present in the form of a silicate of alumina, but it would not be soluble in water, and would give no reaction with log- wood. I t was not an unusual practice for millers to mend their stones with apreparation of alum. He was not aware that they washed them witha solution of it.Mr. Barker, in defence, said that he did not wish to say anything against Mr. Allen, but the question to be decided was whether the Bench were satisfied that Mr. Allen could not be mistaken. He believed that Mr. Allen had innocently-he would say innocently-drawn upon his imagination, when he said he had tasted the alum extractedfrom 30 grains. A simple calculation would shew that the alum present in 30 grains of the flour was about the three-hundredth of a grain. From the cross-examination which he thought it his duty to submit Mr. Allen to, it was pereectly clear that the question of calculating alum in flour was one which exercised the minds of analytical chemists all over the country. There were cases where chemists could a t once come forward and state positively that alum did exist in the flour, but in the present case it was really a matter of opinion and nothing more, and Mr.Allen had given reasons why he had formed that opinion, which was so hostile to his client. He should call an analyst, Mr. Bell, brother to Mr. Carter Bell, and after that evidence they might come to the conclusion that although it might be a case of siispicioii, that amount of proof was wanting whieh alone would justify them in convicting the defendant. There was nothing astonishing in finding alumina twenty-four grains of alum in wheat which was perfectly pure and unadulterated. This he believed was especially the case with wheats of foreign growth. He was instructed that the English wheats had been so bad for some time that the de- fendant had been obliged to make his flour from foreign grain.Thomas Ford, foreman a t Mr. Widdow- son’s mill, spoke to Colonel Shortt purchasing the flour. No alum had been put into the flour, nor was there any about the place at the time. They used it for filling up the cracks in the millstones. Mr. H. S. Bell, analytical chemist, Sheffield, said he received a packet of flour from Mr. Widdowson. He analysed it for the purpose of de- tecting alum. He first tried the logwood test, which gave a slight blue reaction, which alone was not absolutely conclusive of the presence of alum. No chemist would be perfectly satisfied with that test alone-it was not infallible. He then proceeded to analyse the flour in order to discover the quantity of alumina.He found it in the proportion of 17.2 grains of alum to three pounds of flour, which was nearly what Mr. Allen found it. That was a quantity of alumina which was sometimes foundin pure and unadul- terated flour. He thought it was practically impossible to find the other constituents of alum in flour, He found 8.5 grains of silica. I t was consistent with known experiments to find 17.2 grains of alumina with 8.5 grains of silica in flour. With regard to the chloroform test applied by Mr. Allen, he thought that the three-hundredth part of a grain of alum would be deposited from thirty grains of flour. Having regard to the quantity of alum which mould be precipitated from the thirty grains, he did not think it possible for Mr. Allen to come to any positive conclusion.He also thought it impossible to distinguish alum in such a small amount by the taste or by the microscope. He should be sorry to swear there was alum in the flour, though he was of opinion that the case was one of great suspicion. Cross-examined by MY. Binney : He had had some experience in analysing bread for alum. He had forgotten that it was published in THE ANALYST for January, 1879. He tried the logwood test, and he got a faint blue colour. He, however, did not find either iron or magnesia present in tlie sample. He could not account for the blue colour with logwood unless there was alum present. Mr. Barker, acting on a sugges- tion from the Bench, asked that the third packet of flour which was in the possession of Colonel Shortt might Le sent to Somerset House for analysis, as was provided in the Act in case of difficulty. His client courted investigation, and would pay the expenses if the decision was against him. Mr. Rodgers, the magistrate, said there WAS a difficulty in deciding between the two analysts, and it would be better to have ailother opinion as to whether alum was contained in the flour. Mr. Binney said he thought he had giveii sufficient proof in the case, and he had confidence in leaving the caw in the hands of the The alum in 30 grains was distinctly astringent in taste. Further examined by Mr. Barker : They had used alum sometimes. The flour mas made from foreign wheat. He had analysed several samples. He had never tried the chloroform process. Magnesia, or iron, or alumina in solution would give it. He ignored the results of the chloroform test.THE ANALYST. 75 Bench. Mi-. Rodgers said they were satisfied with the evidence up to a crrtnin point but the question which remained was whether they should believe Xr. Allen or MY. Izcll. Mr, Allen said he saw and tasted the alum, and Nr. Bell said he did not believe it was possible to do so. Mr. Binney remarked that he had no objection to another analysis being made. Aiter some further discussion it was agreed to forward the third sample to Somerset House for analysis, and the case was adjourned for a month.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500070

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 75 NOTES OF THE MONTH. Verily some people are hard to please ! We have frequently been obliged to point out, in reply to the Pharmaceutical Journal’s articles abusing analysts as alone responsible for prosecutions which turn out to be questionable in their propriety, that the analyst can only give the facts of the case, and has no power either to suggest or arrest prosecution. Judge then our astonishment when this distinguished weather- cock suddenly turns round and blames an analyst for actually interfering to stop a questionable prosecution, It seems that Mr. Allen, of Bheffield, being present at a dinner of the Sheffield Druggists, and feeling somewhat hurt at the idea spread abroad amongst them by such articles as those referred to, as to the analyst being alone to blame for all prosecutions, made some remarks characterised by after dinner freedom, and showed how, when on one occasion he had attempted to point out that although his analysis of a drug exhibited a departure from exact purity, it was not in his opinion a case for prosecution, he had been told to mind his own business and leave such points to the locd authority.Surely here was an analyst exercising the very wisdom which the Pharmaceutical Journal roundly charged some time ago as being wanting in hfr. Arthur Angell, but yet out comes an article taking our very vords, and insisting that the analyst should never interfere, and blaming Mr. Allen for his speech. If Mr. Angell was wrong, surely Mr. Allen was right ; and if both were wrong, will the Phannaceutical Journal kindly show the remedy ? If it cannot, we are clearly entitled to demand that in all cases of doubtful prosecutions depending not on results, but on their interpretation, no blame shall be by inference attached to the analyst after this admission of his powerlessness to interfere.It is no wonder that in a business where standards are so much wanted, that members even squabble over the very titles they can legally write over their shop doors, there should now and then occur doubtful points, and that the intellect of their great apostle should occasionally be so r‘obf~iscated” as to induce self-contradiction such as that above alluded to. According to the Hull magistrates, the addition of 25 per cent. of potato starch to compressed yeast is not an adulteration, but the bench evidently decided on their clerk’s dictum without any scientific or practical evidence.Anyone who has had occasion to examine many samples of such yeast knows very well that it never ought to contain any notable proportion of starch, and if it was known to do so, no person in the trade would give a price for it. Indeed, it is a fact, that several of the larger consumers think it worth their while, every now and then, to send their yeast to a microscopic expert with the view of preventing their suffering from this very imposture, and find the cost well repays itself. With reference to some communications as to the non-publication of certain papers which, although read before the Society, have not appeared in our pages, we may state that we are in this respect entirely under the orders of the Publication Committee of the Council, who alone have the right of uranging the order of publication of the Society’s transactions, and who, if they see fit, may even altogether decline to permit us to print a particular paper.74 THE ANALYST .Local authorities Bhould remember that the Sale of Food and Drugs Act simply applies to the sale of an article not of the nature and substance required. and that articles bad from decomposition should be dealt with under the Public Health Act . This point should also be kept in view by analysts. and if they get a sample of an article which is genuine. but in their opinion decomposed. they should simply return it as genuine in their certificate. and request the inspector to call the attention of the medical officer to the article .Had Mr . Angel1 and his authority both remembered these points we should have heard nothing of the vinegar case containing microscopic organisms. which was rightly dismissed at Droxford when brought under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act. but with the sale of which the medical officer might have seen fit to interfere had he been notified of it . RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS . The following specifications have been recently published. and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office. Cursitor Street. Chancery Lane. London . 1879 No . 1481 1959 1969 1971 2000 2006 2706 2060 2 101 21 10 2111 2137 2290 2199 2204 2267 2293 2301 2322 2828 2321 2339 2340 2386 2387 2402 2414 2502 2511 2539 2543 2599 2645 2745 2769 2860 Name of Patentee .W . Muller . . . . J . Hopkinson . . A . Longsdon . . A . BI . Clark . . J . B . Spence .. Ditto .. A . F . Blanciy‘ . . W . P . Thompson . . C . W . Siemens . . W . R . Lake .. G . Bischof . . . . Ditto . . . . I . Furstenhagen . . J . Pattinson . . G.Grout . . . . L . McIiityre . . R . Werdermann . . C . D . Abel . . . . Ditto . . . . J . D . Andrews . . A . M . Clark .. Ditto . . . . W . E . Hartmann . . T . A . Edison .. S . G . Thomas .. F . E . Beanes . . H . Lake . . . . L . Thiercelin .. F . J . De Hamel . . H . Chamberlain . . J . H . Valentine . . G . W . Von Nawrocki H . E . Newton .. S . Pitt . . . . J . Congnet . . . . E . Solvay . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Title of Patent . Prioe . Manufacture of Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Electric Light Apparatus or Lamps . . . . . . 6d . Lighting by Electricity . . . . . . . . . . 8d . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Treatment of Metallic Sulphides . . . . . . 4d . Apparatus for Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . 6d . Manufacture of Aluminium Soduim. &c . . . . . 2d . Producing Light and Heat by Electricity . . . . 10d . Electric Lighting Apparatus . . . . . . . . 6d . Apparatus for Purification of Sewage. &c . . . . . 4d . Preserving Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d . Lighting by Electricity .. . . . . . . . . 2d . Manufacture of Soluble Phosphates . . . . . . 2d . Illuminating by Electricity . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Manufacture of Manure . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Apparatus for Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . 6d . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Production of Sulpho-Acids of Rosaniline . . . . 2d . Production of Electrity for Illumination . . . . . . 6d . Obtaining Light by Electricity . . . . . . . . 6d . Electrodes for Electric Lights . . . . . . 2d . Manufacture of Soda . . . . . . . . . . 8d . Electric Light . . . . . . . . . . . . 10d . Phosphates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Glucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Manufacture of a Sulpho-Acid or its Salts . . . . 4d . Extracting Iodine from Sea Weed . . . . . . 2d . Manufacture of Carbon Candles for Electric Lighting . . 4d . Treating Sewage . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Volatilizing Cresylic Acid . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Production of Hydrofluosilicic Acid . . . . . . 2d . Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Production of Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . 4d . Combining Metallic Sulphides with Sulpiiur . . . . 4d . Manufacture of Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas . . . . 6d . BOOKS. &c., RECEIVED . The Chemist and Druggist ; The Brewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Me&cel Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Miller ; Journal of Applied Science ; The Boston Journal of Chemistry ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; American New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Society ; Le Praticien ; The Inventors’ Record ; New York Public Health : Philttdelphia Printers’ Circular ; The Scientific American ; The American Traveller ; Society of Arts Journal.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8800500073

出版商:RSC    

年代:1880

数据来源: RSC